identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
98432F75FFE4FFB1FF7FC0CF4F481197.text	98432F75FFE4FFB1FF7FC0CF4F481197.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanorivulus nigropunctatus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Melanorivulus nigropunctatus ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1–3)</p>
            <p>
                 Holotype.   MCP 50017, male, 24.1 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul State, municipality of Água Clara, stream tributary of left margin of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.161667/lat -20.041388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.161667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.041388">Rio Verde</a>
                 , 20°02’29”S, 53°9’42”W, altitude 361 meters a.s.l.; B. Klotzel, 29 Dec 2013. Paratypes  . MCP 50018, 5 males, 17.9–23.6 mm SL (1 C&amp;S), 2 females, 20.7–22.7 mm SL (1 C&amp;S), all collected with the holotype. 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The sides of body greenish blue above the anal fin base in males and the irregular black stripe between the postorbital region and the mid-length of the pectoral fin distinguishes  M. nigropunctatus from all other species of the genus  Melanorivulus , except from those of the  M. pictus clade. The presence of black spots over the dorsal portion of the flank and head, and over the dorsum and caudal peduncle in both sexes (vs. absence of black spots or the presence of dark brown spots only on the dorsum and head), pectoral fin orange, with dark grey margin and pelvic fin orange in males (vs. pectoral and pelvic fins orange absent in other species of  M. pictus clade and in all species of  Melanorivulus , except in  M. imperatrizensis ), anal fin yellow, with a tendency to darken in the distal portion, caudal and dorsal fin yellow with narrow vertical irregular red lines (vs. never a similar color patter) distinguish  M. nigropunctatus from other species of the  M. pictus clade. The new species is also distinguished from the remaining species belonging to the  M. pictus clade by a lower caudal fin length in males (27–29.7% SL vs. 31.6–38.8% SL, with exception of  M. ofaie ,  M. planaltinus and  M. polychromus ) and females (21.7–28.7% SL vs. 28.7–38.9% SL, except  M. ofaie and  M. polychromus ). Besides the colour pattern, other features not unique to  M. nigropunctatus , but useful to distinguish it from other species of  M. pictus clade when used in combination are: frontal squamation F-patterned (vs. E-patterned in  M. apiamici ,  M. egens ,  M. faucireticulatus ,  M. giarettai ,  M. kayapo ,  M. ofaie ,  M. pinima ,  M. planaltinus ,  M. rutilicaudus ,  M. scalaris ,  M. vittatus , and  M. polychromus ), 9–10 scales in transversal series (vs. 7–8 scales in  M. egens ,  M. faucireticulatus ,  M. illuminatus ,  M. kayapo ,  M. leali ,  M. litteratus ,  M. planaltinus , and  M. polychromus ), and, with exception of  M. polychromus , by dorsal fin origin between the neural spines of the 21st and 22nd vertebrae (vs. origin between the neural spines of the 19th and 21st vertebrae). For additional morphometric and meristic characteristics distinguishing  M. nigropunctatus from congeners, see the Discussion, below. </p>
            <p>Description. Morphometric data is presented at Table 1. Males larger than females, largest male examined 24.1 mm SL, largest female 22.8 mm SL. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to end of dorsal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile weakly convex from lower jaw to origin of anal-fin, approximately straight to end of caudal peduncle. Body slender, approximately cylindrical and compressed, greatest body depth at midlength between pectoral-fin base and anal-fin base. Snout blunt. Jaws short.</p>
            <p>Short dorsal and anal fins. Dorsal-fin rays 8–9. Dorsal fin slightly pointed in males, rounded in females. Dorsal-fin origin on vertical through base of 8th or 9th anal-fin ray, and between neural spines of 21th and 22th vertebrae. Anal-fin rays 12–13. Anal fin slightly pointed in males and females. Origin of anal fin at vertical through pleural ribs of 15th–16th vertebrae. Caudal fin oval shaped, longer than deep, with 31–32 rays. Pectoral fin rays 12–13. Pectoral fins rounded, with posterior margin reaching vertical at about 70–80 % of length between pectoralfin and pelvic-fin bases. Pelvic-fin rays 6–7. Pelvic-fin posterior tip reaching vertical at anus to 2nd anal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin bases in close proximity.</p>
            <p>Scales small, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anterior ventral surface of head. Body squamation extending over anterior 15–30 % of caudal-fin base. No contact organs on flank and fins. No scales on dorsal and anal-fin bases. Frontal squamation F-patterned; E-scales not overlapping medially; scales arranged in regular circular pattern around A-scale without exposed margins. Longitudinal series of scales 31–32; transverse series of scales 9–10; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16. No contact organs on flank and fins.</p>
            <p>Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 3+3, parietal 1, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 1+10-11+1, preorbital 1–2, otic 1, postotic 1–2, supratemporal 1, median opercular 1, ventral opercular 1, preopercular 2+4, mandibular 3+1, lateral mandibular 1–2, Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base.</p>
            <p>Six branchiostegal rays. Gill-rakers on first branchial arch 1 + 7. Total number of vertebrae 32.</p>
            <p>Coloration in life. Males (Figs 1–3): sides of head and flanks greenish grey or bluish grey, with elongated red dots at anterior portion of the body and oblique red bars forming narrow irregular chevron-like bars with their tips along the body midline, with forward-pointing vertex in the posterior portion of the body. Sometimes, chevron-like bars vestigial, with red dots (sometimes elongated) along the whole body. Anterior dorsolateral portion of flanks light brown, with a golden tint. Flanks above anal fin base greenish blue. Dark melanophores distributed between postorbital region and area above midlength of pectoral fin, forming a broad mid-lateral dark stripe. Dorsum light greenish brown or greenish grey. Small black dots on head, dorsum, flanks and caudal peduncle. Abdominal region whitish. Upper jaw light brown, lower jaw dark gray to brown, lips white. Ventral portion of head whitish with concentration of irregular dark brown spots. Iris orangish yellow to light brown, sometimes with broad black bars on anterior and posterior portions, close to pupil. Dorsal fin yellowish with 3–5 irregular, thin, transverse red bars. Ventral portion of opercle greenish or golden. Anal fin yellow, with darkened distal margin. Base of anal fin light greenish blue, sometimes with narrow red bars. Caudal fin yellow with 4–6 narrow irregular vertical red lines not extending to the ventral portion of fin. In some specimens a small dark grey spot is present at dorsal portion of caudal fin base, especially in smaller individuals. Pectoral fins orange, with distal portion grey. Pelvic fins orangish yellow, with dark margin.</p>
            <p>Females (Figs 2–3): sides of head and flanks brownish grey, with elongated red dots on the anterior portion of body and oblique red bars forming narrow chevron-like bars with their tips along midline of the body, with forward-pointing vertex in the posterior portion of body. Anterior dorsolateral portion of flank light brown. Broad mid-lateral dark stripe formed by melanophores irregularly extending between postorbital and level of the midlength of pectoral fin. Dorsum light brown. Small dark spots on dorsum, flanks and head. Abdominal region whitish. Upper jaw light brown, lower jaw dark grey to brown. Ventral portion of head white with irregular dark brown spots. Iris light brown. Ventral portion of opercle greenish or golden. Distal margin of dorsal and anal fins, whole margin of caudal fin and anterior margin of pelvic fin dark grey to black. Dorsal fin yellow with two oblique dark brown stripes. Anal fin yellow, with two short narrow dark bars. Base of anal fin light blue. Caudal fin pale orangish with 4–6 dark grey to black irregular vertical bars and black spot on dorsal portion of fin base. Pectoral fin hyaline, with yellowish tint and distal portion grey. Pelvic fins orangish yellow.</p>
            <p> Distribution.  Melanorivulus nigropunctatus is known only from its type locality, a wetland associated with a small stream which is a direct tributary of the main channel of the Rio Verde, upper Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Fig. 4). </p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific name  nigropunctatus is a combination of the Latin nigrum for black and punctum for point. It refers to the presence of black spots on the head and body in both sexes, a feature not found in any other species of  Melanorivulus . </p>
            <p> Habitat notes.  Melanorivulus nigropunctatus occurs in shallow pools (depth &lt;15 cm) both stagnant and with running water, associated with a small stream. The vegetation consists in swamp grassland, exposed to direct sunlight. The type locality is within the savannah-like Cerrado vegetation of central Brazil. The only fish species recorded co-existing with  M. nigropunctatus was  Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy.</p>
            <p> Conservation status. The species was recorded in a disturbed area, where a small dam supplies water for cattle, a common practice in wetlands in the region. Furthermore, it is inferred that some populations were probably lost due to the establishment of UHE São Domingos, a hydroelectric plant, whose dam flooded 18 km ² of the Rio Verde drainage, even though no species of  Cynolebiidae were reported in its environmental impact assessment study. Presently, this species meets the criteria under the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2001) to be considered Critically Endangered (CR), with the area of occupancy less than 10 km 2 (B2), known only at a single site (a), with projected decline (b) in occupancy area (ii) and quality of habitat (iii); it is therefore included in the category B2ab (ii,iii). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/98432F75FFE4FFB1FF7FC0CF4F481197	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Volcan, Matheus Vieira;Klotzel, Bruno;Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Klotzel, Bruno, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2017): Two new species of Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) from Rio Verde drainage, Upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4236 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.4
98432F75FFE0FFBDFF7FC28D485412AC.text	98432F75FFE0FFBDFF7FC28D485412AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanorivulus ofaie	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Melanorivulus ofaie ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 5–7)</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype. MCP 50019, male, 30.5 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul State, municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, stream tributary of right margin of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.94278/lat -20.424166)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.94278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.424166">Rio Verde</a>
                 , 20°25’27” S, 52°56’34” W, 347 meters a.s.l.; B. Klotzel, 29 Dec 2013. 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Paratypes.   All from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Ribas do  Rio Pardo ,  upper Rio Verde drainage: MCP 50022, 5 males, 19.9 mm SL (1 C&amp;S), 6 females, 17.3–24.3 mm SL (2 C&amp;S), collected with the holotype  .   MCP 50020, 3 males, 17.2–23.3 mm SL, 4 females, 16.2–19.3 mm SL, stream tributary of right margin of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.253887/lat -20.030556)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.253887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.030556">Rio Verde</a>
                 , 20°01’50”S, 53°15’14” W, 354 meters a.s.l.; B. Klotzel, 11 Jul 2013  .   MCP 50021, 4 juveniles, sex undetermined, 12.8–15.6 mm SL, stream tributary of right margin of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.25722/lat -20.036388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.25722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.036388">Rio Verde</a>
                 , 20°02’11”S, 53°15’26”W, 357 meters a.s.l.; B. Klotzel, 11 Jul 2013  .  ZUFMS-PIS 4736, 4 male, 21.5–23.3 mm SL, 3 females, 17.3–20.1 mm SL. same locality as holotype; B. Klotzel, 11 Jul 2013 . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Melanorivulus ofaie is distinguished from all other species of  Melanorivulus by color pattern of males, consisting of sides of body greenish blue above the anal fin base in males and by presence of an irregular black stripe between the postorbital region and the mid-length of the pectoral fin in both sexes, except from those of the  M. pictus clade.  Melanorivulus ofaie is distinguished from all other species of the  M. pictus clade by dorsal fin yellow with 2–3 transverse broad red oblique stripes, distal region red or yellow, anterior region red (vs. never a similar color pattern), anal fin light orangish yellow with dark red margin (vs. dark red margin absent in other species of the  M. pictus clade or presence of black margin in  M. apiamici ,  M. egens ,  M. nigropunctatus , and  M. polychromus ), caudal fin yellow or orangish yellow with 3–4 vertical red bars in the dorsal and middle portions of the fin, sometimes with an orange contour across the distal portion of the fin (vs. never a similar color pattern).  Melanorivulus ofaie is also distinguished from other species of  M. pictus clade (except of  M. nigropunctatus ,  M. planaltinus , and  M. polychromus ) by lower caudal fin length in males (28.1–31.2% SL vs 31.6–38.8% SL) and females (26.0–29.7% SL vs 28.7–38.9% SL, except in  M. apiamici ,  M. nigropunctatus ,  M. giarettai , and  M. polychromus ). Besides, the new species differs from all species of  M. pictus clade by the following combination of characters: 9–10 scales in transversal series (vs. 7–8 scales in  M. egens ,  M. faucireticulatus ,  M. illuminatus ,  M. kayapo ,  M. leali ,  M. litteratus ,  M. planaltinus , and  M. polychromus ), anal fin origin between pleural ribs of 15th and 16th vertebrae (vs anal fin origin between the pleural ribs of the 13th and 15 th vertebrae in  M. egens ,  M. faucireticulatus ,  M. giarettai ,  M. illuminatus ,  M. leali ,  M. litteratus ,  M. rutilicaudus and  M. vittatus ), pre-pelvic length in females (50.5–55.3% SL vs 55.6–59.5 in  M. apiamici ,  M. egens ,  M. faucireticulatus ,  M. giarettai ,  M. kayapo ,  M. litteratus , and  M. pinima ). For additional morphometric and meristic characters distinguishing  M. ofaie from congeners, see the Discussion, below. </p>
            <p>Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 2. Males larger than females, largest male examined 30.5 mm SL, largest female 21.5 mm SL. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to end of dorsal-fin base, straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex from lower jaw to origin of anal-fin, approximately straight to end of caudal peduncle. Body slender, approximately cylindrical and compressed, greatest body depth at level of pelvic-fin base. Snout short and rounded in lateral view. Jaws short.</p>
            <p>Dorsal and anal fins short. Dorsal-fin rays 8–10. Dorsal fin slightly pointed in male, rounded in female. Dorsalfin origin on vertical through base of 8th to 10th anal-fin ray, and between neural spines of 19th to 21th vertebrae. Anal-fin rays 13–15. Anal fin slightly pointed in both males and females. Origin of anal fin at vertical through pleural ribs of 15th–16th vertebrae. Caudal fin oval-shaped, longer than deep, with 31–32 rays. Pectoral fin rays 12–14. Pectoral fins rounded, with its posterior margin reaching vertical at about 70–95 % of length between pectoral-fin and pelvic-fin bases. Pelvic-fin rays 7. Pelvic-fin posterior tip reaching vertical at anus to 1st anal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin bases in close proximity.</p>
            <p>Scales small, cycloid. Body and head entirely scaled, except anterior ventral surface of head. Body squamation extending over anterior 18–23% of caudal-fin base. No contact organs on flanks and fins. No scales on dorsal and anal-fin bases. Frontal squamation E-patterned; E-scales not overlapping medially; scales arranged in regular circular pattern around A-scale without exposed margins; Longitudinal series of scales 30–33; transverse series of scales 9–10; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16. No contact organs on flanks and fins.</p>
            <p>Cephalic neuromasts: supraorbital 3+3, parietal 1, anterior rostral 1, posterior rostral 1, infraorbital 1+11-12+1, preorbital 1–2, otic 1, postotic 1–2, supratemporal 1–2, median opercular 1–2, ventral opercular 1–2, preopercular 2+4-5, mandibular 3+1, lateral mandibular 1–2. Two neuromasts on caudal-fin base. Lateral line interrupted, alternating sets of 3–4 scales with one neuromast and without neuromasts.</p>
            <p>Gill rakers in the first branchial arch 1+6-7. Six branchiostegal rays. Total number of vertebrae 30–31. Dermosphenotic present.</p>
            <p>Coloration in life. Males (Figs. 5–6): sides of head and flanks greenish blue to metallic blue, with 7–9 oblique red bars, forming narrow chevron-like bars with vertex forward-pointing, their tips along the midline. Irregular thin lines at the anterior half of the body, sometimes incomplete. Red dots on dorsal and anteroventral portions of flanks. Black melanophores irregularly extending between postorbital and tip of pectoral fin forming a broad midlateral dark stripe. Opercular region golden, with small dark brown spots. Dorsum greenish blue with scattered dark brown spots. Abdominal region whitish. Upper jaw greenish grey, lower jaw dark grey to brown. Ventral portion of head whitish with dark brown spots. Iris pale yellow to light brown, sometimes with broad black bar on anterior and posterior portions, close to pupil. Dorsal fin yellow with 2–3 wide transverse oblique red bars, distal portion red or yellow, anterior portion red. Anal fin light orangish yellow, basal area light blue with short red bars (sometimes these bars are coalesced, forming a sub-basal red line), distal portion with dark red margin. Caudal fin yellow or orangish yellow with 3–4 vertical red bars in the dorsal and middle portions of fin. In some specimens, an orange contour across the distal portion of the fin is present. Pectoral fins light yellow. Pelvic fins yellow, distal margin reddish.</p>
            <p>Females (Fig 7): side of head and flanks light brown, with 7–10 oblique dark red bars, forming narrow chevron-like bars with pattern similar to males. Broad mid-lateral dark stripe between postorbital region and tip of pectoral fin, sometimes going beyond the first chevron-like bar. Dorsum light brown, with scattered dark brown spots. Abdominal region whitish. Upper jaw greyish brown, lower jaw brown. Ventral portion of head whitish with dark brown spots, sometimes forming a reticulate pattern. Iris yellow to light brown. Opercular region golden with black stripes or black dots. Dorsal fin light yellow, with 1–2 oblique dark grey bars; distal margin dark grey. Anal fin light yellow, base light blue with dark red bars; distal margin dark grey. Caudal fin light orange with 3–4 vertical dark grey bars; sometimes the bars are interrumpted, forming spots; fin margin dark grey to black; rounded black spot on dorsal portion of caudal fin base, sometimes in contact with the dark grey dorsal margin of fin. Pectoral fin hyaline. Pelvic fin yellowish, with dark grey to black distal area.</p>
            <p>Distribution. The new species is only known from the wetlands along a c. 50 km stretch on the right bank of the Rio Verde, Ribas do Rio Pardo municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p> Etymology. The specific epithet  ofaie is a reference to a name of an indigenous ethnicity (  Ofaié ), which formerly inhabited the region of the right bank of Paraná River in central Brazil, including the region where the species was discovered. </p>
            <p> Habitat notes. The new species was found in sun-lit, shallow swamp grasslands (depth &lt;15 cm), associated with small direct tributaries of the Rio Verde (Fig. 8).  Melanorivulus ofaie occurs in either standing water or gently flowing water, with muddy substrates, within the savannah-like Cerrado domain of central Brazil. The only fish species recorded co-occurring with  M. ofaie was the lebiasinid  Pyrrhulina australis . </p>
            <p> Conservation status. The species was recorded in disturbed areas, mainly due to changes in hydrology and physical structure of their habitats through the construction of small water reservoirs for livestock, similar to those recorded for  M. nigropunctatus . Furthermore, populations were probably lost due to the establishment of the hydroelectric power plant of São Domingos, since both margins of the Rio Verde were flooded. In accordance with IUCN Red List (IUCN 2001), due to the relatively wide area of distribution of the species (along a 50 km river stretch) and the high probability of occurrence in other locations along this stretch,  M. ofaie was considered “Endangered”, in accordance with criteria EN B2ab (ii, iii). The species presents a reduced area of occupancy (AOO less than 500 km ²), occurs in less than 5 locations (a) and presents a continued decline (b) in area of occupancy (ii) and quality of habitat (iii). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/98432F75FFE0FFBDFF7FC28D485412AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Volcan, Matheus Vieira;Klotzel, Bruno;Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause	Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Klotzel, Bruno, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause (2017): Two new species of Melanorivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Cynolebiidae) from Rio Verde drainage, Upper Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4236 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.4
