taxonID	type	description	language	source
903C80318765594AFF33BF47FD9DFC03.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NMV F 56882; paratypes are shared between NMV and SAM (Cairns & Parker, 1992 and Stranks, 1993). Type Locality: 39 ° 38.7 ' S 148 ° 49.4 ' E (Flinders Canyon, Tasmania), 770 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFF5FBD98FDF8FABB.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 81751; paratypes are deposited at USNM and AM. Type Locality: 4 ° 10 ' 50 " N 118 ° 39 ' 35 " E (off Sabah, Celebes Sea), 567 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFF61BB00FE4CF97A.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 47415; paratypes are at MCZ (Cairns, 1995). Type Locality: 80 ° 07.5 ' S 104 ° 10.5 ' W (off Peru), 3820 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFF61BB00FE4CF97A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although listed as from a seamount environment in Table 2, the only Australian records of this species were reported from Dampier Ridge south of Lord Howe Island at abyssal depths (Cairns, 1995).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFF5DB940FB3DFF74.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 622; paratypes are split between NZOI and USNM. Type Locality: 27 ° 20.8 ' S 179 ° 20.9 ' W (Colville Ridge), 673 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFCCEBF76FA98FD80.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 81750; paratypes are split between USNM and AM. Type Locality: 4 ° 06 ' 50 " N 118 ° 47 ' 20 " E (off Sabah, Celebes Sea), 635 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFCA2BC02FAB0FCE3.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 81761; most paratypes are also at USNM, one being at AM. Type Locality: 13 ° 52 ' N 120 ° 51 ' E (Verde Island Passage, Luzon), 291 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFCA4BDE7FA1DFB34.taxon	description	Types. One syntype is known to exist (Cairns, 1995) at the Oslo Museum (B 626). Type Locality: off Norway, 549 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFCCDBAB6FC0AFA63.taxon	description	Types. The holotype, the only known specimen of this species, is WAM 547 – 84 (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 15 ° 51.2 ' S 120 ° 44.3 ' E (off Dampier Land, WA), 348 – 350 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318765594AFCA2B878FA1BF848.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes are ZMA 1171 (Cairns, 1989 a). Type Locality: Sulu Sea and off Moluccas, Indonesia, 141 – 350 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFF49BEC9FD05FE10.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 621; paratypes are split between NZOI and USNM. Type Locality: 30 ° 43 ' S 173 ° 16 ' E (northern Three Kings Ridge, New Zealand), 590 – 640 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFF09BF93FD1DFD76.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; paratypes are split between MNHN and USNM. Type Locality: 12 ° 30.8 ' S 176 ° 40.3 ' W (Waterwitch Bank), 275 – 295 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFF28BD4DFD6FFB2E.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the Calcutta Museum, India (Cairns, 1989 a), although it has not been examined by the author. Type Locality: 15 ° 43 ' 30 " N 81 ° 19 ' 30 " E (off Kistna Delta, Bay of Bengal), 1240 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFEEABB34FD65F9E7.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is Museum of New Zealand, Wellington CO 281; paratypes are split among the Museum of New Zealand, NZOI, and USNM. Type Locality: 34 ° 20 ' S 173 ° 06 ' E (off North Cape, New Zealand), 163 – 168 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFF10B8FBFA02FEBE.taxon	description	Types. Five syntypes are deposited at BM (Cairns, 1989 a). Type Locality: Philippines and Indonesia; 174 – 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFC62BF19FC25FDC2.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is at the Strasbourg Zoological Museum (Cairns, 1995). Type Locality: Sagami Bay, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFC6BBCD5FB37FC66.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (USNM 72802) and all paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 31 ° 38 ' 30 " N 129 ° 19 ' E (East China Sea, Japan), 715 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFC6DBA71FC05FAAD.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (72797) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 9 ° 38 ' 30 " N 121 ° 11 ' E (Philippines), 929 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594DFC79BB0EFC03F922.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are BM 1880.11.25.155 a, b. Type Locality: 5 ° 42 ' S 132 ° 25 ' E (off Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318762594FFC60B8B2FDE0FF28.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes are ZMA 1102. Type Locality: 5 ° 36.5 ' S 132 ° 55.2 ' E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 90 m. SUBORDER FAVIINA	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFEECBEABFD26FBDD.taxon	description	Figs. 3 A, B	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFEECBEABFD26FBDD.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are NMV F 59349 and F 41517 (Stranks, 1993). Type Locality: St. Vincent’s Gulf, Investigator Straits, and Backstairs Passage, South Australia, 26 – 40 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFEC4BA36FE1DF99A.taxon	description	Types. Two paratypes are QMB G 3018 and G 3019. The holotype is identified in Wells’ (1955) figure caption to pl. 3, figs. 1 – 2, although this specimen could not be located at QMB in 1988. Type Locality: Pumice Stone Passage, Bribie Island, Moreton Bay, shallow water and Pleistocene of Mud Island, Moreton Bay.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFED8B879FAC2FDC9.taxon	description	Figs. 3 C, F	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFED8B879FAC2FDC9.taxon	description	Types. The deposition of the types is unknown. Type Locality: “ Indian Ocean ”, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFED8B879FAC2FDC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of colony from Moreton Bay. Colony plocoid, consisting of 15 – 17 corallites joined by a common basal coenosteum. Corallites closely spaced (adjacent to 1.2 mm apart), circular, cylindrical, and low (up to 1.7 mm), the largest corallite only 4.1 mm in CD. Costae granular; corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 incomplete cycles, the largest corallite having 36 septa, or 1 pair of S 4 in each system. S 1 independent, bearing 1 – 3 discrete, rounded paliform lobes on their axial edges. S 2 smaller, also bearing 2 – 3 rounded lobes. Axial edges of S 3 loosely fuse to adjacent S 2; axial edges of S 4 fuse to adjacent S 3. Columella papillose.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFED8B879FAC2FDC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Previously known only from the Indian Ocean, these are the first reports for the Australian coast. No previous or current records include a depth indication, although it is assumed to occur in relatively shallow water. Cladangia is quite similar to Astrangia, differing in having rather low lying corallites that are firmly immersed in the basal coenosteum. Cladangia exusta clearly differs from the twoAustralian Astrangia in having a white corallum and larger, rounded, more discrete paliform lobes of the S 1 – 3.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFC6DBC2AFA99FB48.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes, one colony with 17 corallites the other having 15, are AM E 818. Type Locality: off Marsden Point, Kangaroo Island, S. A., 31 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFC6DBC2AFA99FB48.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The colonies from Western Australia have very large corallites (up to 8.3 mm in diameter) and welldeveloped coenosteum between corallites.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594FFC48BAABFAEDF8FA.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is AM E 791; paratypes are also deposited at USNM (Cairns & Parker, 1992). Type Locality: “ 40 miles west of Kingston, South Australia ”, 55 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318760594EFC67B9D9FE2DFC02.taxon	description	New records. NEW SOUTH WALES: 33 ° 50.48 ' S 151 ° 33 ' E (Chowder Bay), 0.5 m, 6 June 2001, 1, AM G 16613; 33 ° 51.29 ' S 151 ° 12.11 ' E (Darling Harbour), 7 m, 21 May 2001, 1, AM G 16614; 33 ° 51.75 ' S 151 ° 13.29 ' E (Garden Island), 7 m, 21 May 2001, 3 colonies, AM G 16542; 33 ° 50.57 ' S 151 ° 11.52 ' E (Balls Head Bay), 3 m, 24 April 2001, 1 colony, AM G 16537; 33 ° 44 ' S 151 ° 19 ' E (Long Reef, Collaroy), depth unknown, 1 large colony, AM G 14451; 33 ° 51 ' S 151 ° 16 ' E (Port Jackson), depth and date unknown, 4 colonies, AM G 14437. — QUEENSLAND: Square Reef, 10 m, 22 July 1973, 3 corallites, USNM 78554. Types. Nine corallites (syntypes) are deposited at the Macleay Museum. Type Locality: near Port Jackson, New South Wales, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318761594EFF1DBD92FA18FCD1.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 184. Type Locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318761594EFF1DBD92FA18FCD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. At least four species of Culicia are known from Australia, all of them occurring off the coasts of the eastern states. Because they are found in shallow water they are easily and frequently collected, but all too often misidentified because this genus has never been revised. I have now examined the types of all four species as well as subsequently collected specimens from various museums, and present a table of differentiating characters (Table 4) to aid in the distinction of these species. Based on a combination of four characters (calicular diameter, number of septa, septal arrangement, and axial edge ornamentation) most specimens can be identified. To elaborate on Table 4, C. tenella can be distinguished by having relatively small corallites with laciniate axial septal edges. Culicia australiensis has three size classes of 48 closely-spaced septa and the S 1 axial edge is entire except for 1 – 2 small teeth near the columella. Culicia hoffmeisteri has the largest corallites, only 24 – 26 well-spaced septa occurring in two size classes, and S 1 axial edges that are coarsely lobate. Culicia quinaria has septal margins like those of C. hoffmeisteri, but are smaller in size and have a different septal arrangement. Two other species of Culicia, C. verreauxii and C. smithi, have been reported from Australia, but both are considered to be dubious records (see p. 319). Finally, Culicia magna (Tenison-Woods, 1878) is a junior synonym of Scolymia australis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849). Tenison-Woods (1878 b: 325) made the confusing statement that “ Cylicia tenella is said to come from Australia but Messrs. Ed. and H. refer it to the Cape. ” It is true that Milne Edwards & Haime (1857) refer C. tenella to both Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, but do not dispute that the type locality is Australia. Their African specimen is deposited at the BM and undoubtedly formed the basis for the description of Culicia tenella natalensis Duncan, 1876.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318761594EFCA7BB46FC5EF9DD.taxon	description	Types. Not traced. Type Locality: eastern Indian Ocean, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318761594EFC6DBD22FC10FB29.taxon	description	Oulangia stokesiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 a: pl. 7, figs. 4, 4 a.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318761594EFC6DBD22FC10FB29.taxon	description	Types. Types not traced. Type Locality: Philippines, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187615951FC77B836FDCFFDCB.taxon	description	Types. The types of M. oculata are lost (Zibrowius, 1980). Type Locality: off Sicily, Mediterranean, depth unknown. The type of A. venusta, reputed to be at MNHN, Paris, has not been examined. Type Locality: Australia, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187615951FC77B836FDCFFDCB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although not examined, the description and figures of A. venusta match those of M. oculata, although it would be unusual for a deep-water specimen to be available to Milne Edwards & Haime at that time.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FC6EBE85FAB1FD57.taxon	description	Types. Seven syntypes are ZMA Coel. 716 – 718 (van Soest, 1979). Type Locality: Sulu Sea, 350 – 522 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FC7DBCBDFA90FC7E.taxon	description	Types. The holotype and paratypes are deposited at USNM, the holotype numbered 60559. Type Locality: 23 ° 15 ' 48 " N 161 ° 50 ' 12 " W (Hawaiian Islands), 369 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FC7ABA55FAB8FAF6.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 83010; additional paratypes deposited at USNM, SAM, and NMV. Type Locality: Off Cronulla, New South Wales, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FC6BBBDDFA2DF923.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (20765) and paratypes are deposited at USNM (Cairns, 1991 b). Type Locality: 21 ° 01 ' 25 " N 156 ° 47 ' 20 " W (off Molokai, Hawaiian Islands), 225 – 252 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FEC1BCFDFDAFF847.taxon	description	Types. The holotype and 3 paratypes are deposited at NZGS, the holotype numbered CO 1219. Type Locality: Sandstone, Waitemata Group, the Funnel, Kaipara Harbour, Auckland, North Island, New Zealand (Altonian, early Miocene). Petrophyllia rediviva (Wells & Alderslade, 1979), n. comb.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FEC1BCFDFDAFF847.taxon	description	Types. The holotype and 3 paratypes are deposited at QMB, the holotype numbered G 9834; another paratype is deposited at AM (G 14745) and three more paratypes taken from QMB paratype lot G 9835 are deposited at USNM (Cairns, 1991 b). Type Locality: east side of Rat Island off Gladstone, between Curtis Island and Facing Island, Queensland (23 ° 46 ' S 151 ° 19 ' E), 3.5 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5951FEC1BCFDFDAFF847.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Since Archohelia Vaughan, 1919 was shown to be a junior synonym of Petrophyllia Conrad, 1855 (Cairns, 2001: 39), the proper combination for this species is Petrophyllia rediviva. As noted above, the original description of A. venusta Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 resembles the deep-water species Madrepora oculata, but the specimens subsequently reported by Tenison-Woods (1878 b) as Amphihelia venusta and being common from the east coast of Australia at depths as shallow as 18 m could not be M. oculata. Although no specimens bearing this label were found at the Macleay or Australian Museums, it is suggested that Tenison-Woods may have been observing P. rediviva.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5950FC50B8B0FD00FEB8.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; the remaining paratypes are split between MNHN and USNM. Type Locality: 13 ° 21.3 ' S 176 ° 08.4 ' W (southeast of Wallis Island), 335 – 3340 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877E5950FC50B8B0FD00FEB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimen from Franklin 05 / 89 / 15 is the largest specimen known, having a CD of 8.22 mm. SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLIINA	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF3ABFD9FE6EFD78.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; 8 paratypes are at IFAN, Dakar (Cairns, 1979). Type Locality: off Senegal, eastern Atlantic, 97 – 98 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF3EBD5CFECDF9AE.taxon	description	Fig. 3 D	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF3EBD5CFECDF9AE.taxon	description	Types. Five syntypes are NMV F 41516 and F 59348. Type Locality: off Cape Jaffa and southwest of Neptune Island, S. A., 165 – 190 m (Stranks, 1993).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF3EBD5CFECDF9AE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A juvenile specimen just beginning to bud from a parent fragment (Fig. 3 D) shows that some of the septa of the parent fragment are continuous with some of the major septa of the juvenile.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF4CB805FB24FCE6.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of D. stellulatus is USNM 60516; paratypes are split between USNM and Bishop Museum. Type Locality: 19 ° 48 ' N 154 ° 58 ' W (Hawaiian Islands), 337. The holotype (USNM 71852) and paratypes of B. veroni are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: east of Lady Elliot Island, 69 km north of Fraser Island, Queensland, 476 – 531 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF4CB805FB24FCE6.taxon	description	Caryophyllia (A.) dentata. – Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997: 98 (in part: seven lots of decameral specimens, figs. 8 b, d, NT).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF4CB805FB24FCE6.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 96858; paratypes are split between USNM and WAM. Type Locality: 5 ° 32 ' S 132 ° 36 ' E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 245 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FF4CB805FB24FCE6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens reported from Western Australia are the largest collected thus far (CD = 15.5 × 11.0 mm) and demonstrate that up to three well-developed costal spines may also be present on the concave thecal edge, as well as six on the convex edge, all spines bring strongly flattened and in some cases spatulate (Fig. 3 E).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FC3CBDF5FC11F890.taxon	description	Types. Five specimens of C. grayi are deposited at BM, collected from Japan (1840.9.29.42) and Australia (1852.1.31.6), but they are not labelled as types. Because of inconsistencies in the original description it may not be possible to determine the type specimen for this species. Type Locality: not stated.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5950FC3CBDF5FC11F890.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Veron (1986: 605) illustrated a rich deck haul of deep-water solitary corals from off Townsville (northeast of Dip Reef) at a depth of about 150 m. These corals, collected at “ James Kirby ” station 732, are deposited at the MTQ. Most of the specimens shown in Veron’s figure are Caryophyllia (A.) grayi, although there are equally large numbers of Endopachys grayi and Flabellum pavoninum coalitum, as well as a good representation of Heteropsammia cochleata, Heterocyathus sulcatus, and Asterosmilia marchadi.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5953FCCAB96BFDC6FE10.taxon	description	New records. None. Types. Three syntypes are deposited at BM (unnumbered). Type Locality: “ Japan ”, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877F5953FCCAB96BFDC6FE10.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens from two “ Karubar ” stations (62, 79) were incorrectly reported by Cairns & Zibrowius (1997) as being from off Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia, whereas they are more properly attributed to the continental shelf off Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877C5953FF45BD63FE73F947.taxon	description	Types. Syntypes are deposited at the Calcutta Museum, USNM, MNHN, ZMA, and NMW (Cairns, 1995). Type Locality: Laccadive Sea, Arabian Sea, 1829 – 1957 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877C5953FF45BD63FE73F947.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is one of the more common deep-water corals collected off eastern Australia at slope depths, usually occurring deeper than 600 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877C5953FF14B8ACFB48FF74.taxon	description	Types. The lecto- and paralectotype of B. atlanticus are deposited at BM (Zibrowius, 1980). Type Locality: 39 ° 39 ' N 9 ° 43 ' W (off Portugal), 1355 – 2000 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877C5953FC9DBD43FA2DFB20.taxon	description	New records. NEW SOUTH WALES: 35 ° 05 ' S 151 ° 10 ' E (Jervis Bay, Kimbla), 600 – 800 m, 18 September 1980, 1, AM G 16485. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 35 ° 26 ' S 118 ° 20 ' E, 900 m, 3, SAM H 11238. Types. A syntype is USNM 22083. Type Locality: 6 ° 30 ' N 81 ° 44 ' W (off Coiba Island, Pacific coast of Panama), 1043 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877C5953FC88B8E7FC5FF87C.taxon	description	Types. Four syntypes are USNM 20749 – 50. Type Locality: 21 ° 04 ' 05 " N 157 ° 10 ' 35 " W (off Molokai, Hawaiian Islands), 168 – 388 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FF42BEC9FD52FE38.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are deposited at BM (unregistered). Type Locality: 29 ° 55 ' S 178 ° 14 ' W (Kermadec Ridge), 1152 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FF6DBF9CFE4EFBD5.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NMV F 41521. Type Locality: Cape Jaffa (220 – 549 m) or off Beachport (201 m), South Australia (Stranks, 1993). Paratypes, or at least topotypic specimens from the original Verco collection, also present at SAM and USNM (Cairns & Parker, 1992).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FF55BA3FFDB4FA02.taxon	description	Types. Two of three syntypes are deposited at ZMA (van Soest, 1979). Type Localities: Indonesia (Makassar Strait, Banda Sea, and Timor Sea), 54 – 281 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FF3FBB92FD76F919.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 623; paratypes are also deposited at USNM and AM. Type Locality: 22 ° 43 ' 00 " S 159 ° 16 ' 00 " E (seamount south of Chesterfield Is), 328 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FF3AB8FAFE7AF849.taxon	description	Types. The syntypes are deposited at BM. Type Localities: Banda and Sulu Seas, 187 – 230 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FC93BEC9FA18FDBD.taxon	description	Types. Five syntypes are deposited at ZMA (Cairns, 1995). Type Localities: Flores and Sulu Seas, Indonesia, 535 – 794 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FC80BC3CFC37FCA3.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 301 - 88; paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, and SAM. Type Locality: 31 ° 48 ' S 114 ° 08 ' E (west of Rottnest Island), 402 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5952FCBBBDD5FAAEFB43.taxon	description	Types. Syntypes are BM 1880.11. 25.23. Type Locality: 5 ° 42 ' S 132 ° 25 ' E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 235 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5955FC9FB81CFE60FEFF.taxon	description	Fig. 3 G	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5955FC9FB81CFE60FEFF.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at BM. Type Locality: 4 ° 34 ' S 129 ° 57 ' 30 " E (off Banda Island, Indonesia), 366 m (Cairns, 1995).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877D5955FC9FB81CFE60FEFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Veron (1986: 607) listed this species as having an Australian distribution “ from the Great Barrier Reef to the Bass Strait ”, but no records in any Australian museums could be found from New South Wales or Victoria. A juvenile specimen (Fig. 3 G) clearly shows the original attachment and the secondary lateral thecal adhesion, which is characteristic of this species.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FF09BFE2FE03FCE9.taxon	description	Conotrochus brunneus. – Cairns & Parker, 1992: 22 (WA). New records. NEW SOUTH WALES: Kapala 85 / 21 / 06, 2, AM G 16576. — SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 14 (off Elizabeth Reef, LHSMC), 10, AM G 15899; Franklin 05 / 89 / 15 (off Elizabeth Reef, LHSMC), 3, AM G 15904; Franklin 05 / 89 / 24 (Lord Howe Rise), 1, AM G 15910. Types. Three syntypes are deposited at ZMA. Type Locality: Sulu Sea, 450 – 522 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FED8BD87FB0DFCEA.taxon	description	Figs. 3 H – J Records / Types. About 30 coralla (syntypes), all originally part of one fused mass, now in two parts (QMB GL 10161). Type Locality: “ Southern Intruder ” 15, 23 ° 21 ' S 153 ° 56 ' E (continental slope off Gladstone, Queensland), 460 m. Description. Syntypes consist of a pseudocolony formed of 2 large coralla that are completely encrusted with about 30 smaller coralla, 6 of which are large and intact, the others broken at their bases, damaged, or juveniles. Initially, the corallum was thought to be a true colony, but closer examination showed that each corallum had an independent origin, not being a direct outgrowth of a parent corallite as in asexual reproduction. In fact, many of the larger basal coralla were long dead, whereas the smaller and some of the larger distal coralla still had tissue. Individual coralla ceratoid, elongate, and not flared distally, the largest intact specimen 19.3 × 15.8 mm in CD, 45 mm in height, and 6.7 mm in PD. Calice elliptical, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.13 to 1.22. Pedicel robust (PD: GCD = 0.34 – 0.46), spreading basally to encrust the substrate, which in this case consisting of conspecific coralla. Upper half of theca bears low costal ridges corresponding to the 40 primary to tertiary septa, but these ridges diminish toward the base, being replaced by a low, transverse sculpturing. Corallum white. Septa decamerally arranged in 4 systems, the complete number being 80 septa, but none of the coralla have that number. The largest 2 coralla of GCD 19.3 mm have an extra pair of fifth cycle septa (i. e., 84 septa), whereas a corallum of 17.0 mm GCD has 82 septa, and one of 17.4 mm lacks a pair of S 4, resulting in 78 septa. The 10 primary septa are only slightly exsert (about 1.5 mm), their axial edges highly sinuous, standing directly adjacent to the columella. The 10 secondary septa are less exsert (0.6 mm), have equally sinuous axial edges, and are almost as wide as the primaries, being about 95 % of their width. The 20 tertiary septa and all those of higher cycle have straight axial edges, and are about 75 % the width of a primary, the quaternary septa being only about 15 % the width of a primary. Fossa moderately deep, containing an elongate columella consisting of 10 – 15 loosely swirled lamellar plates that are interconnected among themselves, almost bridging the gap between the columella known for Crispatotrochus and Labyrinthocyathus.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FED8BD87FB0DFCEA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two of the 11 Recent species of Crispatotrochus have decameral septal symmetry, Cr. woodsi (Wells, 1964) and Cr. squiresi (Cairns, 1979), as well as two unnamed species referred to as Cyathoceras sp. sensu Cairns, 1979 and Cyathoceras sp. A sensu Cairns, 1982. Crispatotrochus gregarius differs from these four taxa in having larger coralla with more septa (the other species having only 40 septa), having transverse thecal sculpture, and in having an interconnected columella (the elements of other species being discrete).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FED8BD87FB0DFCEA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. gregarius, Latin for “ pertaining to a flock ”, or “ gathering objects together ”, an allusion to the quasicolonial nature of the coralla of the type specimens.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FED8BD87FB0DFCEA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality off Gladstone, Queensland, 460 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FC96BDF8FA2CF916.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Macleay Museum. A specimen labelled as the type from “ Port Jackson ” is also deposited at AM (G 7018), but must be a subsequently collected specimen, as the Macleayan type matches the original description. Type Locality: Port Stephens, 146 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877A5955FC77B897FA3EF847.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is lost (Cairns, 1984). Type Locality: 5 ° 49 ' 15 " S 132 ° 14 ' 15 " E (Kai Island, Banda Sea), 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF24BEC9FE8AFE40.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 625. Paratypes are split between NZOI and USNM. Type Locality: 26 ° 59.7 ' S 159 ° 18.9 ' E (near Gifford Guyot, Lord Howe Seamount Chain), 376 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF2BBC54FE43FCAA.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (USNM 68371) and 5 paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 14 miles (= 22.4 km) east of Jumpin Pin (27 ° 45 ' S), a channel between North and South Stradbroke Islands, 86 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF37BD0AFD90FBF2.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but was not examined. Type Locality: Andaman Sea, 315 – 555 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF29BAC2FD45FA01.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; paratypes are split between MNHN and USNM. Type Locality: 18 ° 52 ' S 168 ° 52 ' E (off Erromango Island, Vanuatu), 720 – 830 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF3ABB92FA18FC20.taxon	description	Types. One uncatalogued syntype is deposited at BM (Cairns, 1994). Type Locality: 5 ° 49 ' S 132 ° 14 ' E (off Kai Island, Banda Sea), 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FF3ABB92FA18FC20.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Deltocyathus magnificus, along with Flabellum australe, F. hoffmeisteri, Paraconotrochus zeidleri, and Caryophyllia ambrosia, are the five most commonly collected corals on the slopes of New South Wales, and yet it had never been reported from this region before. Although I “ examined ” the specimen identified as Bathyactis palifera (AM E 3737) by Hoffmeister (1933) in 1988 (Cairns & Parker, 1992), I did not realize at that time that it was in fact a typical specimen of Deltocyathus magnificus. The incorrect identification of Hoffmeister was also promulgated by Wells (1958) and Veron (1986). Indeed, three authors have independently misidentified specimens of Deltocyathus magnificus as a species of Fungiacyathus (Hoffmeister, 1933; Veron, 1986; and Cairns & Parker, 1992). Although similar is size and shape, D. magnificus can reliably be distinguished by lacking synapticular between its septa and in having highly ridged costae. The reidentification of this specimen is also much more consistent with the known distribution of these two species.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FC8BBDB9FBD4FAE5.taxon	description	Types. The unnumbered holotype is deposited at the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Type Locality: Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands, 73 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FC8BBDB9FBD4FAE5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Australian specimens (Gifford Guyot) reported by Cairns (1995) as AM G 15501 have been recatalogued as AM G 15703.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5954FC70BBF4FAB8F887.taxon	description	New records. SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 14 (Gascoyne), 1, AM G 16733. — QUEENSLAND: Cidaris I 1 - 2, 33, MTQ G 55618; Cidaris I 1 - 3, 8, MTQ G 55619 and G 55620; Cidaris I 5 - 2, 14, MTQ G 55639; Cidaris I 9 - 2, 20, MTQ G 55622; Cidaris I 20 - 2, 10, MTQ G 55625; Cidaris I 24 - 3, 10, MTQ G 55626. Types. The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but was not examined. Type Locality: off North Maldive Atoll, 1408 – 1756 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031877B5957FCB5B96EFE31FF74.taxon	description	Types. Six syntypes are deposited at BM. Type Locality: 3 ° 04 ' 30 " N 73 ° 22 ' 42 " E (east side of Kolumadulu Atoll, Maldive Islands), 44 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785957FF22BF42FC8CFD97.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; paratypes are split among MNHN, USNM, and POLIPI. Type Locality: 5 ° 46 ' 45 " S 132 ° 11 ' 10 " E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 156 – 305 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785957FEFDBC60FDCDFBBE.taxon	description	Types. Six syntypes are deposited at ZMA; another is at the Indian Museum, Calcutta (van Soest, 1979). Type Locality: Sulu Archipelago, 450 – 522 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785957FEF0BA1DFD01F8B9.taxon	description	New records. TASMANIA: Franklin Slope 47, 1, NMV F 67148; Eltanin- 1981, 5, USNM 80207. — VICTORIA: Kimbla 07 / 73 / 11, 1, NMV F 67795; Franklin Slope 68, 7, NMV F 67884; Franklin Slope 33, 1, NMV F 67777. — NEW SOUTH WALES: Kapala 75 / 02 / 03, 4, AM G 16411; Kapala 78 / 27 / 13, 18, AM G 16386; Kapala 78 / 27 / 16, 12, AM G 16404; Kapala 83 / 14 / 06, 2, AM G 16472; NZOI U 223, 3, AM G 16559; Jervis Bay, 600 – 1000 m, 18 Sept. 1980, 2, AM G 16349; NNE Sydney, 406 m, 17 July 1981, many, AM G 16505; Franklin 10 / 86 / 07, 2, AM G 15889. — SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 085 / 88 / D 22 (Britannia), 3, AM G 15893. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: “ Orion ”, 35 ° 26 ' S 118 ° 20 ' E, 900 m, 1, SAM H 11238. Types. The neotype is deposited at USNM (92475). Type Locality: Sagami Bay, Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785957FC50BF92FBFBFD49.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is YPM 6828. Type Locality: Gaspar Straits, between islands of Bangka and Belitung, Sumatra, Indonesia, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785957FC78BD48FA24FB5B.taxon	description	(AIMS); Woodside-Dampier DA 2 / 99 / 08, 3, WAM Z 16031; Woodside- Dampier DA 2 / 99 / 29, 4, WAM Z 16030; Woodside-Dampier DA 2 / 99 / 32, 4, WAM Z 16029; WA 547, Flindersite 33, 1, AM G 16539; 28 ° 27.05 ' S 113 ° 45.1 ' E, 38 m (WA 547), 30 May 1994, 1, AM G 16539. Types. Heterocyathus hemisphaericus: The holotype is deposited at BM. Type Locality: “ Chinese Seas ”, depth unknown. Spongiocyathus typicus: Syntypes are SMNH 4753 – 4756. Type Locality: Cape Jaubert, W A, 11 – 43 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785956FC53BB57FD12FD76.taxon	description	Fig. 3 K	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785956FC53BB57FD12FD76.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: James Kirby 732, off Townsville, 124 – 144 m, 11, MTQ G 55749; Cidaris I 46 - 2, 1, MTQ G 56410; QLD- 115, 11, AM G 16516; QLD- 128, 4, AM G 16518; QLD- 140, 1, AM G 16521; 23 ° 52 ' S 151 ° 23 ' E (Gatcombe Head, Curtis Point), 22 m, 1929, 20, AM G 14630 and G 16611. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: Akademik Oparin Gulf- 18, 10, NTM C 6456. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Woodside-Dampier DA 2 / 99 / 32, 1, WAM Z 16044; Woodside-Dampier DA 2 / 99 / 34, 1, WAM Z 16032. Types. Heterocyathus sulcatus: The holotype is YPM 764. Type Locality: Sri Lanka, depth unknown. Psammoseris cylicioides: The uncatalogued lectotype, designated by Hoeksema & Best (1991: 233), along with 6 paralectotypes, are deposited at the Macleay Museum. Twenty-five additional paralectotypes, four of which are Heteropsammia cochlea, are deposited at AM (G 7017). Type Locality: Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland, depth unknown. Heterocyathus pulchellus: Two syntypes were reported, originally deposited at the Godeffroy Museum (Hamburg), but are now presumed to be lost (Hoeksema & Best, 1991). Type Locality: west coast of Australia, depth unknown. Homophyllia incrustans: The holotype is NMV F 41511. Type Locality: St. Vincent Gulf, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187785956FC53BB57FD12FD76.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unlike most Heterocyathus, which are attached to and totally encrust small gastropod and scaphopod shells that are inhabited by a sipunculid, the type of H. incrustans is a juvenile specimen attached to the outer surface a dead bivalve shell. Curiously, directly adjacent to the corallum there is a hole bored through the bivalve of the same diameter (1.5 mm) as a sipunculid efferent pore.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795956FF5FBD74FD1DFBA7.taxon	description	Types. The holotype and 12 paratypes are deposited at AIM. Type Locality: 7.2 km northeast of the Aldermen Islands, off Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand, 102 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795956FF3ABA23FDA2F90D.taxon	description	Types. Syntypes are ZMA Coel. 814 and 700. Type Locality: Indonesia, 411 – 487 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795956FF3ABA23FDA2F90D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the first record of this species from Australia and only the second report subsequent to its original description. Although there is little doubt that it is the same species, these specimens differ from those previously reported by having uniformly smaller “ corallites ”, averaging 5 mm in CD and with a maximum of 5.8 mm, whereas the type corallites average 6 – 7 mm in CD and those reported by Cairns & Zibrowius (1997) average 8 mm in CD with a maximum of 11 mm.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795956FF1FB899FF6DF87F.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 102 – 83; paratypes are split between WAM and USNM (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 18 ° 41 ' S 117 ° 54 ' E (off Port Hedland, WA), 200 – 204 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795956FCC9BEC9FAE2FD78.taxon	description	Paraconotrochus sp. Veron, 2000: II, 411, fig. 7. New records. TASMANIA: Soela 05 / 84 / 51, 5, NMV F 67787 (topotypic); Soela 85 / 23, 4, NMV F 67789. — NEW SOUTH WALES: Kapala 75 / 09 / 08, 2, AM G 15044; Kapala 75 / 12 / 07, 1, AM G 16419; Kapala 76 / 24 / 01, 1, AM G 16422; Kapala 77 / 03 / 09, 2, AM G 16565; Kapala 77 / 13 / 10, 1, AM G 16426; Kapala 78 / 17 / 10, 1, AM G 16371; Kapala 78 / 17 / 21, 1, AM G 16372; Kapala 78 / 27 / 04, 2, AM G 16391; Kapala 78 / 27 / 13, 1, AM G 16389; Kapala 78 / 27 / 16, 3, AM G 16403; Kapala 79 / 05 / 02, 1, AM G 16570; Kapala 79 / 15 / 01, 3, AM G 15540; Kapala 79 / 15 / 04, 1, AM G 16571; Kapala 79 / 20 / 08, 6, AM G 16451; Kapala 79 / 20 / 09, 5, AM G 16462; Kapala 79 / 23 / 01, 2, AM G 16467; Kapala 85 / 21 / 06, 6, AM G 16476; NZOI U 208, 2, AM G 16549 and 3, USNM 94361; east of Bondi, 600 m, 9 Nov. 1987, 3, AM G 16546. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Akademik Oparin 1987 - 1 - 1, 1, NTM C 7787. Types. The holotype is SAM H 520; paratypes are split among SAM, AM, and USNM. Type Locality: 41 ° 15 ' S 144 ° 08 ' E (west of Richardson Point, Tasmania), 520 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795958FC52BD40FD7FFBC0.taxon	description	Figs. 4 A, B Records / Types. Holotype: 12 ° 27.75 ' S 130 ° 49.40 ' E (outside breakwater, Larrakeyah Naval Base), Darwin Harbour, NT (type locality), depth unknown, 20 August 1998, NTM C 8139. Paratypes: 12 ° 29.00 ' S 130 51.00 ' E (wreck of “ Zealandia ”), Darwin Harbour, NT, 22 m, 29 July 1994, 5: 3, NTM C 7963 and 2, USNM 1008826; Kunmunyah BG- 149, 12 ° 04.98 ' S 131 ° 08.40 ' E (east of East Vernon Island), NT, 26 m, 2, 10 October 1993, NTM C 8035; Kunmunyah BG- 141, 12 ° 07.02 ' S 131 ° 07.02 ' E (northeast of Glyde Park, Vernon Islands), NT, 20 m, 4, 10 October 1993, NTM C 8034; 12 ° 28.17 ' S 130 ° 50.51 ' E (off Pontoon, Stokes Hill Wharf), Darwin, NT, surface, 1 in alcohol 19 February 2002, NTM C 8161; 12 ° 28.35 ' S 130 ° 50.57 ' E (Iron Ore Wharf), Darwin Harbour, NT, depth unknown, 1 in alcohol, 16 August 1998, NTM C 8143; 12 ° 28.29 ' S 130 ° 50.80 ' E (Fort Hill Wharf) Darwin Harbour, NT, depth unknown, 1 in alcohol, 19 August 1998, NTM C 8144. Description. Corallum ceratoid, the largest specimen (NTM 8161) 10.9 × 9.0 mm in CD and 9.5 mm in height, the holotype smaller, measuring 7.4 × 6.0 mm in CD and 9.0 mm in height. Calice elliptical, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.07 – 1.27, younger coralla being more circular, larger more elliptical. Corallum attached by a robust pedicel (PD: GCD = 0.41 – 0.68), but not approaching subcylindrical. Costae flat to only slightly convex, all equal in width and prominence, all about 0.25 mm wide near calice, and separated by shallow, narrow intercostal striae. Corallum white, except for upper mm of theca and exsert portions of septa, which are light brown to light black in colour, appearing as a band or disconnected band around upper thecal circumference. Axial edges of S 1 – 2 also pigmented the same colour, or, in rare cases, a light blue. Septa hexamerally arranged in 5 cycles, the last cycle not complete. A complete fourth cycle (48 septa) is achieved at a GCD of 4 – 5 mm; above this GCD pairs of S 5 are progressively inserted, usually in end half-systems, such that the largest specimen of GCD 10.9 mm has 80 septa, or 16 pairs of S 5. Septal formula: S 1 – 2> S 3> S 4> = S 5. S 1 – 2 moderately exsert (1.0 – 1.3 mm), with straight axial edges, each of which bears a single, slender, vertical paliform lobe, the lobes (P 2) associated with the S 2 being slightly larger and rising slightly higher in the fossa than those on the S 1. S 3 slightly less exsert (0.6 mm), about 0.8 width of the S 1 – 2, each S 3 bearing a prominent paliform lobe that rises higher in the fossa than the P 1 – 2 and usually bears 3 – 4 smaller teeth that are inclined obliquely upward. This axial dentition blends into and is almost indistinguishable from the columellar elements. S 4 about 0.5 mm exsert, and at upper thecal edge fuse to their adjacent S 1 or S 2, thus producing a characteristically jagged, or lancetted, thecal edge. S 3 about 0.6 width of an S 1 – 2, each bearing a very small paliform lobe, invariable fused to the adjacent much larger P 3. If S 5 present in a half-system, they assume the shape of the S 4 as just described, and the flanked S 4 assumes the shape and paliform lobe of the S 3 as described above. Fossa deep, containing a well-developed columella composed of 20 – 25 slender papillose elements.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795958FC52BD40FD7FFBC0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. It may seem inadvisable to describe yet another species of Paracyathus, when there are 17 species known from the Indo-West Pacific, most known only from their type specimens and rather terse descriptions (e. g., Alcock, 1893: northern Indian Ocean; Duncan, 1889: Mergui Archipelago). Nevertheless, P. darwinensis has a combination of characters that allows it to be distinguished from all congenerics previously described, i. e., a distinctive pigmentation of its upper theca and septa and the lancetted thecal edge. To a lesser extent its ceratoid corallum and number of septa are also of use in distinguishing it.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795958FC52BD40FD7FFBC0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the town of Darwin, Australia, the type-locality of the species.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187795958FC52BD40FD7FFBC0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Darwin region, 0 – 26 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FF8DB8E7FA89FE5B.taxon	description	Fig. 3 L	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FF8DB8E7FA89FE5B.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NMV F 41514. Type Locality: off Point Marsden, Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 31.1 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FF8DB8E7FA89FE5B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although listed and discussed several times, this species is known only from the holotype. Little can be added to the original description and illustration of this species, except to say that the columella is not really strongly developed, as Dennant suggests, but rather poorly developed. The paliform lobes (P 1 – 2) are small, approximating paliform teeth, and not multiple, as is characteristic of Paracyathus. The specimen itself is quite small (GCD = 3.6 mm, height = 3.55 m) and is undoubtedly a juvenile of an indeterminate genus.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FF05BAD4FE2BFAFD.taxon	description	Types. The type is presumed to be deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but has not ben examined. Type Locality: Persian Gulf, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FF24BBD7FE25F90C.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NMW 8177. Type Locality: Lapinig Canal, Philippines, 11 – 18 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FC90BFB8FB4AFC8E.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: Cidaris I 43 - 2, 4, MTQ G 55630; Cidaris I 46 - 2, 1, MTQ G 56411; Cidaris I 49 - 2, 1, MTQ G 56415. Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1093. Type Locality: 10 ° 27.7 ' S 123 ° 16.5 ' E (off Timor), 390 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FCA1BD65FBC8FB08.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A specimen reported from Karubar station 86 was incorrectly reported by Cairns & Zibrowius (1997) as being from off Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia, whereas it is more properly attributed to the continental shelf off Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187775958FC81BAECFC58FA72.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 129 – 83; paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, and SMNH (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 30 ° 17.9 ' S 114 ° 39.9 ' E (west of Jurien Bay, WA), 82 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318777595BFC88B841FEEDFDC7.taxon	description	Types. The syntypes are deposited at BM. Type Locality: off southwestern Spain, 1190 – 2003 m. Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) explanans (Marenzeller, 1904)	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318777595BFC88B841FEEDFDC7.taxon	description	Types. Ten syntypes are deposited at ZMB, although they have not been examined by the author. Type Locality: off Sumatra, Zanzibar Island, and Pemba, southwest Indian Ocean, 245 – 614 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595BFF49BCD4FC8DF849.taxon	description	New records. SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 14 (off Elizabeth Reef, LHSMC), 2, AM G 15898. — QUEENSLAND: Soela 06 / 85 / 30, 1, NTM C 5293; Soela 06 / 85 / 38, 1, NTM C 5292; Soela 01 / 86 / 07, 7, NTM C 5311; Soela 01 / 86 / 08, 7, NTM C 5314; Soela 01 / 86 / 09, 5, NTM C 5316; Soela 01 / 86 / 10, 1, NTM C 5319; Soela 01 / 86 / 16, 2, NTM C 5335; Soela 01 / 86 / 44, 3, NTM C 5337; Soela 01 / 86 / 73, 1, NTM C 5341; Cidaris I 42 - 2, 12, MTQ G 55644 – 55645; Cidaris I 42 - 3, 12, MTQ G 55646; Cidaris I 45 - 3, 1, MTQ G 55647; Cidaris I 46 - 2, 1, MTQ G 55632; Cidaris I 46 - 3, 4, MTQ G 55648. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: “ Akademik Oparin ” 1987 - 1 - 1, 1, NTM C 7786; Bhagwan 1, 2, WAM Z 13051; Bhagwan 5, 1, WAM Z 13074; Bhagwan 17, 1, WAM Z 13180. Types. The holotype is deposited at NMW. Type Locality: Sagami Bay, Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595BFF49BCD4FC8DF849.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is MCZ 2769 (Cairns, 1979). Type locality: 30 ° 41 ' N 77 ° 03 ' W (Blake Plateau off Florida), 841 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595BFC95BEC9FBB3FB79.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1322. Type Locality: 8 ° 43.1 ' S 127 ° 16.7 ' E (Timor Sea), 828 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595BFC95BEC9FBB3FB79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. It is unknown what data (? specimens) Wells (1958, 1964) had in hand when he reported Stephanocyathus nobilis from New South Wales. Stephanocyathus nobilis and S. weberianus are quite similar and have been confused before (Cairns, 1994), but S. nobilis has not yet been substantiated to occur off Australia. Wells may have observed specimens of S. weberianus, not S. nobilis. Stephanocyathus weberianus and the previously discussed species, S. coronatus, are also quite similar, as discussed by Cairns (1995). To reiterate, S. weberianus can be distinguished by having 12 – 18 costal projections integrated into a continuous basal rim (vs 12 discrete, complexly ornamented costal tubercles); less exsert S 1 – 2; and a smooth, flat (not convex, costate) base. Off eastern Australia the species are also separated bathymetrically, S. weberianus found only shallower than 1050 m, S. coronatus deeper than 1050 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595AFCA0BB49FE1BFBDD.taxon	description	Figs. 4 C – F Records / Types. Holotype: Cidaris II 15 – 1, MTQ G 55640. Paratypes: Cidaris II 15 – 1, 2: 1, MTQ G 56420, 1, USNM 1008827; Cidaris III, 14 – 2, 3, MTQ G 55642 and 56421. Type Locality: 13 ° 29.08 ' S 147 ° 12.68 ' E (Coral Sea off Cape York Peninsula, Queensland), 2442 – 2457 m. Description. Corallum bowl-shaped, almost hemispherical, the holotype measuring 22.6 mm in CD and 9.3 mm in height. Most of theca worn or chalky in texture, only a thin band 2.5 – 3.0 mm wide adjacent to calice and corresponding to the region of edge zone is smooth and porcellaneous. In well-preserved coralla, theca corresponding to C 1 – 3 within the region of the edge zone bears small granules arranged in a continuous zig-zag pattern. Calice circular and coarsely serrate in lateral view, each septum rising from a equilateral triangular-shaped base (Fig. 4 E). Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 to 5 cycles, the fifth cycle never complete. There seems to be no absolute relationship between CD and number of septa, at least in the 6 specimens available for study, as the largest corallum (23.4 mm in CD) has only 48 septa, whereas the smallest corallum (18.4 mm CD) has 58 septa, and those of intermediate size have a range of 42 to a maximum of 60 septa. S 1 only independent septa, extending to the columella without merging with any other septa. S 1 only slightly exsert (1.8 mm) and rather narrow, following the curvature of the theca, but near the columella each S 1 bears 1 or more poorly differentiated paliform lobes which have highly sinuous axial edges. S 2 slightly less exsert (1.3 mm) but similar to the S 1, also reaching the columella and bearing sinuous poorly-defined paliform lobe (s). Remaining septa (S 3 – 5) equally exsert (1.2 mm), the S 3 similar in shape to the S 1 – 2, but their axial edges loosely merging to their adjacent S 2 near the columella. If unflanked by S 5, the S 4 extend about 2 / 3 the distance to the columella before loosely fusing to their adjacent S 3; if flanked by a pair of S 5, the S 4 are similar in size and shape to an S 3, and the S 5 are then the smallest septa, similar in size and shape to an unflanked S 4. Fossa relatively deep, containing an elongate columella consisting of 10 – 15 small intermingled papillae that are fused onto a circular base.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595AFCA0BB49FE1BFBDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Stephanocyathus imperialis differs from the three other congenerics known from the Australia region (S. regius, S. platypus, and S. sp. sensu Cairns & Parker, 1992) in having poorly-developed, highly sinuous paliform lobes; a coarsely serrate calicular edge; and a smaller corallum with fewer septa. It is also found much deeper than the other three species.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595AFCA0BB49FE1BFBDD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. imperialis, Latin for “ of the emperor ”, in keeping with the names of several other species in this genus, as well as the genus name, that relate to aspects of royalty.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318774595AFCA0BB49FE1BFBDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Coral Sea off Cape York Peninsula, 2436 – 2474 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318775595AFC35BEC9FC7DFF64.taxon	description	New records. None.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318775595AFF53BA39FD7AFA5A.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are BM 1880.11. 25.57. Type Locality: 34 ° 13 ' S 151 ° 38 ' E (off Sydney, New South Wales), 750 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318775595AFC8ABF1BFAD9FD12.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are deposited at ZMA (Coel. 1328 and 1323). Type Locality: Sulu Archipelago, 275 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318775595AFCBCBC9FFBB3FA0E.taxon	description	Types. Four of the seven syntypes are BM 1950.1.10.113 – 116, two more are deposited at the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Type Locality: Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands, 73 m. Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus) brevispina Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318775595AFCBCBC9FFBB3FA0E.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; paratypes are split among MNHN, USNM, NNM, ZMA, and POLIPI. Type Locality: 5 ° 47 ' 40 " S 132 ° 12 ' 11 " E (off Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 278 – 300 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFF17BB84FDEDF962.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: James Kirby 732, 1, MTQ G 56422. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: off Port Essington, Cobourg Peninsula, depth unknown, 1, NTM C 8039. Types. The holotype is deposited at USNM (60512); paratypes are split between USNM and BPBM. Type Locality: 20 ° 43.7 ' N 156 ° 54.6 ' W (Lanai, Hawaiian Islands), 64 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFF35B910FB83FEF3.taxon	description	Types. Five of the six syntypes are deposited at ZMA. Type Locality: Celebes and Banda Seas, 115 – 304 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFF35B910FB83FEF3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens from two “ Karubar ” stations (61, 86) were incorrectly reported by Cairns & Zibrowius (1997) as from off Tanimbar Islands, whereas they are more correctly attributed to the continental shelf off Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFC67BFCFFC49FD59.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 628; paratypes are split between NZOI and USNM. Type Locality: 32 ° 10.5 ' S 167 ° 21.2 ' E (Wanganella Bank, southern Norfolk Ridge), 449 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFC67BFCFFC49FD59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimen reported herein is the largest known thus far, measuring 11.9 × 11.2 mm in CD and 11.8 mm in height.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFC75BA72FA8AFAD4.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NZOI H 626; paratypes are split among NZOI, USNM, and AM. Type Locality: 31 ° 25.9 ' S 159 ° 02.2 ' E (off Lord Howe Island), 183 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFC9ABBD6FC38F9E0.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes are deposited at NMW (not seen). Type Locality: Pandanon, west coast of Bohol, Philippines, 27 – 54 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318772595DFC91B8E2FB75F846.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1327. Type Locality: 5 ° 43.5 ' N 119 ° 40 ' E (Sulu Sea), 522 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC9ABAD4FBE1F994.taxon	description	Fig. 5 E	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC9ABAD4FBE1F994.taxon	description	Types. Four syntypes are deposited at BM, one numbered 1880.11.25.163. Type Locality: 5 ° 49 ' 15 " S 132 ° 14 ' 15 " E (off Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFCBAB863FA89F872.taxon	description	New records. None. Types. The deposition of the holotype is not certain, but many paratypes are deposited at NMV (Stranks, 1993) and SAM (Cairns & Parker, 1992), and several are also at AM (G 12059, G 11830). Type Locality: various unspecified localities from the Verco collection off South Australia, 16 – 40 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFEE8BEC9FEFBF876.taxon	description	Figs. 5 A, B	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFEE8BEC9FEFBF876.taxon	description	Description. Corallum ceratoid, attached through a slender (PD: GCD = 0.32 – 0.49), elongate pedicel and a thin encrusting base. Holotype 7.8 × 6.8 mm in CD and 14.7 mm in height, having a PD of 3.6 mm. Upper part of corallum slightly flared; calice elliptical (GCD: LCD = 1.09 – 1.21). Calicular margin lancetted, each pair of CS 4 adjacent to the 6 CS 1 forming a rectangular projection on the calicular margin, a smaller lancet corresponding to the CS 2 and their adjacent CS 4. Costal granules on lower half of corallum low but arranged in faint transverse rows, whereas granules on upper half of corallum arranged on longitudinally oriented costae. Edge zone narrow, extending only about 2.5 mm from calicular edge, below which many kinds of encrusting organisms attach to the corallum, e. g., hydroids, foraminifera, serpulids, sponges, bryozoans, and small bivalves. Corallum uniformly white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles according to the formula: S 1> S 2> S 4> S 3, but few coralla have the full complement of 48 septa and there is no direct relationship between GCD and number of septa. For example, one of the smallest coralla (GCD = 5.5 mm) has 48 septa, whereas the largest corallum (GCD = 8.8 mm) has only 40 septa; the holotype has 42 septa. S 1 are highly exsert (1.7 – 2.1 mm), have straight to only slightly sinuous axial edges, and in old specimens can be quite thick. S 2 less exsert (about 1.2 mm) and about 80 % the width of an S 1. S 3 about 0.4 mm exsert but dimorphic in width, those S 3 flanked by S 4 being the smallest of the septa (about 65 % width of an S 1), but those S 3 unflanked by S 4 being almost as wide as an S 1. S 4 also dimorphic in width, those adjacent to an S 1 being slightly wider than the S 3 they flank, those adjacent to an S 2 being equal to or only slightly wider than the adjacent S 3. A lamellar palus about 0.4 mm in width occurs before each S 3 and is aligned with that septum; occasionally a second P 3 occurs slightly closer to the columella. P 1 and P 2 are less distinctive, shaped as a papilla circular in cross section and about 0.2 mm in diameter, which is aligned with the axial edge of each S 1, but P 2 are difficult to distinguish. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a papillose columella of 6 – 10 spiny elements indistinguishable from the P 1.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFEE8BEC9FEFBF876.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Trochocyathus wellsi is easily distinguished from Tethocyathus virgatus by its lack of epitheca, white corallum, lancetted calicular edge, and its smaller corallum size and ceratoid shape. It also differs in its poorly defined palar ring structure, which distinguishes it from all other species of Trochocyathus and may be justification for ultimately placing it in a different genus.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFEE8BEC9FEFBF876.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of John W. Wells, who first examined this species and who significantly added to our knowledge of deep-water Australian corals (Wells, 1958, 1964).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFEE8BEC9FEFBF876.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the region off Brisbane, Queensland, 75 – 86 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC9ABEC9FBA9FEEA.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at NZOI (H 629). Type Locality: 30 ° 05.2 ' S 178 ° 10.2 ' W (off Macauley Island, Kermadec Ridge), 1450 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC75BFC9FB64FC7E.taxon	description	Figs. 5 C, D	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC75BFC9FB64FC7E.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Institute Oceanology, Moscow. Type Locality: 23 ° 32 ' N 157 ° 23 ' E (Marcus Necker Ridge), 1420 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318773595CFC75BFC9FB64FC7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As Cairns (1999 a: 90) pointed out, Vaughanella oreophila is distinguished from V. concinna by having a smaller corallum, less septa (no S 5), and in lacking P 3, which are quite prominent in V. concinna. Vaughanella oreophila does have well-developed P 1 and P 2, which are rudimentary in V. concinna. These are believed to be the first valid records of this species subsequent to its original description from the Markus Necker Ridge.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318771595EFEFEBEC9FAB7FDEB.taxon	description	Figs. 5 F – H, 6 A – C Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 20 ° 14.49 ' S 151 ° 47.53 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 342 m, (type locality), AM G 16743. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 8 (Marion Plateau), 1, USNM 1008829; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 12, USNM 1008830; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 48: 43 (including SEM stub 1005), USNM 1008831, 2, ZMUZ, 3, WAM Z 20515; Franklin, 03 / 99 / 12, 3, USNM 1008832; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 1, USNM 1008833; 12 ° 28.3 ' S 130 ° 50.95 ' E (Darwin Harbour), depth unknown, 3, NTM 8138. Description. Corallum conical and fairly slender (H: D = 1.62 – 1.88), with a circular calice and blunt base. Holotype (and largest specimen) 2.76 mm in CD and 4.55 mm in height. C 1 – 2 extend from base to calice; C 3 originate independently about 1.3 mm above the base, the C 4 about 1.7 mm above the base. Proximal to the origin of each C 3 is a short costal ridge about 0.35 – 0.45 mm in length that is initially aligned with the C 3 but distally is curved outward toward its adjacent S 1, terminating in the intercostal groove that will be aligned with the future C 4, altogether resulting in a zone of 12 such short costal ridges at a height of 1.0 – 1.4 mm above the base (Fig. 6 C). In upper corallum C 1 – 3 equal in width (about 65 µm), whereas C 4 are about half this width, but all costae equal in height and exsertness. But in the basal part of the corallum, below the origin of the C 4, the C 1 – 3 usually bear thin, continuous lateral ridges that project into the intercostal groove nearly obscuring it and essentially doubling the width of these costae. Intercostal grooves about 75 µm in width near calicular edge and bridged by regularly spaced bars, each bar 60 – 70 µm in width, delimiting rather deep, elliptical pits that are up to 100 × 70 µm in diameter, the greater diameter aligned with the groove. Approximately 20 pits occur in each intercostal groove adjacent to a C 1. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 complete cycles (24 septa) having the septal formula: S 1> S 2> S 3. S 1 highly exsert (up to 0.3 mm), with extremely sinuous axial edges (Fig. 5 F) that reach almost to the cental palar structure; S 1 about 60 µm thick at calicular edge. S 2 equally exsert, about 90 % width of an S 1, also having quite sinuous axial edges. S 3 less exsert (0.15 mm), about 75 % the width of an S 1, and have sinuous axial edges that fuse with the axial edges of their adjacent S 2 deep in the fossa, not easily visible in an intact specimen. Although C 4 are well developed, there is no trace of S 4. In fact, the region that would correspond to an S 4 is slightly grooved internally (Fig. 5 F). All septa bear tall (up to 50 µm), rounded granules on their faces arranged in rows in the crests of the septal undulations. Centre of fossa occupied by 6 robust, lamellar P 2, each about 0.25 mm in width, the axial edges of the 6 P 2 fused together and altogether forming a single robust axial structure that rises to the level of the calicular edge.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318771595EFEFEBEC9FAB7FDEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As seen in Table 5, C. formosus is distinguished from the two other Recent species in the genus by having flanged costae; tall, but slender C 4; sinuous septal axial edges; and pali that rise to the edge of the calice. Not noted in the table is the peculiarity that most specimens bear 12 short, disjunct C 3 near the base of the corallum.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318771595EFC7BBD60FBD8FA1D.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 31 – 85; paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, and MNHN (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 19 ° 34.5 ' S 116 ° 08 ' E (off Glomar Shoal, NW of Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia), 101 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318771595EFC7BBD60FBD8FA1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The additional specimens reported herein are considerably larger than those of the type series, the largest 3.25 mm in CD and 7.7 mm in height, but the coralla are distinctively slender (high D: H) and have deeply recessed paliform lobes (see Table 5).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FF29BEC9FEF8FC68.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes of C. zelandiae are BM 1890.2.27.2 – 3. Type Locality: Cook Strait, New Zealand (but see Cairns, 1995), depth unknown. The holotype of C. scrobiculatus is NMV P 27097. Type Locality: Eocene of Spring Creek, near Geelong, Victoria. The holotype of T. australiensis is presumed to be at BM, but has not been examined. Type Locality: Port Jackson, NSW, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FF2FBA73FADBFEB9.taxon	description	Figs. 6 D, E	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FF2FBA73FADBFEB9.taxon	description	Cyathotrochus pileus. – Cairns, 1997: 16 (NT, new combination, synonymy); 1998: 392 (WA); 1999 a: 110 – 111 (remarks) New records. NEW SOUTH WALES: 31 ° 01.9 ' S 153 ° 13.9 ' E, 274 m, 1, AM G 15536; 32 ° 55 ' S 152 ° 34 ' E (east of New Castle), 292 m, 2 July 1959, 1, AM G 15415; 34 ° 03 ' S 151 ° 10 ' E (off Cronulla), depth and date unknown, 2, AM G 15322 and G 15416. — QUEENSLAND: Kimbla 3, 5, AM G 16602; Kimbla 15, 1, AM G 16580; Cidaris I 43 - 2, 10, MTQ G 55740; Cidaris I 46 - 3, 3, MTQ G 55741; Cidaris I 47 - 2, 4, MTQ G 55742; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 1, USNM 1008745. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Bhagwan 1, 1, WAM Z 13052; Bhagwan 17, 9, WAM Z 13197; Bhagwan 18, 12, WAM Z 13130 and Z 13183; Lady Basten 103403, 2, WAM Z 16017. Types. Four syntypes of T. pileus are ZMA Coel. 7352 and 1326. Type Locality: 5 ° 43 ' N 119 ° 40 ' E (Sulu Archipelago), 522 m. The holotype of E. australiae (Figs. 6 D, E) is deposited at the Macleay Museum. Type Locality: Port Stephens, NSW, 146 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FF2FBA73FADBFEB9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although Endopachys australiae has nomenclatural priority over C. pileus by several decades, that name was never used a valid name after its original description, whereas pileus has been widely used and accepted for this common deep-sea coral. Thus, according to article 23.9.1 of the ICZN (1999), Endopachys australiae is considered to be a nomen oblitum and C. pileus to be a nomen protectum.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FCAFBF1CFC3AFCFF.taxon	description	New records. SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 40 (Gifford Guyot), 4, AM G 15501 and G 15558. — QUEENSLAND: Cidaris I 43 - 2, 1, MTQ G 56428. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: “ San Pedro Sound ”, 9 ° 30 ' S 132 ° 34 ' E, 124 m, 1, AM G 15268. — WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Bhagwan 15, 1, WAM Z 13175. Types. The holotype appears to be lost (Zibrowius, 1980). Type Locality: 34 ° 12 ' N 136 ° 20 ' E (southeastern Honshu, Japan), 95 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5960FCB3BDD4FC72F94C.taxon	description	Types. Dunocyathus parasiticus: The holotype, labelled as “ Paracyathus australiae TW ” (an unpublished binomen), is deposited at the Macleay Museum. Type Locality: off Port Jackson, NSW, 45 fathoms (= 82 m). Deltocyathus rotaeformis: Although Tenison-Woods cited only 6 syntypes for this species, 18 syntypes are listed at AM G 7020. Type Locality: Port Stephens, NSW, 71 fathoms (= 130 m).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5963FC5AB8A7FE20F8D7.taxon	description	Figs. 6 F – J Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, AM G 16744. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 8, 2 (including SEM 1001), USNM 1008835; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 2, USNM 1008836; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 21: 17, USNM 1008837, 2, WAM Z 20516, and 2, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 2, USNM 1008838; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 14, 1, USNM 1008839. Type Locality: 20 ° 14.490 ' S 151 ° 47.530 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 342 m. Description. Corallum (anthocyathus) solitary, ceratoid to trochoid in shape (edge angle 30 – 35 °), with a blunt, rounded, unattached base. Largest specimen (holotype) 4.4 × 4.1 mm in CD and 4.8 mm in height. Calice slightly elliptical, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.07 to 1.14. Costae straight and continuous from calice to a point approximately 0.6 – 0.8 mm above the base, which corresponds to a corallum diameter of about 1.9 – 2.0 mm. This basal region is sometimes delimited by a faint circumferential line, below which the corallum bears 20 – 30 small (0.15 – 0.20 mm tall), triangular spines (Fig. 6 H), and is assumed to be the region of the anthocyathus that is immersed in the basal anthocaulus just before dehiscence, although an anthocaulus has not been definitely identified in the material at hand. Costae near calice rectangular in cross section, as in D. parasiticus, with flat granular tops about 0.20 mm in width and vertical edges, but toward the base the costae become more triangular in cross section. Two mammiform granules occur across the width of a costa near the calice; granules 0.06 – 0.08 mm in diameter. Upper edges of costae exsert, projecting approximately 0.30 mm above the calicular edge, and alternate in position with the septa, as is characteristic for the genus. Intercostal grooves are wide (up to 0.25 mm near the calice) and flat (Fig. 6 J). Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 cycles (24 septa) according to the formula: S 1> S 2 >> S 3, the full third cycle present in a corallum as small as GCD 2.7 mm. S 1 up to 0.5 mm exsert and have very sinuous axial edges, which in turn are bordered by very slender (0.15 – 0.20 mm) paliform lobes. S 2 only slightly less exsert and wide as the S 1, also having very sinuous axial edges, but bordered by much larger and taller paliform lobes, the width up to 0.50 mm, or about the same width as the septa they border. S 3 less exsert, rising just above the level of the exsert costae, and are very narrow, having a finer axial edge sinuosity and a laciniate axial margin. Fossa relatively shallow, the upper edges of the P 2 rising to the level of the calicular edge. The 6 P 2 form a crown encircling a small papillose columella composed of 1 – 4 interconnected elements.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5963FC5AB8A7FE20F8D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Only one other species is known in this genus, Dunocyathus parasiticus Tenison-Woods, 1878, also known only from eastern Australia. They are similar in costal morphology, and septal and palar configuration and the fact that they have alternating costae and septa, but differ primarily regarding corallum shape, the anthocyathus of D. wallaceae being conical, that of D. parasiticus tympanoid (discoidal). Dunocyathus wallaceae also differs in having a tuberculate base, a coarser costal granulation, a slightly elliptical calice (that of D. parasiticus is circular), and less well-developed S 3.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5963FC5AB8A7FE20F8D7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of Carden Wallace (MTQ), for her contributions to scleractinian taxonomy.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874F5963FC5AB8A7FE20F8D7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Marion Plateau, Queensland, 320 – 414 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874C5963FF00B93CFB5CFEA1.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (USNM 81894) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 6 ° 44 ' 45 " N 121 ° 48 ' E (Sulu Sea off Basilan Island), 46 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874C5962FC69BFE2FD75FD64.taxon	description	Figs. 7 A – G	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874C5962FC69BFE2FD75FD64.taxon	description	New records. VICTORIA: Balcombian (Late Miocene) of Port Philipp, 15 including SEM 1003, USNM 67981. — QUEENSLAND (Marion Plateau): Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 4, USNM 1008759; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 18: 17 (including SEM 1002) USNM 1008764 and 1, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 2, USNM 1008760; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 6, USNM 1008761. Types. Dennant reported this species to be abundant in the fossil record of South Australia, and designated a single specimen as type (holotype), but Bell (1981) listed syntypes as NMV P 27082. Type Locality: Eocene of South Australia.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874C5962FC69BFE2FD75FD64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (of Recent specimens). Corallum conical and slightly compressed, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.13 – 1.27. Largest corallum (Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11) 3.77 × 2.98 mm in CD and 5.67 mm in height. Costae rounded and equal in width (0.15 – 0.18 mm), covered by low spines 30 – 35 µm in height that project outward from the costae as well as laterally into the intercostal spaces. Intercostal furrows quite deep, about the same width as a costa (0.15 mm) and periodically bridged by slender bars about 75 µm in width, delimiting depressions 0.11 – 0.13 mm in length. Although these depressions appear to be pores, they do not penetrate the theca and are thus more properly termed pits. Most costae run from calice to base, but the medial C 2 is part of a costal trifurcation involving its pair of flanking C 3, the trifurcation occurring just above the base (Fig. 7 E). Another trifurcation involves the S 3 in each of the four end halfsystems and their adjacent pairs of C 4, these trifurcations occurring half to three-quarters of the distance from the calice to the base. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 cycles with an additional 4 pairs of S 4 in the end half-systems, for a total of 32 septa. The 6 S 1 and 2 medial S 2 are equal in size, highly exsert (about 1 mm), and have slightly sinuous axial edges. The other 4 S 2 are equally exsert but only about 85 % the width of an S 1. The 4 S 3 in the 4 end half-systems are accelerated in size to about 75 % the width of an S 1, and each is flanked by a pair of S 4. Their axial edges bend toward and fuse with their adjacent S 2. The remaining 8 S 3 and the 8 pairs of S 4 are of equal exsertness (0.3 mm) and width (about 50 % width of an S 1). Axial edges of S 1 – 2 and accelerated S 3 are fused to a horizontal, central columella platform from which 2 – 4 slender columella papillae arise. Fossa very shallow, the columellar platform almost at the level of the calice.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874C5962FC69BFE2FD75FD64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Four species of Foveolocyathus are known (Cairns, 1997): two Recent species endemic to eastern Australia and two Tertiary (Eocene to Miocene) species endemic to southern Australia. The shape of the corallum (GCD: LCD = 1.13 – 1.27) and number of septa (32) rule out an identification as either of the two Recent species, as well as one of the fossil species. The specimens described above are remarkably similar to the fossil species F. kitsoni, heretofore known only from the Eocene of South Australia and herein reported from the Late Miocene (Balcombian) and Victoria (Figs. 7 C, D, F). Although Dennant (1901) described the species based on a type with a GCD of 5.5 mm and having 40 septa, coralla less than 4.0 mm in GCD (e. g., some from USNM 67981), have only 30 – 32 septa arranged in the same manner as the Recent specimens, all of which are less than 4 mm in GCD and have 32 septa. Furthermore, the GCD: LCD range of 1.13 – 1.27 is consistent with that of the fossil specimens, 1.14 – 1.31 (including those from USNM 67981). The only substantive difference between the fossil and Recent specimens is that the intercostal width of the fossil coralla is only about half that (i. e., 65 – 80 µm) of the Recent specimens (Figs. 7 F, G), which produces intercostal pits that are elongate (i. e., twice as long as wide) instead of circular, as in the Recent coralla. Even with this difference, the Recent specimens are considered to be morphologically indistinguishable in most respects from those in the Miocene, and thus is identified as such.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FEFDBD66FF7BFA25.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. The specimen incorrectly designated as neotype of Trematotrochus verconis by Cairns & Parker (1992): SAM 542. Type Locality: Cape Borda, Kangaroo Island, 101 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FEFDBD66FF7BFA25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As explained below, my previous concept of F. verconis was re-evaluated when I examined the rediscovered type material of T. verconis and realized that it was conspecific with Foveolocyathus alternans Cairns & Parker, 1992. Thus, the species F. alternans becomes a junior synonym of F. verconis, and the species I had understood as F. verconis and for which I designated a neotype (Cairns & Parker, 1982) requires a new name. For this species, fully described and illustrated by Cairns & Parker (1992) and Cairns (1998), I now rename Foveolocyathus parkeri, in honour of Shane Parker.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FEFDBD66FF7BFA25.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Australia and South Australia; 73 – 183 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FF30BBBEFC67FBBF.taxon	description	New records. TASMANIA: Tangaroa 81 - T- 1 - 162, 1, NMV F 67803; Tangaroa 81 - T- 1 - 194, 1, NMV F 67822; 81 - T- 1 - 201, 2, USNM 92995. — NEW SOUTH WALES: Thetis 49, 2, AM G 11963. — QUEENSLAND: Gillett Cay, Swain Reef, 64 – 73 m (station VI), 1, AM G 15381. Types. Dennant (1904: 6) described the species based on “ the type ” (= holotype) and an unspecified number of worn specimens from St. Vincent Gulf and Backstairs Passage. The holotype was stated to measure 6 × 3 mm in CD and 7.3 mm in height. Not able to find type material of Trematotrochus verconis Dennant, 1904, Cairns & Parker (1992) established a neotype (SAM H 542) from the Verco collection that was collected close to the type locality. From Dennant’s figures, they inferred that Dennant included two species in his description: a species having 40 septa and 4 size classes of septa, which Cairns & Parker considered to be typical T. verconis, and a species with a more elongate corallum and more septa, and only 3 size classes of septa, which they named T. alternans n. sp. But, a year later, Stranks (1993) discovered 17 of the purported types of T. verconis at the NMV (F 43270). Ironically, all of these type specimens, including one that corresponds to the exact measurement of the holotype (recently recatalogued as F 96127), correspond to the species Cairns & Parker described as T. alternans. According to the ICZN (1999: article 75.8), a neotype must be set aside if the original type material is discovered, so F. verconis is the name that must apply to the species having the more elongate calice and higher number of septa arranged in three size classes (F. alternans sensu Cairns & Parker, 1992). Thus, a new name must be provided for the species referred to as F. verconis by Cairns & Parker (1992), i. e., F. parkeri. The holotype of F. alternans is deposited at the SAM (H 547); paratypes are also deposited at the SAM, NNM, NMV, and USNM. Type Locality: St. Francis Island, South Australia, 27 – 37 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FC9BBA14FC46F903.taxon	description	Fig. 7 H	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5962FC9BBA14FC46F903.taxon	description	Types. The holotype appears to be lost (Stranks, 1993), although Bell (1981) lists a “ hypotype ” at NMV (P 12431) and Stranks (1993) lists two specimens as possible types also at NMV. Type Locality: Backstairs Passage, South Australia, 40 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874D5964FC8BB890FDC6FEBE.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is NMV P 27086. Type Locality: Middle Miocene of Muddy Creek, Victoria.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FED8BF04FB76FBE2.taxon	description	Figs. 7 I – K, 8 A – C Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 05 / 89 / 40, AM G 16699. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11 (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 3, USNM 1008840; Bathus 4 – 883 (southwest of New Caledonia), 1, USNM 1008841. Type Locality: 26 ° 45.27 ' S 159 ° 30.59 ' E (Gifford Guyot, LHSMC), 315 – 360 m. Description. Corallum (anthocyathus) compressed-conical, having rounded thecal faces and edges, the latter diverging at an angle of about 25 °, although this measurement is masked by the prominent edge spines. Largest specimen (holotype) 4.21 × 3.45 mm in CD and 4.85 mm in height. Calice elliptical, the GCD: LCD of larger specimens 1.2 – 1.3, whereas smaller coralla are more circular (GCD: LCD 1.1 – 1.2). Base of corallum terminates in a crescent-shaped scar, measuring 1.5 – 2.0 × 1.2 – 1.3 mm, which, in one paratype was overgrown by theca. Costae flat to slightly convex, smooth, often porcellaneous, 0.40 – 0.50 mm in width, alternating in position with the septa. Intercostal grooves narrow (0.04 – 0.06 mm) and fairly shallow, one corresponding to the midline of each septum. Prominent thecal edge spines occur on each thecal edge just above the basal scar, projecting perpendicular to the corallum as much as 3.4 mm in length and 1.5 mm in basal diameter. These spines appear to be a composite of 2 spines, a smaller lower spine having a distal diameter of about 0.25 mm and an upper larger spine having a diameter of about 0.5 mm, both having a common base and thus bifurcating distally. Each of these large spines is covered by 6 costae, the 3 on each side of a principal septum: the pair of costae that flank a principal septum cover the upper part of the spine; the costal pair adjacent to that cover the sides of the spine; and the costal pair adjacent to those fuse and cover the lower part of the spine. In the 2 larger coralla examined, just distal (0.5 mm up) to these basal thecal spines is an indication of another, much smaller spine, but in both specimens this spine was broken and occurred on only one side of the corallum. Corallum white. Anthocaulus unknown. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 complete cycles (24 septa) according to the formula: S 1 – 2> S 3. S 1 have vertical, extremely sinuous axial edges that reach about half way to the columella; rounded upper edges that rise about 0.4 mm above the uppermost calicular edge; and outer edges that curve downward before meeting the theca, resulting in a thin, very delicate thecal rim extending only about 0.15 mm above the point at which the septa join the theca. S 3 less exsert, about three-quarters width but much thinner than S 1 – 2, also having sinuous axial edges. All septa bear prominent horizontal carinae on their faces, sometimes corresponding to the summits of the septal undulations, but sometimes occurring on opposite sides of a septum and wrapping around the axial edge, thus producing a small platform around the septum which usually overlaps with the platform of adjacent septa at a slightly different level. Paliform lobes of 3 size classes occur before the first 2 cycles of septa, forming an elliptical crown of 12 elements. The 2 smallest paliform lobes occur before the principal S 1, and are about as wide as they are thick. The other 4 P 1 are about 3 times the width of a principal P 1. The 6 P 2 are about 1.5 times as wide as the larger P 1 and rise slightly higher in the fossa. All paliform lobes highly sinuous and ridged, like the septa, the characteristic horizontal septal platforms also present on the faces of the paliform lobes, often continuous with those of the septa. Fossa absent, the paliform lobes and columella rising to the calicular edge. Columella consists of 4 or 5 linearly arranged, twisted papillae.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FED8BF04FB76FBE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three previously described species of Idiotrochus are recognized (Cairns, 1997): I. emarciatus Duncan, 1865 (Oligocene – Recent, Victoria and South Australia), I. australis (Duncan, 1865) (Middle Miocene, Victoria); and I. kikutii (Yabe & Eguchi, 1941) (western Pacific). The calicular (septa, paliform lobes, columella) and costal characteristics of these three species, as well as I. alatus, are remarkably similar, the species being differentiated essentially on the shape of their coralla. Idiotrochus alatus is most similar to I. australis (Figs. 8 D, E) in corallum shape, both species having prominent thecal spines and a similar corallum size. Idiotrochus alatus differs in a variety of small ways, including having: two pairs of spines that are horizontally oriented (vs one pair oriented obliquely downward in I. australis), a thin thecal rim, thinner intercostal grooves, and platform-like septal carinae. Furthermore, the costae of I. australis are slightly granular, and large specimens have a vestigial costa associated with each principal S 1, which continues down to the basal spine.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FED8BF04FB76FBE2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. alatus, Latin for “ winged ”, an allusion to the prominent thecal edge spines.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FED8BF04FB76FBE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Marion Plateau, Queensland; Gifford Guyot; southwest of New Caledonia; 315 – 450 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FC9FBAF1FB58F844.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of S. emarciatus is BM R 29276. Type Locality: Miocene of Muddy Creek, Hamilton, Victoria. The holotype of S. excicus is considered to be the same as that of S. emarciatus. Nine syntypes were reported for S. emarciatus var. perexigua, six of which are deposited at SAM, NNM, and USNM (Cairns, & Parker, 1992; Stranks, 1993). Type Localities: Neptune Island, Cape Jaffa, and Beachport, South Australia, 82 – 238 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031874B5964FC9FBAF1FB58F844.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Sphenotrochus excicus Duncan, 1870 is herein considered to be a junior objective synonym of S. emarciatus Duncan, 1865 because the descriptions (and figures) of both species are identical. One must assume that Duncan forgot that he had previously published this account in 1865 and inadvertently renamed it five years later.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FF4ABEC9FD03FCEC.taxon	description	New records. Queensland (Marion Plateau): Franklin 03 / 99 / D 8, 2, USNM 1008746; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 206, USNM 1008748; Franklin 03 / 99 / 11, 416: 396, USNM 1008768, 10, WAM Z 20518, and 10, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 8, USNM 1008765; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 27, USNM 1008767; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 14, 9, USNM 1008766. Types. Six syntypes are TIUS 63088. Type Locality: Toyama Bay, Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FF4ABEC9FD03FCEC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The “ new species ” alluded to by Cairns & Parker (1992: 41) and Cairns (1997: 21), AM G 15236, from Queensland at 150 m, originally thought to be different because of having basal thecal spines, is herein re-identified as I. kikutii, not I. alatus. From the many additional specimens available for study, it was noted that about 2.5 % of the specimens possess short thecal spines, similar to those found on both specimens from AM 15236, but are easily differentiated from I. alatus in having parallel thecal edges and faces; only one set of thecal spines, which are considerable smaller; and a smaller corallum size.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEB3BDC7FEDAF949.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corallum ceratoid and cornute, with a pointed base. Calice elliptical in cross section; GCD up to 3.25 mm. Costae broad and rounded, bearing tiny spines laterally; intercostal regions deep and narrow, not pitted or porous; most of theca covered by a thin epitheca. Higher cycle costae originate by trifurcation; costae correspond to septa; C: S = 1. Septa exsert and hexamerally arranged in 4 incomplete cycles. Paliform lobes present before S 2 and sometimes P 3. Columella papillose.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEB3BDC7FEDAF949.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Lissotrochus curvatus, here designated.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEB3BDC7FEDAF949.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the 28 turbinoliid genera (Cairns, 1997), Lissotrochus is most similar to Cryptotrochus and Pleotrochus, all three genera having an imperforate theca without transverse division, P 2, a papillose columella, and four cycles of septa. But, Lissotrochus is quite different from both genera in its cornute, ceratoid shape; smooth (not serrate) costae; elliptical (not round) calice; presence of both P 2 and P 3 as paliform lobes; and in having an extensive epithecal covering. It is further distinguished from Pleotrochus by having costal trifurcations and the same number of costae as septa, and from Cryptotrochus by having independently arranged septa.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEB3BDC7FEDAF949.taxon	etymology	Etymology. lissos, Greek for “ smooth ” + trochos, Greek for “ wheel ”, the latter a common suffix of coral generic names., an allusion to the smooth epitheca of this genus. Gender: masculine.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEE5B8ABFAE0F9F0.taxon	description	Figs. 8 F – K Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, AM G 16745. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 25, USNM 1008843; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 116: 108 (including SEM 1008 and 1009), USNM 1008844, 3, WAM Z 20517, and 5, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 10, USNM 1008845; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 4, USNM 1008846. Type Locality: 20 ° 14.49 ' S 151 ° 47.53 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 342 m. Description. Corallum ceratoid, cornute (usually curved about 45 ° in plane of GCD), and free, the base pointed and about 0.30 – 0.45 mm in diameter. Largest corallum 3.25 × 2.95 mm in CD and 9.7 mm in height, the holotype being slightly smaller: 2.98 × 2.55 mm in CD and 9.2 mm in height. Calice slightly elliptical, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.06 – 1.21. Sides of corallum almost completely covered by a thin, smooth epitheca, so thin that the underlying costae are clearly outlined, allowing the observation that the C 4 originate by trifurcation with the C 3 on the lower third of the corallum. The epitheca terminates about 0.3 mm from the calicular edge, distal to which are costae 0.12 – 0.15 mm wide and separated by deep, thin (0.03 – 0.04 mm) intercostal grooves characteristic of a turbinoliid. The sides of the costae bear very small (20 µm tall) blunt spines (Fig. 8 K). Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 incomplete cycles according to the formula: S 1> S 2 – 3> S 4. Most coralla above a GCD of 2.0 mm contain 44 septa, lacking 2 pairs of S 4 on opposites sides of the lateral half-systems. Only one corallum of GCD 2.41 had more septa: 46. A corallum of a GCD 1.8 mm has 36 septa and one of GCD 1.30 has 24. All S 4 pairs are inserted into the end half-systems before any occur in the lateral half-systems. S 1 moderately exsert (0.65 mm), having vertical sinuous axial edges. S 2 – 3 less exsert, about 80 % the width of an S 1, also having sinuous axial edges. In some specimens, S 3 slightly less wide then S 2. S 4 least exsert septa, about 65 % width of an S 1, and have straight axial edges. Fossa shallow, containing a variable number of elements ranging from 2 to 18. In most coralla there are 6 paliform lobes (P 2) forming an elliptical crown before the S 2, each of which is irregular in shape (not lamellar) and about 0.15 mm in diameter. Most coralla also have 2 – 6 larger (0.3 mm in diameter), similarly irregularlyshaped rods arranged in a rhomboidal to linear pattern, some, but not all, seemingly adjacent to various S 1, resulting in a total of 8 – 12 fossular elements. These larger rods are interpreted as columellar rods. Finally, in a low percentage of coralla (e. g., the holotype), there is a small rod before some of the S 3 that are flanked by pairs of S 4, the largest number being eight in the holotype. These are interpreted as paliform lobes and not pali, the latter the result of septal substitution, as their presence is very erratic and often absent even when pairs of S 4 are present. The holotype has 6 P 2, 8 P 3, and 4 columellar elements, for a total of 18 fossular elements (Figs. 8 F, G).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEE5B8ABFAE0F9F0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. curvatus, Latin “ curved ”, an allusion to the curved corallum of this species.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FEE5B8ABFAE0F9F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Marion Plateau, Queensland, 342 – 367 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187495966FC8AB8E2FA18F844.taxon	description	New records. Queensland (Marion Plateau): Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 1, USNM 1008597; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 14, 1, USNM 1008598. Types. Three of four syntypes are ZMA Coel. 1244. Type Locality: 10 ° 22.7 ' S 123 ° 16.5 ' E (Savu Sea, Indonesia), 390 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FF14BEC9FF64FE7D.taxon	description	New record. QUEENSLAND: Cidaris I 43 - 2, 9, MTQ G 56429.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FF14BEC9FF64FE7D.taxon	materials_examined	Type. The holotype is deposited at the MCZ (unnumbered). Type Locality: 24 ° 12 ' 40 " N 81 ° 19 ' 25 " W (Straits of Florida), 433 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FF39BC64FE36FCD7.taxon	description	New record. QUEENSLAND: Cidaris I 43 - 2, 1, MTQ G 56430. Types. Sixty-one syntypes are deposited at TIUS. Type Localities: Neogene of Taiwan and Recent of Toyama Bay, Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FF34BDCAFDB5FA3F.taxon	description	Types. The lectotype, designated by Cairns & Parker (1992), is deposited at the Macleay Museum; the paralectotype, which is Foveolocyathus verconis, is AM G 7024. Type Locality: off Port Stephens, 130 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FEF8BBA9FE93F84A.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are deposited at NMV (P 27094). Type Locality: Middle Miocene (Balcombian) of Muddy Creek, Victoria.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FC9EBEC9FA03FE65.taxon	description	New records. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: PL 94 - 58, 1, QUO; PL 94 - 63, 1, QUO; St. Vincent Gulf, depth unknown, 2, AM G 12062. Types. The holotype is SAM H 569; additional paratypes are split among SAM, NNM, NMV, and USNM. Type Locality: St. Francis Island, South Australia, 27 – 37 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465969FC85BC7EFA85FCB8.taxon	description	New records. None. Types. The holotype is deposited at SAM (H 589); additional paratypes are split between SAM and USNM. Type Locality: Backstairs Passage, South Australia, 40 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465968FC22BD0AFEFCFC0D.taxon	description	Figs. 9 A – F	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465968FC22BD0AFEFCFC0D.taxon	description	Description. Corallum cuneiform, with planar thecal faces and rounded thecal edges and base, the edges being roughly parallel. Largest specimen (holotype) only 1.43 × 1.02 mm in CD and 2.78 mm in height, but judging from the high frequency of juvenile forms of other turbinoliids taken at this site, this may also represent a sub-adult size. Calice elliptical, the GCD: LCD about 1.4. Costal arrangement distinctive and consistent (Figs. 9 B, C). The 12 C 1 – 2 are continuous, all reaching the base of the corallum. The medial C 2, which bisect the lateral faces, and the principal C 1, which are on the corallum edges, are straight, whereas the 4 C 1 and C 2 on each face between the medial C 2 and principal C 1 curve slightly inward near the base of the corallum and then abruptly outward, producing a moderate sinuosity. C 3 also continuous but do not extend entire distance to the base, their length progressively increasing away from the medial C 2: those C 3 adjacent to the medial C 2 extend about 60 % of the distance to the base, the next pair of C 3 toward the principal C 1 being slightly longer (about 65 % of the distance to the base), and those C 3 directly adjacent to the principal C 1 extend about 75 % to the base. Costae uniform in width and ridge-like, 0.06 – 0.07 mm in width, and separated by broad intercostal spaces about 0.09 mm in width. A series of small pores, each 10 – 11 µm in diameter, occurs along both edges of each intercostal region (Fig. 9 D), each pore separated by 35 – 40 µm from one other and alternating in position from those on the opposite side of the intercostal space. Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 complete cycles, resulting in 24 septa (S 1 – 2> S 3). All specimens reported dead when collected and thus not optimally preserved, but S 1 – 2 equal in exsertness and width, having quite sinuous axial edges, the lower edges of which fuse to the columella in the case of the 6 S 1 – 2 in the lateral corallum position. S 3 considerably smaller and have straight axial edges. Fossa shallow, containing a robust, lamellar columella, the upper edge rising above the calicular edge.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465968FC22BD0AFEFCFC0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the nine Recent species in the nominate subgenus of Sphenotrochus, defined as those species bearing costae that are continuous (not fragmented into numerous short carinae, see Cairns, 1997), S. cuneolus is most similar to S. hancocki Durham & Barnard, 1952, a species known from throughout the tropical Pacific at 18 – 274 m (Cairns, 1989 a). These two species are similar in size and septal and columellar morphology, but S. cuneolus differs in its costal arrangement and in having sinuous axial edges of its S 1 – 2. SSphenotrochus hancocki not only has a different arrangement of costae but also a fragmentation of its costae near the base.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465968FC22BD0AFEFCFC0D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. cuneolus, Latin for “ small wedge ”, an allusion to the small size of this cuneiform coral.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187465968FC22BD0AFEFCFC0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Marion Plateau, Queensland; SuluArchipelago, Philippines; 42 – 342 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FF6FBDEEFBA0FEDC.taxon	description	Figs. 9 G, H	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FF6FBDEEFBA0FEDC.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Macleay Museum; it is uncatalogued. Type Locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, depth unknown. Redescription of holotype. Corallum 5.80 × 4.07 mm in CD (GCD: LCD = 1.43) and 9.44 mm in height. Costae continuous (not fragmented), all costae but the 4 C 3 flanking the medial C 2 reach the base, those 4 C 3 reaching only about 90 % of that distance. Costae on thecal faces wide near calice (0.38 mm), narrowing to about 0.16 mm near the base, but then widening to about 0.60 mm width at the base, producing a slightly bulbous basal region. Edge costae of uniform width, about 0.40 mm. Intercostal grooves deep, about 0.22 mm wide. Vertical faces of costae in region adjacent to calice and base, and entire length of principal costae an the costae that flank principal costae, are finely ridged or fluted, such that about 10 carinae occur every mm. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 cycles (24 septa) according to the formula: S 1 – 2> S 3, but the 4 S 2 adjacent to the principal S 1 are somewhat smaller than those occurring in the lateral systems. S 1 – 2 about 1 mm exsert and have vertical axial edges that bear small teeth that project horizontally into the fossa. S 3 about 0.5 mm exsert, but are essentially vestigial inside the calice. Fossa quite deep, containing a small, deep-set, lamellar columella.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FF6FBDEEFBA0FEDC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is redescribed based on a reexamination of the holotype. It is unique, in that it is known from only one specimen and is quite unlike any of the other nine Recent species belonging to the nominate subgenus of Sphenotrochus. It differs from other species by having a full corallum shape with a relatively high GCD: LCD, a bulbous base, fluted costal edges, and a deeply-set columella. Given the large amount of collecting in the Sydney region since 1878, even though this species is relatively small, it is surprising that it has not been re-collected.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FCADBF2EFC3EFA9A.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of T. petterdi is NMV F 41515; 2 of 8 additional paratypes areAM G 12050. Type Locality: 20 miles (= 32 km) northeast of Port Jackson, New South Wales, 457 m. The holotype of T. multilobatus is USNM 81901; additional paratypes are split among USNM, MNHN, and AM. Type Locality: 5 ° 25 ' 56 " N 120 ° 03 ' 39 " E (off Tawi Tawi, Sulu Archipelago), 507 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FCADBF2EFC3EFA9A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In my original description of T. multilobatus Cairns, 1989, I noted that it was very similar and perhaps conspecific with T. petterdi but seemed to differ from the two paratypes by having wider costae than intercostae. Now that I have examined the holotype, I cannot find any basis to distinguish the two species. The holotype is unusual in that it has six pairs of S 5 contained in only two systems for a total of 60 septa, but its costae are much wider than its intercostae and thus consistent with those described for T. multilobatus.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FC81BB10FAC6F8BA.taxon	description	Figs. 9 I – L	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187475968FC81BB10FAC6F8BA.taxon	description	Types. Four syntypes are deposited at NMV (F 41519) and one is AM G 12049. Type Locality: 20 miles (= 32 km) northeast of Port Jackson, New South Wales, 457 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318747596AFCDCB908FE48FE97.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; additional paratypes are split among MNHN, USNM, NNM, ZMUC, and POLIPI. Type Locality: 5 ° 47 ' 00 " S 132 ° 11 ' 35 " E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 209 – 240 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFCB5BE85FBE4F9C7.taxon	description	New records. TASMANIA: “ Penghana ”, 42 ° 35 ' 40 " S 148 ° 11 ' 20 " E, 825 – 915 m, 25 March 1970, 1, AM G 15939. — VICTORIA: Southern Surveyor 05 / 94 / 43, 4, AM G 15937; Southern Surveyor 05 / 94 / 86, 4, AM G 16497. — NEW SOUTH WALES: Kapala 75 / 08 / 01, 12, AM G 16417; Kapala 75 / 08 / 03, 2, AM G 16418; Kapala 75 / 12 / 07, 1, AM G 16420; Kapala 77 / 01 / 13 – 15, 6, AM G 16437; Kapala 77 / 13 / 10, 1, AM G 16491; Kapala 77 / 23 / 08, 3, AM G 15812; Kapala 78 / 03 / 03, 2, AM G 16399; Kapala 78 / 21 / 06, 1, AM G 16381; Kapala 78 / 21 / 10, 4, AM G 16382; Kapala 78 / 22 / 02, 5, AM G 16407; Kapala 78 / 22 / 04, 20, AM G 16433 and G 16434; Kapala 78 / 22 / 05, 10, AM G 16408; Kapala 78 / 23 / 09, 3, AM G 16375; Kapala 78 / 24 / 02, 12, AM G 16406; Kapala 78 / 26 / 05, many, AM G 16395; Kapala 78 / 26 / 10, 3, AM G 16397; Kapala 78 / 27 / 01, over 60, AM G 16379 and G 16394; Kapala 78 / 27 / 04, 2, AM G 16393; Kapala 78 / 27 / 09, 12, AM G 16385; Kapala 78 / 27 / 13, 10, AM G 16388; Kapala 78 / 27 / 16, 2, AM G 16405; Kapala 79 / 03 / 18, 7, AM G 16455; Kapala 79 / 05 / 01, 2, AM G 16468; Kapala 79 / 05 / 02, 2, AM G 16456; Kapala 79 / 05 / 05, 5, AM G 16458; Kapala 79 / 08 / 06, 1, AM G 16460; Kapala, 79 / 08 / 11, 1, AM G 16469; Kapala 79 / 12 / 07, 6, AM G 16438; Kapala 79 / 12 / 08, 17, AM G 16439; Kapala 79 / 14 / 06, 3, AM G 16442; Kapala 79 / 15 / 01, 3, AM G 16444; Kapala 79 / 15 / 02, 8, AM G 16543; Kapala 79 / 15 / 03, 9, AM G 16445; Kapala 79 / 15 / 05, 2, AM G 16471; Kapala 79 / 17 / 17, 1, AM G 16449; Kapala, 79 / 20 / 08, 2, AM G 16452; Kapala 79 / 20 / 09, 5, AM G 16461; Kapala 79 / 23 / 01, 8, AM G 16466; Kapala 80 / 20 / 11, 16 in AM; Kapala 86 / 01 / 02, 12, AM G 16480; Kapala 95 / 18 / 57, 1, AM G 15864; Thetis 4, 1, AM G 15817; Thetis 17, 1, AM G 15818; Thetis 46, 2, AM G 15816; Thetis 56, 1, AM G 15820; Thetis 57, 3, AM G 15821; NZOI U 208, 5, AM G 16548; Madre 1515, 1 in AM; Franklin 10 / 86 / 05, 4, AM G 15887; Southern Surveyor 05 / 94 / 107, 1, AM G 16495; Southern Surveyor 05 / 94 / 129, 4, AM G 16498. — SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 02 (Gascoyne), 22, AM G 15895; Franklin 05 / 89 / 04 (Gascoyne), 4, AM G 15897 and G 15503; Franklin 05 / 89 / 10 (Derwent Hunter), 1, AM G 15499. — QUEENSLAND: Soela 01 / 86 / 73, 4, NTM C 5343; Cidaris I 41 - 2, 1, MTQ G 55717; Cidaris I 43 - 2, 3, MTQ G 55718; Cidaris I 47 - 3, 1, MTQ G 55719; Moreton Bay, 36 m, 30, USNM 78512; Kimbla 22, 1, AM G 16487; QLD 1256, 1, AM G 15728. Types. Two syntypes are BM 1880.11. 25.81. Type Locality: “ Challenger ” 163 D: 33 ° 57 ' 30 " S 151 ° 39 ' 15 " E (off Twofold Bay, New South Wales), 219 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFC89B82DFB00F846.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 173 – 83; additional paratypes are split between WAM and USNM (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: between Shark Bay and Onslow, Western Australia, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFF0ABA28FD44FA3E.taxon	description	Types. Eighteen syntypes are BM 1883.12.10.110 – 120. Type Locality: Adventure Bank, Mediterranean, 168 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFF42BB95FDC8F849.taxon	description	Types. 38 syntypes are deposited at MCZ (Cairns, 1979). Type Locality: off Florida Keys, 274 – 329 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFF35BF7DFF73FDEC.taxon	description	New record. QUEENSLAND: James Kirby 732, 4, MTQ G 56424. Types. The syntypes are deposited at MNHN. Type Locality: unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318745596AFF2ABCC8FEFEFC44.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: 16 km south of Cape Sidmouth, 24 m, 10, Macleay Museum. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: 11 ° 54 ' S 130 ° 12 ' E, 32 m, 1, USNM 100318. Types. The holotype (45383) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 9 ° 55 ' S 144 ° 02 ' E (Murray Islands, Queensland), 9 – 15 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFF1BBEC9FD4FFE38.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1215. Type Locality: 5 ° 28.4 ' S 132 ° 02 ' E (Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 204 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFF25BF81FC8CFCC5.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is assumed to be lost (Cairns, 1989 a). Type locality: 0 ° 15.5 ' N 98 ° 04 ' E (off western Sumatra), 470 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFEFDBDD4FD9FF9DC.taxon	description	Types. The lectotype (1880.11.25.79) and three of five of the remaining paralectotypes are deposited at BM (1880.11.25.79). Type Locality: 5 ° 49 ' S 132 ° 14 ' E (off Kai Islands, Banda Sea), 256 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFEFDBDD4FD9FF9DC.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of F. coalitum is NMW 8196. Type Locality: Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFEFDB83CFE21F8D4.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (81945) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 12 ° 13 ' 15 " N 124 ° 05 ' 03 " E (Samar Sea, Philippines), 216 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFF1AB921FBEDFDF2.taxon	description	New records. NEW SOUTH WALES: 33 ° 39 ' S 151 ° 30 ' E (Gascoyne, near Sydney), 146 m, May 1989, 2, AM G 15339; 33 ° 30 ' S 151 ° 25 ' E (Cape Three Points), depth and date unknown, 1, AM G 16701. — QUEENSLAND: Kimbla 1, 1, AM G 16337. Types. The holotype is BM 1880.11. 25.84. Type Locality: 39 ° 10 ' S 146 ° 37 ' E (Bass Strait near Wilsons Promontory, Victoria), 70 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFF1AB921FBEDFDF2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The three specimens reported herein are considered to be juvenile specimens of F. transversale, the largest 10.4 mm in GCD and having only 48 septa (S 1 – 2 >> S 3> S 4). In this regard they are similar in size and shape to the subspecies reported as F. transversale conicum Yabe & Eguchi, 1942 from Japan.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFC9DBCF0FB6FFC56.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at AIM; a paratype is also deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 35 ° 04 ' S 174 ° 23.2 ' E (near Cape Brett, New Zealand), 184 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFC58BDADFAADFB6B.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is BM 1880.11. 25.71. Type Locality: 2 ° 33 ' S 144 ° 04 ' E (Admiralty Islands), 1994 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596DFC75BB77FAC8F919.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are ZMB 7086 and 5086. Type Locality: west of Sumatra, eastern Indian Ocean, 614 – 660 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318742596CFCA7B8E9FEF7FD43.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is SAM H 642; additional paratypes are split among SAM, USNM, and NMV. Type Locality: 37 ° 59 ' S 150 ° 05 ' E (off eastern Victoria near border with New South Wales), 452 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFF60BD57FD2BFB84.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Museum of New Zealand (CO 185); the paratype is deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 42 km off Cape Brett, New Zealand, 732 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFF30BA17FD96FAC7.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (40686) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 13 ° 41 ' 50 " N 120 ° 58 ' 30 " E (Verde Island Passage, Philippines), 315 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFF33B957FAE6FEC9.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 81934; paratypes are split between USNM and AM. Type Locality: 13 ° 42 ' 05 " N 120 ° 30 ' 45 " E (South China Sea off Philippines), 772 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFC95BFD2FC37FD2C.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is AM E 3732; of the remaining 12 paratypes, at least 5 are deposited at AM and 2 at USNM. Type Locality: Great Australia Bight, South Australia, 347 – 824 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFC6CBC8BFC63FBDD.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes of P. fuscus are deposited at USNM (Cairns, 1991 b). Type Locality: Hawaiian Islands, 271 m. The holotype of J. pachytheca is NZOI H 631. Type Locality: 30 ° 13.1 ' S 178 ° 32.0 ' W (off Macauley Island, Kermadecs), 610 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFC51BA3EFB16FAE3.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is BM 1973.2. 20.1. Type Locality: 34 ° 13 ' N 136 ° 13 ' E (Japan), 88 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596CFC81BBF8FC78F976.taxon	description	Types. The uncatalogued holotype is deposited at BM. Type Locality: unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596FFCB4B945FE2CFC6D.taxon	description	Figs. 9 M, N, 10 A	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596FFCB4B945FE2CFC6D.taxon	description	Types. The lecto- and paralectotype are deposited at MNHN (designated by Squires, 1963). Type Locality: Cook Strait, New Zealand, 46 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318743596FFCB4B945FE2CFC6D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Both Squires (1963) and Cairns (1995) discounted the presence of Monomyces rubrum from Australia, considering the species to be endemic to New Zealand. Indeed, Crossland’s (1952) report of F. rubrum is herein identified as a Truncatoflabellum, and the report by Tenison-Woods (1878 b: 312) was stated by him to be of “ doubtful ” locality. Nonetheless, six lots including 20 specimens of typical M. rubrum are reported from New South Wales herein, the first substantiated records of the genus from Australia. All specimens were small, not exceeding 12 mm in GCD, and usually having only 48 septa, but all specimens had the typical asymmetrical basal polycyclic development characteristic of the typical form of the species (Fig. 10 A).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318740596FFEDCBA63FBB7FCC8.taxon	description	Figs. 10 B – D Records / Types. Holotype: Cidaris I 30 – 2, MTQ G 55627. Paratypes: Cidaris I 9 – 2, 1, MTQ G 56394; Cidaris I 20 – 2, 1, MTQ G 56396; Cidaris I 30 – 2, 6 (4 in alcohol): 5, MTQ G 56402 – 56403 and 1, USNM 1008851. Type Locality: 17 ° 18.96 ' S 147 ° 11.16 ' E (off Cairns, Queensland), 1402 – 1406 m. Description. Corallum (anthocyathus) almost cylindrical, having rounded thecal faces and edges that are essentially parallel. Most coralla undergo slight periodic retrenchments of growth followed by continued upward growth, which results in slight decreases in the corallum diameter. Largest corallum 6.56 × 5.93 mm in CD and 8.40 mm in height, whereas the holotype measures 6.32 × 5.46 mm in CD, 5.51 × 4.30 mm in basal scar diameter, and 5.42 mm in height. Calice and basal scar only slightly elliptical to circular, and symmetric, the GCD: LCD ranging from 1.07 to 1.16 and the GCD: LSD from 1.00 to 1.28. In wellpreserved coralla, the calicular edge is slightly scalloped, rising to a low peak corresponding to each S 1 – 2. Basal scar flat, such that the corallum will easily sit in an upright position on a level surface; scar reveals septa of the incipient anthocyathus; GSD ranges from 4.21 to 5.51 mm. Theca somewhat rough, covered with small hispid granules as well as displaying closely-spaced, chevron-shaped growth lines that peak at the longitudinal insertion lines corresponding to the S 1 – 2. Theca white. Anthocaulus unknown. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles, the fourth cycle never complete, the maximum number of septa observed being 32, although 26 is most common. Twenty-four septa present in a corallum of GCD 4.4 mm, and additional pairs of S 4 (up to 4 pairs) are added as pairs to lateral (not end) systems of coralla of larger size. Septa formula: S 1> S 2 >> S 3> S 4. S 1 non-exsert, having smooth, vertical, slightly sinuous axial edges that fuse with the columella low in fossa. S 2 similar to S 1 but only about 80 % the width. S 3, if unflanked by S 4, quite small, sometimes vestigial, represented only by a series of disconnected spines located considerably beneath the calicular edge. If an S 3 is flanked by a pair of S 4, it is increased in size to that of an S 2. S 4 equivalent in size to unflanked S 3. Faces of all septa covered with small spines. Fossa quite deep and commodious, the columella being fairly small, restricted to base of fossa just above basal scar.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318740596FFEDCBA63FBB7FCC8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the four species in the genus (Table 6), P. cylindrica is most similar to P. frustum, both species being about the same size. Placotrochides cylindrica differs from P. frustum, as well as the two other species, in having a more rounded corallum (lower GCD: LCD and GSD: LSD), S 1 that are larger than the S 2, a flat basal scar, a rough theca, and a slightly scalloped thecal margin.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318740596FFEDCBA63FBB7FCC8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From cylindricus, Latin for “ in the form of a cylinder ”, an allusion to the corallum shape.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318740596FFEDCBA63FBB7FCC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from off northeastern Queensland, 1117 – 1402 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187405971FC2FBDF0FF64F970.taxon	description	Figs. 10 E – H Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, AM G 16747. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 8, USNM 1008853; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 31: 29 (including SEM 1022), USNM 1008854 and 2, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 8, USNM 1008855; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 1, USNM 1008856; Cidaris I 43 – 2, 4, MTQ G 56406; Karubar 7 (Banda Sea), 9, USNM 1008857. Type Locality: 20 ° 14.49 ' S 151 ° 47.53 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 342 m. Description. Corallum (anthocyathus) compressedcylindrical, having rounded thecal faces and edges, the latter almost parallel, diverging at an edge angle of 10 – 11 °. Largest corallum (Cidaris I 43 – 2) 4.48 × 3.14 mm in CD and 10.3 mm in height; the holotype measures 3.67 × 2.08 mm in CD and 3.23 mm in height, having a basal scar of 3.22 × 2.04 mm. Calice elliptical and usually symmetric, with a GCD: LCD of 1.43 – 2.00, but in some cases (about 20 %) the curvature of one side of the calice has a slightly different radius, leading to an asymmetry of the calicular perimeter. Basal scar elliptical, projecting downward in a V-shape, 3.1 – 4.0 mm in greater diameter, and having a GSD: LSD of 1.58 – 1.94. The basal scar clearly reveals all 24 septa of the incipient anthocyathus (Fig. 10 H). Basal scar usually not much smaller than calice, sometimes the same or even larger because many coralla undergo a retrenchment of growth 2 – 3 mm above the scar resulting in a slight reduction of the corallum diameter, above which it gradually expands again. Theca smooth and porcellaneous, covered with closelyspaced, chevron-shaped growth lines that peak at the longitudinal insertion lines corresponding to the S 1 – 2. Flat costae 0.28 – 0.30 mm wide, separated by very thin (7 – 8 µm) intercostal striae. Theca white. Anthocaulus unknown. Septa usually hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles, the fourth cycle never complete, the maximum number of septa observed being 38 arranged: S 1 – 2 >> S 3> S 4. As mentioned above, in some cases the calice is asymmetric, which leads to a slightly different length to each side of the calice and thus a different number of septa on each side; this occasionally also disrupts the hexameral nature of development, resulting in 11, 13, or 14 primary septa (S 1 – 2). Nonetheless, coralla with a GCD less than 3.45 mm invariably have only 24 septa, those between 3.45 and 3.8 mm in GCD have 1 – 12 additional S 4, usually added in pairs in the end half-systems, but not always in pairs or in those systems; and above a GCD of 3.8 mm most coralla have 32 septa. S 1 – 2 non-exsert, rather narrow, and have very sinuous, smooth axial edges that solidly fuse to the columella lower in the fossa. Faces of S 1 – 2 bear tall (up to 0.11 mm) slender spines but no crests. S 3 about one-quarter width of an S 1, having laciniate axial edges or simply consist of a disconnected series of tall spines, When present, S 4 rudimentary. Fossa of moderate depth, containing an elongate, non-discrete columella composed of a loose fusion of trabeculae.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187405971FC2FBDF0FF64F970.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the four species in the genus, P. minuta is most similar to P. scaphula, agreeing in almost every character listed in Table 6. Placotrochides minuta differs primarily in size, and in having correspondingly fewer septa at the same CD. Placotrochides minuta is not interpreted as an early ontogenetic stage of P. scaphula because, although the calicular diameter and number of septa usually increases with age, the size of the basal scar remains constant, and is thus probably a better differentiating character for this genus and others transversely dividing genera such as Truncatoflabellum than is calicular diameter. Placotrochides minimus also differs in having highly sinuous septal axial edges.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187405971FC2FBDF0FF64F970.taxon	etymology	Etymology. minutus, Latin for “ small ”, an allusion to the small size of the corallum in relation to congenerics.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187405971FC2FBDF0FF64F970.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Banda Sea; off northeastern Queensland; 282 – 458 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875E5971FEF2B944FC76FB8B.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1094. Type Locality: 5 ° 54.5 ' S 120 ° 19.2 ' E (Flores Sea), 462 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875E5971FEF2B944FC76FB8B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype of P. scaphula was based on a specimen with a GCD (and basal scar) of 6.8 mm, but since then much larger specimens have been reported, up to 13 mm (Cairns, 1989 a) and as small as 5 mm GCD (Cairns & Parker, 1992).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FEF2BEC9FD91FE5A.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 84836; paratypes are split between USNM and NZOI. Type Locality: 1 ° 18.7 ' S 89 ° 48.8 ' W (Galápagos), 545 – 562 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FF35BC43FD73FCA6.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMA Coel. 1216. Type Locality: 6 ° 08 ' N 121 ° 19 ' E (Sulu Archipelago, Philippines), 275 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FF3DBDD7FDDBFB09.taxon	description	Types. Two of the three syntypes are BM 1970.1.26.9 – 10. Type Locality: Lifu, Loyalty Islands, 73 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FF7FBAB4FF76F849.taxon	description	Fig. 10 I	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FF7FBAB4FF76F849.taxon	description	New records. VICTORIA: Wilson’s Promontory, 6 – 12 m, 8 February 1982, 2, NMV F 67801; Port Fairy, depth unknown, 1, NMV F 67877; Tangaroa 81 - T- 1 - 190, 1, NMV F 67820. Types. The holotype of V. tuberculatum is NMV F 59398. Type Locality: Bass Strait or Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, depth unknown. The holotype of F. tubuliferum, reputed to be deposited at AM, could not be found there in 2002. Type Locality: Bass Strait, Victoria, depth unknown. Possible paratypes of R. radiatus are deposited at NMV (Stranks, 1993). Type Locality: South Australia and Victoria, 27 – 40 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FC56BEC9FB33FD75.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of F. aculeatum is MNHN 1016. Type Locality: Philippines, depth unknown. The type of F. spinosum is lost (Cairns, 1989 a). Type Locality: off China, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FCDEBD6CFAC6FB07.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at SMNH. Type Locality: 72 km WSW Cape Jaubert, Western Australia, 22 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875F5970FCBBB829FB62F848.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 169 – 83; remaining paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, and NTM (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: between Shark Bay and Onslow, Western Australia, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FEB0BEC9FC8CFC16.taxon	description	Figs. 10 J, K	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FEB0BEC9FC8CFC16.taxon	description	Types. The neotype of F. cumingii, designated by Cairns (1989 a), is deposited at USNM (81976). Type Locality: 1 ° 08.6 ' N 128 ° 01 ' E (Halmahera), 46 – 55 m. The uncatalogued holotype of F. irregulare Tenison-Woods, 1878 is deposited at the Macleay Museum (Figs. 10 J, K). Type Locality: off Port Stephens, New South Wales, 128 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FEB0BEC9FC8CFC16.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Flabellum irregulare Tenison-Woods, 1878 b is a junior primary homonym of Flabellum irregulare Semper, 1872, both species now attributed to Truncatoflabellum. A replacement name for the Tenison-Woods species is not proposed as it appears to be a junior synonym of T. cumingi.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FF14BD9BFEE8FB42.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (81953) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 7 ° 06 ' 06 " N 125 ° 40 ' 08 " E (Philippines), 42 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FF3EBB4FFD98F91C.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is WAM 50 – 83; paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, NMV, and NTM (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 19 ° 52.3 ' S 117 ° 16.1 ' E (east of Glomar Shoal, WA), 56 – 58 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FF10B896FD32F848.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is ZMB 1798. Type Locality: 26 ° 51.1 ' S 153 ° 29.6 ' E (off Brisbane, Queensland), 139 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FCAFBEC9FA2DFE58.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is presumed to be deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta (Gardiner, 1902). Type Locality: 13 ° 47 ' 49 " N 73 ° 07 ' E (Laccadive Sea, Indian Ocean), 1163 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FC70BC68FABBFBA1.taxon	description	Types. Four syntypes of F. spheniscus are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: Singapore, 3 – 6 m. The holotype of F. affine is presumed to be lost (Cairns, 1989 a). Type Locality: Sir Charles-Hardy Island, Blackwood Channel, Queensland, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FC6CBAFEFB17F9F0.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at WAM (89 – 83); paratypes are split among WAM, USNM, and NTM (Griffith & Fromont, 1998). Type Locality: 19 ° 59 ' S 117 ° 16 ' E (off Port Walcott, WA), 50 – 52 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875C5973FC85B8B3FAD9F84B.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; additional paratypes are split between MNHN and USNM.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FF21BE85FF6DFE79.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at USNM (20731). Type Locality: 22 ° 15 ' 25 " N 159 ° 23 ' 15 " W (Hawaiian Islands), 497 – 541 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FF3EBC5AFE82FD76.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (82002) and paratypes are deposited at USNM. Type Locality: 13 ° 20 ' N 123 ° 14 ' 15 " E (Philippines), 192 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FEDABD92FEDAFA21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Corallum conical (ceratoid) and firmly attached through a narrow pedicel (no secondary attachments or transverse division). Epitheca transversely corrugated, rising above the outer septal edges as a smooth, prominent thecal rim. Septa in 3 cycles; paliform lobes absent; columella labyrinthiform.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FEDABD92FEDAFA21.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Stolarskicyathus differs from the only other Recent gardineriid genus, Gardineria, in lacking paliform lobes and in lacking secondary pedicel attachments.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FEDABD92FEDAFA21.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Stolarskicyathus pocilliformis.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5972FEDABD92FEDAFA21.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honour of Jarosĺaw (Jarek) Stolarski, for his pioneering work with scleractinian microstructure, especially with the fossil and lesser derived Recent forms. Gender: masculine.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5974FF17BBB1FD37FF28.taxon	description	Figs. 10 L, 11 A – E Records / Types: Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, AM G 16748. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 10, USNM 1008859; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 56: 54 (including SEM 1012), USNM 1008860, and 2, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 3, USNM 1008861; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 5, USNM 1008862. Type Locality: 20 ° 14.49 ' S 151 ° 47.53 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 342 m. Description. Corallum conical (ceratoid), having an eccentrically circular calice. Largest specimen (holotype) 5.47 mm in CD and 9.48 mm in height. Coralla opportunistic in attachment, having been found firmly attached to: foraminifera, shell fragments, rocks, bryozoan colonies, and sand grains. Basal plate approximately 1 mm in diameter, having a scalloped perimeter composed of 6 smaller outpocketings (Fig. 11 D), each bulge about 0.45 mm in diameter and corresponding to the region between each of the 6 S 1. Just above these 6 protrusions the corallum narrows slightly to a diameter of 0.80 – 0.85 mm, above which it expands at a constant angle of 18 – 20 °, resulting in a H: D of 1.73 – 1.89. Epitheca finely transversely corrugated, as though lathed on a potter’s wheel. Corallum uniformly white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 complete cycles (24 septa) according to the formula: S 1> S 2> S 3, the third cycle developing at a CD of about 1.6 mm. No coralla examined had over 24 septa. S 1 have vertical, slightly sinuous axial edges that fuse to the columella low in the fossa; rounded upper edges that rise to the level of the uppermost calicular edge; and outer edges that curve downward before meeting the theca, resulting in a well-developed thecal rim extending as much as 0.9 mm above the point at which the septa join the theca. This rim is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, each zone 0.6 – 0.7 mm wide and up to 0.7 mm thick (Fig. 10 L), the thickness resulting from internal stereome. These zones are covered with low rounded granules 30 – 35 µm in diameter and separated from each other by a narrow (65 µm) stria. In the centre of each zone is a septum, although the width of the septa is only about half the width of the zone. S 2 about 85 % width of an S 1, of the same shape, and also having sinuous axial edges that fuse to the columella. S 3 about 33 % width of an S 1, have sinuous axial edges, but do not fuse with the columella. All septal faces covered with pointed (75 µm tall) granules. Fossa of moderate depth, containing a robust, free-standing columella composed of 9 – 12 slender lamellae that are often slightly swirled. Axial edges of pairs of columellar lamellae sometimes fused, producing a V-shaped cross section (Fig. 11 A), and the columellar lamellae are sometimes interconnected in a labyrinthiform arrangement.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5974FF17BBB1FD37FF28.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Stolarski (1996) described and nicely illustrated a congeneric to this species from the Loyalty Islands (MUSORSTOM 6, DW 468), classifying it as an undescribed genus and species in his newly erectly family Gardineriidae Stolarski, 1996. A specimen presumed to be the same as his undescribed species from off New Caledonia (MUSORSTOM 5 – DW 329: 20 ° 22.90 ' S 158 ° 46.50 ' E, 320 m, USNM 1008879) reveals that, although it is similar to S. pocilliformis, it differs in having a narrower corallum (H: D = 2.17); more exsert septa, which rise above the thecal rim; a lesser developed internal stereome; and occasionally black streaked epitheca. Stolarski (1996: 364) also implied that another species described and illustrated by Sieg & Zibrowius (1989: 192) from New Caledonia at 675 – 680 m (BIOCAL, DW 33) only as “ a new species in a new genus of the Flabellidae ” may also belong to this genus. Specimens of that undescribed species are also present at the NMNH (from BIOCAL DW 33, as well as six stations from the Bathus 4 expedition), but differ from both of those previously discussed in having a curved corallum with a truncate base (the result of transverse division), slender paliform lobes (P 1 – 2?), slender columellar elements, and an elliptical calice. Thus, this as yet undescribed species is not considered to be congeneric.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5974FF17BBB1FD37FF28.taxon	etymology	Etymology. pocilliformis, Latin for “ having the form of a small cup ”.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875D5974FF17BBB1FD37FF28.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Marion Plateau, Queensland, 342 – 367 m. SUBORDER DENDROPHYLLIINA	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FF21B87CFD22F8BC.taxon	description	Types. The syntypes of R. carinata are presumed to be lost (Zibrowius, 1985). Type Locality: Philippines, 55 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FF15B917FAADFE96.taxon	description	Types. Four syntypes are deposited at BM (1880.11.25.143). Type Locality: 5 ° 42 ' S 132 ° 25 ' E (Banda Sea), 236 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FC9FBF60FAFDFD14.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Museum of New Zealand (CO 222); paratypes are split among NZOI, USNM, and Museum of New Zealand. Type Locality: 37 ° 17.0 ' S 176 ° 51.0 ' E (Bay of Plenty, New Zealand), 251 – 308 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FCA0BCE2FA18FB39.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at the Macleay Museum. Type Locality: “ South Coast ” of Australia, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FCCEBA9CFCF0F98F.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at USNM (20793). Type Locality: 20 ° 16 ' 10 " N 155 ° 53 ' 20 " W (Hawaiian Islands), 44 – 152 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5977FC89B865FDCCFE27.taxon	description	Figs. 11 F – H	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5977FC89B865FDCCFE27.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are deposited at NMV (F 41512). Type Locality: Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, depth unknown, although its attachment to an alga indicates a shallow habitat.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5977FC89B865FDCCFE27.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cairns & Parker (1992) implied that B. dilatata may be a junior synonym of B. dentata Tenison-Woods, 1878, although at that time the type of the former was not available for study. The types of both species have now been compared, and, although the specimens are similar, B. dilatata differs from B. dentata in having a slightly different arrangement of its S 4. In B. dentata, each S 4 of a pair is roughly of the same width, meet on the axial side of the S 3, and proceed directly toward the columella as a fused septum, whereas in B. dilatata the S 4 in each pair are unequal in width, the S 4 adjacent to the S 1 being dominant, and, once fused, continue toward the columella in an oblique fashion, tending to curve toward the adjacent S 2.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FF29BE8DFEE6F997.taxon	description	Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C8031875B5974FF29BE8DFEE6F997.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of B. bairdiana is reputed to be at BM (Moseley, 1881), but has not been examined by the author. Type Locality: Unknown. Four syntypes of B. buccina are deposited at the Macleay Museum. Type Locality: off Cape Three Points, NSW, 70 fm (= 128 m). The holotype of H. elliptica should be deposited at the Macleay Museum, but could not be located there or AM in 2002; it is presumed to be lost. Type Locality: Port Jackson, NSW, 16 fms (= 29 m).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FF5EBF8DFE47FCAF.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; paratypes are split among MNHN, USNM, NNM, and ZMA. Type Locality: 9 ° 30 ' 00 " S 131 ° 02 ' 41 " E (continental slope off Melville Island, N. T.), 215 – 218 m. Originally the type locality was interpreted as off the Tanimbar Islands, but a more precise mapping indicates that it is off the continental slope of Northern Territory.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEE5BD05FDD3FBFC.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at BM (1876.10.11.23). Type Locality: Japan, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEFDBAD8FD04FAFB.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at BM. Type Locality: Singapore, South China Sea, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEC0BBD8FBD7FA90.taxon	description	Figs. 11 I, J, 12 A – C Records / Types. Holotype (type locality): 34 ° 00 ' S 151 ° 13 ' E (Inscription Point, Kurnell, NSW), 10.7 m, 20 January 1968, AM G 13677, and septal fragment as SEM 1035, USNM 1008863. Paratypes: from type locality, 7: 5, AM G 13672 and 2, USNM 1008864; 33 ° 59.6 ' S 151 ° 13.8 ' E (West Bare Island, La Perouse, Sydney), depth unknown, April 1967, 1, AM G 13678; 34 ° 04 ' S 151 ° 11 ' E (Cronulla), 18 m, early 1967, 1, AM G 13671. Description. Corallum ceratoid to subcylindrical, the holotype and largest corallum 14.1 × 10.8 mm in CD and 23.4 mm in height, having a PD of 5.3 mm (ceratoid), but a majority of the paratypes are subcylindrical, having a pedicel diameter almost equal to that of the calice. Calice elliptical: GCD: LCD = 1.17 – 1.45. Corallum usually epithecate on lower half, this region often completely eroded or encrusted with other organisms. Above epitheca, costae are poorly defined and very porous, consisting of small, linearly arranged spines separated by very thin, shallow intercostal striae. Corallum white, but tissue of living coral appears to have been purple (pers. comm., C. J. Lawler) or black. Septa hexamerally arranged in 5 incomplete cycles, the holotype having 82 septa (i. e., 17 pairs of S 5). S 1 – 2 equal in size, independent, only slightly exsert (about 1.6 mm), and relatively narrow, having a slightly concave axial edge. Entire axial edge of S 1 – 2 finely and regularly dentate, each triangular tooth 65 – 70 µm in height, about 5 occurring every mm (Figs. 11 I, J). S 3 about one-third size of the S 1 – 2, also independent, and also having a dentate axial edge, the teeth being slightly coarser. Remaining septa (S 4 – 5) arranged in a well-developed Pourtalès Plan, S 5 adjacent to S 1 and S 2 always being much larger than those adjacent to S 3, but the axial edges of each pair of S 5 fusing before their adjacent S 4 and this combined septum fusing again with the other S 5 pair (or unflanked S 4) within the half-system near the columella. Axial edges of S 4 – 5 coarsely dentate to laciniate, and in the fusion region adjacent to the columella the axial protuberances are so well developed as to resemble columellar elements, giving the impression that the columella is extending outward and upward onto the septa (Fig. 12 C). Fossa quite shallow, containing an elongate, robust columella that may occupy up to 30 % width of calice. Columella non-discrete (in that it merges with the axial edges of many of the septa), essentially flat-topped, and composed of up to 100 small (0.1 mm diameter), interconnected papillae.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEC0BBD8FBD7FA90.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Among the Australian and Western Pacific species of Balanophyllia, B. spongiosa can be distinguished by its finely dentate axial edges of the S 1 – 2; its large, flattopped columella; and the apparent extension of the columella onto the lower, axial edges of the S 1 – 2, S 5.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEC0BBD8FBD7FA90.taxon	etymology	Etymology. spongia, Latin for “ sponge ” + osus, Latin suffix meaning “ full of ”, an allusion to the spongy nature of the columella and lower, axial edges of the larger septa	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FEC0BBD8FBD7FA90.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the region of Sydney, New South Wales, 11 – 18 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FC69BB68FB5EF9B1.taxon	description	New record. QUEENSLAND: Kimbla K 4 / 69, 2, USNM 92986. Types. Two syntypes are deposited at YPM. Type Locality: “ North China Sea', depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585977FC53B80AFB55F8CC.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (1934.5.14.91) and all paratypes are deposited at BM. Type Locality: “ station IX ”, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187585979FC57B92BFDE2FE91.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at USNM (60518); paratypes are split between USNM and BPBM. Type Locality: 21 ° 48 ' N 160 ° 09.1 ' W (Hawaiian Islands), 298 – 408 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FEFFBF62FDB8FD46.taxon	description	Types. The holotype, now broken into 4 pieces, is deposited at USNM and BM (Cairns, 1995). Type Locality: off Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, 177 – 243 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FF24BCADFE1BFB10.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes are deposited at ZMA. Type Locality: Banda Sea, 45 – 90 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FF26BAE3FDCBFA35.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at ZMA (Coel. 5451). Type Locality: “ Japan ”, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FEFDBB9EFD46F8F7.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is presumed to be deposited at ZMB, although it has not been examined by the author. Type Locality: Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia, 91 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FEFDBB9EFD46F8F7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was overlooked by Cairns (1998) in his revision of the Western Australian azooxanthellate corals, although it might be one of the unidentified specimens he reported as Dendrophyllia spp. Indeed, this poorly known species has not been mentioned since its original description, and has never been illustrated.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FF17B9C4FAFDFED3.taxon	description	New records. None. Types. The deposition of the holotype is unknown. Type Locality: Not stated, but presumed to be off Japan.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC6BBF28FC23FD4A.taxon	description	New records. None. Types. The holotype is BM 1934.5. 14.369. Type Locality: Great Barrier Reef, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC6BBF28FC23FD4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although often reported as a Balanophyllia, the type specimen is a colony, indicative of the genus Dendrophyllia. This species is known only from the type specimen.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC55BCA9FB5AFC72.taxon	description	Types. the holotype is BM 1934.5. 14.390. Type Locality: Great Barrier Reef, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC50BA49FB2FFAB5.taxon	description	Types. Two syntypes are ZMA Coel. 563 and 564). Type Locality: Philippines, 270 – 275 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC7CBB06FACDF91D.taxon	description	New record. SEAMOUNTS: Franklin 05 / 89 / 07 (Taupo), 1, AM G 16583. Types. The holotype is BM 1883.12. 10.97. Type Locality: 36 ° 20 ' N 6 ° 47 ' W (Iberian-Morocco Gulf), 417 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187565979FC7BB8F8FADCF84E.taxon	description	Types. The syntypes have probably been destroyed (Cairns, 1994). Type Locality: “ Japan ”, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FF22BEC9FEC1FE49.taxon	description	Figs. 12 F, G	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FF22BEC9FEC1FE49.taxon	description	New record. QUEENSLAND: Franklin 06 / 88 / x, 1 branch, AM G 16717. Types. The holotype and paratypes are ZMA Coel. 6902 and 588, respectively). Type Locality: 5 ° 56.5 ' S 132 ° 47.7 ' E (Banda Sea), 595 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FF4CBFAAFDF9FC27.taxon	description	Types. The syntypes are deposited at MCZ. Type Locality: 23 ° 14 ' N 82 ° 25 ' W (Straits of Florida), 1472 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FF6CBD8DFE4CFB46.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is deposited at MNHN; the remaining paratypes are split between MNHN and USNM. Type Locality: 9 ° 02 ' 10 " S 132 ° 43 ' 05 " E (off Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory), 239 – 250 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FF7FBAADFF7DF94E.taxon	description	Types. The holotype has not been located. Type Locality: Unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FC90BF6BFB8DFDD3.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: Boulton Reef, 8 m, 31 July 1973, 1, USNM 78572. Types. Two syntypes are deposited at the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England. Type Locality: Sandal Bay, Lifu, 73 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FC92BCC6FC5EF98A.taxon	description	Types. The location of the type of M. cochlea is unknown. Type Locality: Tranquebar, off southeastern India, depth unknown. Four paralectotypes of P. cylicioides that are conspecific with H. cochlea, as designated by Hoeksema & Best (1991: 233), are AM G 7017. The lectotype and remaining paralectotypes are conspecific with Heterocyathus sulcatus (see Hoeksema & Best, 1991: 231); see account of that species. Type Locality: Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C803187575978FC91B80BFB8AF84A.taxon	description	New records. QUEENSLAND: Abbots Point, depth unknown, 4, WAM 712 - 84; Nimbus 8, 2, USNM 78601. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: Horsey River, 4 in AM; Alpha Helix M- 13, 6, USNM 80008; Alpha Helix M- 15, 7, USNM 80012. Types. The holotype (68382) and one paratype are deposited at USNM; 5 additional paratypes are deposited at QMB (G 7119, G 7122). Type Locality: Pearl Channel, Moreton Bay, Queensland, 11 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFF08BEC9FC91FEC5.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is SMNH 4756. Type Locality: 45 miles (= 72 km) WSW off Cape Jaubert, Western Australia, 20 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFF1CBFD2FE98FCFE.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (68379) and one paratype are deposited at USNM; 2 paratypes are also at QMB (G 3541, G 3550). Type Locality: about 14 miles (= 26 km) east of Jumpin Pin (27 ° 45 ' S), Queensland, 86 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFF1CBFD2FE98FCFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the first report of this species subsequent to its original description. The specimens from Kimbla 678 represent a size maximum for the species, the CD being 16.2 mm.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFF06BDD6FD3BF92A.taxon	description	Types. The holotype (E 6786) and 2 paratypes are deposited at AM; 2 paratypes are also at USNM (Cairns, 1991 b). Type Locality: off Eden, New South Wales, 37 – 44 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFEABB8B0FB93F844.taxon	description	Figs. 12 D, E, H – K Records / Types. Holotype: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, AM G 16749. Paratypes: Franklin 03 / 99 / D 10, 4, USNM 1008866; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 11, 36: 34, USNM 1008867 (including SEM stub 1020) and 2, ZMUZ; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 12, 7, USNM 1008868; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 13, 2, USNM 1008869; Franklin 03 / 99 / D 14, 1, USNM 1008870. Type Locality: 20 ° 14.629 ' S 151 ° 59.081 ' E (Marion Plateau, Queensland), 367 m. Description. Corallum (anthocyathus) compressed-conical, with rounded thecal edges and faces, and a bluntly pointed base. GCD: LCD of larger specimens ranges from 1.16 to 1.32; small coralla, just above the basal transverse fracture, are more elliptical in cross-section, having a GCD: LCD of 1.5 – 1.6. Largest specimen (holotype) 3.45 × 2.71 mm in CD and 4.7 mm in height. Lower 1.3 – 1.5 mm of anthocyathus, corresponding to a GCD of 1.7 – 2.3 mm, represents that portion of the anthocyathus that was former immersed in the anthocaulus (basal scar region). Theca composed of alternating longitudinal regions of wide (0.3 mm) highly spinose and porous strips that correspond to septa and narrower (0.1 mm wide) flat, non-spinose strips corresponding to interseptal spaces. Spines of thecal costal regions prominent, up to 0.15 mm in height, and interspersed with rather large (0.1 mm diameter) irregularly shaped thecal pores (the synapticulotheca, Fig. 12 J). Anthocaulus also compressed, reaching a height of about 2.1 mm and a GCD of 1.7 – 2.4 mm before budding an anthocyathus. Anthocaulus free, also with a blunted base. Septa hexamerally arranged in 3 cycles, S 3 not present in 2 lateral systems, which results in 20 septa. This number is present even in the smallest of anthocyathi, but anthocauli appear to be restricted to only 12 septa. S 1 slightly exsert (0.45 mm), rather slender (extending only about half the distance to the columella in upper fossa), and have axial edges that fuse to the columella lower in the fossa, the 4 lateral S 1 fusing slightly higher than the 2 principal S 1. S 2 less exsert (0.25 mm) and quite small, about one-sixth the width of an S 1, at least in large coralla. In small coralla, S 2 almost same width as S 1. The 8 S 3 are equally as small as the S 2, each pair bending toward and fusing to its adjacent S 2 quite low in the fossa, the axial edge of each S 2 then usually fusing to the axial edge of the adjacent S 1 (in the case of the end systems) or the columella (in the case of the 2 lateral systems). Axial edges of S 1 smooth and slightly sinuous, whereas those of the S 2 – 3 irregular and sometimes laciniate. Fossa quite deep and capacious, containing a thin (0.15 mm), rather short (0.7 mm), lamellar columella, rarely extending beyond the location of the 4 lateral S 1.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFEABB8B0FB93F844.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All seven species of Notophyllia are endemic to the southern and eastern coasts of Australia, four of which are known only from the Middle Miocene of Victoria, Australia (Cairns, 2001 a). Notophyllia hecki most closely resembles N. aperta Dennant, 1899, a species known only from the two Middle Miocene (Balcombian) of Victoria. Only these species have the same number of septa (20) arranged in the same pattern (6: 6: 8), and a relatively low GCD: LCD ratio. Notophyllia hecki differs from this, as well as all other known species, by having a pointed or conical anthocyathus base (vs fish-tailed or straight-keeled), and a very low GCD: LCD ratio, approaching circularity in larger specimens. Notophyllia hecki is also the smallest of the eight species with a GCD max. of 3.45 mm, that of N. apertum being 6.0 mm.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFEABB8B0FB93F844.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in recognition of Philipp Reza Heck, who collected and made available for study a large collection of deep-water corals from the Marion Plateau.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318754597BFEABB8B0FB93F844.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Marion Plateau, Queensland, 342 – 414 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFF05BFE7FD7BFA27.taxon	description	Types. Three syntypes are NMV F 41518 (Stranks, 1993). Type Locality: 20 miles (= 32 km) northeast of Port Jackson, NSW, 457 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFF05BFE7FD7BFA27.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Adult specimens of N. etheridgi and N. recta are fairly easy to distinguish (Cairns & Parker, 1992), but juvenile specimens of N. etheridgi of 5.5 mm or less GCD are very similar to adult coralla of N. recta of similar size, both having the same number of septa and a similarly shaped corallum. The only character distinguishing them at this size is that the ten secondary septa of N. etheridgi are much smaller (less than half the width) than the 10 primaries, their axial edges fusing with the columella quite low in the fossa, whereas the secondary septa of N. recta are almost the same width as the primaries, fusing to the columella high in the fossa, almost at the level of the primary fusion.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFF33BB8DFE7FF971.taxon	description	Types. Four of the five syntypes are deposited at ZMA and BM (Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997). Type Locality: Singapore, South China Sea, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFF49B942FBF8FEA1.taxon	description	C 7256; Plug south of S. Ribbon Reef, 10 m, 2 colonies, NTM C 7627. — NORTHERN TERRITORY: Plater Rock, Port Darwin, 6 – 8 m, 1, NTM C 8100. Types. Most of the syntypes are deposited at ZMA (van Soest, 1979); one syntype is also NNM 10201. Type Locality: Indonesia, 54 – 278 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFC9EBFD5FAEEFD39.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is BM 1880.11. 25.148. Type Locality: 1 ° 54 ' S 146 ° 39 ' 40 " E (Nares Bay, Admiralty Islands), 274 m.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFC9EBFD5FAEEFD39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens reported by Cairns (2001) were the basis for the earlier undocumented report by Veron (1986).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFC7DBCA1FB81FA38.taxon	description	Types. The holotype of T. coccinea is deposited at MNHN (Wells, 1936: 132). Type Locality: Bora Bora, Society Islands, depth unknown. The deposition of the type of L. aurea is unknown. Type Locality: Port du Roi George and Port Jackson, New South Wales, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318755597AFC79BBBFFA93F841.taxon	description	Types. The holotype is USNM 180. Type Locality: Singapore, South China Sea, depth unknown.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597DFF18BEC9FB21F93E.taxon	description	Types. Type not traced. Type Locality: Unknown. ———— Misidentified, Undocumented, and Dubious Records of Azooxanthellates from Australia ———— 1. Tenison Woods (1878 b: 325) described Cylicia (= Culicia) magna from shallow waters of the Gulf of St. Vincent, South Australia. Totten (1952) also listed the record. This species was later shown by Squires (1966) and Veron & Pichon (1982) to be a junior synonym of the zooxanthellate species Scolymia australis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849). See also Cairns & Parker (1992) for an account of this species, and Stranks (1993) for the type deposition. ———— 2. Culicia smithi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849), doubtful record	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597DFF18BEC9FB21F93E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tenison-Woods (1878 b) is responsible for the original listing of C. smithi from Australia, the Australian record being reiterated only once more by Veron (1986). I can find no basis for the Australian record of this species, and indeed, Tenison-Woods (1878 b: 325) stated in reference to the Australian Culicia: “ There is evidently some confusion about both the species and the habitats which I have not been able to clear up. ” 3. Culicia verreauxii (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849), species dubium Angia verreauxii Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849: 177 (“ Australia ”).	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597DFF18BEC9FB21F93E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The original description of C. verreauxii is inadequate to distinguish it from other species or identify it with any of the other four Culicia known from Australia. Furthermore, the type cannot be located. Although it may be a senior synonym of one of the other species, this cannot be established with certainty, and thus the species is treated herein as a species dubium. ———— 4. Madrepora porcellana (Moseley, 1881), undocumented record	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597DFF18BEC9FB21F93E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Wells (1984 a: 207) reported this species from “ northwestern Australia, 140 – 141 m, 20.7 ° C ”, but no documentation exists for this record (Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997) at AIMS, AM or any other Australian Museum. It is therefore considered to be an invalid or undocumented record for Australia. ———— 5. Wells (1964: 108) listed Paracyathus lifuensis Gardiner, 1899 as an “ unpublished record ” from the Great Barrier Reef, but no specimen can be found in any Australian museum or USNM, to which Wells donated most of his coral specimens. This record is thus considered to be doubtful. ———— 6. The specimen reported as Paracyathus profundus Alcock, 1898 by Folkeson (1919) from off Western Australia is a poorly-preserved specimen of an indeterminate rhizangiid (Cairns, 1998). ————	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597CFC53B894FD7BF838.taxon	description	Fig. 12 L	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
903C80318752597CFC53B894FD7BF838.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens reported from the Great Barrier Reef by Crossland (1952) as Thecocyathus minor are deposited at BM (1984.6.11.1 – 3). They are not that species, but an indeterminate species of Polycyathus, similar to P. andamanensis Alcock, 1893. ———— 8. The specimen described as Flabellum vacuum Crossland, 1952 from the Great Barrier Reef is in fact the zooxanthellate species Catalaphyllia jardinei (Kent, 1893) (Veron & Pichon, 1980). ———— 9. The colour illustration of Dendrophyllia (= Cladopsammia) gracilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 by Veron (1986: 578 – 579) from Heron Island cannot be verified from this picture. ———— 10. The listing of Dendrophyllia sp. cf. D. robusta (Bourne, 1905) by Wells (1964: 109) from Queensland is undocumented. ———— 11 – 16. The following six species were listed by Veron (1986) in his account of non-reefal Australian Scleractinia, but they are undocumented by specimens and thus not included in this report: Astrangia rathbuni, Flabellum (= Truncatoflabellum) stokesi, Flabellum elongatum, Trochocyathus meridionalis, Cylindrophyllia sp., and Tubastraea faulkneri. ———— ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I would like to thank the following people who have generously hosted my visits to their collections or loaned me specimens from their institutions: Penny Berents (AM), Carden Wallace and Peter Arnold (MTQ), Phil Alderslade (NTM), Philipp Heck (Institute for Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources, Zürich), Stuart Norrington (Macleay Museum), Timothy Stranks (NMV), Jane Fromont (WAM), Sheila Halsey (BM), Charlie Veron (AIMS), Stephen Cook (QMB), and Noel James (QUO). Dr Penny Berents was particularly helpful in helping me obtain station data and facilitating my visit to AM in 2002. An NSF-PEET grant (DEB- 9978086) funded my trip to Sydney and Townsville in February 2002. I also thank my research assistant, Linda Cole, for helping with the Station List, and Ralph Chapman (University of Idaho) for advice on the zoogeographic analysis. The scanning electron microscopy was done by the author at the SEM Lab of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.	en	Cairns, S. D. (2004): The Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 259-329
