identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
954A87D06B4BFFDF60DAFDAC2917C918.text	954A87D06B4BFFDF60DAFDAC2917C918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali Lloyd 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali Lloyd 1909</p>
            <p>Snake-toothed swallowers</p>
            <p> Kali Lloyd 1909: 154 –155, Plate 45 [type species:  Kali indica Lloyd 1909 , by original designation; gender: Feminine]. </p>
            <p> Odontonema Weber 1913: 149 [type species:  Odontonema kerberti Weber 1913 , by original designation]. </p>
            <p> Dolichodon Parr 1931a: 45 –4, not  Dolichodon Gray 1865 ; not Dolicodon Frazango 1874 [type species:  Dolichodon normani Parr 1931 , by original designation]. </p>
            <p> Hemicyclodon Parr 1931b: 162 [substitute name for  Dolichodon , preoccupied]. </p>
            <p> Gargaropteron Smith 1965: 569 , figure 1 [type species:  Gargaropteron pterodactylops Smith 1965 , by original designation]. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The genus  Kali is diagnosed from  Chiasmodon ,  Dysalotus and  Pseudoscopelus by three characteristics: branchiostegal rays six (vs. branchiostegal rays seven); the presence of strikingly recurved teeth in the mesial series of both premaxilla and dentary (vs. teeth in mesial series of dentary and premaxilla straight or slightly curved, never recurved); and a unique type of tooth attachment to bone, the ventral attachment, that connects the ventral basis of the tooth to the dentigerous area of denary and premaxilla, allowing the rotation on a reflex angle of up to 270o on its own axis (vs. tooth completely ankylosed to bone, or with posterior attachment that allows deflection but not allows tooth rotation; for further discussion on other types of tooth attachment among the teleosts see Fink 1981 and Huysseune &amp; Sire 1998).  Kali can be further diagnosed from  Dysalotus by dentition in two rows (vs. dentition in three series of several rows); and prickles on flank absent (vs. prickles on flank present). From  Chiasmodon and  Pseudoscopelus , by the cranium fragile with bone trabeculae of frontals easily distinguishable with naked eye (vs. bones forming cranium well calcified with trabeculae not apparent); nasal weakly calcified, circular but not spoon-shaped, positioned in the dorsal part of the snout, and covered by pigmented skin (vs. nasal spoon-shaped in the lateral or anterior sides of the snout, covered by thin transparent skin); parietals small, with less than half the size of supraoccipital (vs. parietals enlarged, of same size or little smaller than supraoccipital); pre- and postzygapophyses absent (vs. pre- and postzygapophyses present); elongate neuromasts in head absent (vs. enlarged elongated neuromasts exposed in surface of head, over supraoccipital, parietals, frontals and pterotic cranial bones, face, snout, and lower jaw); last scale of lateral line contiguous with penultimate scale (vs. last scale of the lateral line well separated from the penultimate scale and positioned on lower lobe of the caudal fin). </p>
            <p>Description. Dentition and color patterns detailed in species accounts. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Greatest body depth at origin of first dorsal fin. Scales absent, except for lateral-line scales, embedded in skin.</p>
            <p> Anterior profile of head elongate, concave in lateral view, snout pointed or slightly concave. Bones of head remarkably fragile, with bone trabecules visible by naked eye. Head with cavernous appearance, with dorsal concavity at level of braincase medially and well developed crests in frontals, extending laterally to concavity in posterior part of cranium, and converging at level of posterior naris; foramina of sensorial system of head wide. Lower jaw projecting anterior to upper jaw, slightly arched in  Kali colubrina ,  K. macrura , and  K. parri , and moderately arched in  K. indica ,  K. falx ,  K. kerberti , and  K. macrodon ; upper jaw slightly arched in  K. colubrina ,  K. macrura , and  K. parri , and moderately arched in  K. indica ,  K. falx ,  K. kerberti , and  K. macrodon . Ascending process of premaxilla flat in  K. colubrina ,  K. falx ,  K. indica ,  K. parri ,  K. macrura , and with anterior concavity in  K. macrodon and  K. kerberti . Orbit circular, nares oval, and distinctly separated. </p>
            <p>Rays of fins fragile and often broken, few specimens available with fins intact; pectoral fin insertion lateral on body, posterior to angle of opercle; pelvic fin insertion ventral, below or slightly anterior to pectoral fin. Dorsal fins two, true spines (sensu Johnson &amp; Patterson 1993) present only in first dorsal fin; last spine of first dorsal fin frequently embedded in skin. Anal fin opposite to second dorsal fin, lacking true spines. Caudal fin forked, lacking true spines.</p>
            <p>Gill arches four, with poorly developed filaments; pseudobranchia present. Epibranchial of first arch attached to opercle until midline; ceratobranchial of second, third and fourth arches linked; fourth gill arch mostly attached to body wall, except for oval slit in ceratobranchial.</p>
            <p>Distribution. World-wide, in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Ocean, from 53° N to 60° S.</p>
            <p> Etymology. Named after  Kali , a Hindu goddess. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The skin of  Kali is very delicate and missing in the majority of the examined specimens; in most specimens only the dermis is preserved, but the epidermis is completely gone; in others, even dermis is destroyed. With the exception of the type series of  K. parri , no other specimen examined has the skin fully preserved on the head; therefore a precise count of pores in the dorsal part of head was not possible. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B4BFFDF60DAFDAC2917C918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B4AFFD860DAFC5129A8C8FB.text	954A87D06B4AFFD860DAFC5129A8C8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the species of  Kali</p>
            <p>1 Teeth with ventral ligament in mesial series and at least in posterior portion of lateral series; second dorsal fin 18–23; anal fin 19–23............................................................................................................................2</p>
            <p>- Teeth with ventral ligament restricted to mesial series; second dorsal fin 21–26; anal fin 22–28.............3</p>
            <p> 2 Orobranchial chamber and gill arches pale; lateral series with needle-like, type 4 teeth at anterior portion of premaxilla (total teeth six to ten) and dentary (teeth seven to 13); recurved teeth with ventral attachment in lateral series restricted to posterior third of premaxilla (teeth seven to 10), and posterior fourth of dentary (total teeth five to 11); teeth in mesial series in premaxilla three to four, in dentary six to eight; total vertebrae 33–34 ...............................................................................................................  Kali macrura</p>
            <p> - Orobranchial chamber and gill arches dark; type 4 teeth absent in lateral and mesial series of premaxilla and dentary; recurved teeth with ventral attachment in lateral series extending along entire bone in premaxilla (total teeth 21-39) and dentary (total teeth 18-32); teeth in mesial series in premaxilla six to 15, in dentary seven to 17; total vertebrae 37–38..................................................................................  Kali parri</p>
            <p> 3 Teeth in mesial series of premaxilla and dentary not remarkably elongated; longest tooth of premaxilla 10.1–14.2 % in premaxillary length; longest tooth in dentary 8.9–12.5 % in dentary length ...................... ..........................................................................................................................  Kali colubrina ,  new species</p>
            <p>- Teeth in mesial series of premaxilla and dentary remarkably elongated, fang-like; longest tooth of premaxilla 20.1–33.5 % in premaxillary length; longest tooth in dentary 14.0–29.3 % in dentary length.....4</p>
            <p>4 Teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary few (11 or less), conical, slightly curved; first tooth of lateral series of premaxilla the largest in the series, with little or restricted movement; teeth in mesial series of premaxilla three, all fang-like; teeth in mesial series of dentary three to four; gill rakers absent; upper and lower jaws not strongly curved............................................................................................................5</p>
            <p>- Teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary numerous (10–33) straight, needle-like; first tooth of lateral series smaller than adjacent teeth, all teeth depressible; teeth in mesial series of premaxilla five to ten, first tooth small and conical, not fang-like; teeth in mesial series of dentary four to nine; gill rakers present; upper and lower jaws strongly curved...........................................................................................6</p>
            <p> 5 First tooth in lateral series of premaxilla slightly curved, not projecting anteriorly, 15.2–16.4% in premaxillary length; first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla anterior to level of anterior nostril, and to second tooth in lateral series; first tooth in mesial of dentary beside second tooth of lateral series; eye enlarged, orbit width 15.4–22.7% and orbit height 12.5–18.0% in head length; basihyal not reduced and curved, tip of basihyal pointing forward ........................................................................................................  Kali indica</p>
            <p> - First tooth in lateral series of premaxilla moderately arched, sickle-shaped, projecting anteriorly, 17.2– 20.5% in premaxillary length; first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla below level of anterior nostril, beside second tooth in lateral series; first tooth in mesial series of dentary between second and third teeth of lateral series; orbit width 11.2–16.0% and orbit height 9.7–12.4% in head length; basihyal very reduced and strongly curved, tip of basihyal pointing ventrally ............................................  Kali falx ,  new species</p>
            <p> 6 Internal row of premaxillary teeth seven to ten, first smaller and six to nine fangs; mesial row of dentary teeth seven to nine; teeth in palatine five to 10 (modally seven) .........................................  Kali macrodon</p>
            <p> - Internal row of premaxillary teeth five to six, first smaller and four to five fangs; mesial row of dentary teeth four to five; teeth in palatine zero to six (modally three) ...............................................  Kali kerberti</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B4AFFD860DAFC5129A8C8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B4DFFD560DAFCEB28C0CC6D.text	954A87D06B4DFFD560DAFCEB28C0CC6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali indica Lloyd 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali indica Lloyd 1909</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 A, 2, and 3; Tables 1, 3 and 4)</p>
            <p> Kali indica Lloyd 1909: 154 –155, plate 54, figure 6 [original description; type locality Bay of Bengal, India, 16°56’15” N, 92°33’00” E, 1343 fathoms (2458 m), R/V  Investigator sta. 312; holotype ZSI F1054/1]; Smith 1965 [reassignment of genus]; Norman 1966: 366 –367 [key to genera of  Chiasmodontidae and list of species]; Johnson 1969: 587 – 588, figure 1 [revision of the genus and key to the species]; Johnson and Cohen 1974: 39 –41 [revision of the genus, diagnosis and brief description]; Novikov et al. 1981 [list of specimens collected in Jingu Seamount, Emperor chain; material not examined]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 732, figure 228.5 [key to the species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 902 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]; Trunov 1998: 138 –139, figure 1 [record for the Antarctic]; Smith (in press) [key to species]; Mooi and Paxton 2001: 3495 –3496 [list of Pacific species]; Nakabo 2002: 1589 [key to family]; McEachran and Sutton 2003: 1742 –1743 [list of Atlantic species]; Moore et al. 2003: 227 [checklist of deep-sea fishes from off New England, Western North Atlantic]; Mundy 2005: 455 [checklist of Hawaiian species]; Hardy 2005: 1902, 1908–1909 [identification of larvae]; Hardy 2007: 1312 [identification of larvae]. </p>
            <p> Material examined. 31 specimens; holotype examined by pictures. Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 158887, 1, 132.5 mm, 39°57’ N, 67°30' W, 0–2100 m, 3–XII–2000, R/V Delaware II; MCZ 164764, 1, 131.6 mm (female), 39°50’ N, 67°26’ W, 0–1592 m, 18–V–2005, R/V Delaware II. South Atlantic Subtropical: MNRJ 26693, 2, 205.8– 207.7 mm (both females), 21°07’ S, 39°49’ W, 1633–1665 m, 8–VII–2000, R/V  Thalassa . Guinean Province: USNM 207986, 1, 131.28 mm, 5°00’ S, 15°00’ W, 1282 m, 23–IV–1965. Atlantic Subantarctic: USNM 207620, 1, 104.27 mm, 39°19’ S, 3°15’ W, 0–2000, R/V Walther Herwig, St. 406/71. Pacific, Eastern Pacific: SIO 05–152, 1, 195.2 mm, 32°00’ N, 124°00’ W, 500–3700 m, 1986, R/V Melville; SIO 74–41–60, 1, 98.5 mm, 27°43’ N, 115°33’ W, 325 m, R/V Alexander Agassiz; SIO 78–190–60, 1, 164.2 mm, 30°57’ N, 120°46’W, 1400 m, 15–VI–1975, R/V Alexander Agassiz; LACM 31170, 1, 111.0 mm, 32°42’ N, 118°16’ W, 27–IV–1970, R/V Vel ero IV. Pacific Plate: USNM 367283, 1, 105.4 mm; 21°00’ N 158°00’ W; NMNZ P. 23623, 1, 193.2 mm, 22–IX–1988, 42°57’ S, 174°13’ E, 1112–1180 m, R/V James Cook. Western Pacific. SIO 69–19–60, 1, 167.9 mm, 6°00’ N, 122°35 E, 21–IV–1968, J. Pine col.; SIO 70–308–60, 1, 131.7 mm, 29°47’ N, 137°5.9’ E, 0–1350 m, 30–VI–1970, R/V Melville; SIO 53–367–60, 2, 111.6– 163.95 mm, 34°00’N, 135°00’ E, 24–X–1953, R/V Spencer Baird. Indian: ZSI F1054/1, holotype, 170.0 mm, 16°56’ N, 92°33’ E, 2456 m, R/V  Investigator . Southern Ocean: LACM 10765–11, 1, ca. 100.0 mm, 50°54’ S, 40°15’ W, 2452 m, 5– II –1966, USNS Eltanin; LACM 10921–11, 1, 140.3 mm, 60°17’ S, 110°15’ W, 2379 m, 26–X–1964, USNS Eltanin; LACM 10958–11, 1, 182.6 mm, 54°56’ S, 149°24’ W, 1601 m, 19–XI–1964, USNS Eltanin. Tentative identification. Eastern Pacific: USNM 207987, 1, 164.2 mm, Mexico, 29°19’ N, 121°25’ W, 0–1676 m, 14–IV–1962, R/V Horizon. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali indica can be distinguished from all species of  Kali except  K. falx by the teeth in lateral series of premaxilla seven to 11, caniniform, elongated, slightly curved, type 4, widely spaced (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla 13 to 33; recurved, with ventral attachment, closely spaced in  K. parri ; needle-like, closely spaced in  K. kerberti and  K. macrodon and anterior part fourth of  K. normani ; caniniform but not very elongated in  K. colubrina ); first tooth of lateral series of premaxilla longest, with tight type 4 attachment (vs. first tooth of lateral series of premaxilla not remarkably enlarged, smaller than adjacent teeth, with loose types 4 attachment or with ventral attachment to bone); teeth in mesial series of premaxilla three, fang-like (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla four or 15; not fang-like in  K. macrura ,  K. parri , and  K. colubrina ); teeth in lateral series of dentary six to eight, very elongated, curved, type 4, widely spaced (vs. teeth in lateral series of dentary 12 to 32; recurved, with ventral attachment, closely spaced in  K. parri , needle-like, closely spaced in  K. kerberti and  K. macrodon and anterior part fourth of  K. normani ; recurved in  K. colubrina ). </p>
            <p> Kali indica can be distinguished from  K. falx by the larger eye, orbit width 15.4–22.7% and orbit height 12.5–18% in head length (vs. eye small, orbit width 11.2–16.0% and orbit height 9.7–12.4% in head length); basihyal elongated and straight, pointing forward (vs. basihyal reduced and strongly curved, pointing ventrally); first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla enlarged, 15.2–16.4 % in premaxillary length, slightly curved, not projecting anteriorly (vs. first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla remarkably enlarged, 17.2–20.5% in premaxillary length, sickle-shaped, projecting anteriorly); first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla anterior to level of anterior nostril, and to second tooth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla below level of anterior nostril, and beside second tooth of lateral series); first tooth in mesial series of dentary beside second tooth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial series of dentary between second and third teeth in lateral series). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 207.7 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 2, and morphometric in table 4. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 A, and summarized in table 1. Tooth crown length 14.9–20.5% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongated, arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, caniniform, with flange, widely spaced. Anteriormost tooth longest, 15.1–16.4% in premaxillary length, slightly curved, inserted at antero-ventral tip of premaxilla; tightly attached to bone, with restricted movement. Following teeth curved, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, at lateral edge of premaxilla; second to fourth teeth at anterior half of premaxilla, between level of anterior nostril and posterior margin of eye; posterior teeth needle-like, at posterior third of premaxilla. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 23.4–33.5% in premaxillary length, with flange; widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first tooth below anterior nostril, beside second tooth of lateral series; second tooth below anterior margin of eye, between third and fourth teeth of lateral series; and third tooth slightly posterior to posterior margin of eye, between fourth and fifth teeth of lateral series.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongated, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, caniniform, slightly curved, with flange, widely spaced; anterior tooth longest, remaining teeth decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, opposite to premaxillary teeth. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment to bone, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 20.1–29.3% in dentary length, with flange. Teeth widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first tooth beside second of tooth of lateral series; second tooth halfway between third and fourth of teeth of lateral series, and third tooth slightly anterior to fifth tooth of lateral series. Single specimen (MNRJ 26693) with small fourth tooth in mesial series, at posterior end of dentary.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, conical, slender, with short flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, conical, slender, without flange, in one to two rows. Teeth absent on gill arches, basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering body fragile, missing in most specimens, description based on MCZ 164764. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, completely destroyed or restricted to small patches in all specimens examined; dermis thin, transparent with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber pale, with few widely-spaced melanophores in sides of mouth, opercle and membranes between branchiostegal rays; gill arches and filaments pale.</p>
            <p>Distribution. World-wide in the equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate and subpolar regions: in the Atlantic from 40° N to 40° S; in the Indian from the type locality, 16°56’ N, 92°33’ E; in the Pacific 31° N to 43° S; and in the Southern Ocean between 50° S and 60° S (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded in depths between 1400 and 2500 m (mean 1954 m). A single record from above 1000 m (935 m); deepest record at 3300 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B4DFFD560DAFCEB28C0CC6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B40FFD160DAF96B2DF2CB10.text	954A87D06B40FFD160DAF96B2DF2CB10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali kerberti (Weber 1913) Weber 1913	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali kerberti (Weber 1913)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 B, 3, 4; Tables 1, 3 and 4)</p>
            <p> Odontonema kerberti Weber 1913: 149 [original description; type locality Banda Sea, Indonesia 5°39’ S, 122°12’ E, Siboga sta. 208, 1886 m; holotype ZMA 104006]; Norman 1929: 544 [key to species, distribution based on original description]; de Beaufort and Chapman 1951: 10 –11 [record based on original description]; Norman 1966: 366 –367 [key to genera of  Chiasmodontidae and list of species]. </p>
            <p> Kali kerberti Smith 1965: 572 –574, figure 2 [species validated as a member of  Kali , redescription included].  Dolichodon normani Parr 1931a: 46 –47, figure 18 [original description, type locality 16°14’ N, 99°36’ W, 3291 m, 31– VI–1926, R/V Pawnee, holotype YPM 2693]. NEW COMBINATION. </p>
            <p> Hemicyclodon normani Parr 1931b: 1962 [replacement name for  Dolichodon , preoccupied]. </p>
            <p> Kali normani Smith 1965 [species validation and synonymized  Odontonema with  Kali ]; Johnson 1969: 589 –590, figure 1 [revision of the genus and key to the species]; Johnson and Cohen 1974: 42 –44 [revision of the genus, diagnosis and brief description]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 734, figure 228.8 [key to the species]; Smith (in press) [key to species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 9030 –904 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]; Mooi and Paxton 2001: 3495 –3496 [list of Pacific species]; Figueiredo et a. 2003: 93 [checklist of Brazilian species]; McEachran and Sutton 2003: 1742 –1743 [list of Atlantic species]; Mundy 2005: 455 –456 [checklist of Hawaiian species]; Hardy 2005: 1902, 1912–1913 [identification of larvae]; Hardy 2007: 1312 [identification of larvae]. </p>
            <p> Material examined. 72 specimens, including holotypes of  Kali kerberti and  K. normani . Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 60724, 1, 64.9 mm, 38°49' N, 71°40' W, 600–800 m, 30–IV–1982, R/V  Oceanus . North Sargasso Sea: USNM 207596, 1, 113.2 mm, 32°04’ N, 63°58’ W, 0–1025 m, 22–VIII–1971, Ocean Acre expedition; USNM 207619, 1, 69.8 mm, 33°04’ N, 64°37’ W, 0–1060 m, 4–VII–1967, Ocean Acre expedition. South Sargasso Sea: ZUMC P. 6530, 1, 99.6 mm, 26°58’ N, 56°58’ W, 5–V–1922, R/V Dana. Lesser Antillean Province: USNM 207622, 1, 133.1 mm, 11°38’ N, 51°52’ W, 1103 m, 31–V–1965, R/V Trident. Amazonian: UW 21249, 1, 148.0 mm (cs), 3°00’ S, 26°16’ W, 0–2000 m, 3– II –1968, R/V Walther Herwig. South Atlantic Subtropical: MNRJ 26712, 1, 133.8 mm, 21°07’ S, 39°46’ W, 1686–1699 m, 8–VII–2000 R/V  Thalassa . Guinean Province: MCZ 61018, 1, 73.2 mm, 0°00’N, 19°45’W, 0–1164 m, 20–IV–1965, R/V Trident; UF 220004, 1, 91.2 mm, 0°25’ S, 5°09’ W, 850 m, 23–V–1965, R/V Pillsbury; USNM 207614, 3, 131.6– 161.8 mm, 7°00’ N, 20°58’ W, 0–1330 m, 14–IV–1971, R/ V Walther Herwig. Indian: ZUMC P. 6531, 1, 93.5 mm, 8°24’ S, 42°54’ E, 24–XII–1929, R/V Dana. Pacific, Western Pacific: AMS 24859010, 1, 192.68 mm, 33°43’ S, 152°03’ E, 0–1135 m, 16–X–1984, F R/V  Kapala ; AMS 36466019, 1, 93.13 mm, 16°00’ N, 122°59’ E, 4384–4667 m, 28–IX–1995, J. Paxton col.; SIO 76–166–60, 1, 104.2 mm, 14°14' S, 150°54.0' E, 6–III–1975, R/V  Alpha Helix ; SIO 77–171–60, 1, 96.5 mm, 04°40' S, 125°32' E, 0–1500 m, 26– VIII–1976, R/V Thomas Washington; ZMA 104006, holotype (ca. 65.0 mm), 5°39’ S, 122°12’ E, 1886 m, Siboga Expedition col. Pacific Plate: AMNH 22566, 1, 147.8 mm, 19°40’ N, 156°20’ W [coordinates inferred], 1975, O. Barton col.; AMS 17853001, 1, 79.6 mm, 1°00’ N, 170°00’ W, 0–1000 m, 16–III–1966, R/ V Coriolis; FMNH 88149, 1, 152.1 mm, 21°23’ N, 158°18’ W, 20– II –1971, R.E. Young col.; FMNH 88150, 1, 117.1 mm, 21°23’ N, 158°18’ W, 4–IX–1972, R.E. Young col.; HUMZ 144032, 1, 118.3 mm, 20°00’ N, 156°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 5– II –1996, unknown col.; MCZ 56850, 1, 127.6 mm, 21°20’ N, 158°20’ W [coordinates inferred], 2– II –1973, R/V Teritu; SIO 60–216–60, 1, 69.1 mm, 10°09’ N, 128°30’ W, 0–1540 m, 24–VI–1960, R/V Spencer F. Baird; SIO 60–229–60, 1, 82.0 mm, 01°39’ S, 133°35’ W, 0–2326 m, 29–VI– 1960, R/V Spencer F. Baird; SIO 69–342–60, 1, 148.9 mm, 17°49’ S, 110°19’ W, 0–1100 m, 29–III–1969, R/ V Thomas Washington; SIO 73–36–60, 1, 132.1 mm, 9°28’ S, 124°12’ W, 13–XII–1970, R/V Thomas Washington; SIO 73–43–60, 1, 128.3 mm, 10°40’ S, 123°38’W, 17–XII–1970, R/V Thomas Washington; SIO 73– 328–60, 1, 137.6 mm, 27°59’ N, 154°41’W, 20–VI–1973, R/V Thomas Washington; SIO 88–154–60, 1, 112.4 mm, 19°18’ N, 168°59' W, + 700 m, 5–III–1987, R/V  Atlantis II; USNM 207600, 1, 196.4 mm, 20°15’ N, 155°31’ W, 823 m, 30–III–1968, R/V Townsend Cromwell; USNM 271063, 1, 144.8 mm (female), 7°00’ N, 150°22’ W, 0–850 m, 17–I–1978, R/V  Kana Keoki ; USMN 272723, 1, 131.3 mm, 11°48’ N, 138°11’ W, 885 m, 01–III–1976, R/V Oceanographer; USMN 288994, 1, 64.7 mm, 11°42’ N, 138°12’ W, 0–860 m, Sep 09– IX–1975, R/V Oceanographer; USNM 289024, 1, 117.6 mm, 9°02’ N, 150°11’ W, 0–950 m, 7–I–1978, R/V  Kana Keoki ; USNM 289228, 2, 70.8–71.8 mm, 13°30’ N, 150°00’ W, 0–950 m, 7–I–1978, R/V  Kana Keoki. Eastern Pacific: CAS 61408, 2, 76.8–105.3 mm, 02°26’ S, 88°46’ W, 0–300 m, 27/ 28–V–1966, R/V Anton Bruun; LACM 8736, 1, 104.9 mm, 23°00’ N, 109°40’ W [coordinates inferred], 30–III–1964, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 8863–1, 1, 120.8 mm, 24°00’ N, 109°40’ W [coordinates inferred], 18–IV–1964, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 9036–6, 1, 136.8 mm, 33°30’ N, 118°00’ W [coordinates inferred], unknown col.; LACM 9651–3, 1, 123.6 mm, 28°30' N, 118°00' W [coordinates inferred], 3–VIII–1966, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31104–6, 2, 135.0– 61.8 mm, 16°30’ N, 100°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 13–I–1970, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31107–8, 1, 137.2 mm, 20°30’ N, 106°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 15–I–1970, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31110–7, 1, 142.3 mm, 20°30’ N, 106°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 15–I–1970, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31111–7, 2, 54.2–71.0 mm, 21°00’ N, 109°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 17–I–1970, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31112–5, 1, 122.5 mm, 21°00’ N, 109°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 17–I–1970, R/V Vel ero; LACM 31117–9, 1, 131.0 mm, 20°30’ N, 106°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 19–I–1970, R/V Vel ero; LACM 31118, 1, 129.4 mm, 20°30’ N, 106°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 19–I–1970, R/V Vel ero; LACM 31119–6, 1, 149.3 mm, 21°15’ N, 106°15’ W [coordinates inferred], 19–I–1970, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 31120–10, 1, 127.1 mm, 21°15’ N, 106°15’ W [coordinates inferred], 19–I–1970, R/V Vel e ro; LACM 31130–8, 1, 71.8 mm, 21°00’ N, 109°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 23–I–1970, R/V Vel ero; LACM 31126–12, 1, 130.1 mm, 21°00’ N, 109°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 21–I– 1970, R/V Ve le ro; SIO 51–90–60, 1, 114.7 mm, 25°48.0' N, 114°46.0' W, 2212 m, 21/ 22–III–1951, R/V Paolina; SIO 56–79–60, 2, 112.9–148.0 mm, 28°58’ N, 118°11’ W, 29–VIII–1956, 1152 m, R/V Paolina; SIO 56–83–60, 1, 104.1 mm, 28°55.0' N, 118°11.2' W, 30–VIII–1956, 1152 m, R/V Paolina; SIO 57–140–60, 1, 86.9 mm, 22°43’ N, 111°06’ W, 15–VII–1957, R/V  Orca ; SIO 60–203–60, 1, 137.0 mm, 26°52’ N, 120°05’ W, 0–2000 m, 17–VI–1960, R/V Spencer F. Baird; SIO 65–236–60, 1, 128.1 mm, 22°35’ N, 110°13’ W, 29– VI–1965, R/V Horizon; SIO 65–244–60, 1, 120.7 mm, 23°08’ N, 109°13’ W, 1/ 2–VII–1965, R/V Horizon; SIO 68–52–60, 1, 121.9 mm, 22°40’ N, 109°07’ W, 9–I–1968, R/V Thomas Washington; SIO 75–227–60, 1, 139.5 mm, 1°19’ N, 98°01’ W, 0–200 m, 24–VI–1971, R/V David Starr Jordan; USNM 207606, 1, 141.4 mm (female), 2°26’ S, 88°46’ W, 0–400 m, 28–V–1966, R/V Anton Bruun; YPM 2693, holotype of  Kali normani , 101.8 mm, 16°14’ N, 99°36’ W, 3291 m, 31–VI–1926, R/V Pawnee. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali kerberti can be distinguished from all species of  Kali , except  K. macrodon by the ascending process of premaxilla with a strong concavity limited anteriorly by bony crest (vs. ascending process of premaxilla flat or with gentle concavity, anterior bony crest absent). It further differs from  K. colubrina ,  K. falx ,  K. indica , and  K. parri by the teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary 12–25, type 4, needle-like (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla with ventral attachment, recurved in  K. parri ; five to 11, caniniform, type 4, slightly curved in  K. indica and  K. falx ; and recurved in  K. colubrina ); from  K. macrura , teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary type 4, needle-like, extending to the end of dentigerous area, teeth with ventral attachment absent in lateral series (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary need-like in anterior third and fourth, respectively, followed by teeth with ventral attachment, recurved in posterior areas). </p>
            <p> Kali kerberti can be distinguished from  K. macrodon by the teeth in mesial series of premaxilla and dentary, four to five, modally five (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla teeth six to nine, modally seven, of and dentary seven to nine, modally eight). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 196.4 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 2, and morphometric in table 4. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 B and summarized in table 1. Tooth crown length 36.5–46.7% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongated, strongly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth small and numerous, type 4, needle-like, without flange, closely spaced, increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Mesial series in irregular single row; first tooth type 4, conical, slightly curved, with flange, not developed into fang; following teeth fang-like, recurved with ventral attachment, largest tooth 28.1–29.5% in premaxillary length; widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first mesial tooth at anterior ventral portion of premaxilla, second tooth (first fang) at level of anterior nostril, third tooth at posterior nostril, fourth tooth at anterior margin of eye, fifth tooth at posterior margin of eye, and sixth tooth slightly posterior to middle of premaxilla.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongated, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, closely spaced, increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Teeth in mesial series with ventral attachment, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 23.8–25.8% in dentary, with flange; teeth widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior. Base of first tooth opposite to gap between first and second teeth in mesial series of premaxilla; remaining teeth opposite to gaps between premaxillary fangs.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, conical, slender, with short flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in two rows. Gill rakers tooth-like, type 1, conical, slender, without flange, individually attached to bone, or in small patches of two; present on first, second and third arches; absent on first hypobranchial, basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering body fragile, missing in most specimens, description based on USNM 207601, AMNH 225946 and an unpreserved specimen (Fig. 4 B, C). Epidermis black, thin and fragile, completely destroyed or restricted to small patches in all specimens examined; dermis thick and gelatinous, whitish or clear gray, with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber, gill arches and gill filaments pale, melanophores absent; red blood vessels visible in fresh specimen.</p>
            <p>Distribution. World-wide in the equatorial, tropical, and subtropical regions: in the Atlantic from 38° N to 21° S; a single record in the western Indian at 8° S, 31° S; in the Pacific 27° N to 33° S (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Meso- and bathypelagic zones; more frequently recorded in depths between 800 and 2500 m (mean 1343 m). Shallowest record at 200 m; deepest at 4465 m.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Johnson (1969: 338) considered  Kali kerberti to be a junior synonym of  Kali indica without examining the holotype, based on meristic data and the “strong developed gap between the expanded apices of the premaxillaries” – a characteristic not considered to be useful herein. Johnson and Cohen (1974) after examining the holotype followed Johnson’s previous conclusion. Those authors surprising ignored Smith’s (1964) detailed-rich redescription of the species. Smith (1965: 573) noticed that “a few slender widely separated small tooth-like gillrakers [sic] are present on the first arch”, which is also confirmed herein: the epibranchial has one tooth, the ceratobranchial four, and the hypobranchial zero (teeth-like gill rakers are absent in  K. indica ). Smith (1965: 574) description of the dentition in the holotype of  K. kerberti also agrees with the data presented herein: “four long blunt moderately stout flexible slightly curved fangs” in the upper jaw (vs. three fangs in  K. indica ); “between these [fangs] are several much smaller sharp teeeth [sic]”, regarding the teeth in lateral series (vs. teeth in lateral series not numerous and sharp, 7–11 in  Kali indica vs. 15–33 in  K. kerberti ); and in lower jaw “four of the larger fangs, and between these a series of long slender sharp recumbent inwardly directed flexible hair-like [=needle-like] teeth” (vs. fangs 3, lateral series not needle-like in  K. indica ). This combination of characteristics is unique and clearly diagnostic for  K. kerberti , therefore the species is considered as valid. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B40FFD160DAF96B2DF2CB10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B44FFCE60DAF8C12DDEC8A0.text	954A87D06B44FFCE60DAF8C12DDEC8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali macrodon (Norman 1929) Norman 1929	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali macrodon (Norman 1929)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 C, 5, and 6; Tables 1, 5 and 6)</p>
            <p> Dysalotus macrodon Norman 1929: 542 –543, figure 10 [original description; type locality West of Cape Town, South Africa, 33°20’– 33°46’ S, 15°18’– 15°08’ E, 2000–2500 m, 4–X–1926, R/V Discovery; Holotype: BMNH 1930.1.12.1064]. </p>
            <p> Gargaropteron pterodactylops Smith 1965: 569 –571 [original description, type locality Beach at Seapark, Natal, South Africa, 30°42’ S, 30°29’ E G. Joliffe col.]. </p>
            <p> Dolichodon macrodon Parr 1931: 46 [reassignment of genus]. </p>
            <p> Kali macrodon Smith 1965 [species validated as a member of  Kali ]; Johnson 1969: 588 –589, figure 1 [revision of the genus and key to the species]; Kotthaus 1972: 19, figure 5 [records from the Canary basin, Eastern North Atlantic]; Johnson and Cohen 1974: 41 –42 [revision of the genus, diagnosis and brief description]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 733, figure 228.6 [key to the species];Smith (in press) [key to species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 902 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]; Mooi and Paxton 2001: 3495 –3496 [list of Pacific species]; McEachran and Sutton 2003: 1742 –1743 [list of Atlantic species]; Moore et al. 2003: 227 [checklist of deep-sea fishes from off New England, Western North Atlantic]; Hardy 2005: 1902, 1910–1911 [identification of larvae]; Hardy 2007: 1312 [identification of larvae] </p>
            <p> Material examined. 33 specimens, including holotype of  Kali macrodon ; holotype of  K. pterodactylops examined via pictures and x-rays. Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 138040, 1, 145.0 mm, 39°42'N, 71°27'W, 1325–1830 m, 15–IX–1995, F/V Contender; MCZ 163317, 1, 238.2 mm, 39°48'N, 67°22'W, 18–V–2003, R/ V Delaware. North Sargasso Sea: USNM 207651, 1, 190.2 mm (female), 34°26’ N, 75°33’ W, 1925–2200 m, 13–IV–1972, R/V Eastward. Straits of Florida: UF 166993, 1, 66.6 mm, 23°30’ N, 75°30’ W [coordinates inferred], 10– II –1976, Staiger et al. col. Amazonian: ZMUC P. 6512, 1, 99.2 mm, 12°11’ N, 35°49’ W, 9–XI–1921, R/V Dana. South Atlantic Subtropical: SIO 63–542–60, 1, 114.4 mm, 31°9.0’ S, 0°45.5, E, 0– 2200 m, 09–VI–1963, R/V  Argo ; SIO 63–552–60, 1, ca. 50.0 mm, 18°44’ S, 10°14’ W, 25/ 26–VI–1963, R/V  Argo ; USMN 207598, 2, 67.1–116.0 mm, 15°45’ S, 6°06’ W, 5–IV–1971, R/V Walther Herwig; UW 21248, 1, 138.0 mm (cs), 33°00’ S, 7°05’ E, 2000 m, 20–IV–1917, R/V Walther Herwig. Azores Britain Province: AMS 25862001, 2, 190.1– 194.3 mm, 52°55’ N, 16°15’ W, 2300 m, 9–VII–1986, R/V Walther Herwig. North African Subtropical: BMNH 1996.2.14.15, 1, 149.1 mm, 31°15’ N, 16°59’ W, 0–1470 m, 12–X–1995, R.R.S. Challenger; ZMH 7123, 1, 263.5 mm, 4°2’ N 15°18’ W, 0–3900, 8–III–1970, R/V Meteor. Guinean: MCZ 161015, 1, 71.6 mm, 10° N, 30° W, 24–V–1965, R/V Trident. Atlantic Subantarctic: BMNH 1930.1.12.1064, holotype, 129.6 mm, 33°20’ S, 15°18’ E, 2000–2500 m, 4–X–1926, R.R.S. Discovery; USMN 207601, 2, 173.2–235.0 mm, 37°08’ S, 5°23’ E, 0–2200 m, 21–III–1971, R/V Walther Herwig; USMN 207597, 4, 180.4– 239.4 mm, 39°19’ S, 3°15 W, 0–2000 m, 19–III–1971, R/V Walther Herwig; ZMUC P. 6513, 1, 166.6 mm, 39°19’ S, 3°15’ W, 19–III–1971, R/V Walther Herwig; ZMUC P. 6514, 1, 196.8 mm, collected with ZMUC P. 6513; ZMUC P. 6515, 1, 236.1 mm, collected with ZMUC P. 6513; ZMUC P. 6516, 1, 234.4 mm, collected with ZMUC P. 6513. Indian: SIO 61–31–60, 1, 87.9 mm, 12°05’ S, 115°26’ E, 0– 2000 m, 28/ 29–X–1960, R/V  Argo ; USNM 207610, 1, 225.8 mm, 29°45’ S, 64°58’ E, 1710 m, 28–VI–1964, R/V Anton Bruun. Pacific, Western Pacific: NMNZ P. 20019, 1, 217.5 mm, 43º13’ S, 168º50’ E, 932–938 m, 14–XII–1983, R/V James Cook; NMNZ P. 30778, 1, 264.1 mm, 41º07’ S, 176º46’ E, 1335–1427 m, 02–IV– 1993, R/V  Tangaroa . Pacific Plate: USMN 207613, 1, 109.1 mm, 8°00’ N, 164°33’ W, 0–1400, 8–VIII– 1963, R/V Te Vega. Eastern Pacific: SIO 64–16–60, 1, 169.9 mm, 24°37’ N, 113°14’ W, 1– II –1964, R/V Horizon; SIO 51–87–60, 1, 189.4 mm, 25°30’ N, 115°16.7’ W, 1900 m, 21–III–1951, R/V Paolina; USNM 207599, 1, 180.4 mm, Colombia, 1°51’ N, 81°20’ W, 3300 m, 17–IX–1966, R/V Anton Bruun. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali macrodon can be distinguished from all species of  Kali , except  K. kerberti by the ascending process of premaxilla with a strong concavity limited anteriorly by bony crest (vs. ascending process of premaxilla flat or with gentle concavity, anterior bony crest absent); teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary 16 or more, type 4, needle-like (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla with ventral attachment, recurved, teeth in  K. parri ; premaxilla six to 11, dentary five to eight, caniniform, slightly curved in  K. indica and  K. falx ; premaxilla 13–22, dentary six to 10, recurved in  K. colubrina ).  Kali macrodon further differs from  K. macrura , by teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary type 4, needle-like, extending to the end of dentigerous area, teeth with ventral attachment absent in lateral series (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary type 4, needle-like in anterior third and fourth, respectively, followed by teeth with ventral attachment, recurved in posterior areas). </p>
            <p> Kali macrodon can be distinguished from  K. kerberti by the teeth in mesial series of premaxilla six to nine, modally seven, and of dentary seven to nine, modally eight (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla and dentary four to five, modally five). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 239.4 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 2, and morphometric in table 4. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 C and summarized in table 1. Tooth crown length 15.5–21.0% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongate, strongly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth small and numerous, type 4, needle-like, without flange, closely spaced, increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Teeth at anterior portion smaller, increasing in size until middle of premaxilla, than decreasing in size posteriorly. Mesial series in single row, irregularly arranged; first tooth type 4, conical, slightly curved, without flange, not developed as fang; following teeth with ventral attachment, recurved fang-like, largest tooth 20.1– 21.1% in premaxillary length, with flange. Base of first tooth at anterior-ventral tip of premaxilla; second to last teeth (fangs) equally spaced between level of ascending process of premaxilla and posterior margin of orbit, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongate, strongly arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Teeth in lateral series numerous and closely spaced, type 4, needle-like, without flange, increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Teeth in mesial series with ventral attachment, recurved, fang-like, largest tooth 14.0–16.7% in dentary, with flange; closely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior. Base of first tooth opposite to gap between first and second teeth in mesial series of premaxilla; remaining teeth opposite to gaps between premaxillary fangs, extending to end of dentigerous area of dentary.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, conical, slender, with short flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in two rows; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, in one to two rows. Gill rakers tooth-like, type 1, conical, slender, without flange; present on second and third arches; absent on first hypobranchial, basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering body fragile, missing in most specimens, description based on NMNZ P. 30778. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, rarely preserved especially in head; dermis thin, transparent, with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber pale with scarce melanophores, including in gill arches and membranes between branchiostegal rays, roof of mouth dusky; gill filaments not pigmented.</p>
            <p>Distribution. World-wide in the equatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate regions: in the Atlantic from 53° N to 40° S; in Indian from 12° S to 29° S; in the Pacific 25° N to 43° S.</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded in depths between 1000 and 2500 m (mean 1808 m). A single record from above 1000 m (325 m); deepest record at 3700 m.</p>
            <p>Remarks. In a single specimen (NMNZ P. 30778) teeth were absent from first epibranchial and a single tooth was present on the ceratobranchial; for all other specimens examined three or more teeth were present on the first epibranchial and 10 or more on the ceratobranchial, including specimens from adjacent areas (e.g. AMS 25862001).</p>
            <p> The status of  Gargaropteron pterodactylops .  Gargaropteron pterodactylops was described from a 45 mm specimen found on the beach, washed up by the waves. Johnson and Cohen (1974) were the first authors to identify that specimen as a juvenile of  Kali , and considered it to be a junior synonym of  K. macrodon based on a combination of meristic characteristics. The larval stage of  Kali is now known as the  gargaropteron stage, and substantially differs from adults by having very elongated pectoral and pelvic fins, and a relatively larger eye; the dentition is composed of two rows of conical teeth in both premaxilla and dentary. With the discovery of two new species, the characters used to fit  K. pterodactylops with  K. macrodon are not useful anymore. Because of the differences in dentition between the juveniles and adults, allied to the lack of a good series of larval specimens, a precise identity of juveniles can not be given. I prefer to follow Johnson and Cohen (1974), however, and regard to  K. pterodactylops as a junior synonym of  K. macrodon to avoid the proliferation of taxonomic problems. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B44FFCE60DAF8C12DDEC8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B5BFFC960DAFCD928C0CB10.text	954A87D06B5BFFC960DAFCD928C0CB10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali macrura (Parr 1933) Parr 1933	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali macrura (Parr 1933)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 D, 6, and 7; Tables 1, 7, and 8)</p>
            <p> Hemicyclodon macrurus Parr 1933 [original description; type locality, off Acklins Islands, Bahamas, 22°31’15” N, 74°26’20” W, 10000 ft. (3048 m) of wire, 30–III–1927, R/V Pawnee; holotype YPM 2739]. </p>
            <p> Kali macrurus Johnson 1969: 589 , figure 1 [revision of the genus and key to the species]. </p>
            <p> Kali macrura Johnson and Cohen 1974: 39 –41 [revision of the genus, diagnosis and brief description]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 733 –734, figure 228.7 [key to the species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 902 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]; McEachran and Sutton 2003: 1742 –1743 [list of Atlantic species]; Moore et al. 2003: 227 [checklist of deep-sea fishes from off New England, Western North Atlantic]; Hardy 2005: 1912 [identification of larvae]; Hardy 2007: 1902 [identification of larvae]; Smith (in press) [key to species]. </p>
            <p> Material examined. 26 specimens, including holotype. Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 165931, 1, 118.03 mm, 39°47’ N, 66°55’ W, 0–2208 m, 18–VI–2006, R/V Delaware II. Florida Straits: YMP 2739, holotype, 114.3 mm, 22°31’ N, 74°26’ W, 30–III–1927, R/V Pawnee; UF 146164, 1, 112.3 mm, 2450 m, 24–VII–1971, R/V Pillsbury. Amazonian Province: MCZ 60723, 1, 72.5 mm, 9°21’ N, 43°09’ W, 2500 m, 27–VII–1983, R/V Columbus Iselin. South Atlantic Subtropical: SIO 63–542–60, 1 113.8 mm, 31°09.0’ S, 00°45.5’ E, 0–2200 m, 9–VI–1963, R/V  Argo ; UW 21247, 1, 117.0 mm (cs), 27°14’ S, 2°56’ W, 1900–2000 m, 1–IV–1971, R/V Walther Herwig. Guinean Province: USNM 207615, 1, 101.8 mm, 15°45’ S, 6°06’ W, 0–1900 m, 5–VI– 1971, R/V Walther Herwig. Indian: USMN 207608, 1, 111.3 mm, 24°03’ S, 65°00’ E, 3500 m, 25–VI–1964, R/V Anton Bruun; BMNH 1988.2.25.7–8, 2, 125.5– 130.4 mm, 31°55’ S, 55°06’ E, 0–930 m, 29–IV–1936, R.R.S. Discovery II. Eastern Pacific: LACM 30428, 1, 105.5 mm, 33°00’ N, 119°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 17/ 18–III–1969, R/V Ve le ro; LACM 30040–11, 1, 121.4 mm, 22°00’ N, 107°00’ W [coordinates inferred], 12–XI–1967, R/V Vel ero; Pacific, Pacific Plate: SIO 60–232–60, 1, 108.9 mm, 04°59’ S, 135°19’ W, 0–2750 m, 1–VII–1960, R/V Spencer Baird; SIO 60–229–60, 1 100.0 mm, 01°39’S, 133°35.7’ W, 0–2326 m, 29–VII–1960, R/V Spencer Baird; SIO 60–239–60, 6, 87.9–115.3 mm, 05°12’ N, 143°07’ W, 0–2500 m, 6–VII–1960, R/V Spencer Baird; SIO 60–219–60, 2, 110.6– 116.9 mm, 04°42’N, 130°50’ W, 0–2160 m, 26/ 27–VI–1960, R/V Spencer Baird; USNM 207613, 1, 109.3 mm, 8°00’ N, 164°33’ W, 0–1400 m, 8–VIII– 1963, R/V Te Vega; ZMUC P. 6526, 1, 94.7 mm, 30°08’ S, 176°50’ W, 14–XII–1928, R/V Dana; ZMUC P. 6525, 1, 87.6 mm, collected with ZMUC P. 6526. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali macrura is diagnosed from its congeners by two unique characteristic: the low number of total vertebrae, 33–34 (vs. 37 or more); and by teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary six to 10, needle-like at anterior fourth/third, respectively, followed by seven to 10 recurved teeth with ventral attachment in the posterior dentigerous area (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla of premaxilla and dentary recurved or caniniform in  K. colubrina ,  K. falx ,  K. indica ; 12–31, needle-like, extending to the end of dentigerous area in  K. kerberti and  K. macrodon ; 18–32, recurved, with ventral attachment, extending to the end of dentigerous area in  K. parri ). </p>
            <p> Kali macrura further differs from all species of  Kali , except  Kali parri by a smaller number of first dorsalfin rays, IX–XI, modally IX (vs. first dorsal-fin rays XI or more); smaller number of second dorsal-fin rays, 18–21, modally 21 (vs. second dorsal-fin rays usually 22 or more); anal-fin rays 19–21, modally 20 (vs. analfin rays usually more than 22). </p>
            <p> Description. Smallest species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 130.4 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 2, and morphometric in table 4. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 D and summarized in table 1. Toot crown length 17.9–26.4% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongate, strongly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row, divided into two groups: anterior, at anterior fourth of premaxilla, type 4, needle-like, without flange, closely spaced, increasing in size from anterior to posterior; and posterior, teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, as in teeth of mesial series, closely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; none developed as fang, largest tooth 14.9–18.0% in premaxillary length. Base of first tooth at anterior fourth of premaxilla, anterior to level of anterior nostril, second tooth beside first tooth of lateral series, third below anterior nostril, and fourth at level of anterior margin of eye.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongate, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row, divided into two groups: anterior, at anterior third of dentary, teeth type 4, needlelike, without flange, closely spaced, increasing in size from anterior to posterior; and posterior, teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, closely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; none developed as fang, largest tooth 12.3–15.1% in dentary length. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior. Base of first tooth at level of last needle-like tooth of lateral series, next teeth closely spaced to end of dentigerous area of dentary.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needlelike, without flange, in small patches; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in small patches. Gill rakers tooth-like, type 1, conical, slender, without flange, individually attached to bone, or in small patches of two; present on first, second, third and fourth arches; teeth absent in basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering body very thin, missing in most specimens, description based on LACM 30428–32 and holotype. Epidermis black or dark brown, thin and fragile, completely destroyed or restricted to small patches in all specimens examined; dermis thin, transparent, with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber pale, slightly dusky in roof and lateral sides of mouth, including opercle, skin below gill arch, membrane between branchiostegal rays and over basihyal and basibranchials; gill arches and filaments pale.</p>
            <p>Distribution. World-wide in the equatorial, tropical, and subtropical regions, except the western Pacific: in the Atlantic from 40° N to 31° S; in the western Indian from 24° S, 31° S; in the Pacific 33° N to 30° S (Fig. 6).</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded in depths between 1900 and 2500 m (mean 2239 m). A single record from above 1000 m (930 m); deepest record at 2750 m.</p>
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954A87D06B5CFFCB60DAFA1328B5C800.text	954A87D06B5CFFCB60DAFA1328B5C800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali parri Johnson and Cohen 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali parri Johnson and Cohen 1974</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 E, 6, and 8; Tables 1, 7, and 8)</p>
            <p> Kali parri Johnson and Cohen 1974: 37 –39, figure 13 [original description; type locality South Atlantic, 5°30'S, 16°28'W, 0–1900 m, 9–III–1971, R/V Walther Herwig; holotype ISH 2123a–1971]; Johnson and Keene 1986: 734, figure 228.9 [key to the species]; Smith (in press) [key to species]; Johnson and Keene 1990: 902 [record of eastern tropical Atlantic species]. </p>
            <p>Examined material. 11 specimens, including several paratypes. Atlantic, Slope Water: MCZ 162234, 1, 91.9 mm, 39°52’ N, 67°21’ W, 0–1400 m, 26–VII–2002, R/V Delaware; MCZ 164284, 1, 56.9 mm, 39°57’ N, 67°30’ W, 0–1428 m, 5–VI–2004, R/V Delaware. North Sargasso Sea: MCZ 101643, 1, 55.0 mm, 31°43’ N, 64°10’ W, 1000–1269 m, 13–VI–1992, R/V Endeavor. Straits of Florida: UF 131503, 1, 235.5 mm, 23°56’ N, 75°26’ W, 71–2162 m, 5–IX–1975, Staiger et al. col. Amazonian Province: ISH 919–1968, 1 (paratype), 109.4 mm, 3°00’ S, 26°16’ W, 0–2000, R/V Walther Herwig. South Atlantic Subtropical: USMN 207611, 1 (paratype), 192.0 mm, collected 27°14’ S, 2°56’ E, 0–2000 m, 1–IV–1971, R/V Walther Herwig. Guinean Province: ISH 2123b–1971, 1 (paratype), 142.5 mm, 27°14’ S, 2°56’ E, 0–2000 m, 1–IV– 1971, R/V Walther Herwig; USNM 207604, 1 (paratype, collected with holotype), 18.86 mm, 5°30'S, 16°28'W, 0–1900 m, 9–III–1971, R/V Walther Herwig. Indian. AMS 31143012, 1, 90.1 mm, 20°55’ S, 112°51’ E, 1128–1139 m, 23–I–1991, J. Paxton col. Pacific Plate: SIO 56–127–60, 1, 58.8 mm, 13°03’ N, 166°14’ E, 730 m, 23/ 24–VI–1956, R/V Horizon; SIO 72–307–60, 1, 62.7 mm, 25°06’ S, 154°53’ W, 29– VII–1972, R/V Melville.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali parri is diagnosed from its congeners by four unique characteristics: the orobranchial chamber and gill arches black, intensively pigmented (vs. orobranchial chamber and gill arches pale, melanophores widely spaced or absent); teeth in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary with ventral attachment, recurved, extending along the entire dentigerous area, teeth type 4 completely absent (vs. teeth type 4 in lateral series of premaxilla and dentary always present, needle-like, caniniform or recurved; recurved teeth with ventral attachment in lateral series absent in  K. colubrina ,  K. falx ,  K. indica ,  K. kerberti ,  K. macrodon , and restricted to posterior part of dentigerous area of premaxilla and dentary in  K. macrura ); tooth crown not distinguishable (vs. tooth crown clearly distinguishable in teeth in mesial series, 10.0–45% in tooth length).  Kali parri can be further distinguished from all species of  Kali , except  K. macrura by smaller number of second dorsal-fin rays, 20–23, modally 21 (vs. second dorsal-fin rays usually 22 or more); anal-fin rays 20–23, modally 22 (vs. anal-fin rays usually more than 22). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 235.5 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 3, and morphometric in table 5. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 E. Tooth crown not distinguishable. Premaxilla elongate, slightly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row, teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange; teeth at anterior edge of premaxilla flared outwards. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, with flange, all except third, recurved; third tooth elongated slightly curved, largest, 10.4–12.1% in premaxillary length; none enlarged as fang. Teeth equally and closed spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongate, slightly arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series of single row each: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row, teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange; teeth at anterior curvature of dentary flared outwards. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, with flange, all except second recurved; second tooth elongated slightly curved, largest, 6.7–8.4% in dentary length; none developed as fang. Teeth equally and closely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, conical, slender, with flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, conical, slender, without flange, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, conical, slender, without flange, in patches. Gill rakers tooth-like, type 1, conical, slender, without flange; present on first, second, third and fourth arches; absent in basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Distribution. In equatorial to temperate regions; in the Atlantic from 40° N to 30° S, western Indian off Australia and in the Pacific Plate from 13° N to 25° S (Fig. 9).</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded at depths around 2000 m (mean 1649 m). A single record from above 1000 m (730 m); deepest record at 2162 m.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering preserved in most specimens examined, description based on ISH 2123b/1971. Epidermis black; dermis thin, dusky, melanophores not distinguishable. Peritoneum black. Orobranchial chamber, gill arches and membranes between branchiostegal rays black; gill filaments pale.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B5CFFCB60DAFA1328B5C800	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B5EFFC760DAFA3328C6C800.text	954A87D06B5EFFC760DAFA3328C6C800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali colubrina	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali colubrina ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 F, 9, 10; Tables 2, 9 and 10)</p>
            <p> Kali sp. Uyeno et al. 1983: 402 [brief diagnosis, record from off Suriname]. </p>
            <p> Holotype. MNRJ 31663, 123.0 mm, off Brazil, Subtropical South Atlantic, 19°50’ S, 39°10’ W, 1342–1444 m, 29–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa . </p>
            <p> Paratypes. Atlantic, Straits of Florida: UF 158087, 1, 129.0 mm, Bahamas, 23°46’ S, 76°58’ W, 1307– 1317 m, Robins et al. col.; UF 149943, 1, 151.7 mm, 23°55’ N, 75°26’ W, 2184–2193 m, 11– II –1974, Robins et al. col.; UF 149944, 1, 95.8 mm, 23°44’ N, 76°49’ W, 1328–1337, 1–XI–1974, Staiger et al. col.; UF 148740, 1, 100.0 mm, 24° 28’ N, 77°20’ W, 1426–1502 m, 28– II –1976, Staiger et al. col.; UF 148742, 1, 105.3 mm, 23°52’ N, 77°18’ W, 1387–1390 m, 4– II –1974, Robins et al. col. Gulf of Mexico: USNM 186202, 1, 84.8 mm, 27°48’ N, 88°45’ W, 1554– 2011 m, 30–VII–1959, R/V Oregon. Subtropical South Atlantic: MNRJ 26704, 1, 104.9 mm (male), 21°26’ S, 39°49’ W, 1594–1614 m, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26705, 19, 92.3–140.3 mm, 13°19’ S, 38°19’ W, 1726–1929 m, 20–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26707, 2, 125.4– 155.4 mm, 19°45’S, 39°03’ W, 1183–1318 m, 29–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26708, 3, 98.2–112.9 mm, 14°36’ S, 38°49’ W, 1055–1173 m, 10–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26709, 2, 96.3–115.0 mm, 20°08’ S, 38°38’ W, 1614–1680 m, 28–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26710, 1, 107.4 mm (male), 21°26’ S, 39°49’ W, 1594–1614 m, 7–VII–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26711, 5, 91.6–119.2 mm, collected with holotype; MNRJ 26713, 8, 103.5– 144.3 mm, 20°24’ S, 39°46’ W, 1209–1362 m, 2–VII–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MNRJ 26714, 1, 149.4 mm, 20°27’ S, 39°38’ W, 1645–1762 m, 2–VII–2000, R/V  Thalassa ; MRNJ 26715, 1, 110.7 mm, 13°21’ S, 38°16’ W, 1981–2271 m, 20–VI–2000, R/V  Thalassa . Pacific, Western Pacific: AMS 42761002, 2, 150.0– 151.4 mm, 32°36’ S, 167°50’ E, 1303–1313 m; NORFRANZ team col.; NMNZ P. 20216, 2, 143.6– 161.6 mm, 39°49’ S, 178°07’ E, 1093 m, 23–VIII–1986, R/V James Cook; NMNZ P. 39353, 1, 154.3 mm, 32° 38’ S, 167°50’ E, 1303–1313 m, 30–V–2003, R/V  Tangaroa ; NMNZ P. 39323, 1, 154.7 mm, 32°37’ S, 167°47’ E, 1021–1052 m, 30–V–2003, R/V  Tangaroa ; USNM 148773, 1, ca. 100.0 mm, 1°54’ S, 127°36’ E, 600 m, 2/ 3–XII–1909; R/V Albatross; USNM 207605, 1, 93.5 mm, 1°00’ S, 127°50’ E, 1545 m, 2–XII–1909, R/V Albatross. Pacific Plate: NMNZ P. 10035, 1, 171.2 mm, 30°32’ S, 178°22’ W, 05–XII– 1976, 97 m, R/V James Cook; SIO 84–43–60, 1, 100.0 mm, 19°14’ N, 169°07’ W, 1492 m, R/V New Horizon. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali colubrina is diagnosed from its congeners by the unique dentition pattern: teeth in lateral series of premaxilla 13–22, type 4, caniniform but not developed as fangs, recurved (vs. teeth in lateral series of premaxilla seven to 22; first tooth developed as fang in  K. falx and  K. indica ; needle-like at least in the anterior part of dentigerous area in  K. kerberti ,  K. normani , and  K. macrura ; recurved, with ventral attachment in the posterior dentigerous area in  K. macrura and entire dentigerous area in  K. parri ); teeth in mesial series of premaxilla five to nine, not developed as fangs (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla three in  K. falx and  K. indica ; four to five in  K. kerberti , three to four in  K. macrura ; and six to fifteen in  K. parri ; developed as fangs in  K. falx ,  K. indica ;  K. kerberti , and  K. macrodon ); teeth in lateral series of dentary eight to 18, type 4, caniniform but not very elongated, recurved (vs. teeth in lateral series of dentary seven to 22, elongated in  K. falx and  K. indica ; needle-like at least in the anterior fourth of dentigerous area in  K. kerberti ,  K. normani , and  K. macrura ; with ventral attachment, recurved, in the posterior dentigerous area in  K. macrura , and entire dentigerous area in  K. parri ); teeth in mesial series of dentary six to ten, not developed as fangs (vs. teeth in mesial series of premaxilla two to four in  K. falx and  K. indica ; four to five in  K. kerberti , six to eight in  K. macrura ; and seven to 19 in  K. parri ; developed as fangs in  K. falx , K. in dica;  K. kerberti , and  K. macrodon ). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 171.2 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 9, and morphometric in table 10. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 F and summarized in table 2. Tooth crown length 10.6–24.9% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongate, slightly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, curved, without flange, moderately and uniformly spaced; increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end; first tooth at anterior ventral edge of premaxilla, strongly recurved, posterior teeth at lateral edge of premaxilla. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, not developed into fangs, largest tooth 10.1–14.2% in premaxillary length. Teeth uniformly and moderately spaced between level of posterior margin of ascending process of premaxilla to posterior margin of eye, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongate, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, curved, without flange, moderately and uniformly spaced; slightly increasing in size from anterior to posterior on first half, gradually decreasing in size to posterior end. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, not developed into fangs, largest tooth 8.9–12.5% in dentary length. First tooth at level of gap between first and second teeth in mesial series of premaxilla; other teeth uniformly spaced, opposite to teeth in mesial series of premaxilla, but extending to end of dentigerous area of dentary.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, needle-like, slightly curved, without flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, in small patches. Teeth absent on gill arches, basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering body very thin, missing in most specimens, description based on NMNZ P. 39323. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, but fairly preserved in several specimens, except for head; dermis gray, with closely spaced melanophores, very thin and closely attached to hypaxial and epaxial muscles. Peritoneum black. Orobranchial chamber pale, with few widely-spaced melanophores in sides of mouth, opercle, membranes between branchiostegal rays and gill arches.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Equatorial, tropical, and subtropical regions of the Atlantic, between 30° N and 21° S, Western Pacific and Pacific Plate, between 20° N and 40° S.</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; more frequently recorded at depths between 1300 and 1800 m (mean 1467 m). A single record from above 1000 m (600 m); deepest record at 2270 m.</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Latin coluber, snake;  colubrina , feminine, snake-like. In a reference to the numerous recurved teeth in the upper and lower jaws, resembling the snakes of the family  Colubridae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B5EFFC760DAFA3328C6C800	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
954A87D06B52FFC160DAFD792FEDC858.text	954A87D06B52FFC160DAFD792FEDC858.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kali falx	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Kali falx ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1 G, 9, and 10; Tables 1, 3, and 5)</p>
            <p> Kali indica Johnson 1969: 587 –588 [in part]; Johnson and Cohen 1974: 39 –41 [in part]; Mundy 2005: 455 [checklist of Hawaiian species, in part]. </p>
            <p>Holotype. USNM 207618, 162.9 mm, Guinean Province, Atlantic Ocean, 7°32’ N, 20°54’W, 0–1300, 14–IV– 1971, R/V Walther Herwig.</p>
            <p>Paratypes. Atlantic, Guinean Province: USNM 392645, 2, 104.0- 145.7 mm (females), collected with holotype, USNM 392646, 1 (114.5 mm, cs, male), collected with holotype. Indian: USNM 207617, 1, 134.3 mm (female), 13°58’ N, 65° 0 2 E, 2870 m, 20–V–1964, R/V Anton Bruun. Pacific, Pacific Plate. FMNH 88147, 1, 126.1 mm, 21°23’ N, 158°18’ W, 20– II –1971, R.E. Young col.; SIO 60–243–60, 1, 164.3 mm, 10°22’ N, 147°18’ W, 0–2100 m, 9–VII–1960, R/V Spencer Baird; SIO 71–294–60, 1, 129.8 mm, 27°28.7’ N, 155°19.6’ W, 29–IX–1971, R/V Thomas Washington. Eastern Pacific: SIO 65–198–60, 1, 159.5 mm, 28°29’ N, 116°22’ W, 12–VI–1965, R/V Horizon</p>
            <p>Non-type specimens (poorly preserved specimen). Indian: ISH 5322, 1, 96.3 mm, 15°00’ N, 70°00’ E [coordinates inferred], 18– II –1965.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Kali falx is diagnosed from its congeners by a unique characteristic: first tooth in lateral remarkably enlarged, 17.2–20.5% in premaxillary length, sickle-shaped, projecting anteriorly (vs. first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla of same size or smaller than adjacent teeth in  K. colubrina ,  K. kerberti ,  K. macrodon ,  K. macrura , and  K. parri ; fang-like, 15.2–16.4% in premaxillary length, slightly curved, not projecting anteriorly in  K. indica ). </p>
            <p> Kali falx can be further distinguished from all species of  Kali , except  K. indica by the teeth in lateral series of premaxilla six to nine, very elongated, curved, and widely spaced (vs. lateral series of premaxilla with 15 or more teeth; with ventral attachment¸ recurved in  K. parri ; type 4, needle-like, in  K. kerberti and  K. macrodon and the anterior third of premaxilla in  K. macrura ; not very elongated in  K. colubrina ); mesial series of premaxilla with three teeth developed as fang (vs. mesial series of premaxilla with four or more teeth in all other species, not developed as fangs in  K. colubrina ,  K. macrura , and  K. parri ); first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla with movement restricted by a tight type 4 ligament, fang-like, positioned at antero-ventral tip (vs. first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla not remarkably elongated in any other species).  Kali falx can be further distinguished from  K. indica by the smaller eye, orbit width 11.2–16.0% and orbit height 9.7– 12.4% in head length (vs. eye enlarged, orbit width 15.4–22.7% and orbit height 12.5–18% in head length); basihyal reduced and strongly curved, pointing ventrally (vs. basihyal not reduced and curved, pointing forward); first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla anteriorly arched, projecting anteriorly, 17.2–20.5% in premaxillary length (vs. first tooth in lateral series of premaxilla slightly curved, not projecting anteriorly, 15.2– 16.4 % in premaxillary length); first tooth in mesial series of premaxilla below level of anterior nostril, and beside second tooth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial of premaxilla anterior to level of anterior nostril, and to second tooth of lateral series); first tooth in mesial series of dentary between second and third teeth of lateral series (vs. first tooth in mesial series of dentary beside second tooth of lateral series). </p>
            <p> Description. Moderate-sized species of  Kali , largest specimen examined 159.5 mm SL. Meristic data summarized in table 3, and morphometric in table 5. General body pattern as described for genus. </p>
            <p>Dentition. Teeth present on premaxilla, dentary, palatine, upper and lower pharyngobranchials; premaxilla and dentary as illustrated in figure 1 G and summarized in table 1. Tooth crown length 30.6–40.0% in tooth length. Premaxilla elongate, slightly arched in lateral view, with teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth caniniform, with flange, widely spaced. First tooth with tight type 4 attachment, sickle-shaped, with flange, arched anteriorly, remarkably enlarged, 17.2–20.5% in premaxillary length, inserted at antero-ventral tip of premaxilla, tip of tooth pointing slightly caudally, attachment to bone tight, movement restricted. Following teeth in lateral series type 4, curved, with flange, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, at lateral edge of premaxilla; second tooth halfway between first tooth and anterior nostril; third tooth at level of posterior nostril, fifth below mid-eye, remaining teeth needle-like, at posterior third of premaxilla. Mesial series in single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, fanglike, largest tooth 23.9–30.0% in premaxillary length. Teeth widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first tooth beside second tooth of lateral series; second tooth below anterior half of eye; and third tooth beside fifth tooth of lateral series.</p>
            <p>Dentary elongate, moderately arched in lateral view; teeth arranged in two series: lateral and mesial. Lateral series in single row; teeth type 4, caniniform, with flange, slightly curved, widely spaced; anterior tooth longest, teeth decreasing in size from anterior to posterior, first and second teeth opposite to first and second teeth in lateral series of premaxilla, respectively; third and fourth slightly posterior to third and fourth teeth in lateral series of premaxilla; remaining teeth at posterior third of dentary. Mesial series in irregular single row; teeth with ventral attachment, recurved, with flange, fang-like, largest tooth 18.8–22.6% in dentary length. Teeth widely spaced, decreasing in size from anterior to posterior; base of first mesial tooth at level of anterior nostril, opposite to gap between first and second teeth in mesial series premaxilla; second, at level of mid-eye, slightly posterior to second mesial tooth of premaxilla; third, slightly posterior to third mesial tooth of premaxilla.</p>
            <p>Palatine teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in single row. Lower pharyngeal teeth type 4, needlelike, without flange, in single row; upper pharyngeal teeth type 4, needle-like, without flange, in small patches. Tooth-like gill rackers absent in gill arches, basihyal and basibranchials.</p>
            <p>Color. Skin covering fragile, body missing in most specimens, description mainly based on holotype. Epidermis black, thin and fragile, completely destroyed or restricted to small patches in all specimens examined; dermis thick and gelatinous, whitish or clear gray, with widely spaced melanophores. Peritoneum transparent, with moderate concentration of melanophores. Orobranchial chamber pale, with few widely-spaced melanophores in roof, sides of mouth, opercle, membranes between branchiostegal rays, basihyal, basibranchials, gill arches and gill filaments.</p>
            <p>Distribution. Equatorial and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere: from a single locality in eastern Atlantic at 8° N; two localities in Indian at about 14° N; and Pacific Plate and Eastern Pacific, between 29° N and 10° N.</p>
            <p>Bathymetric distribution. Bathypelagic zone; known from few localities between 1300 and 2870 m (mean 2090 m).</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Latin  falx , sickle; in a reference to the well developed sickle-shaped anterior most tooth, a diagnostic characteristic for the species. A noun in apposition. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/954A87D06B52FFC160DAFD792FEDC858	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melo, Marcelo R. S.	Melo, Marcelo R. S. (2008): The genus Kali Lloyd (Chiasmodontidae: Teleostei) with description of new two species, and the revalidation of K. kerberti Weber. Zootaxa 1747: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181658
