taxonID	type	description	language	source
9B4B4C33354C4307FF6D94A4D4B9F903.taxon	description	In Denmark, the larvae are primarily found in shallow marginal areas of small stagnant waters (permanent ponds, pools), but they also occur in highly organic polluted small (<2.5 m width) streams or streams impacted by ochre precipitation. The preference for ochre is also characteristic of larvae found in stagnant waters and springs. In the U. K., breeding takes place at seepages, muddy puddles in woodland and pond margins (Stubbs 1993). This species seems to be generally abundant, based on the high number of records (Fig. 5 A). The adult individuals have an extended flight period from late March (Denmark, Netherlands) / April (U. K., Norway, Finland, Sweden) to October (all countries). Moreover, the records show a two-peaked distribution (April and September) in the two areas. Two emergence periods are reported for some sites in the U. K. (Stubbs 1993), potentially suggesting two generations. However in Denmark, a bivoltine life cycle is not likely as adults as well as instar 4 larvae are abundant during the period May-August. Additionally, a detailed study undertaken in south-east Sweden using Malaise traps did not find any indication of two emergence periods (Salmela 2010).	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354C4304FF6D9732D17AFE9A.taxon	description	In Denmark, the larvae are primarily found in marginal areas of small stagnant waters (permanent ponds, pools, canals and ditches), but they may also occur in small streams (width <3 m). In the U. K., breeding places are coastal ditches, lowland ponds, lakes, canals and very slow-flowing rivers, and they may occur at steep banks (Stubbs 1993). Adults have an extended flight period from May to August (Fennoscandia) or September (Denmark, Netherlands, U. K.).	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354F4304FF6D96AFD41AF80F.taxon	description	The habitat of larvae is still unknown. Adults have been collected in a small Carex pool on a mountain slope at 800 m a. s. l. (Andersson 1997), the lake-like part of a sandy riverbed with Carex growth, and in a moderately fastflowing, 10 - m wide river with a stony bed and banks with Salix and Alnus (Andersen et al. 2013). An alpine and wet habitat is suggested by Salmela (2008). Adults are primarily found in July, with only a couple of records from late June.	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354E4305FF6D90A0D350FDE6.taxon	description	The species is confined to running water habitats. In Denmark, larvae are primarily found in small brooks with a width <2 m, typically located in woodlands. However, it also occurs in helocrens, frequently in microhabitats with almost no water movement. Preference for woodland streams is reported from the U. K. (Stubbs 1993). Adults are primarily found from May to July (peaking in June) in the U. K., Denmark and Fennoscandia. There are late records in September in the U. K. (Stubbs 1993).	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354E4305FF6D925CD13AFB7A.taxon	description	The larva of this apparently rare species has hitherto been practically unknown; therefore, knowledge of its habitat is limited. Stubbs (1993), however, suggested a preference for calcareous and silty, woodland streams. Records from streams in Denmark point to a preference for small (<2 m wide), fast-flowing streams in woodland areas. Furthermore, these streams were all situated in calcareous moraine areas. At one of the sites, where larvae were abundant, these were primarily found at moderate velocity, in the bottom of fine sand with detritus and at depths of approx. 10 cm. Although the data are rather limited, the flight period seems to occur later than for the other two lotic species, P. lacustris and P. paludosa, i. e. primarily from July to August, with only few records in June and September (see also Stubbs 1993).	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354E4305FF6D94F8D40DF98A.taxon	description	The breeding habitats of the species in Denmark are mainly very small, shallow, permanent and stagnant water bodies, located in woodland or grassland. The habitats are often located adjacent to lakes. There are also a few records from small streams, but these possibly represents misidentified P. scutellaris. Flight period range from May to September within most of the distributional area of the species, peaking in June / July. In northernmost Scandinavia, the flight period is shorter and peaks in July.	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C33354E431AFF6D9648D42EFE9A.taxon	description	The larvae are exclusively found in different types of running waters. Data from Denmark show that although the species has a preference for small streams (width <3 m), it also occurs in larger lotic waters. The preferred streams may be slow- to fast-flowing and are mostly situated in woodland but also in open land. In all cases, the larvae are found immediately alongside the banks where the current is low and the sediment consist of silt with a high organic content. According to Stubbs (1993), the habitats in the U. K. are densely shaded, silty streams but also include marginal areas of small, shaded, lowland rivers. Furthermore, the species is not found together with P. lacustris in the U. K., which is, however, often the case in small streams in Denmark. Flight period generally ranges from May to June, with some records in July or even later. At the northern-most Fennoscandian sites, flight peaks about one month later than in the more southern areas.	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
9B4B4C333551431BFF6D915FD088FEBE.taxon	description	According to data from Denmark, the larvae seem to prefer small waterbodies that are dependent on inflowing terrain-near groundwater. The waterbodies may be almost stagnant or characterized by a slow, but distinct current. The sites are typically located alongside streams. Furthermore, larvae may occur in groundwater-fed slow-flowing small streams and sites may be located in woodland as well as in open land. According to Stubbs (1993), the preference of breeding habitats in the U. K. is unclear. However, he too points at a relationship with habitats dependent on groundwater (e. g. calcareous springs and fen carr). In Denmark and Fennoscandia, the flight period is primarily in May, with fewer records from June-July. Stubbs (1993) reports that flight peaks in May-June in most districts of the U. K., occurring about a month later in northern parts.	en	Wiberg-Larsen, Peter, Hansen, Søren Birkholm, Rinne, Aki, Viitanen, Esko, Krogh, Paul Henning (2021): Key to Ptychopteridae (Diptera) larvae of Northern Europe, with notes on distribution and biology. Zootaxa 5039 (2): 179-200, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5039.2.2
