taxonID	type	description	language	source
9A761405D017DF66FF5EAF2AFEB8F8A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Synapomorphies 3 (modified, hypertrophied terminal caudal peduncle squamation extending onto caudal fin from ventral region of dorsal caudal-fin lobe) and 4 (caudal gland cells consisting of modified club cells) discussed above are unequivocal conditions that corroborate the hypothesis that Lophiobrycon, Glandulocauda, and Mimagoniates form a monophyletic group.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6BFCECA9CBFAECFA81.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lophiobrycon can be distinguished from the other two genera of the subfamily by having the adipose fin long based in sexually mature males (Fig. 3) extending from posterior termination of base of dorsal fin to base of dorsal lobe of caudal fin, a urogenital papilla (Fig. 8) with a posterior opening and anus located at its base in the females, and the dorsal-fin origin closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. In Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates the males have a short based adipose fin (Figs. 11 and 20), a urogenital papilla is lacking in females and the dorsal-fin origin is closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Also in Lophiobrycon only 1 to 3 hooks (Fig. 6) are present on the anterior three branched anal-fin rays of adult males, contrasting with the presence of 5 to 15 hooks on the anterior three branched anal-fin rays of adult males (Figs. 16 and 26) in Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6BFCECA9CBFAECFA81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lophiobrycon shares with Glandulocauda plesiomorphic states of characters 9, 10 and 11 discussed in the phylogeny section with respect to the derived conditions of these characters in Mimagoniates. It was regarded by Castro et al. (2003: 14) as the sister group to the clade represented by Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates (see Castro et al., 2003, fig. 8). Their conclusion was based on the absence of modified scales on the upper caudal-fin lobe of Lophiobrycon (Castro et al., 2003, fig. 4). The state described as “ an apparent concentration of bead-like hypertrophied glandular tissue along the borders of the proximal portions of caudal-fin rays 11 and 12, that are slightly decurved in their distal half ” would represent the most plesiomorphic state of the caudal organ in any glandulocaudine. These characters are discussed in the phylogeny section above.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6CFCEDACEAFC11F857.taxon	description	Figs. 3 - 4	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6CFCEDACEAFC11F857.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Same as the distinguishing characters given in the diagnosis of Lophiobrycon above.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6CFCEDACEAFC11F857.taxon	description	Description. Table 2 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes. Body compressed, relatively deep, especially near dorsal-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal profile relatively arched in adult males, less so in females and immatures in which predorsal profile gently convex to tip of snout. Dorsal profile strongly arched in males, less so in females and juveniles, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and to origin of dorsal procurrent rays. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males from anterior tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fins, less convex in females and juveniles. Abdominal profile in adult males slightly concave to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body profile along anal-fin base in males slightly concave anteriorly in region of anterior lobe of anal fin, straight or nearly so along remainder of fin base in males. Profile straight along entire anal-fin base in females and juveniles. Lower jaw protruding, extending slightly anterior to tip of upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males thick and heavy compared to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla extends posteriorly to point slightly anterior of vertical through anterior border of pupil. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8 (in all specimens, n = 54); posterior ray split to its base and counted as one ray. Adipose fin unusually long in adult males (see Castro et al., 2003: 5, fig. 1 a). Anal-fin unbranched rays iii-iv (iv), 20 - 23 (20), 21.8, n = 54; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin with Males Females Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 26.0 22 14.8 - 30.0 22.2 32 13.5 - 25.0 18.9 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 37.7 22 30.4 - 55.7 36.0 5.1 32 30.0 - 36.7 33.6 2.1 – Snout to dorsal-fin origin 50.0 22 49.1 - 56.3 52.5 2.1 32 53.2 - 56.6 54.9 1.1 + Snout to pectoral-fin origin 25.0 22 23.6 - 28.7 26.0 1.5 32 25.0 - 28.9 26.4 1.1 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 46.9 22 44.3 - 51.9 46.8 1.6 32 45.0 - 50.3 47.4 1.5 – Snout to anal-fin origin 57.7 22 54.7 - 63.3 59.2 1.9 32 55.6 - 65.0 61.0 1.9 – Caudal peduncle depth 17.3 22 13.1 - 17.4 15.6 1.5 32 12.8 - 16.0 14.6 1.0 + Caudal peduncle length 12.3 22 08.8 - 14.8 11.1 1.3 32 08.4 - 12.1 10.3 1.0 – Pectoral-fin length 30.8 22 22.1 - 33.5 27.3 3.4 32 16.8 - 25.7 23.0 2.0 + Pelvic-fin length 21.9 22 13.5 - 24.4 19.7 3.9 32 13.3 - 17.3 15.7 1.0 + Dorsal-fin base length 16.2 22 13.5 - 19.1 15.6 1.4 32 12.8 - 15.9 14.1 0.8 + Dorsal-fin height 27.7 22 26.0 - 29.8 27.3 1.3 32 23.2 - 28.0 25.8 1.1 + Anal-fin base length 32.3 22 29.9 - 34.5 32.2 1.2 32 22.2 - 33.1 29.2 3.3 + Anal-fin lobe length 28.9 22 21.6 - 29.4 26.1 2.4 32 15.0 - 26.0 23.3 1.9 + Eye to dorsal-fin origin 38.8 22 37.0 - 44.3 40.1 1.9 32 40.4 - 45.5 42.5 1.5 + Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 55.4 22 49.3 - 56.7 52.5 2.3 32 48.1 - 53.4 50.1 1.3 + Bony head length 26.9 22 26.0 - 30.2 28.0 1.3 32 27.3 - 30.7 29.0 0.9 – Horizontal eye diameter 40.0 22 36.1 - 41.9 38.3 1.7 32 35.8 - 41.9 38.9 1.6 – Snout length 22.9 22 18.6 - 23.8 21.2 1.5 32 17.1 - 23.2 20.2 1.4 – Least interorbital width 32.9 22 30.6 - 36.2 33.4 1.4 32 29.3 - 34.8 32.6 1.3 – Upper jaw length 37.1 22 34.7 - 42.3 38.1 2.3 32 34.1 - 38.7 36.7 1.2 – moderately developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 3, 4 and 6); lobe includes third or fourth unbranched ray and first six branched rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with hooks distributed on last unbranched ray and anterior five branched rays (Fig. 6). Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 11 - 14 (12), 12.3, n = 54; tip of pectoral-fin extends to origin of pelvic fin; fins longer in mature males than in mature females. Middle portions of unbranched and first branched pectoral-fin rays of sexually mature males with thickened lepidotrichia (see Castro et al., 2003: 15, fig. 5). Pelvic-fin rays i, 6 (in all specimens, n = 54). First (unbranched) ray of pelvic fin bearing small hooks (Fig. 7). Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9, (n = 54). Scales cycloid; lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 1 - 7 (4), 5, n = 54. Lateral series scales 30 - 36 (31), 32.7, n = 49. Predorsal scales 13, 12.8, n = 50. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origin 12 - 13 (12), 12.3, n = 54. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 - 15 (14), 14.4, n = 47. Oral teeth form and arrangement as described and illustrated by Castro et al. (2003: 15, fig. 6). Outer row premaxillary teeth 1 - 3 (2), 1.9, n = 54; inner row 5 - 7 (5), n = 54. Maxillary teeth 3 - 7 (6), 4.4, n = 54. No significant difference in tooth number between females and males. Vertebrae 33 - 35 (34), 34.4, n = 35. Dorsal limb gill rakers 5 - 7 (6), 5.8, n = 54; ventral limb gill rakers 8 - 10 (10), 9.3, n = 54. Branchiostegal rays 4 in cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 on posterior ceratohyal. Color. The preserved color pattern of males and females as well as life colors described and illustrated by Castro et al. (2003: 15, figs. 1 and 2). Sexual dimorphism. In addition to the sexually dimorphic features discussed by Castro et al. (2003: 15 - 16) males have hooks on at least first pelvic-fin ray that are absent in females and lack urogenital papilla (Figs. 3 and 7). Females have a urogenital papilla with a posterior opening and the anus located at its base (Fig. 8). This papilla is rudimentary in immature females (13.5 - 16.5 mm SL) and well developed in mature females (18.0 - 25.0 mm SL). Castro et al. (2003: 15) found differences in body depth, caudal peduncle depth and pectoral-fin length between males and females of L. weitzmani with increasing SL as they become sexually mature and increase in length. Our criteria to differentiate males and females led us to a different proportion between sexes than that obtained by Castro et al. (2003). With our results shown in Table 2 only pectoral-fin length and pelvic-fin length showed significant dimorphic differences in regression analysis as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Males reach greater lengths than the females in the available samples with divergence between the sexes in the two dimorphic characters starting at about 20 mm SL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6CFCEDACEAFC11F857.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lophiobrycon weitzmani is endemic to headwater streams in the middle stretch of the rio Grande basin in the upper rio Paraná basin. See fig. 3 in Castro et al. (2003), and fig. 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01ADF6CFCEDACEAFC11F857.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. LIRP 4366, male, 26.0 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio Grande basin, município de Delfinópolis, estância Carmen Sílvia, córrego Bom Jesus, 20 º 12 ’ 10 ” S 46 º 22 ’ W. Paratypes. Collected with holotype: LIRP 4337, 8, 19.7 - 27.0 mm SL, 1 male C & S, 4 adult females, 19.7 - 22.0 mm SL, 1 immature male, 27.0 mm SL, 1 adult male, 25.5 mm SL; LIRP 4338, 8 adult males, 22.0 - 30.0 mm SL, 4 immature males, 15.0 - 24.0 mm, 11 adult females, 17.8 - 25.0 mm SL, 3 immature females, 13.5 - 16.5 mm SL; MZUSP 83353, 2 adult males, 25.8 and 26.5 mm SL, 5 immature males, 14.8 - 17.6 mm SL, 5 mature females, 18.0 - 21.2 mm SL, 8 immature females, 15.0 - 21.8 mmSL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01EDF6FFEB3A9CBFBB6FD41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Glandulocauda can be distinguished from the remaining glandulocaudines by having principal caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 slightly bowed ventrally but not involved in the formation of a fin-ray pump. Glandulocauda additionally differs from Lophiobrycon by having the origin of the dorsal fin just slightly ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin (Figs. 11 and 12), but closer to caudal-fin basin than to snout tip, 16 - 19 scale rows around the caudal peduncle and the lack of a urogenital papilla in females. In Lophiobrycon the dorsal fin origin is considerably ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin (Fig. 3) and closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base (Fig. 3), the number of scale rows around the caudal peduncle is 14 - 15, and the urogenital papilla is present in females (Fig. 8). From Mimagoniates it differs by having the origin of the dorsal fin slightly ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin (Figs. 11 - 12 and 20 - 21), adult males with more than one hook on anal-fin rays that bear hooks (Figs. 16 and 26), and fewer predorsal scales (15 - 18). In Mimagoniates the origin of the dorsal-fin is posterior to vertical through anal-fin origin (Figs. 30 - 31, 36, 45 - 46, 52 - 53, 63 - 64, 70 - 71, and 77 - 79), the adult males usually have no more than 1 hook on anal-fin rays that bear hooks, sometimes 2 hooks on anterior divided ray and 3 on longest unbranched anterior ray (Figs. 33, 39, 50, 56, 65, 73 and 81) and more predorsal scales (18 - 28).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D01EDF6FFEB3A9CBFBB6FD41.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Live colors of Lophiobrycon weitzmani (see Castro et al. 2003, fig. 2) briefly described by these authors (p. 15) differ considerably from those of both species of Glandulocauda and must be autapomorphic for that genus. Adult males of G. melanopleura are predominantly pale yellow admixed with some brownish green; see Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4) for color photographs in life. The live body color for G. caerulea is a dark steely blue with apparently some purple added; see Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4). This color may not be exactly accurate because we believe the color temperature of the color film used in Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4) was not exactly balanced for the light source used. The blue body color found in Glandulocauda caerulea differs from that found in the species of Mimagoniates and is not found in other characids known to us. We suggest that the blue color in G. caerulea is derived and possibly autapomorphic for the species.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Glandulocauda caerulea and G. melanopleura are the only glandulocaudines having principal caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 ventrally curved, but not forming a caudal pump. Glandulocauda caerulea can be distinguished from G. melanopleura by the number of branched anal-fin rays (15 - 18 vs. 20 - 24), lateral series scales (31 - 35 vs. 37 - 42), and horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and anal-fin origin (11 - 13 vs. 13 - 16).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	description	Description. Table 4 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes and specimens from near type locality. Table 5 presents morphometrics of specimens collected from riacho dos Pardos, branch of rio Canoinhas, tributary of rio Iguaçu, Paraná State. Except where noted, the description refers to population sample from near the type locality. In the statistical analyses of sexual dimorphism and in the statistical comparisons between G. melanopleura and G. caerulea all the collections of later were treated as one population sample. Counts and ratios of measurements for population sample from riacho dos Pardos are discussed only when they differ from those from near the type locality. Body compressed, relatively deep, especially anterior to dorsal-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through approximately pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal body profile relatively arched in adult males and adult females (Figs. 20 and 21). Immatures with profile somewhat more gently convex. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight and posteroventrally inclined; profile nearly horizontal and straight from dorsal-fin termination to origin of adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin very slightly concave dorsal to caudal peduncle, inclined slightly upward to origin of procurrent caudal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males from tip of lower jaw to region near isthmus where it becomes nearly straight. Abdomen rounded to pelvic-fin origin, somewhat less strongly convex in females and immatures. Profile in adult males slightly concave from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females. Anal-fin base in males slightly convex, less so in females and juveniles. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle nearly straight in adult males and females to origin of procurrent ventral caudal-fin rays. Lower jaw equal to or slightly shorter than upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males somewhat thicker and heavier relative to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point ventral to horizontal along ventral border of eye. Maxilla extends posteriorly to point just anterior to vertical through center of pupil. Males Females and juveniles Characters N Range Mean SD Holotype N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 06 37.6 - 43.9 40.3 38.5 10 22.4 - 40.4 32.5 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 06 31.9 - 36.9 33.9 2.3 29.1 10 28.1 - 32.6 29.8 0.1 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 06 52.3 - 56.6 54.8 1.6 57.7 10 54.0 - 61.3 56.8 2.3 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 06 25.0 - 27.4 26.3 0.8 26.0 10 24.3 - 28.2 25.5 1.0 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 06 43.0 - 45.6 44.0 0.1 44.9 10 42.1 - 46.8 44.0 0.1 – Snout to anal-fin origin 06 57.3 - 61.9 60.2 1.7 61.6 10 56.5 - 64.8 61.1 2.6 – Caudal peduncle depth 06 15.4 - 19.2 17.6 1.3 14.9 10 14.0 - 16.0 15.0 0.7 + Caudal peduncle length 06 17.2 - 19.2 18.1 0.7 13.0 10 13.0 - 18.3 16.0 1.6 + Pectoral-fin length 06 22.2 - 23.8 22.8 0.6 18.4 09 16.6 - 22.0 19.7 1.6 + Pelvic-fin length 06 19.1 - 21.3 20.1 0.9 14.5 10 12.2 - 17.1 15.0 1.6 + Dorsal-fin base length 06 13.3 - 15.5 14.1 0.8 13.5 10 11.6 - 13.7 12.8 0.7 + Dorsal-fin height 06 26.2 - 30.2 28.1 0.1 28.1 09 23.9 - 28.0 25.4 1.4 + Anal-fin base length 06 24.4 - 28.0 26.7 1.2 25.7 10 23.4 - 26.1 24.9 0.8 – Anal-fin lobe length 06 20.2 - 24.6 21.3 1.6 20.8 10 18.7 - 22.1 20.5 1.0 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 06 40.9 - 46.2 43.4 1.7 45.2 10 39.5 - 45.7 42.6 0.1 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 06 48.3 - 51.5 50.1 1.2 47.8 10 46.1 - 50.7 47.7 1.2 – Bony head length 06 26.2 - 27.9 26.7 0.6 26.0 10 24.6 - 29.7 26.6 1.6 – Horizontal eye diameter 06 28.7 - 32.3 30.5 1.5 30.0 10 30.0 - 35.1 33.4 1.6 – Snout length 06 27.3 - 31.0 29.6 1.5 24.0 09 19.3 - 30.5 24.4 4.2 – Least interorbital width 06 36.4 - 41.2 39.2 1.8 36.0 10 34.1 - 40.6 32.9 1.1 + * Upper jaw length 06 42.4 - 44.7 43.8 0.9 46.0 10 41.3 - 47.7 44.4 2.1 – Males Females and juveniles Characters N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 04 28.6 - 35.2 32.0 26 17.4 - 34.1 24.5 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 04 31.5 - 34.6 33.5 1.3 26 26.1 - 33.9 30.1 0.1 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 04 55.5 - 56.5 56.0 0.4 26 55.0 - 61.1 58.2 1.5 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 04 24.6 - 25.9 25.4 0.6 26 24.0 - 29.5 26.9 1.4 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 04 42.9 - 46.3 44.8 1.4 26 43.1 - 50.9 46.2 1.4 – Snout to anal-fin origin 04 56.4 - 62.4 60.3 2.8 26 59.7 - 64.9 62.1 1.2 – Caudal peduncle depth 04 16.2 - 18.0 16.9 0.8 26 13.0 - 16.2 14.6 0.9 + Caudal peduncle length 04 14.0 - 16.6 15.5 1.1 26 12.0 - 17.0 14.1 1.3 + Pectoral-fin length 04 21.0 - 24.6 22.5 1.5 24 19.4 - 22.8 20.9 0.8 + Pelvic-fin length 04 20.1 - 22.5 21.4 1.1 26 14.6 - 19.5 16.8 1.9 + Dorsal-fin base length 04 14.3 - 15.9 15.1 0.7 26 11.1 - 14.9 13.1 0.1 + Dorsal-fin height 04 26.4 - 30.5 28.4 1.7 26 22.6 - 28.5 25.5 1.4 + Anal-fin base length 04 23.9 - 27.9 26.4 1.8 26 21.8 - 27.7 24.1 0.1 – Anal-fin lobe length 04 19.5 - 21.7 20.4 1.0 22 16.6 - 22.6 19.8 1.5 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 04 41.2 - 44.1 42.3 1.3 26 40.2 - 45.4 43.4 1.3 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 04 48.5 - 52.8 50.5 1.8 26 44.8 - 51.4 47.6 1.6 – Bony head length 04 18.2 - 27.8 27.6 2.3 26 25.8 - 31.0 28.5 1.2 – Horizontal eye diameter 04 30.4 - 34.4 33.1 1.8 26 30.3 - 40.0 35.7 2.3 – Snout length 04 18.4 - 22.7 21.2 1.9 26 15.6 - 21.6 18.9 1.5 – Least interorbital width 04 34.4 - 38.5 36.4 2.1 26 30.0 - 36.7 33.3 1.7 – Upper jaw length 04 41.3 - 45.8 44.1 0.2 26 38.8 - 46.2 41.4 2.2 – Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8, (same in all specimens except one from MZUSP 53273 which had ii, 7), n = 45; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray). Adipose fin, elongate and relatively slender (Figs. 20 and 21). Anal-fin unbranched rays iv, iii in one FMNH 54896, branched rays 15 - 18 (17), 16.9, n = 41; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray (Fig. 26). Male anal fin with moderately developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 20, 21 and 26); lobe includes anterior undivided rays and first 4 or 5 divided rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 3 - 4 very small hooks on unbranched ray iii, up to 23 hooks on unbranched ray iv with usually one ray per segment on these rays (Fig. 26). Anterior 4 - 5 branched fin rays with bilateral hooks, approximately 18 - 20 hooks on one side for first branched ray, usually 1 hook per ray segment but sometimes 2, some of hooks very small. Second and third branched rays with 15 - 18 hooks, similar to those of first branched ray, fourth to sixth branched rays with one or two hooks. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 10 - 12 (11), 11.1, n = 16, specimens from type locality area; mean = 10.7, 4 range 10 - 12, n = 24, specimens from rio Canoinhas. Pectoral fin extends posteriorly to, or slightly beyond origin of pelvic fins in adult males but slightly short of that point in females. Pelvic-fin rays 7, anterior ray branched (of 16 specimens collected near or at type locality, anterior first ray branched in 6 specimens with count equal to 7 for each and anterior ray unbranched in 10 specimens with count = i, 6 for each specimen (see Fig. 27). Pelvic fin sometimes with anterior ray unbranched on one side and unbranched on other side. Medial branch sometimes divided. Branches not necessarily remaining close together. Sexually mature, large adult males with over 220 hooks on each pelvic fin many of them minute, distributed as shown in Fig. 27. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 44. Principal caudal-fin rays 11 - 13 somewhat bowed ventrally in association with glandular tissue (Fig. 32). Scales cycloid, with approximately 10 12 radii along posterior field of larger scales; fewer radii in smaller scales. Terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series without complex radii (Fig. 24). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 4 - 8 (6), 5.4, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 4 - 6, 5.3, n = 29, in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Lateral series scales 31 - 35 (34), 33.6, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 32 - 35, 33.8, n = 29, in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Predorsal scales 15 - 18 (16), 16.6, n = 16, specimens from and near type locality; 15 - 17, 16.1, n = 27, in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 12 (12 in all specimens from and near type locality; 11 - 13, 12, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16 (16 in all specimens from all localities). Premaxillary teeth in 2 distinct rows (Fig. 28). All teeth tricuspid to quinticuspid in large specimens, small teeth sometimes bicuspid or conical in smaller specimens. Outer row teeth 3 - 4 (3), n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 2 - 4, 3.0, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Inner row teeth few, 4 - 5 (4), 4.3, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 4 - 5, 4.2, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Maxillary teeth 2 - 4 (3), 2.5, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 2 - 3, 2.4, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC, larger specimens usually with higher counts. Anterior maxillary teeth (Fig. 28) usually tricuspid, posterior teeth bicuspid or tricuspid in large specimens, often conical in small specimens. Dentary with 4 - 5 (4) large tricuspid or bicuspid anterior teeth, 4.1, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 3 - 4, 3.96, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Smaller posterior teeth 4 - 8 (7), 6.3, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 4 - 7, 5.4, n = 26 in specimens from rio Canoinhas, SC. Number of teeth almost always greater in largest specimens. Anterior small teeth of posterior portion of dentary row bi- or tricuspid, with posterior one or two teeth conical (Fig. 28). Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth described above Vertebrae 34 - 36 (36), 35.3, n = 19 in specimens from or near type locality; 34 - 36, 35.5, n = 60 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Dorsal limb gill rakers 6 - 7 (7), 6.4, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 6 - 7, 6.2, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Ventral limb gill rakers 9 - 10 (10), 9.5, n = 16 in specimens from or near type locality; 8 - 10, 9.2, n = 30 in specimens from rio Canoinhas. Branchiostegal rays 4 in 2 cleared and stained specimens; 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Figs. 20 and 21 for preserved color pattern of males and females. Body gray brown to pale yellowish brown ventrally, darker dorsally. Lateral body stripe broad and reasonably well-defined anteriorly and posteriorly in both sexes. Stripe extends from elongate vertically-aligned humeral spot that lies immediately posterior to opercle and cleithrum to caudal-fin base. Continues diffusely onto both caudal-fin lobes (especially fin rays of those lobes) in males and as a wedge shaped mark onto middle caudal-fin rays in some females. Stripe somewhat darker on principal caudal-fin rays 10, 11 and 12. Remainder of caudal fin dusky. Dorsal border of first principal caudal-fin ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin ray black. Midddorsal dorsal body surface nearly black and forming a narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Remainder of dorsal body surface dorsal to lateral body stripe pale brown, darker dorsally. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and membranes. Anal fin with diffuse dark elongate stripe running length of its distal border and another, more distinct stripe along base of fin. In sexually mature males basal stripe about equal in intensity throughout and approximately covers basal one - half of fin. This stripe appears paler than distal half of fin in Fig. 20 because is more translucent distal and black in background. Dorsal-fin with distally located horizontal dark stripe in adult males extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate undivided ray to posterior tips of two terminal fin rays. This stripe relatively broad and diffuse, somewhat more than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Female with dusky dorsal fin, typically lacking dark stripe. Males sometimes with posterior portion of stripe diffuse. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsum of cranium and nape. Tip of lower jaw brown but pigment not organized into dark band. Head posterior to infraorbitals and extending ventrally from parietal region across dorsal opercular region dark brown. Opercular membrane translucent (opaque white in preservative). Iris dorsal to pupil dark brown, most of remainder of iris silvery. Infraorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown if guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly through infraorbital area. Anterior area to opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown if guanine is absent. Color in life. Life colors described here taken from color slide of an adult male 41.8 mm SL (MZUSP 40281) that had been preserved for a short time. The site of capture was near type locality. Sides of body lead or gun metal blue, especially lateral stripe darker than rest of body. Immediately dorsal to blue color of body back with narrow lighter diffuse stripe more brown than blue. Line extends from parietal region ventral to adipose fin to caudal peduncle. Dorsomedian narrow dark brown of dorsal most portion of back lies immediately dorsal to brownish diffuse stripe. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle with same color as narrow dark line of back. Ventral portion of abdomen, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery bluishwhite to gray-bluish-white. Dark pigment of head similar to that in preserved specimens except that dorsal region of opercle appears silvery blue, almost a silvery sky blue. Principal caudal-fin rays 8 - 9 pale yellow basally, but with some dark pigment distally. Ray 10 and those below it with more of dark pigment approaching base of fin rays. Glandular tissue confined to rays 10 - 14 with limited dark pigment. Remainder of black pigment of caudal fin as described in preserved specimens. Anal fin reddish-gray distally. Basal one-half of anal fin reddish brown or reddish gray in both sexes with scattered brown and red chromatophores. Approximately distal one-half to three-fourths of pelvic fins translucent blue in both sexes. Pectoral fins yellow translucent. Dorsal more or less hyaline with rays darker gray than membranes. Sexual dimorphism. Females of Glandulocauda caerulea lack glandular caudal tissue found in sexually active males. Females have modified dorsal caudal squamation found in males but modification is much smaller than in males (compare Figs. 20 and 21). Females lack anal- and pelvic-fin hooks found in males (Fig. 27). Live color pattern differences of photographed males and females in breeding condition from near type locality are very similar. The greatest difference is in fin coloration which is more intense in males. Tables 4 and 5 indicate that body depth, caudal peduncle depth, pectoral-fin length, pelvic-fin length, dorsal-fin base length and dorsal-fin height are greater in males than females. Statistical analyses of these data were not carried out because samples are limited to a few large males rendering comparisons meaningless.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Examined specimens of Glandulocauda caerulea originated in streams of the upper rio Iguaçu in Paraná and Santa Catarina States, Brazil. See fig. 3 in Menezes et al. (2008) as Glandulocauda melanopleura.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The creek where G. caerulea was collected is a fastflowing clear water stream about 15 - 20 cm deep and about a meter wide. The bottom was a mixture of sand, mud, and rocks with logs and other natural debris common. Araucaria brasiliensis and a species of Podacarpus were the prominent tree components in the surrounding riparian habitat with relatively small shrub species also common. More recently, Ingenito et al. (2004) collected many specimens of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea) in small very cold, clear water small creeks running into tributaries of rio Iguaçu. These were about 1.5 m wide and 0.3 - 1 m deep with marginal vegetation abundant.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Glandulocauda caerulea and G. melanopleura can be distinguished by a variety of characters in addition to those utilized in the diagnosis. The color patterns are quite different with males of G. melanopleura predominantly yellowish brown while those of G. caerulea are predominantly blue. Glandulocauda caerulea (then named as G. melanopleura) was reported by Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 384) to have 4 - 6 perforated lateral line scales and G. melanopleura (then named as G. melanogenys) to have 11 - 21 but additional material indicates the numbers are 4 - 8 and 7 - 27 respectively. A significant difference remains, in spite of a slight overlap. Eigenmann (1911 b: 168 - 170) first described three species in Glandulocauda: G. inequalis, G. melanogenys (the type species of the genus), and G. melanopleura. Unfortunately, Glandulocauda melanogenys is a junior synonym of Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus Ellis (1911: 157 - 158), a situation not previously recognized. Thus, the species name melanogenys Eigenmann must be replaced by melanopleura Ellis. This makes G. melanopleura Eigenmann, proposed for a different species of Glandulocauda, a junior secondary homonym of G. melanopleura (Ellis) because both species are here kept in the same genus, Glandulocauda. A new replacement name, Glandulocauda caerulea Menezes & Weitzman, is here proposed for G. melanopleura Eigenmann. Notes on type locality. The type locality of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea) was initially difficult to locate. Two localities bearing the name Serrinha, the type locality of G. melanopleura (= G. caerulea) existed in the region of Paraná southwest of Curitiba. The Serrinha where Haseman collected in 1908, was a railroad junction at approximately 25 ° 43 ’ S 49 ° 44 ’ W on the American Geographical Society Map of Hispanic America, section “ SG- 22, Curityba ”, provisional edition for 1937. This locality is still called Serrinha on some fairly recent maps (e. g., Mapa do Estado do São Paulo, Rodoviário e Político for 1979, Geomapas Produções Cartográficas Ltda., São Paulo), but it does not appear on most current maps. The Rede Ferroviária Federal S. A. relocated the railroad in this area and station Serrinha was abandoned. The inhabitants of Balsa Nova, PR, suggested that the station might still be found on a ranch called Lara Maria, where an old railroad station was found with a nearby stream, called the ribeirão Amola Faca, draining to the rio Iguaçu. This stream produced a variety of fishes, but no specimens of Glandulocauda caerulea. That species was however collected from an adjacent creek flowing into the ribeirão Amola Faca. Although it is uncertain wheter this creek was the type locality, it is probably very close to the locality where Haseman collected.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D006DF7DFF69A9CBFBCCFC5F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype of Glandulocauda melanopleura. FMNH 54895, adult, 39.5 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná, Serrinha, rio Iguaçu, approximately 25 ° 43 ’ S 49 ° 44 ’ W, 22 Dec 1908, J. D. Haseman; see notes on type locality. Note: Weitzman & Fink (1985: 104) reported specimen as male. Although it has well-developed modified dorsal lobe caudal-fin squamation, mature eggs were revealed when a small slit was made on the right side of its abdomen. Paratypes of G. melanopleura. Collected with holotype: FMNH 54896, 2 immature, 26.5 - 29.2 mm SL, (Note: These specimens identified as developing males by Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 104). Both have well-developed modified caudal squamation but no evidence of glandular tissue. It is impossible to determine their sex without histological section); USNM 177725, 1 maturing female, 29.4 mm SL, (Note: This specimen, identified as a male by Weitzman & Fink (1985: 104) because of its well-developed caudal squamation, but slit in right side of abdominal cavity revealed what looks to be a maturing ovary). Non-types. All collected in Brazil. MZUSP 53273, 1 juvenile, 22.4 mm SL, 3 males and 1 female, adults, 37.6 - 42.8 mm SL, Paraná, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu, near fazenda Lara Maria, near road; USNM 326756 3, adult males and females, 37.3 - 43.9 mm SL, 1, cleared and stained, adult male 39.4 mm SL, same locality as MZUSP 53273; MNRJ 5642, 30, 22 juveniles, 17.4 - 27.1 mm SL, 8 adult males and females, 28.5 - 35.2 mm SL, Santa Catarina, riacho dos Pardos, tributary to rio Canoinhas, tributary to rio Iguaçu, 5 Sept 1949, A. L. Carvalho.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00CDF7DFC7BAA92FA51F86E.taxon	description	Coalurichthys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908: unpaginated; misspelling for Coelurichthys.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00CDF7DFC7BAA92FA51F86E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. All glandulocaudine species belonging to Mimagoniates have either a rudimentary or a fully developed caudal fin-ray pump (Figs. 32, 38, 47, 58, 67, 75, and 85) not present in the other two genera, in which principal caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 are not modified (Lophiobrycon, fig. 4 in Castro et al., 2003) or just decurved but not forming a pump (Glandulocauda, Figs. 15 and 25). Additionally Mimagoniates can be distinguished from these two genera by having the dorsal-fin origin posterior to vertical through anal-fin origin (Figs. 31, 36, 45, 53, 63, 70, and 78). In Lophiobrycon (Figs. 3 and 4) the dorsal-fin origin is anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin and closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base and in Glandulocauda (Figs. 11 - 12 and 20 - 21) the dorsal-fin origin is slightly ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin. Also, in Mimagoniates adult males have no more than 1 hook on anal-fin rays that bear hooks, although sometimes 2 hooks might be present on anterior most branched ray and 3 on longest unbranched anterior ray (Figs. 33, 39, 50, 56, 65, 73, and 81) whereas in Glandulocauda species more than one hook are present on anal-fin rays that bear hooks (Figs. 16 and 26).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00DDF43FF72A9CBFC66F862.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Based on the development of the caudal-fin ray pump, M. inequalis seems to be more similar to M. barberi and M. pulcher than to the other species of Mimagoniates but has fewer branched anal-fin rays (26 to 30) and vertebrae (36 to 39) than M. barberi (31 to 36 branched anal-fin rays and 41 to 46 vertebrae). From M. pulcher it differs by the number of lateral series scales (34 to 41 vs. 43 to 46) and horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin (15 to 18 vs. 13 to 15). The most striking color difference between M. inequalis and M. barberi is the presence in M. barberi of a prominent longitudinal black stripe extending from vertical posterior border of eye posteriorly to caudal fin base and in males onto portion of caudal fin occupied by caudal organ. The humeral dark spot is barely distinguishable from horizontal black stripe. In M. inequalis the lateral body shape is diffuse in both sexes and consists of scattered dark chromatophores extending from black vertical humeral spot posteriorly onto caudal fin.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00DDF43FF72A9CBFC66F862.taxon	description	Description. Table 6 presents morphometric data of the holotype and paratypes plus samples from within 70 km of Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and from Rivera, Uruguay. Many of the specimens in the description below are immatures to small adults. Therefore the means and other data given for these samples do not accurately reflect population samples with large numbers of adults. Body compressed, relatively deep, especially near pelvic-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through pelvic-fin origin or just anterior to that position. Predorsal body profile somewhat arched in all specimens which have predorsal profile gently convex to dorsal of eyes. Body profile slightly elevated at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and then to adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin somewhat concave dorsal to caudal peduncle. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males and females from tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fin, less strongly convex in immatures. Abdominal profile straight to slightly concave between pelvic-fin base and to anal-fin origin in all specimens. Body profile along anal-fin base in males straight to slightly concave, somewhat concave in females and immatures. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle initially straight but very short in adult males, then slopes downward along strongly developed ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Region nearly straight in females and immatures including procurrent ventral caudal-fin rays. Snout blunt. Lower jaw protruding slightly anterior to upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males somewhat thick and heavy compared to that of females and immatures. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point horizontal along ventral border of eye in all specimens. Maxilla extending posteriorly to approximately Males Females and juveniles Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 33.3 66 16.3 - 38.3 24.2 75 14.5 - 29.8 19.8 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 33.6 66 27.0 - 34.0 30.8 1.9 75 26.0 - 32.8 28.9 1.9 – Snout to dorsal-fin origin 56.2 66 56.1 - 61.6 59.0 1.4 75 56.0 - 63.0 59.2 1.5 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 27.6 66 25.1 - 30.0 27.2 0.9 75 24.8 - 30.3 27.4 1.1 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 46.2 66 42.0 - 47.0 44.3 1.2 75 42.7 - 48.8 45.0 1.2 – Snout to anal-fin origin 59.2 66 53.4 - 59.5 56.6 1.4 75 54.2 - 60.8 57.1 1.4 – Caudal peduncle depth 15.3 66 10.7 - 16.6 13.6 1.4 75 09.2 - 14.7 11.7 1.5 + Caudal peduncle length 09.3 66 08.0 - 11.2 09.6 0.8 75 07.5 - 11.7 09.1 0.8 – Pectoral-fin length 23.4 65 20.6 - 26.0 23.7 1.0 75 20.0 - 25.7 23.4 1.2 – Pelvic-fin length 17.4 66 12.7 - 17.5 14.6 1.2 75 10.8 - 15.5 13.1 0.8 + Dorsal-fin base length 16.5 66 13.0 - 17.8 15.0 1.1 75 12.3 - 17.6 14.6 1.1 – Dorsal-fin height 28.8 64 20.1 - 28.8 24.2 2.0 66 20.2 - 26.7 23.1 1.7 – Anal-fin base length 36.6 66 34.4 - 40.6 37.2 1.4 75 34.0 - 40.4 36.7 1.4 – Anal-fin lobe length 22.2 63 18.2 - 23.6 20.8 1.2 75 16.6 - 25.6 20.5 1.8 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 46.2 66 44.3 - 48.5 46.3 1.1 75 42.7 - 49.0 45.8 1.5 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 45.0 66 41.2 - 47.4 44.1 1.6 75 40.6 - 45.5 43.1 1.2 – Bony head length 27.6 66 25.3 - 29.8 27.5 1.0 75 26.8 - 30.2 27.9 1.0 – Horizontal eye diameter 33.3 66 33.3 - 40.6 37.0 1.9 75 33.7 - 44.0 38.4 1.8 – Snout length 22.2 66 18.6 - 25.0 22.0 1.5 75 19.1 - 24.2 21.6 1.5 – Least interorbital width 35.6 66 32.1 - 39.7 35.8 1.8 75 30.6 - 39.5 35.5 2.1 – Upper jaw length 44.4 66 38.6 - 47.5 43.2 1.8 75 38.0 - 46.7 42.6 1.7 – vertical through anterior border of eye. Dorsal-fin unbranched rays ii in all specimens, branched rays 8 - 9 (8), 8.2, n = 127; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Adipose fin elongate and slender. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 127. Fin rays modified in association with caudal pheromone pump as in Fig. 32. Fin rays modified more like those in M. barberi and M. pulcher than other species of Mimagoniates (compare Figs. 32, 38 and 47). Anal-fin unbranched rays iv or rarely v, branched rays 23 - 30 (28), 26.8, n = 127; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin barely showing anterior lobe (Figs. 29, 30 and 33). Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 1 on each side, on last unbranched ray (Fig. 33). Usually anterior 6 branched fin rays with bilateral hooks, 1 set of hooks for each ray; occasionally 2 hooks per ray on a side but always only 1 hook per segment on a side. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 9 - 11 (9), 9.8, n = 127. Tip of pectoral fin extends beyond pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin rays i, 6 (branching of anterior, first ray variable in our population samples, i, 6 in 63 specimens, most under approximately 20 mm SL, but 7 in 64 specimens, most of them over approximately 20 mm SL), n = 127. Fig. 34 illustrates anterior branched pelvic ray. Total pelvic-fin rays 7 in all specimens examined, n = 127. Sexually mature, large adult males with over 260 minute to small sized hooks on each pelvic fin distributed as shown in Fig. 34. Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series without exaggerated radii (Fig. 32). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 5 - 8 (6), n = 79. Lateral series scales 34 - 41 (39), 38.2, n = 79. Predorsal scales 18 - 22 (18), 19.3, n = 8. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 15 - 18 (16), 16.0, n = 108. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 - 19 (16), 17.3, n = 59. Premaxillary teeth tricuspid in all large specimens (Fig. 35), smaller teeth sometimes bicuspid or conical in smaller specimens. Premaxillary teeth 6 - 9 (8), 7 - 9, n = 127 in a single row, usually tricuspid, occasionally one or two bicuspid or conical at posterior portion. Maxillary teeth (Fig. 35) 3 - 10 (4), 4 - 6, larger specimens usually with higher counts, n = 127. Dentary with 4 large anterior tricuspid teeth, followed by smaller posterior teeth 4 - 12 (6), 6.1, anterior small dentary teeth of posterior row tricuspid, posterior ones conic, n = 124 (Fig. 35). Smaller individuals tend to have fewer teeth than larger specimens. Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. No significant difference in tooth number between sexes. Vertebrae 36 - 39 (38), 37.9, n = 49. Dorsal limb gill rakers 5 - 7 (6), 6.3, n = 127; ventral limb gill rakers 10 - 12 (11), 10.9, n = 127. Branchiostegal rays 4, in 9 cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray on posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Figs. 29 and 30 for color pattern of males and females. Body pale to medium brown, pale yellowish brown ventrally, darker dorsally. Lateral body stripe diffuse throughout body length in both sexes, consisting of scattered dark chromatophores of fairly large size, extending from black, vertical humeral spot posteriorly to caudal fin and onto dorsal region of ventral caudal-fin lobe and basal part of dorsal caudal-fin lobe. Scattered pigmentation darker in males than in females or immatures. Caudal gland structures, including those derived from dorsal caudal-fin lobe such as modified caudal squamation with scattered dark chromatophores. Caudal pigmentation much paler in females and immatures. Remainder of caudal fin dusky due to scattered dark chromatophores in both sexes, but darkest in adult males. Dorsal border of first principal caudal-fin ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin ray black. Humeral spot vertically elongate, especially dark in sexually mature males, dusky in females and immatures. Dorsal most surface of body black, forming narrow dark stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Dorsal area of back also with scattered small chromatophores, much smaller than chromatophores of diffuse lateral stripe. Body surface ventral to lateral stripe pale brown due to scattered dark chromatophores comparable to those forming lateral stripe. Abdomen white or yellowish white, without dark chromatophores. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky with scattered small dark chromatophores along fin rays and on membranes. Anal fin with distally located dark elongate stripe (darker in males) running length of fin. Stripe width about one-fourth height of anal fin. Sexually mature males with stripe somewhat darker anteriorly, especially dorsal to anterior anal-fin lobe. Dorsal-fin with horizontal dark stripe in adults extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate divided ray to posterior tips of two terminal dorsal-fin rays. Stripe relatively narrow, usually less than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Width and intensity of stripe varies with sex and sexual maturity, darker in males but always paler anteriorly. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores, darker in mature males than females and immatures. Head brown around mouth, darker and almost black on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsal portion of head and nape. Tip of lower jaw dark brown. Scattered fairly large dark chromatophores on head area posterior to infraorbitals on rays. Ventral lobe of caudal fin with considerable black pigment on rays in males, especially those rays radiating from caudal organ. Anal fin with distal portion of fin rays beyond dark anal-fin stripe hyaline to silvery yellow. Proximal portion of anal fin dorsal to black stripe, hyaline or with some silvery pigment. Approximately distal one-half of pelvic fin white with a black and reddish band proximal to this. Remaining proximal portion of pelvic fin hyaline. Distal one-half of pectoral fins pale lemon yellow. Dorsal fin hyaline to white both distal and proximal to black and brown longitudinal stripe. Sexual dimorphism. Females lack the caudal pheromone organ (Fig. 30), as well as the anal-fin and pelvic-fin hooks of males. Also females display more subdued live body coloration as noted above. Caudal peduncle depth and pelvic-fin length differ significantly between males and females (Table 6). However, when these morphometric characters were compared as a function of standard length through regression analysis, no significant differences were found. The samples include, however, very few mature males and females. and extending ventrally from parietal region, across dorsal opercular region pale with scattered fairly large dark chromatophores. Same color continues ventrally across posterior region of opercular bone to just reach interopercular bone. Iris dark brown dorsal to pupil, otherwise silvery or if silvery pigment absent dark, nearly black. Infraorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown when guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly across circumorbital area. Anterior area of opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown, with limited dark brown pigment. Color in life. Life colors described here taken from a 35 mm color slide of specimen photographed just after capture from a blackwater stream (USNM 236424). Sides of body pale silvery blue. Broad diffuse lateral body stripe somewhat deeper silvery blue from black humeral spot to termination of caudal peduncle. Back darker blue to blue green color immediately dorsal to silvery blue color of body sides. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle faint yellow. Ventral abdominal area, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery white. Dark pigment of head similar to that in preserved specimens. Top of head black. Dorsal caudal-fin lobe and principal caudal-fin rays 14 - 16 on ventral caudal-fin lobe mostly hyaline but with a little dark red color along dark stripe of dorsal fin. Dorsal lobe of caudal-fin mostly hyaline with little reddish pigment Distribution. Mimagoniates inequalis is known from small streams and rivers tributaries of rio Jacuí and lago Guaíba, from small streams flowing into laguna dos Patos, and from small isolated coastal ponds and streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was also collected in tributaries of the upper rio Negro, Rivera, Uruguay. See fig. 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00DDF43FF72A9CBFC66F862.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Immatures of this species are found in small, slowly moving blackwater streams in forested regions and in areas with sufficient vegetation to produce mild to extremely dark tea colored waters. Somewhat acid water low in salts appears to be one of this species ecological requirements. This is one of the first fish species to disappear once streams are polluted. A few mature specimens over approximately 28.0 mm SL were found in the same blackwater streams occupied by the smaller specimens but large adult males of up to approximately 38 mm SL are rarely taken in the wild.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00DDF43FF72A9CBFC66F862.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The glandulocaudins examined and reported by Schultz (1959) need critical discussion to clear up some of the confusion of the species names used in the texts and for the photographs published by Axelrod (1958), Harald Schultz (1959), and L. P. Schultz (1959). The collecting trip reported by Axelrod (1958) where specimens of Mimagoniates were collected, was in the region near Santos, in the state of São Paulo. Axelrod (1958: 13 - 15) noted that Mimagoniates species identifications were questionable. Collections available to us from this region indicate that two species of Mimagoniates occur there, M. lateralis from blackwater streams and M. microlepis from clear water streams. Axelrod (1958: 15 and the color photograph on page 12) discussed and illustrated a species of Mimagoniates found in black acid waters identified as M. microlepis by Harald Schultz that we identify as M. lateralis. Axelrod (1958: 17) reported but did not illustrate another species, called Mimagoniates barberi (?) from open waters. This is possibly M. microlepis. A color photograph on page 13, illustrates two specimens identified as M. inequalis. The fish pictured at the left is probably an adult M. inequalis because the dark stripe on the anal fin does not closely approach the distal margin of the fin, especially anteriorly. The specimen at right is most probably an immature moderate-sized specimen of M. microlepis because the dark anal-fin stripe does closely approach the distal margin of the fin. Mimagoniates inequalis is unknown from the region near Santos and the photograph is likely one that Harald Schultz made of specimens collected in Rio Grande do Sul State. Axelrod (1959: 39) mentions collecting a species of Mimagoniates on another expedition, this time to Rio de Janeiro State, but no photographs or comments were made about the species. This species would be been M. microlepis, the only species to occur in this state according information at hand. Harald Schultz (1959) discussed the species of Mimagoniates and Glandulocauda but seemed aware of only three species, M. barberi, M. microlepis and G. inequalis. In this publication Schultz recognized M. lateralis as M. barberi (the name often used at that time for M. lateralis in the European and American ornamental fish trade). The photograph labeled as of M. barberi is of M. lateralis. Schultz (1959) correctly gives the range of what he designates as M. barberi as found in blackwater streams from the city of Santos south to the State of Santa Catarina. This time he appears to have correctly identified M. microlepis and states that it is found in the coastal plains from north of Rio de Janeiro south to Paraná and Santa Catarina States, a range nearly equal to that recorded below for that species. Schultz (1959: 52) found G. inequalis (= M. inequalis of the present report) south of the range of M. microlepis in Rio Grande do Sul State. He found M. inequalis and M. microlepis only in clear water. Interestingly in regard to Menezes & Weitzmann (1990: 416 - 422) discussion of the possible hybrid origin of M. rheocharis, Schultz found both M. inequalis and M. microlepis living together. (see discussion under M. rheocharis). A jar of 14 specimens of M. inequalis plus one of M. microlepis, USNM 177704 (all identified as M. inequalis by L. P. Schultz, 1959: 63), and said to be collected in Porto Alegre might tend to confirm this overlap in geographical range. There is no information that all these specimens are from one locality near Porto Alegre. The lot was entered into the USNM catalog on 4 February, 1959, and the fishes were collected sometime previous to that date. Another sample of Mimagoniates, USNM 177703, listed as collected in Porto Alegre, and identified by Schultz (1959: 11) as M. microlepis, is rather M. lateralis. The known southern most locality for M. lateralis is Santa Catarina State, rio Vermelho, Barra do Sul in Ilha de São Francisco, about 35 km from Joinville, SC, 26 ° 14 ’ S 48 ° 35 ’ W, a location far from Porto Alegre, RS. This raises question to the locality information for USNM 177703 and 177704.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D00DDF43FF72A9CBFC66F862.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. FMNH 54893, adult male, 32.6 mm SL; Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, (rio Guaíba “ in front of town ” see Eigenmann, 1911 a: 308), approximately 30 ° 02 ’ S 51 ° 12 ’ W. See notes below on type locality. Paratypes. Collected with holotype: FMNH 54894, immatures, 4, 21.6 - 25.6 mm SL; CAS (IUM) 13270, adult female, 29.8 mm SL, adult male, 31.5 mm SL. Non-Types. All collected in Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, rio Guaíba basin: USNM 94310, adult males 3, adult female 1, 29.5 - 41.5 mm SL, aquarium specimens reported to have been imported into Germany from PortoAlegre, Rio Grande do Sul; USNM 177704, immature to adults 14, 17.6 - 35.4 mm SL, Porto Alegre, (Schultz, 1959: 63 listed 15 specimens; largest specimen is M. microlepis; see “ Remarks ” below under M. inequalis concerning locality information of lot); MCP 9892, adult females 2, 33.4 - 37.9 mm SL, município de Triunfo, “ near rio Caí ”, 30; MZUSP 75515, immature to adult 2, 24.7 - 32.2 mm SL, município de São Leopoldo, fazenda São Borja; MAPA 811, 40 young to adults, município Gravataí, tributary to rio Gravataí at Morungava (between Gravataí and Taquara) northeast of Porto Alegre, rio Gravataí flows into rio Jacuí near mouth of latter; USNM 313489 (erroneously MCP 9892 in Weitzman et al., 1988: 402), young to adult male, c & s, 24.4 - 37.0 SL, same data as MAPA 811; USNM 236423, small adults 38, 13.6 - 29.1 mm SL, município de Viamão, southeast of Porto Alegre, riacho Passo Comprido, a tributary to arroio Fiúza, approximately 30 ° 10 ’ S 51 ° 00 ’ W; USNM 257116, young to juveniles 42, 14.2 - 22.4 mm SL, same locality data as USNM 236423; USNM 254273, young to juveniles 39, 15.9 - 26.6 mm SL, same data as USNM 236423; USNM 236424 (erroneously USNM 234161 in Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 106), young to maturing adults 34, 13.2 - 30.5 mm SL, município de Montenegro, arroio Passo da Cria along Passo da Serra near Montenegro, rio Caí drainage, 29 ° 40 ’ S 51 ° 25 ’ W; MZUSP 26908, young to adults 24, 14.3 - 24.6 mm SL, same locality data as USNM 236424; USNM 254275, young to adults 44, 16.0 - 26.6 mm SL, município de São Sebastião do Caí, arroio Paradiso, on road between São Sebastião do Caí and Bom Princípio; USNM 236090, immatures to adults 5, 24.8 - 27 mm SL, c & s, same locality data as USNM 254275; MZUSP 19942, young to juveniles 55, 14.3 - 21.7 mm SL, same locality data as USNM 425275; MNRJ 26440, young to juveniles 52, 14.4 - 23.3 mm SL, same data as USNM 254275; USNM 254274, young to juveniles 30, 14.9 - 26.4 mm SL, município de Pelotas, arroio de Pelotas at bridge of road BR- 116, north of Pelotas, approximately 31 ° 39 ’ S 52 ° 19 ’ W; USNM 254271, juvenile 1, 20.5 mm SL, município de Rio Grande, arroio Bolacha at crossing of road between Rio Grande and Cassino, 32 ° 10 ’ S 52 ° 10 ’ W; USNM 254270, young to juveniles 9, 17.9 - 23.0 mm SL, município de Rio Grande, north end of banhado do Tigre, from a small stream crossing the road between fazenda Caçapava and Estação Ecológica do Taim, approximately 32 ° 36 ’ S 52 ° 37 ’ W; UFRGS 3946, immatures to adults 11, 18.1 - 27.5 mm SL, lagoa Emboaba, Tramandaí; USNM 326754, immatures 2, 25.4 - 27.8 mm SL, canal between lagoa Emboaba and lagoa Emboabinha on the road to Osório-Tramandaí, near Tramandaí; MZUSP 83355 immatures 3, 16.0 - 24.5 mm SL, tributary of rio Morungava in town of Morungava; USNM 326755, immatures to adults 4, 15.5, 26.8 mm SL, streams in município de Belém Novo, south of Porto Alegre. Uruguay, Rivera: USNM uncatalogued, immatures to adults 5, 21.2 - 32.0 mm SL, Cañado, 31 º 11 ’ 60 ” S 55 º 47 ’ 35 ” W by P. Laurino, T. Litz et al., 25 Aug. 2004; USNM uncatalogued, immatures to adults 9, SL 17.9 - 31.8 mm, 31 º 05 ’ 03 ” S 55 º 45 ’ 27 ” W.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	description	Fig. 36	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Mimagoniates barberi, M. pulcher n. sp., and M. inequalis have a rudimentary caudal-fin ray pump (Figs. 32, 38, and 47) and in this respect differ from males of their congeners which have a fully developed caudal-fin ray pump (Figs. 58, 67, 75, and 85). Mimagoniates barberi can be distinguished from M. inequalis by having more branched anal-fin rays (30 - 36 vs. 23 - 30), more scales in lateral series (41 - 48 vs. 34 - 41), fewer scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and anal-fin origin (13 - 15 vs. 15 - 18) and the mid-lateral dark stripe of adult males nearly black (vs. lateral body stripe of adult males diffuse, poorly developed, often not apparent). Mimagoniates barberi differs from M. pulcher by the number of branched anal-fin rays (30 - 36 vs. 26 - 30) and by the absence of spines on principal caudal-fin rays (Fig. 38), present in M. pulcher (Fig. 47).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	description	Description. Table 7 presents morphometrics of the holotype, paratypes, and other specimens. Description refers to all population samples combined except where noted. These collections were treated statistically as one population sample to represent the species as a whole. Body compressed, relatively elongate; body deepest at vertical through anal-fin origin. Predorsal body profile gently convex and slightly more arched in adult males. Body profile Males Females and juveniles Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 33.1 36 19.0 - 33.2 25.1 38 17.4 - 27.0 22.6 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 26.3 36 31.0 - 28.0 24.7 1.7 38 21.4 - 27.7 23.6 1.5 – Snout to dorsal-fin origin 62.2 36 60.4 - 66.6 62.4 1.4 38 59.5 - 65.4 62.4 1.6 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 25.7 36 23.4 - 28.6 25.7 1.0 38 23.4 - 26.3 25.0 0.8 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 42.0 36 39.4 - 44.9 42.8 1.2 38 41.0 - 46.8 43.2 1.4 – Snout to anal-fin origin 54.4 36 52.1 - 57.7 54.7 1.3 38 51.9 - 58.7 55.4 1.4 – Caudal peduncle depth 16.0 36 11.3 - 16.0 12.6 1.6 38 08.8 - 12.4 10.5 0.9 + Caudal peduncle length 09.1 36 06.4 - 10.4 08.5 0.8 38 07.3 - 09.4 08.3 0.5 – Pectoral-fin length 21.8 36 20.0 - 24.4 21.5 1.1 38 18.9 - 22.7 20.9 0.9 – Pelvic-fin length 14.0 36 12.1 - 15.9 13.6 0.9 38 08.9 - 13.1 11.7 1.0 + Dorsal-fin base length 13.9 36 11.4 - 14.9 13.2 0.8 38 10.8 - 14.5 12.4 1.0 – Dorsal-fin height 29.6 35 20.5 - 30.9 25.2 2.7 34 18.0 - 25.7 22.1 1.9 + Anal-fin base length 39.0 36 36.0 - 40.9 39.0 1.2 38 37.2 - 41.6 38.8 1.0 – Anal-fin lobe length 19.9 36 14.5 - 21.4 18.4 2.0 35 16.0.21.1 18.3 1.2 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 51.3 35 48.0 - 53.8 50.1 1.5 38 45.7 - 51.3 49.7 1.4 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 43.5 36 37.8 - 43.5 40.8 1.6 38 36.0 - 43.9 40.0 1.8 – Bony head length 24.8 36 21.7 - 26.8 24.7 1.1 38 21.7 - 25.8 24.1 1.0 – Horizontal eye diameter 35.4 36 34.2 - 45.8 40.5 3.4 38 36.6 - 47.6 42.9 2.8 – Snout length 25.6 36 18.6 - 26.4 23.0 1.8 38 19.2 - 26.9 22.8 1.9 – Least interorbital width 31.7 36 31.7 - 38.4 36.1 1.6 38 32.2 - 40.4 36.6 1.8 – Upper jaw length 42.7 36 38.1 - 44.2 42.2 1.8 38 38.3 - 44.9 41.6 1.7 – slightly elevated at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and to adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin slightly concave dorsal to caudal peduncle, ending at origin of procurrent caudal-fin rays. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body convex in adults from tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fins, somewhat less convex in juveniles. Abdominal profile in adult males slightly concave between pelvic-fin origin and anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body profile along anal-fin base nearly straight in all specimens. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle convex in adult males; slightly concave or nearly straight in females and juveniles. Lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw. Lower jaw of adults thick and heavy compared to that of juveniles. Mouth slightly angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point well ventral to horizontal through ventral border of eye in all specimens. Maxilla extends posteriorly to point anterior to vertical through anterior border of pupil of eye. Dorsal-fin rays ii in all specimens, branched rays 7 - 8 (8), 8, n = 77; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1. Adipose fin elongate, slender (Figs. 36 and 37). Anal-fin unbranched rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 31 - 36 (33), 33.1, n = 74); posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1. Anal fin with moderately developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 36 and 39); lobe includes fourth unbranched and first 4 branched rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, (1) on each side, on last unbranched ray (iv or v), (Fig. 39). Anterior (7) branched fin rays usually with bilateral hooks, 1 set for each ray. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 8 - 11 (10), 9.5, n = 77). Tip of pectoral extends posteriorly beyond origin of pelvic fins. Pelvic fin rays 6 - 7 (i, 7), n = 77. Pelvic fin with anterior (first) ray unbranched or branched (branches well separated and often posterior branch divided at tip or for its distal half (Fig. 40). Sexually mature, large adult males with over 220 hooks on each pelvic fin distributed as shown in Fig. 40. Principal caudal-fin rays 10 / 9 in all specimens, (n = 77). Modification of some rays in association with caudal pheromone pump as in Figs. 38 a and b. Fin rays modified more like those in M. inequalis than any other species of Mimagoniates. Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Terminal scales of modified caudal-fin series without exaggerated radii (Fig. 38 b). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 5 - 10 (8), 7.2, n = 41. Lateral series scales 40 - 49 (44), 44.6, n = 39. Predorsal scales 21 - 29 (24), 24.5, n = 42. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 13 - 15 (15), 14.5, n = 48. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 - 17 (16), 16.0, n = 30. Premaxillary teeth in 2 irregular, closely packed rows (Fig. 41). Determining teeth in each row impossible except in cleared and stained specimens. Thus all teeth on left premaxilla given as total. Teeth tricuspid in all large specimens, small teeth in smaller specimens sometimes bicuspid or conical. Total premaxillary teeth 7 - 10 (8), 8.5, n = 68. Outer and inner row premaxillary teeth somewhat compressed. Maxillary teeth 3 - 7 (4), 4.5, n = 75. All maxillary teeth tricuspid in large specimens (Fig. 41); small specimens with posterior maxillary teeth often conical. Dentary with 4 - 5 (4), 4.1, large tricuspid teeth; posterior dentary teeth 4 - 9 (8), 6.8, with nearly always more teeth in largest specimens; anterior small dentary teeth tricuspid, posterior ones conic, n = 77 (Fig. 41). Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. No significant difference in tooth number found between males and females. Vertebrae 41 - 43 (42), 42.4, n = 19. Dorsal limb gill rakers 5 - 7 (7), 6.2, n = 19; ventral limb gill rakers 11 - 13 (12), 12.3, n = 58. Branchiostegal rays 4, in 1 cleared and stained specimens, with 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Fig. 36 for preserved color pattern of males and females. Body pale to medium brown, pale yellowish-brown ventrally, darker to much darker dorsally. Longitudinal body stripe prominent along length on body. Stripe extending from border of eye to caudal fin base and in males onto portion of caudal fin occupied by caudal organ. Comparable area on caudal fin of females also black. Remainder of caudal fin dusky due to scattered dark chromatophores, especially on fin rays. Dorsal border of first principal caudal-fin ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin ray usually darker than other caudal fin rays. Lateral stripe extends over all caudal gland structures. Stripe especially dark on principal rays 10, 11 and 12, less so on ray 13. Humeral spot barely distinguishable from anterior portion of horizontal body stripe, but present just posterior to posterior opercular border. Dorsal body surface very dark, nearly black, forming narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Second dark longitudinal body stripe extends from nape across body, continuing to base of upper dorsal-fin lobe. Stripe lies just dorsal to pale longitudinal stripe extending just dorsal to first longitudinal dark stripe. Remainder of body surface ventral to first longitudinal body stripe pale brown. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and, to lesser extent, on membranes. Anal fin with dark elongate stripe running length of fin. Stripe width about one fourth height of anal fin anteriorly and about less than one-fourth of height posteriorly. Stripe narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, and of uniform width for posterior one-half of fin where it borders ventral edge of fin. Stripe darker posteriorly. In sexually mature males stripe broadens anteriorly where it is relatively pale, but covers much of surface of fin with anal-fin spines. Distal portion of anal-fin lobe relatively hyaline. Dorsal fin with horizontal dark stripe in adult males and females extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate undivided ray to posterior tips of two terminal dorsal-fin rays. Stripe usually narrow, less than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Width and intensity of stripe somewhat variable depending on sex and maturity. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head dark brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsum of cranium and nape. Tip of lower jaw dark brown. Portion of head posterior to infraorbitals and extending ventrally from parietal region, across dorsal opercular region pale except where first horizontal stripe extends to eye. Iris dorsal to pupil more or less silvery. Infraorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown if guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores not dense, but scattered evenly through circumorbital area. Anterior area of opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown, without much dark brown pigment except in area of first horizontal longitudinal stripe. Color in life. Life colors described here taken from aquarium specimen, USNM 327586, taken from within 50 miles Asunción. Specimen in preservative shown in Fig. 36. Sides of body pale silvery blue. Broad lateral body stripe somewhat deeper silvery blue extends immediately dorsal to silvery blue color of body sides from humeral spot to caudal peduncle termination. Back with narrow dark brown line extending from parietal region of head to just ventral to adipose fin. Lateral portion of dorsolateral portion of body brownish-yellow green color between narrow brown line and dorsomedian narrow dark brown line extending across dorsal most portion of back. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle nearly yellow. Ventral abdominal area, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery white. Dark pigment of head similar to that described for preserved specimens except that dorsal region of opercle appears silvery blue. Dorsal caudal-fin lobe and principal caudal-fin rays 14 - 16 on ventral caudal-fin lobe bright yellow, except for black proximal half of ray 14. Black pigment continuous with black pigment surrounding structures of caudal pheromone organ. Rays 17 - 19 on ventral caudal-fin lobe hyaline or nearly hyaline except ray 17 which is somewhat yellow. Remainder of black pigment of caudal fin as described in preserved specimens. Anal fin with distal portion of fin rays posterior to anterior anal-fin lobe lemon yellow, forming a stripe along ventral border of fin. Distal region of anterior anal-fin lobe hyaline to white, proximally bordered by black pigment described above in preserved specimens. Basal half of anal fin hyaline with some scattered brown chromatophores and a small tint of yellow anteriorly. Posterior portion of narrow horizontal black line of anal fin pale. Approximately distal one-half of pelvic fin white, with black and yellow band proximal to this and remaining proximal portion of fin hyaline. Distal one-half of pectoral fins yellow, proximal half with black rays and yellow membranes. Dorsal fin hyaline to white distal and proximal to longitudinal black and brown longitudinal stripe.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from left bank tributaries of río Paraguay and tributaries of rio Paraná, near Foz do Iguaçu, in Paraguay. See figure 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Field notes taken by R. M. Bailey and J. N. Taylor indicate that specimens collected in southern Paraguay (UMMZ 205417, UMMZ 205418 and UMMZ 205420) were found in small tributaries (arroyos), rivers (ríos) and pools. Two specimens (UMMZ 205415) were collected from a brown colored stream, visibility of about 0.3 m, surrounded by partly wooded ravine. The current at the collecting site was 0.3 - 0.5 m / second. Other two specimens (UMMZ 205418) were caught from green clear waters, visibility of 10 m, located also in a partly wooded ravine. Sexual dimorphism. Females lack the caudal pheromone pump organ, anal-fin and pelvic-fin hooks of males. Table 7 indicates that some morphometric characters differ significantly between males and females. Regression statistics, however, indicated that only those related to pelvic-fin length, dorsal-fin height and caudal peduncle depth are statistically significant. Figures 42 to 44 indicate that males reach longer lengths than the females. Figure 42 graphically indicates that males and females of M. barberi show significant sexual dimorphism in pelvic-fin length, but in males growth of pelvic fin is continuous following the model of a regression line (r ² = 0.903) whereas in females the pelvic fin grows at a different rate not following the linear regression model (r ² = 0.06). Figure 43 provides graphic evidence that there is a slight divergence in dorsal-fin height between males and females as they become sexually mature and increase in length. Figure 44 also indicates a divergence in caudal peduncle depth beginning around 20.0 mmSL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D033DF49FF5FA9CBFE24FDE8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype. BMNH 1907.10.22: 5, adult male, 33.1 mm SL, Paraguay, (arroyo Yâca [= Yhaca, also Yaca], near Estación Caballero; arroyo Yhaca is at 25 ° 39 ’ S 56 ° 53 ’ W and Caballero is at 25 ° 40 ’ S 56 ° 49 ’ W. Paralectotypes. Collected with lectotype: BMNH 1907.10.22: 6 - 8, young adult female, 2 adult males, 23.7 - 29.5 mm; BMNH 1990.10.9: 1, young male, SL 25.8 mm SL (Note: this specimen found in original type series but not catalogued until 1990); USNM 179827, young-adult, 2 females, 24.2 - 29.7 mm SL. Non-types. All collected in Paraguay unless otherwise noted. UMMZ 205420, 2 adult males, 5 young-adult females, 23.6 - 34.5 mm SL, c & s 1 adult male 35.6 mm, San Pedro, río Aguaray-mi at bridge on dirt highway 2.1 km N of junction with easterly road to Captain Bado, about 23 ° 33 ’ S 56 ° 34 ’ W; UMMZ 205417, 1 juvenile, 2 females, 17.6 - 25.4 mm SL, Canendiyu, small arroyo tributary to arroyo Curuguaty, about 5.3 km by dirt road NNW of Curuguaty, 24 ° 23 ’ S 55 ° 42 ’ W; UMMZ 205418, 1 juvenile, 1 adult female, San Pedro / Canendiyu, río Corrientes and adjacent pool, about 32.4 km W of turnoff to Curuguaty, 24 ° 19 ’ S 55 ° 59 ’ W; UMMZ 205415, 1 adult female, 1 adult male, 30.3 32.6 mm SL, Canendiyu, río Jejui, tributary to río Jejui Guazu about 41 km N of Curuguaty and 2 km S of Ygatimi, about 24 ° 09 ’ S 55 ° 37 ’ W; USNM 86296, 1 juvenile, SL approx. 19.0 mm, “ probably Paraguay; USNM 327586, 1 adult male, 32.7 mm SL aquarium specimen collected “ within 50 miles of Asuncion ”; MHNG 2241.78, 9 juveniles-adults, 21.5 - 25.4 mm SL, San Pedro Province (southern Paraguay), without further locality data; MHNG 2477.61, 26 young-adults, 13.3 - 28.0 mm SL, Caaguazú, 15 km north east of Carapo (= Carayao), arroyo Hondo, approximately 25 ° 01 ’ S 056 ° 32 ’ W. MHNG 2481.90, 27 young-adults, 12.2 - 31.0 mm SL, Caaguazú, río Guyraugua (= Guyraunguá), approximately 25 ° 15 ’ S 56 ° 02 ’ W; MHNG 2481.91, 3 juveniles, 17.5 - 20.4 mm SL, Alto Parana, río Acaray, (this river extends approximately between 25 ° 32 ’ S 54 ° 36 ’ W and 24 ° 58 ’ S 55 ° 20 ’ W), C. Dlouhy, 16 Oct. 1986.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	description	Figs. 45 - 46	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNRJ 17814, developing male, 35.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, “ Porto Velho-São Luiz de Cáceres ”, 1934, Avelar. Paratypes. Following lot of immatures to adults collected with holotype: MNRJ 4233, 28, 17.8 - 37.0 mm SL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mimagoniates pulcher is apparently most similar to M. barberi and M. inequalis with respect to the modification of caudal-fin rays in association with caudal pump, but differs at once from these two species in having hooks on caudal-fin rays at least in adult male specimens (compare Fig. 47 with Figs. 32 and 38). Additionally, from M. barberi it is distinguished in having anal-fin rays 26 - 30 (31 - 36 for M. barberi) and from M. inequalis in having 43 - 46 lateral series scales (34 - 41 for M. inequalis). Mature males of the remaining species of Mimagoniates have principal caudal-fin rays modified to form a fully developed caudal-fin ray pump (Figs. 58, 67, 72, and 80).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	description	Description. Table 8 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes. The entire description refers to the single population sample available representing the types. Body compressed, relatively elongate; body deepest at vertical line through pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal profile of body gently convex in all specimens, Body profile slightly elevated at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight along dorsal-fin base to adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin slightly concave dorsal to caudal peduncle. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body convex in developing males from tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fins, less strongly convex in females and juveniles. Abdominal profile in adult males slightly concave to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body profile along anal-fin base in males slightly concave along base of anterior lobe of anal fin; straight along base of remainder of fin in males and along entire anal-fin base in females and juveniles. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly convex in developing males; slightly concave or nearly straight in females and juveniles. Lower jaw protruding, slightly beyond upper jaw. Lower jaw of developing males and females somewhat thick and heavy compared to that of juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point slightly ventral to a horizontal line drawn from ventral border of eye in all specimens. Maxilla extends posteriorly to a point slightly posterior to vertical through anterior border of eye. Dorsal-fin unbranched rays ii in all specimens, branched rays 7 - 8 (8), 8.0, n = 29; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal-fin unbranched rays iv in all specimens, branched rays 26 - 30 (29), 28.4, n = 28; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin with weakly developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 45, 46 and 50). Lobe includes last unbranched ray and first 4 branched rays. Anal fin of developing males with bilateral hooks, 1 rudimentary hook on fourth, through seventh branched rays in specimen MNRJ 4233, 37.0 mm SL (Fig. 50). Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays range 9 - 11 (9), 9.8, n = 29. Posterior tip of pectoral fin extends posteriorly to origin of pelvic fins. Pelvic-fin rays 7 in all specimens (Fig. 49). Sexually mature, large adult developing males with over 35 hooks on each pelvic fin distributed as shown in Fig. 49. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 29. Fin rays modified in association with caudal pheromone pump as shown in Fig. 47. Caudal-fin rays without bony hooks in developing males, SL 25.0 - 35.0 mm, but with small hooks present on caudal-fin rays 9 and 10 in a larger apparently mature male, SL 37.0 mm (Figs. 47 and 48). Scales cycloid, with more radii along posterior border, including terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series than in any other Mimagoniates species (Fig. 48). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 7 - 8 (7), n = 8. Lateral series scales = 43 - 46 (43), 44.6, n = 8. Predorsal scales 20 - 22 (22), 21.1, n = 8. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 13 - 15 (14), 13.8, n = 4. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16 in 4 specimens. Premaxillary teeth in 2 irregular, almost undistinguishable, closely packed rows. Teeth count on left premaxilla given as total (Fig. 51). Larger and smaller teeth tricuspid in all large specimens, small teeth in smaller specimens sometimes bicuspid or conical. Total premaxillary teeth 7 - 10 (9), 8.7, n = 29. Maxillary teeth 2 - 6 (5), 3.6, larger specimens usually with higher counts, n = 28. All maxillary teeth (Fig. 51) tricuspid in large specimens; small specimens with posterior maxillary teeth often conical. Dentary with 4 large anterior tricuspid teeth in all specimens, smaller posterior teeth 6 - 10 (7), 7.2, number of teeth nearly always greater in largest specimens; anterior teeth tricuspid, posterior ones conic, n = 28. See Males Females and juveniles Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 35.0 06 25.0 - 37.0 32.6 23 17.8 - 27.0 22.0 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 26.3 06 24.0 - 26.2 24.9 1.9 23 18.3 - 24.7 21.5 1.7 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 61.7 06 59.4 - 64.0 61.5 1.5 23 59.8 - 65.7 61.8 1.5 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 25.1 06 24.6 - 26.4 25.4 0.6 23 24.7 - 28.0 25.9 0.9 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 44.6 06 40.6 - 48.0 44.2 2.3 18 40.0 - 48.3 44.4 2.0 – Snout to anal-fin origin 58.0 06 52.5 - 60.0 56.6 2.5 22 53.3 - 62.8 57.5 1.9 – Caudal peduncle depth 13.1 06 10.8 - 13.1 12.1 0.8 23 07.7 - 09.7 09.5 0.8 + Caudal peduncle length 08.3 06 07.2 - 08.7 08.2 0.5 20 06.5 - 08.3 07.2 0.5 + * Pectoral-fin length 20.0 06 20.0 - 24.4 22.0 1.4 23 20.8 - 24.7 22.6 1.3 – Pelvic-fin length 12.6 06 12.5 - 13.6 13.1 0.4 23 10.5 - 13.6 12.4 0.8 + * Dorsal-fin base length 13.4 06 11.6 - 13.4 12.5 0.7 22 10.2 - 13.6 12.1 1.1 – Dorsal-fin height 26.0 06 24.0 - 27.8 26.1 1.4 20 21.6 - 26.9 23.5 1.3 + Anal-fin base length 35.6 06 32.7 - 41.0 35.8 2.8 21 34.6 - 42.3 37.7 1.9 + * Anal-fin lobe length 20.0 06 16.9 - 21.6 19.6 1.5 21 16.8 - 25.5 21.6 2.1 + * Eye to dorsal-fin origin 49.1 06 48.0 - 52.0 49.1 1.6 23 45.8 - 51.6 48.1 1.5 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 42.3 06 40.2 - 42.3 41.2 0.8 23 36.2 - 42.0 38.8 1.4 + * Bony head length 24.3 06 23.4 - 26.0 24.7 0.9 22 24.0 - 27.3 25.4 0.7 – Horizontal eye diameter 35.3 06 34.4 - 38.4 36.2 1.5 22 37.0 - 42.5 39.1 1.5 + * Snout length 22.5 06 20.2 - 22.5 21.5 0.8 22 18.1 - 22.2 20.5 1.2 – Least interorbital width 34.1 06 34.1 - 36.1 35.0 0.7 22 33.3 - 37.0 35.2 1.2 – Upper jaw length 41.2 06 41.1 - 47.5 43.8 2.4 22 40.0 - 46.3 43.1 1.8 – Fig. 51. Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. Vertebrae 37 - 40 (38), 38.4, n = 28. Dorsal limb gillrakers 6 - 7 (6), 6.03, n = 28; ventral limb gill rakers 11 - 13 (12), 11.8, n = 28. Branchiostegal rays 3, in 1 cleared and stained specimen, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. pattern of males and females. Body pale brown, slightly lighter ventrally. Scattered dark chromatophores all over body, more heavily concentrated laterally and extending onto middle caudal-fin rays, indicating what could have been diffuse stripe, more evident in males than in females. Dark line slightly above midbody from about vertical crossing pelvic-fin origin Color in alcohol. Description based on specimens kept in alcohol since 1939 so that it likely reflects only vestiges of original coloration. See Figs. 45 and 46 for preserved color to caudal peduncle. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and membranes. Anal fin with dark, elongate stripe running length of fin; stripe wider and more conspicuous anteriorly in both sexes. Dorsal-fin with diffuse horizontal dark stripe in developing males and females extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate undivided ray to posterior tips of two terminal dorsal-fin rays. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head brown overall with scattered dark chromatophores, those on infraorbitals below eye and opercular bones slightly darker than those along midbody. Iris silvery. Circumorbitals pale yellowish brown. Sexual dimorphism. Fully mature males and females are not represented in available sample. The largest developing male (37.0 mm SL) has a caudal pheromone organ and anal and pelvic-fin hooks (Figs. 47 to 50) but the largest developing female (26.3 mm SL) lacks the caudal organ and fin hooks of males. Table 7 indicates that body depth, caudal peduncle depth and dorsal-fin height might be sexually dimorphic and tend to be greater in males than in females.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The only available sample of Mimagoniates pulcher originated from an uncertain locality in the upper rio Paraguai in Mato Grosso, Brazil (see notes on the type locality). See fig. 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name pulcher is from the Latin meaning beautiful and refers to the usual blue color of the species of Mimagoniates when alive. Notes on type locality. The type locality for M. pulcher is vague and one of us (Menezes) was unable to locate this species on two collecting trips to the area around Cáceres (= São Luiz de Cáceres in 1934) in 1991 and 1992. At first we assumed that “ Porto Velho-São Luiz de Cáceres ” implied that this lot was collected somewhere between Cáceres, Mato Grosso State and Porto Velho, Rondônia State, a straight line distance of a little over 600 km. Examination of an American Geographical Society of New York map: Cuyabá for 1930, revealed another Porto Velho, this time in Mato Grosso on the upper part of the rio Arinos, a tributary of the rio Juruena into the rio Tapajós of the Amazon basin. The map shows this Porto Velho as a head water stopping point for river traffic with a trail leading south to Cuiabá and then to Cáceres. A collecting trip to this area and southward yielded no specimens of Mimagoniates. The area is now partly under soy bean culture and no typically black waters were found. Alteration of the habitat may have changed the nature of the streams of the area. Mimagoniates pulcher, if it was originally found in this region, may be extinct.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D038DF4AFEA6AB16FBCDF86C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The structure of the caudal organ of Mimagoniates pulcher is more similar to that of M. barberi than to any other species of Mimagoniates (compare Fig. 47 to Fig. 38). Since Fig. 47 is based on a developing male it might be possible that in mature males the caudal organ is more developed and attains a modified structure.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	description	Species A, Weitzman et al., 1988, figs. 6, 10 (phylogeny and biogeography).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mimagoniates sylvicola is morphologically most similar to M. lateralis, both species having the modified caudal-fin rays forming the caudal-fin ray pump very much alike (Figs. 67 a and 68) and no hooks on caudal-fin rays, characters not present in any other species of the genus. They can be distinguished by the following characters: lateral series scales 49 - 56 (vs. 35 - 41 for M. lateralis), scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 16 - 18 (vs. 12 - 15 for M. lateralis). Preserved and live colors differ between the species. Preserved males of M. sylvicola with dark lateral body stripe relatively pale and diffuse, occurring mostly at and partly dorsal to mid-lateral body region. Approximately dorsal half of opercle dark, nearly black (relatively pale in M. lateralis). Mimagoniates lateralis with dark, relatively narrow, clearly defined lateral body stripe that lies mostly ventral to mid-lateral body region. Dark stripe continues onto ventral one-third of opercle. Males of M. sylvicola with distal one-fourth to one-fifth (less posteriorly) of anal-fin rays black (distal two-thirds to one-half black in M. lateralis). Males of M. lateralis with distal one-fourth of most elongate anterior unbranched ray and branched portions of anterior five to six branched rays hyaline or with a thin scattering of dark chromatophores, never black as in M. sylvicola. Life color of these species quite different. Male M. sylvicola with dorsally located black lateral “ stripe ” obscured by silvery blue reflective color, especially anteriorly. Ventrally located black stripe of male M. lateralis deep black except at its mid-length ventral to dorsal-fin origin where partly obscured by blue to silvery pigment in some population samples. Wild caught males of M. lateralis with a yellow-orange stripe just ventral to black lateral stripe, absent in M. sylvicola, although both species often with anal-fin base yellow to orange. Mimagoniates sylvicola can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the absence of hooks on principal caudal-fin rays (vs. presence of hooks in M. rheocharis and M. microlepis, Figs. 75 and 85) and by the presence of a well-developed caudal-fin ray pump (vs. caudal-fin ray pump rudimentary in M. inequalis, M. barberi and M. pulcher, Figs. 32, 38 and 47).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	description	Description. Table 10 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes. Except where noted, entire description refers to lots from near Cumuruxatiba. These collections are treated statistically as one population sample since no statistical differences were found among them. Counts for specimens from rio Camurugi are given only when they differ from those from near Cumuruxatiba. Body compressed, moderately elongate; body deepest about midway between snout tip and dorsal-fin origin, near vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal body profile gently convex to snout tip, less so in adut females and juveniles. Body profile slightly elevated at dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin base and nearly straight to origin of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays in all specimens. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body convex in adult males from tip of lower jaw to point on abdomen about midway between pectoral- and pelvic-fin bases, less convex in adult females and immatures. Abdominal profile abruptly becomes concave and then straight to vertical through anal-fin origin. Body profile slightly convex along anal-fin base to anal-fin insertion. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly convex, especially in adult males where ventral procurrent caudal fin rays enters profile. In females and juveniles this profile nearly straight. Lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw. Lower jaw of males thick and heavy compared to that of females. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla extending posteriorly to point Males Females and juveniles Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 30.2 44 17.0 - 30.2 22.1 45 14.5 - 26.6 19.4 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 29.1 44 21.5 - 29.3 25.7 2.2 44 20.6 - 27.2 23.9 1.6 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 61.6 44 57.0 - 63.8 60.0 1.3 44 57.2 - 62.2 60.1 1.2 – Snout to pectoral-fin origin 28.1 44 24.7 - 29.0 26.6 1.1 44 24.3 - 27.4 25.9 0.7 – Snout to pelvic-fin origin 43.4 44 39.7 - 45.9 43.3 1.3 44 40.0 - 46.8 43.2 1.5 – Snout to anal-fin origin 55.6 44 55.0 - 59.5 57.2 1.2 44 54.3 - 60.9 56.9 1.5 – Caudal peduncle depth 13.2 44 08.7 - 14.2 11.6 1.4 44 8.5 - 11.6 10.0 0.7 + Caudal peduncle length 12.3 44 10.1 - 13.8 12.1 0.8 44 10.1 - 13.8 12.0 0.9 – Pectoral-fin length 23.2 44 20.6 - 24.7 22.6 0.9 44 20.2 - 24.5 22.5 1.1 – Pelvic-fin length 14.9 44 11.7 - 16.0 13.9 1.1 44 11.1 - 14.2 12.7 0.8 + Dorsal-fin base length 14.2 44 11.9 - 16.5 14.0 0.9 44 11.8 - 15.1 13.6 0.1 – Dorsal-fin height 19.2 44 15.9 - 21.9 18.5 1.3 41 14.4 - 20.6 17.5 1.4 – Anal-fin base length 33.4 44 29.5 - 34.5 32.6 1.1 44 30.4 - 35.2 32.6 1.1 – Anal-fin lobe length 19.2 44 17.9 - 22.5 20.3 1.0 43 17.2 - 22.5 20.1 1.1 – Eye to dorsal-fin origin 46.4 44 43.6 - 48.4 46.3 1.1 44 42.8 - 51.0 46.2 1.3 – Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 43.7 44 39.4 - 45.6 42.3 1.4 44 39.8 - 46.9 42.2 1.4 – Bony head length 27.8 44 24.7 - 28.5 26.6 0.9 44 24.7 - 27.9 26.0 0.6 – Horizontal eye diameter 35.7 44 35.0 - 44.1 39.3 2.2 45 39.0 - 44.4 41.6 1.3 – Snout length 22.6 44 21.0 - 26.0 23.4 1.2 45 21.6 - 26.1 23.9 1.2 – Least interorbital width 33.3 44 32.1 - 37.5 34.7 1.3 45 32.0 - 37.0 35.0 1.3 – Upper jaw length 45.2 44 41.3 - 48.2 45.7 1.7 45 42.1 - 47.8 45.3 1.5 – anterior of vertical through anterior border of pupil. Dorsal-fin unbranched rays ii in all specimens, branched rays 8 - 9, (8), 8.0 (3 specimens with 9), n = 90; of 6 specimens from rio Camurugi (not included in n = 90) 2 with 8 and 4 with 7 branched rays; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Adipose fin slender. Anal-fin unbranched rays iv in all specimens, branched rays 23 - 26 (25), 24.8, n = 90; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin with moderately developed lobe; anterior portion including last unbranched ray and first 5 - 6 branched rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral blunt hooks on anterior 6 branched fin rays, 1 set of hooks for each ray (Fig. 65). Pectoral-fin unbranched rays i in all specimens, branched rays 9 - 11 (10), 9.7, n = 90; all 6 specimens from rio Camurugi with 10 branched rays. Posterior tips of longest pectoral-fin rays extend posteriorly beyond origin of pelvic fin; of about equal length in both sexes. Pelvic-fin rays 7 (7 in all specimens except 1 with 8, n = 90, [count 8 for pelvic-fin rays of M. sylvicola in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 391) is error]. Pelvic fin with anterior most ray branched in all specimens (Fig. 66). Adult males with total of over 100 small to tiny hooks present on rays of pelvic fin, distributed as shown in Fig. 66. Each ray bears 9 to over 40 hooks, depending on the maturity of the specimen and / or the fin ray. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 90. Fin rays modified in association with caudal pheromone pump as in Figs. 67 and 68. Fig. 68 illustrates a relatively immature pump, while fig. 67 shows a presumably mature pump in which pump chamber has well-developed water entrances and exit. Scales cycloid, almost deciduous, with few radii along posterior border; smallest scales often nearly without or without radii. Terminal scale of modified caudal series with exaggerated radii appearing as incisions of posterior scale borders (Figs. 67 b and 68 b). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 6 - 8 (8), 7, n = 34; 2 specimens from rio Camurugi with 9 perforated scales. Lateral series scales 49 - 56 (53), 52.7, n = 34. Predorsal scales 24 - 28 (25), 25.9, n = 39. Scale rows between dorsal- and anal-fin origin 16 - 18 (17) 16.7, n = 64. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19 - 20 (20), 19.7, n = 21; 1 specimen from rio Camurugi with 22 scale rows around caudal peduncle. Premaxillary teeth in 2 distinct rows although this not apparent in Fig. 69. Larger teeth tricuspid, smaller teeth tricuspid or bicuspid, smallest ones unicuspid. Outer row teeth 3 - 7 (6), 5.4, n = 90. Inner row teeth 3 - 7 (3), 3.0, n = 90. Maxillary teeth 5 - 10 (6), 6.8, larger specimens usually with highest counts, n = 90; two specimens from rio Camurugi with 11 maxillary teeth. Maxillary teeth show increase in number with increasing SL from mean of 5.9 in 9 specimens of 15.5 to 16.5 mm SL to mean of 7.6 in 14 specimens of 25.0 to 30.5 mm SL. Anterior 4 - 5 maxillary teeth tricuspid and larger than remaining teeth one-fifth height of fin. Stripe borders distal ends of fin rays posteriorly; anterior portion of dark stripe separated from distal ends of first five or six fin rays by relatively hyaline area on anterior lobe of fin. Dorsal fin with horizontal dark stripe extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate unbranched ray to posterior tips of two terminal dorsal-fin rays. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head dark brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsal portion of cranium and nape. Iris dorsal to pupil dark brown to black, most of remainder of iris silvery with some dark brown or black areas ventrally. Infraorbitals pale brown or silvery with evenly scattered dark chromatophores. Ventral area of opercle, preopercle and posterior region of branchiostegal rays silvery, without much dark brown pigment. with 1 or 2 cusps (Fig. 69). Dentary with 4 large anterior tricuspid teeth in all specimens, n = 90; smaller posterior dentary series unicuspid except tricuspid anterior most tooth, 6 - 12 (10), 8.9, n = 90 (Fig. 69). One specimen from rio Camurugi with 13 dentary teeth. Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. Vertebrae 39 - 41 (40), 39.9, n = 88. Dorsal limb gill-rakers 6 - 7 (6), 6.0, n = 90, two specimens from rio Camurugi with 5 dorsal limb gill-rakers; ventral limb gill-rakers 11 - 13 (12), 11.7, n = 90. Branchiostegal rays 4 in 3 cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Figs. 63 and 64 for preserved color pattern in males and females. Body pale to medium brown, almost white ventrally, darkest dorsally. Lateral body stripe pale, diffuse, best developed in males. Stripe extending from darker opercular spot on dorsal half of opercle posteriorly to dark, spot-like region on caudal peduncle. Immediately posterior to spot caudal gland region covered by black pigment forming triangular-shaped area with its posterior apex and continuous onto ray 11 and to certain extent ray 12. Remainder of caudal fin dusky due to scattering of dark chromatophores, especially along ventral border of 19 th principal caudal ray. Dorsal body surface dark dusky, especially in area of predorsal scales. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky from scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays. Pelvic fins considerably darker than pectoral fins. Anal fin with a dark, elongate stripe running length of fin. Width of stripe about one-fourth to Color in life. Life color patterns taken from color slides and color notes made while collecting specimens from clear and black waters near Cumuruxatiba. Sides of body silvery deep blue with dorsal region dark brown and abdominal area silvery white. All fins translucent, lemon yellow with dark brown pigment described above under preserved color description appearing brown to black. Females with similar color pattern but blue, yellow, and dark pigment patterns much paler. Caudal-fin rays 13 and 14 considerably darkened with black pigment in life. Some male specimens display considerable but rather diffuse lateral dark brown stripe below lateral mid-region of body. Specimens from rio do Sul, Cumuruxatiba area (USNM 276547), gold silvery in color and without blue coloration. Some with black pigment considerably reduced, absent, or covered in patches by guanine, especially on lateral surface of body sides. Sexual dimorphism. Females lack caudal pheromone pump organ, anal-fin and pelvic-fin hooks of males and display more subdued live body coloration as noted above. Table 10 indicates significant differences in body depth, caudal peduncle depth, and pelvic-fin length between males and females. The regression analyses and the discussion of these sexually dimorphic differences are presented in the “ sexual dimorphism section ” for this species in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 394 - 396).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mimagoniates sylvicola is known from small streams in southern Bahia, Brazil. See figure 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Ecological notes for this species are presented in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 398 - 399). However, since the time the specimens of M. sylvicola were collected, the environment where they live was severely altered. The tall forest protecting creeks and rivulets and providing shade for the cocoa plantations in southern Bahia was mostly removed and the trees used in wood production after the drastic decrease in the price of cocoa. As a consequence the species is now at risk of becoming extinct since it is restricted to those particular types of habitats. Further information is available in Menezes & Lima (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D022DF56FCEDA9CBFCCFFCAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. MZUSP 36612, adult male, 30.2 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, município de Prado, forest stream tributary to Atlantic Ocean, near Fazenda Embaçuaba, approximately 8 - 9 km northwest of Cumuruxatiba, 17 ° 05 ’ S 39 ° 13 ’ W. Paratypes. Collected with holotype: MZUSP 28817, juveniles to adults 42, 15.1 - 30.2 mm SL; USNM 276557, juveniles to adults 42, 14.7 - 33.5 mm SL, 1 male SL 29.3 mm and 1 female 26.6 mm SL, c & s. Following paratypes all collected 20 Mar 1985 by N. Menezes et al. unless otherwise noted: MZUSP 28815, 77, 11.0 - 27.4 mm SL; USNM 276547, juveniles to young adults 77, 14.4 - 27.4 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, município de Prado, first stream (locally called rio do Sul) south of rio Caí, on road between Cumuruxatiba and Itamaraju, 17 ° 00 ’ S 39 ° 12 ’ W. MZUSP 28816, 28, 12.7 - 25.1 mm SL; 6, juveniles to adults, 13.2 - 24.0 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, município de Prado, small stream NW of Cumuruxatiba, about 17 ° 01 ’ S 39 ° 12 ’ W. USNM 300633, juveniles to adults 5, 22.3 - 31.3 mm SL and USNM 300634, 1, c & s, 31.8 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, município de Porto Seguro, riacho Ronca Água, tributary to right margin of rio Camurugi, tributary to rio João de Tiba drainage, approximately 16 ° 20 ’ S 39 ° 07 ’ W, 19 Feb 1986, I. Rosa and party. Non-types. USNM 276556, juveniles 25, 13.9 - 24.8 mm SL, same data as MZUSP 28816 above.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	description	Species B, Weitzman et al., 1988, figs. 6, 10, 23 (phylogeny and biogeography).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mimagoniates rheocharis may be separated from all other species of Mimagoniates by the presence of sturdy hooks on some principal caudal-fin rays. Among the species of Mimagoniates presence of hooks on some caudal-fin rays also occurs in M. microlepis and M. pulcher, but in these species they are spiny. Mimagoniates rheocharis and M. microlepis, however, have fully developed caudal-fin ray pumps (Figs. 75 and 85) whereas in M. pulcher the pump is only partially developed (Fig. 47). Additionally M. rheocharis differs from M. microlepis by the number of scale rows around caudal peduncle (19 to 23 vs. 15 to 18 for M. microlepis) and scales rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins (17 to 21 vs. 13 to 16 for M. microlepis). A few life color characters differentiate in fully mature males: the pelvic-fin rays and membranes of adult males are distally white whereas in M. microlepis the yellow and / or black pigment of the pelvic fins are continuous to edge of the fin where fin is bordered by a narrow band of white; the portion of the anal fin posterior to the anterior lobe is bordered by a broad band of deep yellow pigment, with very little to no black pigment on fin; in M. microlepis the posterior portion of the anal fin is ventrally bordered by a narrow band of black pigment, and none or very little yellow pigment.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	description	Description. Table 11 presents morphometrics of holotype and paratypes. Except where noted, entire description refers to population sample from near Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina. Collections treated statistically as one population sample in attempt to represent the species as a whole. Counts and ratios of measurements for other population samples taken from tributary of rio Grande given only when they differ from those from near Praia Grande. Body compressed, relatively deep, especially near dorsal-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through anal-fin origin. Predorsal body profile relatively arched in adult males, less so in adult females and immatures which have predorsal profile gently convex to tip of snout. Body profile elevated at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight along dorsal-fin base to adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin somewhat concave dorsal to caudal peduncle. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males from tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fins, less convex in females and juveniles. Abdominal profile in adult males slightly concave to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body profile along anal-fin base in males slightly concave anteriorly along anterior lobe of anal fin; straight along base of remainder of fin in males and along entire anal-fin base in females and juveniles. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle convex in adult males; slightly concave or nearly straight in females and juveniles. Lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males thick and heavy compared to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point ventral to a horizontal line through ventral border of eye. Maxilla extends posteriorly to point anterior to vertical through anterior border of pupil. Dorsal-fin unbranched rays ii in all specimens, branched rays 8 - 10 (9), 8.9, n = 56; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Adipose fin slender. Anal-fin unbranched iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 25 - 29, 26.8, n = 56; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin with moderately developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 70, 71 and 73); lobe includes last unbranched ray and first 3 branched rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 1 on each side, on last unbranched ray (Fig. 73). In most specimens anterior 7 branched fin rays with bilateral hooks, 1 set for each ray. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 10 - 11, 10.1, n = 56. Tip of pectoral-fin extends posteriorly beyond origin of pelvic fins. Pelvic-fin rays 8 in all specimens. Pelvic fin with first ray branched once, branches remaining close together and entire ray tapering as in congeners in which ray unbranched (Fig. 74). Sexually mature, large adult males with over 400 hooks on each pelvic fin distributed as shown in Fig. 74. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 56. Fin rays modified in association with caudal pheromone pump as in Fig. 75. Caudal-fin rays 10 and 11 with small bony hooks. Ventral borders of 4 anterior expanded ray segments of ray 11, which form anterior external wall of dorsal portion of pump chamber, with about 4 short but large hooks; 2 middle hooks often bicornate, others with single hook. Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series without exaggerated radii (Fig. 75 b). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 5 - 9 (7), 6.7, n = 48. Lateral series scales 41 - 48 (45), 44.3, n = 48. Predorsal scales = 21 - 24 (22), 22.3, n = 46. Scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-fin origins 17 - 21 (19), 18.8, n = 55. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19 - 22 (20), 19.7, n = 46. Premaxillary teeth in 2 distinct rows (Fig. 76), teeth tricuspid in all large specimens, smaller teeth sometimes bicuspid or conical in smaller specimens. Outer row teeth 5 - 8 (5), 6.2, n = 55. Inner row teeth, 1 - 3 (3), 2.1, n = 55. Maxillary teeth 3 - 8 (8), 4, larger specimens usually with more teeth, n = 55. All maxillary teeth tricuspid in large specimens; small specimens with posterior teeth often conical (Fig. 76). Dentary with 4 large anterior tricuspid teeth in all specimens, followed by 5 - 12 (12), 8.4, smaller teeth, almost always greater number of teeth in largest specimens. Anterior small teeth of posterior dentary series tricuspid, posterior ones conical, n = 54. Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. Vertebrae 37 - 40 (38), 38, n = 107. Dorsal limb gill rakers 6 - 8 (7), 6.6, n = 54; ventral limb gill rakers 11 - 13 (12), 11.7, n = 54. Branchiostegal rays 4, in 3 cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Figs. 70 and 71 for preserved color pattern of males and females. Body pale to medium brown, pale yellowish-brown ventrally, much darker dorsally. Lateral body stripe diffuse in both sexes, especially anteriorly. Stripe extending from vertical humeral spot posteriorly to caudal fin and onto dorsal region of ventral caudal-fin lobe and small part of dorsal caudal-fin lobe. Lateral stripe extends over all caudal gland structures. Stripe especially dark on principal rays 10, 11 and 12, less so on ray 13. Humeral spot vertically elongate, especially in sexually mature males. Remainder of caudal fin dusky due to presence of scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal border of first principal and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin rays black. Middorsal body surface black, forming narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Remainder of dorsal body surface ventral to lateral body stripe pale brown. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and membranes. Anal fin with dark elongate stripe running length of fin. Stripe of nearly uniform width about one-fourth height of anal fin anteriorly and about one-half height posteriorly. Sexually mature males with stripe considerably darker anteriorly, especially dorsal to relatively hyaline anterior anal-fin lobe. Dorsal-fin with horizontal dark stripe in adult males and females extending from about mid-length of anterior elongate unbranched ray to posterior tips of terminal two dorsal-fin rays. Stripe usually narrow, less than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Width and intensity of stripe variable depending on sex and maturity. Preserved males sometimes with posterior portion of stripe diffuse. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head dark brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsal portion of cranium and nape. Tip of lower jaw dark brown. Head dark brown posterior to infraorbitals and from parietal region ventrally, across dorsal opercular region. Dark area continues ventrally across posterior region of opercle to just reach interopercle; looks similar in form to humeral spot. Iris dorsal to pupil dark brown, most of remainder of iris silvery. Infraorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown if guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly through circumorbital area. Anterior area of opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown, without much dark brown pigment. Color in life. Life colors described here taken from slide of an adult male 41.8 mm SL (MZUSP 40281) from site located immediately north of city of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul. Sides of body pale silvery blue. Broad lateral body stripe somewhat deeper silvery blue from humeral spot to caudal peduncle termination. Just dorsal to silvery blue color of body sides, back with narrow dark brown line extending from parietal region of head to just ventral to adipose fin. Lateral portion of dorsal portion of body between narrow brown line and dorsomedian narrow dark brown line extending across dorsal most portion of back, brownish-yellow green color. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle nearly yellow. Ventral abdominal area, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery white. Dark pigment of head similar to that described for preserved specimens except that dorsal region of opercle appears silvery blue. Dorsal caudal-fin lobe and principal caudal-fin rays 14 - 16 on ventral caudal-fin lobe bright yellow, except for black proximal half of ray 14. Black pigment continuous with black pigment surrounding structures of caudal pheromone organ. Rays 17 - 19 of ventral caudal-fin lobe hyaline or nearly hyaline except in ray 17 somewhat yellow. Remainder of black pigment of caudal fin as described above for preserved specimens. Anal fin with distal portion of fin rays posterior to anterior anal-fin lobe lemon yellow, forming stripe along ventral border of fin. Distal region of anterior anal-fin lobe hyaline to white, proximally bordered by black pigment described above for preserved specimens. Black pigment mixed with yellow. Basal half of anal fin hyaline with some scattered brown chromatophores and small amount of yellow anteriorly. Posterior portion of narrow horizontal black line of anal fin pale. Approximately distal one-half of pelvic fin white, with black and yellow band proximal to it and remaining proximal portion of fin hyaline. Distal one-half of pectoral fins yellow, proximal half with black rays and yellow membranes. Dorsal fin hyaline to white distal and proximal to longitudinal black and brown longitudinal stripe. Sexual dimorphism. Females lack caudal pheromone pump organ and pelvic- and anal-fin hooks described above for males. Live color of females is unknown but likely more subdued than that of sexually mature males. Table 11 indicates that of the morphometric characters showing significant differences between sexes only those related to caudal peduncle depth and pelvic-fin length are statistically different using regression analysis. See discussion in the “ sexual dimorphism ” section for this species in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 412 - 415).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mimagoniates rheocharis occurs in small coastal streams and rivers from Santa Catarina to northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. See figure 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. In addition to the scarce information available in the ecological notes in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 421 - 422), recent data from Malabarba et al. (2008) indicates that Mimagoniates rheocharis lives in small streams with moderate flowing and shallow clear waters, with rocks and less abundant fallen leaves, sand or mud. Specimens are usually found in small numbers in still waters near the banks where the water current is slower, under the shadow of marginal vegetation. Few specimens can also be found in micro-habitats among rocks and macrophytes, especially when larger portions of still water are occupied by Mimagoniates microlepis. The species seems to be very sensitive to change in water quality especially with respect to dissolved oxygen and pH. Feeds mainly on a variety of terrestrial insects that fall from surrounding trees and are preyed upon on the water surface. Small amounts of aquatic insects and micro-crustaceans are also eaten. Like other members of the Glandulocaudinae, M. rheocharis is forest-dependent and survives only in streams where the marginal vegetation is preserved.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 414 - 416) discussed statistical comparisons of meristic and morphometric data between M. rheocharis and M. microlepis. These are not repeated here. Although some overlap was found in many characters, significant differences were found in most of the features compared. Similar comparisons and results were made with Mimagoniates inequalis in the same publication. Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 416 - 421) discussed the possible hybrid origins of M. rheocharis from M. inequalis and M. microlepis through introgression, concluding that although such an origin might be possible, the data then available allowed sister species status between M. rheocharis and M. microlepis. In view of the phylogenetic analysis undertaken herein, however, that tentative conclusion will have to be reevaluated.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D027DF5DFF37AACBFA52FE58.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. MZUSP 40278, adult male, 47.3 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, município de Praia Grande, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande, approximately 29 ° 20 ’ S 14 ° 40 ’ W. Paratypes. Collected with holotype: MCP 13616, immatures to adults 3, 24.3 - 40.8 mm SL; USNM 279878, adults 3, 33.3 - 47.8 mm SL. Following 3 lots of immature to adult paratypes: Santa Catarina, município de Nova Veneza, rio Jordão at Jordão Alto, approximately 28 ° 36 ’ S 49 ° 28 ’ W, MCP 13617, immatures to adults 83, 21.9 - 39.0 mm SL; MZUSP 40279, immatures to adults 81, 22.4 - 42.8 mm SL; USNM 279879, immatures to adults 89, 22.8 - 49.0 mm SL. Following lots collected in Santa Catarina, município de Praia Grande, tributary of rio Grande approximately 29 ° 20 ’ S 49 ° 40 ’ W: MZUSP 40280, immatures to adults 29, 13.5 - 38.4 mm SL; USNM 306339, immatures to adults 18, 17.0 - 40.0 mm SL. Following lots collected in Rio Grande do Sul, município de Osório: MZUSP 40281, adult male, 41.8 mm SL, arroio das Pedras, approximately 29 ° 52 ’ S 50 ° 19 ’ W; MCP 13613, young adults 7, 27.5 - 31.3 mm SL, arroio Água Parada, tributary to rio Maquiné, in Maquiné, approximately 29 ° 40 ’ S 50 ° 11 ’ W; MCP 10806, adult male, 39.5 mm SL, município de Torres, tributary of rio Três Forquilhas, Chapéu, approximately 29 ° 19 ’ S 49 ° 44 ’ W. Non-types. Following lots collected from Santa Catarina, município de Praia Grande, arroio Facão, tributary of rio Grande at Mãe dos Homens, 29 º 13 ’ 59 ” S 50 º 03 ’ 09 ” W: USNM 326749, immatures to adults 33, SL 30.8 - 39.8 mm; MCP 21710 immatures 34, 25.8 - 32.0 mm; MZUSP 53276, immatures to adults 34, SL 24.5 - 33.5 mm. Following lots, collected from Santa Catarina, município de Praia Grande, rio Canoas, 8 km from Praia Grande in direction of Mãe dos Homens, 29 º 14 ’ S 50 º 01 ’ W: USNM 326752, immatures to adult 3, 28.5 - 42.4 mm SL; MZUSP 53277, immatures 3, 25.7 - 30.5 mm SL. Following lot, collected from Santa Catarina, município de Praia Grande, rio Canoas, about 13 km upstream of Praia Grande, USNM 326751, immature 1, 27.3 mm SL. Following lots all collected from Rio Grande do Sul, município de Três Cachoeiras, rio das Pacas near Morro Azul (discharges into lagoa Jacaré of the rio Mampituba system), approximately 29 º 24 ’ S 49 º 57 ’ W, USNM 326750, immature 1, 23.8 mm SL; município de Torres, rio dos Mengue between towns of Morro Azul and Rua Nova, a tributary to lagoa Jacaré of the rio Mampituba system, approximately 29 º 17 ’ S 49 º 55 ’ W, MCP 21711, immature 3, 24.4 - 27.0 mm SL; Terra de Areia, rio Padre at Itati, a tributary of rio Três Forquilhas, approximately 29 º 28 ’ S 50 º 03 ’ W, USNM 326753 immatures-adults 4, 27.7 - 31.3 mm SL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	description	Coelurichthys tenuis Myers, in Eigenmann & Myers, 1929: 491, 492 (type examined and erroneously referred it to M. microlepis). - Rachow, in Holly Meinken & Rachow, 1950 a: 755 (followed Myers, in Eigenmann & Myers 1929: 491, 492 in referring this nominal species to M. microlepis). Mimagoniates inequalis Schultz, 1959: 63 (in part only, one specimen of M. microlepis, USNM 177704, was misidentified as M. inequalis).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mimagoniates microlepis can be distinguished from all the other species of Mimagoniates except M. rheocharis by the presence of a fully developed caudal-fin ray pump and hooks on some principal caudal-fin rays. In addition to having caudal-fin hooks spiny (vs. sturdy in M. rheocharis), M. microlepis differs from M. rheocharis by the number of horizontal scale rows between dorsal- and anal-fin origins (15 - 18 vs. 17 - 22 for M. rheocharis), scales around caudal peduncle (15 - 18 vs. 19 - 23 for M. rheocharis), and coloration as discussed in the diagnosis of M. rheocharis.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	description	Description. Table 12 presents morphometrics of the lectotype, paralectotype and topotypes. Except where noted, the entire description refers to the population sample represented by specimens from rio Macacu, the type locality or adjacent tributaries flowing into this river. These collections were treated statistically as one population sample in an attempt to represent the species. Variations of meristic and morphometric data within the range of M. microlepis are discussed where appropriate. Body compressed, relatively deep, especially near dorsal-fin origin; body deepest at vertical through anal-fin origin. Predorsal body profile relatively arched in adult males, less so in adult females and immatures which have predorsal profile gently convex. Body profile elevated at dorsal-fin origin, less so in females and juveniles. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight along dorsal-fin base to adipose fin. Body profile posterior to adipose fin somewhat concave dorsal to caudal Males Females and juveniles Characters Holotype N Range Mean SD N Range Mean SD dif. Standard length 47.5 28 30.0 - 47.5 31.4 15 19.0 - 30.4 24.0 Depth at dorsal-fin origin 30.9 28 24.5 - 30.9 26.5 1.6 15 21.2 - 26.6 24.4 1.7 + Snout to dorsal-fin origin 60.2 28 57.5 - 65.0 61.6 1.3 15 59.4 - 63.8 61.3 1.3 - Snout to pectoral-fin origin 26.5 28 23.3 - 26.7 25.3 1.0 15 23.4 - 26.4 24.8 1.1 - Snout to pelvic-fin origin 43.4 28 42.4 - 45.6 44.3 0.8 15 40.1 - 44.7 43.3 1.5 - Snout to anal-fin origin 56.8 28 53.0 - 58.6 56.5 1.3 15 54.2 - 58.4 56.1 1.4 - Caudal peduncle depth 14.7 28 11.4 - 14.7 13.2 0.9 15 09.4 - 13.9 11.2 1.2 + Caudal peduncle length 9.3 28 06.2 - 09.2 07.8 0.8 15 07.8 - 09.1 08.4 0.4 - Pectoral-fin length 21.7 28 20.4 - 25.8 23.2 1.4 15 20.0 - 24.5 21.8 1.3 - Pelvic-fin length 13.9 28 12.6 - 16.9 14.8 1.1 15 10.5 - 14.6 12.6 1.2 + Dorsal-fin base length 14.1 28 12.0 - 15.9 14.2 0.9 15 10.5 - 14.2 12.4 1.0 - Dorsal-fin height 38.3 27 25.2 - 38.3 31.3 3.2 15 19.1 - 24.4 21.8 1.2 + Anal-fin base length 36.4 28 35.7 - 40.0 37.2 1.2 15 35.1 - 39.4 36.9 1.3 - Anal-fin lobe length 30.1 26 16.0 - 20.4 18.4 1.5 15 17.7 - 21.0 19.1 0.9 - Eye to dorsal-fin origin 51.2 28 45.8 - 51.2 49.0 1.3 15 46.1 - 50.3 47.8 1.0 - Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 42.9 28 37.4 - 44.5 41.2 1.8 15 38.0 - 42.7 40.2 1.3 - Bony head length 23.4 28 22.2 - 26.3 24.5 1.0 15 22.8 - 25.4 24.0 0.8 - Horizontal eye diameter 34.2 28 34.2 - 41.6 37.4 2.3 15 34.0 - 41.6 38.0 2.7 - Snout length 24.3 27 21.4 - 25.2 23.6 1.1 15 21.2 - 25.0 22.7 1.1 - Least interorbital width 34.2 28 32.0 - 36.6 34.3 1.4 15 32.7 - 36.9 35.2 1.3 - Upper jaw length 45.9 27 41.9 - 46.8 44.6 1.2 15 41.5 - 46.8 44.1 1.5 - peduncle. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip. Ventral profile of body strongly convex in adult males from tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic fin, less strongly convex in females and juveniles. Abdominal profile in adult males slightly concave to anal-fin origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body profile along anal-fin base in males slightly concave along base of anterior lobe of anal fin; straight along base of remainder of fin in males and along entire anal-fin base in females and juveniles. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle convex in adult males due to strong development of anterior 5 or 6 procurrent ventral caudal-fin rays included in that profile; slightly concave or nearly straight in females and juveniles. Lower jaw protruding, slightly beyond upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males thick and heavy compared to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally. Maxilla long, extending to point ventral to horizontal through ventral border of eye. Maxilla extends posteriorly to a point anterior to vertical line drawn through anterior border of pupil. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8 in all specimens, n = 41; posterior ray not split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal-fin unbranched rays iv or v, usually iv, branched rays 26 - 31 (27), 28.2, n = 42; posterior ray split to its base and counted as 1 ray. Anal fin with moderately developed lobe anteriorly (Figs. 77 - 79 and 81); lobe includes last unbranched ray and first 5 branched rays. Anal fin of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 1 - 3, usually 1 on each side, on posterior most unbranched ray (Fig. 81). Usually anterior 7 - 8 branched fin rays with bilateral hooks, 1 set for each ray. Pectoral-fin unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays 8 - 11 (9), 9.7, n = 42. Posterior tip of first pectoral fin extends posteriorly slightly beyond origin of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rays 7 in all specimens. Pelvic fin with first ray branched in adult males and females (Fig. 83), unbranched in juveniles of both sexes. Sexually mature, large adult males with over 200 hooks on each pelvic fin distributed as shown in Figs. 83 and 84. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10 / 9 in all specimens, n = 42. Fin rays modified in association with caudal pheromone pump as in Fig. 85. Caudal-fin rays 8 to 12 with small bony hooks. Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Terminal scale of modified caudal-fin series without exaggerated radii (Fig. 85). Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales = 6 - 9 (6), 7.1, n = 23. Lateral series scales 40 - 46 (43), 42.7, n = 21. Predorsal scales 21 - 24 (23), 22.9, n = 24. Scale rows between dorsal- and anal-fin origins 13 - 16 (14), 14.5, n = 34. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 15 - 17 (16), 16.3, n = 12. Premaxillary teeth in 2 irregular almost undistinguishable rows and summary count for teeth on left premaxilla are given as a single count (Fig. 86). Larger and smaller teeth tricuspid in all large specimens, sometimes in smaller specimens small teeth bicuspid or conical. Total count premaxillary teeth 7 - 11 (9), 8.8, n = 41. Maxillary teeth 3 - 7 (5), 4.09, larger specimens usually with more teeth counts, n = 41. All maxillary teeth tricuspid in large specimens; small specimens with posterior maxillary teeth often conical (Fig. 86). Dentary with 4 large anterior tricuspid teeth, followed by smaller posterior teeth 4 - 11 (9), 7.5, almost always more teeth in largest specimens; anterior small dentary teeth of posterior series tricuspid, posterior ones conical, n = 41 (Fig. 86). Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth. Vertebrae 37 - 39 (38), 38.2, n = 42. Dorsal limb gill rakers 5 - 7 (6), 6.2, n = 41; ventral limb gill rakers 10 - 12 (12), 11.2, n = 41. Branchiostegal rays 4, in 11 cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal. Color in alcohol. See Figs. 77 - 79 for preserved color pattern of males and females. Some variation occurs in color pattern of population samples from geographically isolated areas within species range. Following basic color pattern of specimens from the type locality characteristic of all specimens available. Body pale to medium brown, pale yellowish-brown ventrally, much darker dorsally. Humeral spot slightly vertically elongate, in both sexes, obscured by dark lateral stripe in some specimens. Dark lateral body stripe somewhat diffuse anteriorly, darker posteriorly, but uniformly dark in some specimens of both sexes. Stripe extending from humeral spot posteriorly onto dorsal region of ventral caudal-fin lobe and ventral portion of dorsal caudal-fin lobe. Lateral stripe extends over all caudal gland structures. Stripe especially dark on principal rays 10, 11 and 12, less so on ray 13. Remainder of caudal fin dusky due to presence of scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal border of first principal caudal-fin ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-fin ray black. Middorsal body surface black, forming narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal fin. Indistinct narrow dark stripe between dorsal black stripe and lateral stripe posteriorly from dorsal-fin origin to caudal base. Remainder of dorsal body surface ventral to lateral body stripe pale brown. Pectoral and pelvic fins dark, dorsal and anal dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along fin rays and membranes. Anal fin with dark elongate stripe running length of fin. Stripe width about one-third height of anal fin anteriorly and about one-fourth fin’s height posteriorly; bordering edge of fin from sixth or seventh branched rays to posterior tip of last rays. Stripe of nearly uniform width throughout its length. Stripe somewhat darker anteriorly in sexually mature males, especially dorsal to relatively hyaline anterior tip of anal-fin lobe. Dorsal-fin with horizontal dark stripe in adult males and females extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate unbranched ray to posterior tips of two terminal dorsal-fin rays. Stripe usually narrow, less than one-eighth maximum height of dorsal fin. Width and intensity of stripe variable depending on sex and sexual maturity. Preserved males sometimes with anterior portion of stripe diffuse. Adipose fin dusky with scattered dark chromatophores. Head light to dark brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsal portion of cranium and nape. Tip of lower jaw light to dark brown. Portion of head posterior to infraorbitals and extending ventrally from parietal region across dorsal opercular region dark brown. Dark area continues ventrally across posterior region of opercle to just reach interopercle and looks similar in form as humeral spot. Iris dark brown, dorsal to pupil and silvery elsewhere. Infraorbitals silvery where guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown when guanine absent. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly through circumorbital area. Anterior area of opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown, without much dark brown pigment. Color in life. Life colors described here taken from a 35 mm color slide of an adult male collected in rio Sagrado system photographed just after capture from clear slightly turbid water stream, baía de Guaratuba, Paraná. Sides of body pale silvery blue. Broad lateral body stripe somewhat deeper silvery blue from humeral spot to caudal peduncle. Just dorsal to silvery blue color of body sides, dorsum with narrow dark brown line extending from parietal region of head to caudal peduncle, black with blue pigment on procurrent rays. Lateral portion of dorsum between narrow brown line and lateral body stripe light brown. Lower jaw and upper part of head above eye dark with blue pigment. Infraorbitals and ventral part of preopercle and opercle silvery white with scattered blue chromatophores. Dorsal part of preopercle and opercle dark with scattered blue and black chromatophores. Ventral portion of head from about vertical through anterior border of eye and abdominal region yellowish. Lower part of body ventral to lateral stripe silvery with scattered blue and yellow chromatophores. Basal part of anal fin yellow with scattered blue chromatophores. Caudal fin hyaline with blue pigmentation especially evident on middle caudal-fin rays. Ventral most unbranched principal caudal-fin ray distally black. Remainder of black pigment of caudal fin in preserved specimens. Anal fin with distal portion of fin rays posterior to anterior anal-fin lobe dark obscured by blue pigmentation, forming stripe along margin of fin. Distal region of anterior anal-fin lobe yellow, proximally bordered by black pigment mixed with yellow and blue. Approximately distal one-half of pelvic fin yellow; remaining proximal portion of fin hyaline. Distal one-half of pectoral fins yellow, proximal half hyaline. Dorsal fin hyaline distal and proximal to longitudinal black longitudinal stripe partly obscured by yellow and blue pigmentation. Sexual dimorphism. Females lack a caudal pheromone pump organ and pelvic-fin and anal-fin hooks described above for males. Life colors of females more subdued than that of sexually mature males. Among the characters showing significant differences between males and females as indicated in Table 12, only dorsal-fin height proved to be statistically different through regression analysis. Figure 88 clearly shows a significant difference expressed by the slopes of males and females indicating a divergence at all sizes.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mimagoniates microlepis is widely distributed in the coastal area from southern Bahia to northern Rio Grande do Sul and also in the upper rio Iguaçu and rio Tibagi, upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil. See figure 3 in Menezes et al. (2008).	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Weitzman et al. (1988: 413) mentioned that M. microlepis occurs in clear running waters of small to large streams and is quite common and most abundant in forested areas near the shore. Subsequently Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 423) pointed out that it is rarely found in black acid waters. More recent collections of this species obtained from eastern and southeastern Brazilian coasts, however, indicated that it is more common in blackwaters than previously thought. It has been recently collected in small black water streams with substrate consisting of clay, rocks and sand as well as in clear water streams in Santa Catarina. In most other places both in eastern and southern Brazil, M. microlepis was caught in slow moving clear water streams and small ponds, even in areas where the original Mata Atlântica vegetation was removed. In the small streams the water was cool and rocks, sand, mud and twigs fallen from isolated trees were usually found on the bottom. Data from Costa (1987) indicate that M. microlepis lives near the surface and feeds mostly on terrestrial arthropods. Sabino & Castro (1990) found that it is primarily insectivorous and that 73.6 % of its diet consists of items that fall into the water, especially insects (63.15 %) and arachnids (10.5 %). Essentially the same results were obtained by Lampert et al. (2003) who concluded that M. microlepis is insectivorous regardless of size and sex.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The discussion of meristic and morphometric differences as well as possible hybrid origins involving M. microlepis, M. rheocharis and M. inequalis in Menezes & Weitzman (1990: 416 - 421) are not repeated here. For further comments on relationships of M. microlepis see the “ Phylogeny ” section. Anal-fin branched ray counts, number of scales (horizontal scale rows on body, horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle, lateral-series scales and predorsal scales), and number of vertebrae of Mimagoniates microlepis showed significant differences among population samples of the species (Figs. 89 and 90). For the purpose of comparison, the samples were grouped within the biogeographical coastal subregions defined by Menezes (1988: 300). Comparing only samples included in the North Coastal Subregion with the samples included in the more southern upland areas of Paraná the respective ranges and medians are significantly different, with very little overlap in some cases. However, the same values for the intermediate samples included in the South Coastal and in the two Central Coastal subregions bridge the gap. Thus there is a pattern of latitudinal variation of characters than sharp differences that would justify the recognition of more than one species. The recent discovery of specimens identified as M. microlepis from the rio Tibagi basin (Sant’Anna et al., 2006) flowing through the upper Paraná basin demonstrates that it is more widespread than previously indicated. The distribution of some isolated populations of M. microlepis is discussed by Menezes et al. (2008). Until a more detailed analysis of character variation within the range of M. microlepis can be performed, we prefer for the moment to consider it a widespread species represented by isolated populations. No date of collection of the lectotype of M. microlepis, NMW 56534, was provided, but NMW catalog cites the collector as Steindachner and the date of receipt of specimens as 1874. Likely the specimens originated near town of Macacu (also called Cachoeiras de Macacu, approximately 22 ° 26 ’ S 42 ° 49 ’ W) in 1874 by Steindachner during Hassler Expedition, 1871 - 1872. Our observations indicate that species frequently occurs in small tributaries of rio Macacu and along shores of main river in emergent vegetation. The holotype of Coelurichthys iporangae, USNM 92955 is apparently identical to that in photograph published by Miranda Ribeiro (1908: unpaginated). Both the specimen and photograph display the same bent body shape, the same wound to the upper portion of the abdominal cavity on the left body side. Miranda-Ribeiro’s original description is in the singular as though he was describing one specimen. However the number of specimens he had at hand is in some question. In the introduction to his study Miranda Ribeiro (1908) states “ Both the Museu de São Paulo and the Museu Nacional have the material evidences of these studies ”. We found a second specimen, MZUSP 408, 42.7 mm SL, collected by Krone from the ribeirão das Pedras, Iporanga, a tributary of the rio Ribeira de Iguape, São Paulo. No date of collection is given for this fish but we strongly suspect this specimen may have been collected with the type and probably sent to the Museu Paulista by Ricardo Krone, and subsequently transferred to the Departamento de Zoologia (now the Museu de Zoologia), Universidade de São Paulo. Miranda Ribeiro perhaps saw the specimen now at MZUSP but used only the specimen sent to the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro in his original description. There is no absolute evidence that A. Miranda Ribeiro ever saw the MZUSP specimen. In any case this specimen appears not to have been previously discussed in the ichthyological systematic literature. The fish here considered as holotype of C. iporangae, USNM 92955, cataloged on 11 Aug. 1933 as part of a collection donated to the USNM by George S. Myers. The fish had been obtained from the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro by Eigenmann for his studies. In the USNM accession papers, (accession 124667), Myers listed this fish as a paratype and noted that he had earlier received the specimen from Eigenmann on exchange. Myers erroneously listed the collector as Alipio de Miranda Ribeiro rather than Ricardo Krone. This specimen was in turn listed by Eigenmann & Myers (1929: 491) as “ Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, type, number of specimens 1, size 51 mm, locality Iporanga, collector Haseman ”. The references to Haseman and Miranda Ribeiro as collectors are clearly errors according to Myers in conversation with one of us (SW) in 1980. At the time of the publication of Eigenmann & Myers (1929) and the cataloging of this specimen at USNM, Myers had not seen Miranda Ribeiro (1908). Furthermore Myers in 1980 agreed with us that USNM 92955 is the holotype of C. iporangae. Based on the accession papers by Myers there is a notation in the USNM catalog that this specimen is a paratype. Myers had USNM 92955 specimen when he revised Eigenmann’s manuscript for publication in 1929 and kept the fish in his personal fish collections until he donated it to the USNM in 1933. The length of the specimen cited in Eigenmann & Myers (1929), 51 mm, is total length and agrees with the length of the holotype. This specimen was apparently not examined by L. P. Schultz.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
9A761405D02CDF26FCCCA8ACFDA9FBB4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype. NMW 56534: 1, male, 47.5 mm SL, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, “ Bäche in der Nähe von Rio de Janeiro, rio dos Macacos ” (rio Macacu, a tributary to Baía de Guanabara on northeastern shore). Paralectotype. NMW 56534: 1, female, 41.0 mm SL, same data as lectotype. Topotypes from rio Macacu, Rio de Janeiro. MZUSP 14667, 13, young to juveniles, 19.0 - 30.0 mm SL, rio Guapiaçu, tributary of rio Macacu, near Cachoeiras de Macacu, R. M. C. Castro, 14 May 1977; MZUSP 14668, 7, males, SL 35.0 - 40.7 mm SL; MZUSP 14669, 13, young to small adults 12.5 - 37.7 mm SL; MZUSP 26895, 41, young to juveniles, 13.1 - 26.9 mm SL, small tributary of rio Macacu about 1 - 2 km from town of Cachoeiras de Macacu, S. Weitzman, C. A. Gonçalves de Cruz and O. L. Peixoto, 27 Nov. 1979; USNM 249896, 17, young to small adults, 22.0 - 35.4 mm SL; USNM 254255, 40, young-small adults, SL 12.0 - 30.8 mm. Holotype of Coelurichthys iporangae. USNM 92955, adult male with well-developed caudal organ, 37.2 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, “ Ribeirão das Pedras, Iporanga ”, rio Ribeira de Iguape system, approximately 24 ° 36 ’ S 48 ° 34 ’ W. Topotypes. FMNH 54886, 7, young to small adult, 17.4 to 36.4 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, Iporanga, rio Ribeira de Iguape. Non-types. All collected in Brazil. Bahia State, município de Prado. USNM 279875, 6, young to immatures, 18.8 - 25.0 mm SL, first stream of rio Caí on dirt road between Cumuruxatiba and Itamaraju, stream locally called rio do Sul, 17 ° 00 ’ S 39 ° 12 ’ W; MZUSP 53278, 5, young to immatures, 17.1 - 23.2 mm SL; USNM 279874, 1, immature, 16.5 mm SL, 17 ° 01 ’ S 39 ° 12 ’ W; MZUSP 53279, 1, immature, 23.9 mm SL; MZUSP 28814, 3, immatures, 15.4 - 22.2 mm SL, fourth stream flowing east at 26 km on dirt road north from Prado, rio Japurá, 17 ° 10 ’ S 39 ° 14 ’ W; MZUSP 28813, 26, young to small adults, 18.1 - 29.8 mm SL, stream 18 km north from Prado on road to Cumuruxatiba, 17 ° 10 ’ S 39 ° 14 ” W; USNM 276549, 24, young to small adults, 17.4 - 33.1 mm SL; USNM 276550, 2, young adult female and male, 24.2 - 28.6 mm SL respectively; USNM 276548, 11, immatures to small adults, SL 19.3 - 27.7 mm SL. MUSP 28812, 11, immatures to small adults, small stream about 5 km north of Prado, on road to Cumuruxatiba, 17 ° 18 ’ S 39 ° 14 ’ W; USNM 249895, 7, immatures to small adults, 24.9 - 32.0 mm SL, rio Jacurucu at Prado, 17 ° 21 ’ S 39 ° 13 ’ W; USNM 313657, 1, c & s, mature male, SL 35.4 mm. Following lots collected in Espírito Santo State. USNM 254257, 20 immatures, 21.7 - 31.6 mm SL, rio Itaúnas at Itaúnas, 18 ° 26 ’ S 39 ° 40 ’ W; MZUSP 26898, 17, immatures to small adults, 20.5 - 33.0 mm SL; MNRJ 5675, ribeirão do Engano, vale do Itaúnas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; MNRJ 5679, 82, immatures to adults, 18.2 - 41.3 mm SL; MNRJ 10853, 1, immature, SL 24.6 mm, rio Barra Seca, between Linhares and São Mateus, approximately 19 ° 02 ’ S 40 ° 05 ’ W; MNRJ 10855, 22, young to adults, 19.5 - 36.5 mm SL, município de Linhares, córrego Chumbado on road between Linhares and São Mateus; MZUSP 26894, 13, immatures to adults, 25.3 - 42.2 mm SL município de Linhares, Reserva Florestal da Companhia do Vale do Rio Doce; USNM 249885, 11, immatures to adults, 23.2 - 41.2 mm SL; USNM 313656, 2, c & s, male, 41.2 mm SL, female, 26.4 mm SL; USNM 249891, 25, immatures to adults, 22.4 - 24.8 mm SL MZUSP 26893, 2, adults, female, 28.4 mm SL and male 28.5 mm SL; USNM 313655, 2, c & s, immature female, adult male, 27.3 - 31.2 mm SL respectively; USNM 279873, immatures 7, 22.4 - 31.7 mm SL, blackwater creek in Reserva Florestal da Companhia do Vale do Rio Doce; MNRJ 10854, 20, immatures to small adults, 22.5 - 34.7 mm SL, Serra, town north of Vitória, 20 ° 08 ’ S, 40 ° 18 ’ W; FMNH 15004, 15005, 15006, 3, maturing to adult males, 31.5 - 36.6 mm SL, Muniz Freire, sandy rocky clearwater stream one mile below town, a tributary to rio Itapemirim, approximately 20 ° 28 ’ S 41 ° 24 ’ W; FMNH 54885, 6, maturing to adult males, 30.5 - 39.0 mm SL. Following lots collected in Rio de Janeiro State. See also lectotype, paralectotype and topotypes above. USNM 249884, 4 immatures, 26.6 - 32.0 mm SL, small stream tributary to rio Macaé, adjacent to ruins of fazenda Torreão, 22 ° 16 ’ S 42 ° 03 ’ W; MZUSP 26905, 4, small adults, 28.9 - 30.5 mm SL; USNM 249878, 51, immatures to fully mature adult females, males, 18.5 - 25.9 mm SL, município de Saquarema, small stream, rio Jundiá tributary to lagoa de Saquarema, on road Amaral Peixoto between Sampaio Correia and Bacaxá, 22 ° 51 ’ S 42 ° 34 ’ W; MZUSP 26903, 51, young to mature adults, 16.8 - 22.6 mm SL; MNRJ 26619, 51, young to mature adults, 18.5 - 25.4 mm SL; USNM 249898, 6 immatures, 22.2 - 26.4 mm SL, município de Saquarema, rio Mato Grosso into lagoa Saquarema, 5 km east of Sampaio Correa, 22 ° 51 ’ S 42 ° 35 ’ W; USNM 257199, 1, adult female, 36.1 mm SL, aquarium fish grown up in aquarium; USNM 249877, 50 immatures, 13.7 - 33.2 mm SL, município de Saquarema, rio Seco, tributary to lagoa de Saquarema, along roadAmaral Peixoto between Sampaio Correia and Bacaxá, 22 ° 51 ’ S 42 ° 32 ’ W, MZUSP 26907, 50 immatures, young to mature adults, 16.3 - 28.5 mm SL; USNM 249875, 2, adult female, adult male, 29.0 - 39.3 mm SL respectively, município de Saquarema, rio do Mato Grosso, tributary to rio Roncador which flows to lagoa Saquarema, 22 ° 53 ’ S 42 ° 44 ’ W; MZUSP 26904, 3, adults, 30.0 - 38.5 mm SL; USNM 249900, 33, young to adults, 17.9 - 34.4 mm SL, município de Saquarema, small tributary of rio Fundo, about 1 km from town of Itapeba, near Maricá, 22 ° 54 ’ S 42 ° 48 ’ W. The following lots have only “ general ” locality information but are cited here because they were referred to by Schultz (1959: 112, USNM 94147 and USNM 177701) or were used by Myers to identify species in the aquarium trade and for publication of scientific names in Innes (1935 and later editions), USNM 94147 and USNM 129922; USNM 94147, 3, two females, one male, 29.4 - 40.5 mm SL, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro; USNM 129922, 1, adult male, 32.2 mm SL; USNM 177701, 39, young to adults, 19.4 - 33.1 mm SL, Rio de Janeiro to Macaé; USNM 249889, 2 immatures, 28.5 - 34.7 mm SL, município de Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá, 22 ° 41 ’ S 43 ° 25 ’ W; USNM 254256, 10, small adults to adults, 27.1 - 34.2 mm SL; MZUSP 19501, 1, adult male, SL 30.8 mm, município de Itaguaí, old road between cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro at km 48; MZUSP 19334, 5, small adults to adults, 25.7 - 35.3 mm SL, município de Angra dos Reis, 23 ° 00 ’ S 44 ° 19 ’ W; MNRJ 5570, 40, young to medium sized adults, 17.4 - 41.4 mm SL, município deAngra dos Reis, rio Ariró Pequeno; USNM 249874, 67, young- small adults, 24.3 - 35.0 mm SL, município de Angra dos Reis, rio da Areia, first small tributary to rio Jurumirim on right side of road BR 155, northeast of town of Angra dos Reis, 22 ° 52 ’ S 44 ° 15 ’ W; USNM 249882, 67, young-adults, 21.2 - 46.3 mm SL; MZUSP 26900, 67, young to small adults, 23.0 - 31.2 mm SL. Following lots collected in São Paulo State. Município de Ubatuba: USNM 249883, 48 immatures to large adults, SL 24.1 - 50.2 mm, rio Puruba, a small north branch about 5 km from road BR 101, north and east of Ubatuba, 23 ° 18 ’ S, 44 ° 56 ’ W; MZUSP 26901, immatures-medium adults 23.9 - 33.5 mm SL. USNM 249872, 15, immatures, 21.6 - 29.7 mm SL, small tributary of rio Itamambuca, about 3 km from road BR 101, 23 ° 23 ’ S 45 ° 02 ’ W; MZUSP 26901, immatures-medium adults 23.9 - 33.5 mm SL; MZUSP 20462, 5, juveniles, 24.7 - 28.5 mm SL, valley between Jardim Acaraú and road BR 101, approximately 23 ° 26 ’ S 45 ° 05 ’ W; MZUSP 26896, 9, immatures to small adults, SL 20.4 - 31.5 mm; MZUSP 26897, 4, young to small adult, 12.9 - 32.2 mm SL; USNM 249873, 25 immatures to adults, SL 25.0 - 47.0 mm SL, south branch of rio Tavares, rio Ubatuba system at Flora Brasilia Nursery, 23 ° 27 ’ S 45 ° 05 ’ W; USNM 249876, 7 immatures to small adults, 30.5 - 41.0 mm SL, rio do Cemitério, tributary to rio Ubatuba, 23 ° 25 ’ S 45 ° 07 ’ W; USNM 313675, 2, adult-large adult, c & s, 1 female, 1 male, 37.2 - 57.3 mm SL; USNM 249879, 8 immatures to adults, 33.4 - 51.0 mm SL; USNM 254261, 8, adults to large adults, 34.4 - 60.9 mm SL, rio Silva, a tributary to rio Ubatuba along road between Ubatuba and Taubaté, 23 ° 23 ’ S 45 ° 07 ’ W; USNM 313671, 2, adult to large adults, c & s, 1 female, 1 male, 47.4 - 58.2 mm SL; MZUSP 26899, 10, adults-large adults, 42.0 - 61.0 mm SL; USNM 249880, adult to large adults 1 female, 1 male, 46.8 - 60.6 mm SL; MZUSP 19820, 02, adults, 38.1 - 48.9 mm SL, ribeirão Ipiranguinha; MZUSP 26909, 2, immature to small adult, 20.8 - 29.4 mm SL, stream on right side of the mouth of rio da Lagoa, Itaquá; USNM 326812, immature to adults 3, 36.0 - 48.0 mm SL, rio Indaiá, Fazenda Agricola Florestal Capricórnio Ltda. Município de Cananéia on road SP 193 km 56.: USNM 326748, immatures to adults 8, 28 - 43.3 mm SL; MZUSP 53280, immatures to adults 8, 31.0 - 42.3 mm SL. Município de Caraguatatuba: USNM 249881, 6, small adults to medium adults, 31.7 - 48.8 mm SL, rio Escuro, 23 ° 28 ’ S 45 ° 12 ’ W; MZUSP 26906, 8, adults, 29.9 mm- 44.1 mm SL; USNM 313684, 6, young to small adults, 24.2 - 32.1 mm SL, nameless stream 2.6 km up a dirt road from a point on road SP 55 17 km south of town of Ubatuba, 23 ° 30 ’ S 45 ° 12 ’ W; MZUSP 53281 3, medium adults, 32.6 - 40.7 mm SL, rio de Ouro, Reserva Florestal Município de Bertioga: USNM 362366, 30, young to adults, 21.3 - 45.7 mm SL, município de Bertioga, approximately 10 km north of town of Bertioga on road SP 98 between Bertioga and Mogi das Cruzes, an unnamed stream, 23 ° 47 ’ S 46 ° 05 ’ W; MZUSP 53282, 43, young-adults, 21.7 - 38.8 mm SL; FMNH 54887, 1, developing male, 37.8 mm SL. Município de Santos: Raiz da Serra, creek at base of mountains approximately 19 km from Santos, approximately 23 ° 50 ’ S 46 ° 23 ’ W; CAS (SU) 33869, 18, young to developing males, 17.4 - 31.4 mm SL; USNM 249887, 2, females, 39.4 - 48.8 mm SL, rio Biguá near Biguá, approximately 24 ° 15 ’ S 47 ° 31 ’ W; USNM 249888, adults to large adults, 37.5 - 57.3 mm SL; USNM 254276, 2, adult female, adult male, 32.8 - 43.2 mm SL. Município de Iguape: ribeirão da Fazenda Cantagalo, Juquiá, approximately 24 ° 19 ’ S 47 ° 36 ’ W; MZUSP 20218, 6, young to adults, 20.0 - 46.3 mm SL; MZUSP 53283, 4, adults, 34.2 mm, 48.3 mm SL, ribeirão da Fazenda Poço Grande, Juquiá; USNM 254260, 3, adult males, 39.4 - 44.6 mm SL, Iguape, approximately 24 ° 43 ’ S 47 ° 33 ’ W. Following lots collected in Paraná State, município de Morretes (except where noted). USNM 177820, immatures 3, 23.5 - 27.8 mm SL, Morretes, on rio Marumbi, tributary of rio Nhundiaquara, 25 ° 30 ’ S 48 ° 50 ’ W. USNM 249897, immatures to adults 4, 21.0 - 46.5 mm SL, rio Nhundiaquara at Morretes, 25 ° 29 ’ S 48 ° 49 ’ W; USNM 257114, immatures to adults 6, 24.0 - 41.0 mm SL; USNM 236089, immature to adult 2, 34.3 - 45.8 mm SL, c & s; USNM 257198, immature, 29 mm SL and adult (tail removed for histology, SL not recorded); USNM 249886, adults 2, 34.6 - 37.8 mm SL; MZUSP 40281, immatures to adults 28, 20.5 - 35.5 mm SL. MZUSP 53284, immatures to adults 21, 16 - 46.8 mm SL, município Porto de Cima, rio São João at first large bridge east of São João on road between BR 116 northeast of Curitiba and Paranaguá, 25 ° 23 ’ S 48 ° 50 ’ W. MZUSP 53285, immatures to adults, 22.5 - 43.0 mm SL, rio Sagrado east of Morretes, 25 º 32 ’ S 48 º 46 ’ W. Following lots collected rio Nhundiaquara, opposite and just downstream of Hotel Nhundiaquara, USNM 249890, 6 adults, 32.5 - 48.5 mm SL; USNM 249894, adults 2, 38.5 - 44.8 mm SL; USNM 257115, adults 9, 30.8 - 49.8 mm SL. Following lots from state of Paraná State, MZUSP 17838, immatures to adults 16, 15.3 - 24.5 mm SL, rio Iraí, 6 km east of Curitiba; USNM 270645, immatures to adults 28, 20.0 - 45.3 mm SL, rio Iraí, tributary of rio Iguaçu along road BR- 425 east of Curitiba. Unnamed blackwater stream crossing road “ Elísio Pereira Alves Filho, about 15 km from road BR- 227, southwest of Paranaguá, 25 ° 40 ’ S 48 ° 33 ’ W. USNM 306378, immatures to adults, 62, 14.5 - 40.8 mm SL; MZUSP 40228, immatures to adults 62, 14.3 - 38.2 mm SL. Ribeirão Amola Faca, tributary to rio Iguaçu, near Balsa Nova in fazenda Lara Maria, USNM 326811, 4 immatures to adults, SL 30.0 - 46.5 mm SL Note: field photo made of largest specimen; MZUSP 53286, 6 adults, 38.0 - 45.6 mm SL. Serrinha a small community between the towns of Contenda and Lapa, 1 - 2 km north of road BR- 476, extending southwest from Curitiba. USNM 326810, 72 immatures to adults, 21.7 - 43.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53287, 71 immatures to adults, 19.5 - 44.4 mm SL. Following lots collected in Santa Catarina State. MNRJ 6004, immatures 13, 21.5 - 32.5 mm SL, unnamed tributary of rio Itapocuzinho, Guará Mirim; MNRJ 3760, immatures to adults 6, 37.0 - 55.0 mm SL, Joinville, date unknown. Rio Cubatão near Joinville, USNM 249893, immatures to adults 25, SL 16.3 - 51.3 mm; MZUSP 53288, immatures to adults 10, 32.0 - 45.0 mm SL. Rio Pique, Morro Cortado, off BR 101 at Meleiro near Limeira: USNM 254269, 4, 21.4 - 29.8 mm SL; USNM 249892, 10, 17.6 - 24.3 mm SL; MZUSP 19871, 9, 18.3 - 22.4 mm SL. Rio Jordão at Siderópolis, 28 ° 38 ’ S 49 ° 27 ’ W; USNM 249899, immatures to adults 24, 15.8 - 46.6 mm SL and MZUSP 26902, immature to adults 24, 17.6 - 44.5 mm SL. Rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande, approximately 29 ° 15 ’ S 50 ° 06 ’ W, USNM 279877, 1 adult 1, 44.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53289, immature 1, 32.2 mm SL; MCP 13766, immature 1, 31.0 mm SL. Arroio Lindo on road BR- 101, unnamed tributary of rio Cubatão, Joinville: USNM 326737, immatures to adults 3, 32.7 - 44.2 mm SL; USNM 326738, immature 1, 35.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53290, immatures to adults 3, 30.0 - 45.8 mm; MCP 21698, immatures 2, 36.4 - 39.0 mm SL. Unnamed stream tributary to rio Itapocu at Corupá: USNM 279876, immatures to adults 4, 34.3 - 51.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53291, immatures to adults 4, 27.5 - 48.3 mm SL; MCP 216699, immatures to adults 3, SL 22.0 - 46.3 mm SL Município de Praia Grande, a tributary of rio Grande about 3 km from Praia Grande: USNM 362362, immatures to adults 10, 27.5 - 42.7 mm SL; MZUSP 53292, immatures to adults 10, 28.8 - 38.0 mm SL. Município de Praia Grande 29 º 14 ’ S 50 º 01 ’ W, rio Canoas, 8 km from Praia Grande: USNM 326747, 42 immatures to adults, 27.8 - 45.0 mm SL,; MZUSP 53293, immatures to adults, 42, 24.0 42.5 mm SL; MCP 21701, immatures to adults 42, 25.3 - 48.0 mm SL; Rio Canoas 13 km above Praia Grande: USNM 326743, immatures 4, 30.0 - 37.2 mm SL; MZUSP 53294, immatures 3, SL 30.0 - 36.0 mm; MCP 21699, immatures 3, 29.8 - 33.5 mm SL. Following lots collected in Rio Grande do Sul State. MCP 10145, immatures 10, 16.3 - 20.0 mm SL, from lagoa Emboaba, Tramandaí. MAPA 2126, immatures to adult 8, 18.2 - 35.7 mm SL, from arroio Água Parada, Maquiné, tributary to rio Maquiné near town of Maquiné approximately 29 º 40 ’ S 50 º 12 ’ W: USNM 326746, immatures-adults 5, SL 27.5 - 45.3 mm SL; MZUSP 53295, immatures to adults 4, 31.0 - 41.0 mm SL; MCP 21702, immatures to adults 4, 30.8 - 41.5 mm SL. Rio Pinheiro above Maquiné: USNM 326745, immatures to adults 9, 28.8 - 49.5 mm SL; MZUSP 53296, immatures to adults 9, SL 33.4 - 54.2 mm; MCP 21703, immatures to adults 8, 33.0 - 52.0 mm SL, arroio Sanga do Icó tributary of rio Maquiné, about 2 km from town of Barra do Ouro,: USNM 326744, immatures to adults 9, 26.5 - 43.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53297, immatures to adults 9, 23.5 - 39.5 mm SL; MCP 21704, immatures to adults 9, 27.0 - 35.5 mm SL. Rio Três Pinheiros 8 km from road BR- 101 near Itati 29 º 32 ’ S 50 º 06 ’ W, rio Três Forquilhas drainage: USNM 326740, immatures 3, 16.0 - 34.0 mm SL; MZUSP 53298, immatures 4, SL 14.7 - 30.0 mm; MCP 21705, immatures 4, 17.0 - 35.2 mm SL. Rio Mitmann in Vila Nova, about 10 km from road BR- 101, rio Três Forquilhas drainage: USNM 326739, immatures-adults 21, 25.5 - 45.3 mm SL; MZUSP 53299, immatures to adults 20, 25.0 - 43.3 mm SL; MCP 21706, immatures to adults 21, 25.7 - 45.5 mm SL. município de Três Cachoeiras, rio das Pacas near Morro Azul 29 º 24 ’ S 49 º 57 ’ W: USNM 326736, immatures-adults 25, 15.7 - 33.5 mm SL; MZUSP 53300, immatures to adults 26, 19.0 - 35.6 mm SL; MCP 21707, immatures to adults 26, 16.8 - 36.0 mm SL. Município de Torres, rio dos Mengue between Morro Azul and Rua Nova 29 º 17 ’ S 49 º 55 ’ W: USNM 326742, immatures to adults 9, 24.5 - 42.5 mm SL; MZUSP 53301, immatures to adults 9, 20.5 - 36.7 mm SL; MCP 21708, immatures to adults 9, 20.3 - 38.0 mm SL. Canal between lagoa da Emboaba and lagoa Emboabinha on road between Tramandaí and Osório: USNM 326741, immatures-adults 27, 16.3 - 33.5 mm SL; MZUSP 53302, immatures to adults 24, 17.5 - 35.6 mm SL; MCP 21708, immatures to adults 24, 17.5 - 41.3 mm SL.	en	Menezes ¹, Naércio A., Weitzman ², Stanley H. (2009): Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3): 295-370, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000300002, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000300002&lng=en&tlng=en
