taxonID	type	description	language	source
926A70702814FFF2E0FBFEECFAD6FED9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. Oaxaca colorata Fontana, Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011, by original designation. COMPOSITION. Currently this genus comprises six species, two previously described, Oaxaca colorata and Oaxaca carinata, and for new ones within the new subgenus Paraoaxaca here described: Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov, Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov, Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov, and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702814FFF2E0FBFEECFAD6FED9.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND TAXONOMIC AFFINITY. This genus can be distinguished from other genera of Melanoplinae by a combination of characteristics. These are: micropterous grasshoppers of small to medium size (~ 10 to 21 mm) with globose and prominent eyes that show a shiny coloration (blue, green, brown, yellow or ivory) on the dorsal body surface and in the lower areas of head and pronotum, and upper half of metathoracic episternum and tegmina. Generally, the shiny coloration of the body is interrupted by dorsal and lateral dark bands running from the head to the abdomen. Oaxaca grasshoppers also have hind femora that are almost entirely red, green or brown, with blue hind tibiae. In western coastal plains of Mexico, only the species of the genus Sinaloa bear some superficial resemblance to genus Oaxaca. This former genus also includes short-winged species that share with Oaxaca species the general body habitus, the shape of tegmina, the dark lateral bands of the body, and the blue hind tibiae. However, most species of Sinaloa are larger than Oaxaca species, and in all Sinaloa species, the dark dorsal bands of the body (common in Oaxac a species) are absent and the furculae of males are well developed (compared to the reduced furcula of Oaxaca species). Moreover, Sinaloa grasshoppers only have been recorded in northwestern Mexico, from Sonora to Jalisco states, whereas Oaxaca species are distributed in southwestern Mexico, from Colima to Oaxaca states. GENERIC DESCRIPTION. Coloration: dorsal body surface shiny colored (blue, green or red) or featuring two darker bands running parallel from head to about fore half of abdomen. When present, these darker bands are divided by a dorsomedial light stripe (wide or narrow) and bordered on each side by two dorsolateral light stripes. These light stripes can be shiny blue, green, yellow or ivory. Lateral body surface with dark bands (dark brown or black) on either side of upper half. These lateral dark bands are wide and continuous from behind the eyes to thorax and narrowing and despairing towards the end of the abdomen. Lower half of head, pronotum and mesothoracic sternum are lightly colored (shiny blue, green, yellow or ivory). Metathoracic episternum with oblique light stripe (shiny bluish, greenish, yellow or ivory) in the upper half. Antenna lightly colored (red, green, yellow, or light brown) almost entirely. Eyes generally dark brown or black with lighter coloration in the front. Tegmina almost enterally dark black or with upper third lightly colored (blue, green, ivory, light brown or yellow). Fore and middle legs generally green or light brown. Hind femora almost enterally red, green or light brown, except for the dark (brown to black) lobes of knees. Hind tibiae bluish green or blue. Morphology: body size ranging from 10.01 to 17.55 mm in males and from 13.11 to 20.59 mm in females. Dorsal surface of body slightly pubescent and uniformly rugose or smooth on the abdomen. Longitudinal median carina on dorsal body surface well marked or diffuse. Head with arched vertex, slightly elevated above the pronotum in lateral view. Fastigium projecting forwards, descending nearly at middle of the eyes in lateral view. Eyes globose and prominent, nearly twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gena in lateral view of head, nearly touching anteriorly and widely separated posteriorly in dorsal view of head. Antenna filiform, larger in males than in females. Pronotum transversely convex, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, especially in females, dorsally straight to slightly arched; metazona slightly larger or shorter than half the length of prozona. Dorsal anterior and posterior margins of pronotal disc somewhat emarginated. Tegmina represented by small lateral tongues, wider in the posterior third than in the base and the apex. Hind wings not evident. Legs slightly pubescent, fore and middle femora more robust in males than in females; fore and middle tibiae with two rows of small dark spines on inner and outer margins of the lower surface of the distal half; hind tibiae with two rows of spines in dorsal surface, 8 spines in the outer, 9 – 10 in the inner. Male terminalia: supra-anal plate triangular or subtriangular with dorsal posterior apex variable in form. Furcula short, blunt rounded or flattened, nearly touching or widely separated dorsally. Cerci conical (straight or inwards curved) or triangular and flattened. Subgenital plate spherical or subtriangular. Male genitalia: epiphallus with a bridge well sclerotized or segmented in the middle; lophi prominent paddle-shaped or lobulated, with or without a backwards directed rounded tooth in the anterior-internal portion of each lophus. Endophallus with dorsal valves sclerotized, variable in size and form. Ventral valves of endophallus nearly as long as the dorsal valves, also variable in form.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A7070281BFFF0E0FBFEA4FACDFAF5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. Aguilar-Roldán, Gómez-Tapia, Mariño-Pérez & Sanabria-Urbán. COMPOSITION. This new subgenus comprises four new species: ottei sp. nov., cohni sp. nov., cuitlateca sp. nov., and tlapaneca sp. nov., all of them described in this study.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A7070281BFFF0E0FBFEA4FACDFAF5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND TAXONOMIC AFFINITY. This new subgenus shares many characteristics with the previously described species of the genus Oaxaca. However, Paraoaxaca grasshoppers generally have slightly larger body sizes and shorter metazona (less than half the length of prozona) than the other two species Oaxaca (Fig. 3; Table 1). In addition, dorsomedial and dorsolateral light stripes of body, and lower areas of head and pronotum are ivory or yellow in subgenus Paraoaxaca, while green or blue in the other congeneric species. Moreover, hind femora of Paraoaxaca individuals are almost entirely green instead showing some degree of red as in other species of the genus Oaxaca, and these differences in coloration are evident in both females and males (Figs. 4 – 5). Male sexual characters also distinguish Paraoaxaca species. The male cerci of subgenus Paraoaxaca are conical, elongated, and straight; while in the other species of Oaxaca, male cerci can be triangular and flattened (O. carinata) or conical elongated, but curved inwards (O. colorata). Moreover, males of subgenus Paraoaxaca can be recognized by having a continuous bridge of epiphallus in association with a backwards directed rounded tooth in the anterior-internal portion of each lophus. Although this last character is shared with O. carinata, in this later species the bridge of epiphallus is segmented in the middle. Lastly, although genus Oaxaca is found in Southwestern Mexico, the known geographic range of subgenus Paraoaxaca spans roughly lowlands from Colima state to middle Guerrero state, while the current species of genus Oaxaca are distributed from midlands to highlands from middle Guerrero to Oaxaca states (Fig. 6). SUBGENERIC DESCRIPTION. Coloration (Figs. 4 – 5): dorsal body surface of males featuring two dark bands (dark brown or black) running parallel from head to about the 5 th abdominal segment. These bands are divided by a dorsomedial light stripe and bordered on each side by two dorsolateral light stripes (yellow or ivory). The dorsomedial light stripe runs along the carina media and narrows in the head and pronotum (sometimes despairing) and widens as it reaches the abdomen tip. The dorsolateral light stripes are well-defined on the head and pronotum, widening and becoming less distinct towards the end of the abdomen. Similar color patterns can be seen in adult females (Fig. 5 B, D) or alternatively, they may have a light brown dorsal surface without any dark bands and more less diffuse dorsolateral light stripes (Fig. 5 F, H). This alternative coloration has also been observed in few nymphal males (Fig. 5 E, G). Lateral body surface of both sexes with dark bands (dark brown or black) on either side of the upper half. These lateral dark bands are wide and continuous from behind the eyes to thorax and narrowing and despairing towards the end of the abdomen. Lower half of head, pronotum and mesothoracic sternum lightly colored (yellow or ivory). Metathoracic episternum with oblique yellow or ivory stripe in the upper half. Antenna lightly colored (green, yellow, or light brown) almost entirely, except dark for distal quarter. Eyes generally dark brown with lighter coloration in the front. Tegmina mostly dark (dark brown or black), except for the upper third that is lightly colored (ivory, light brown or yellow). Fore and middle legs entirely green or light brown (Fig. 4 E, G), sometimes females show light brown on the dorsal and green on the ventral surface of the legs (Fig. 4 F, H). Hind femora enterally green or light brown, except for the dark (brown to black) lobes of knees. Sometimes females show a lighter coloration in the upper basal half of the hind femora surrounded by dark stripes (Fig. 5 H). Hind tibiae bluish green or blue. General morphology (Figs. 7 – 8): body size ranging from 10.91 to 17.55 mm in males and from 13.11 to 20.59 mm in females (Table A 1). Dorsal surface of body slightly pubescent and uniformly rugose from head to abdomen in most cases or smoother on the abdomen. Longitudinal median carina on dorsal body surface well marked from head to abdomen, or less marked on head and pronotum than in the abdomen. Head with arched vertex, slightly elevated above the pronotum in lateral view, more evident in males. Fastigium projecting forward, descending nearly at middle of the eyes in lateral view. Eyes globose and prominent, nearly twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gena in lateral view of head, nearly touching anteriorly and widely separated posteriorly in dorsal view of head. Antenna filiform, nearly the length of head and pronotum together in females or the length of head, pronotum and metanotum together in males. Pronotum transversely convex, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, especially in females, dorsally straight to slightly arched; with two or three well-marked transverse sulci, in the latter case the anterior two sulci fuse and interrupt in the lateral-middle portion of pronotum; metazona generally less than half the length of prozona (average metazona / prozona ratio equal to 0.43 in both males and females). Dorsal anterior and posterior margins of pronotal disc somewhat emarginated, more distinctly in the latter. Tegmina represented by small lateral tongues, wider in the posterior third than in the base and the apex, partially covering the tympanum or barely surpassing the posterior margin of the first abdominal segment. Hind wings not evident. Legs slightly pubescent, fore and middle femora more robust in males than in females, fore and middle tibiae with two rows of small dark spines on inner and outer margins of the lower surface of the distal half, hind tibiae with two rows of spines in dorsal surface, 8 spines in the outer, 9 – 10 in the inner. Male terminalia (Figs. 9 – 12, A – D): supra-anal plate triangular with rounded or pointed apex. Furcula short, blunt rounded and sometimes flattened, nearly touching dorsally. Cerci conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate spherical or subtriangular with a rounded posterior margin or produced in a pointy or a tongue-like process. Female terminalia (Figs. 9 – 12, E – F): supra-anal plate triangular. Furcula absent. Cerci conical, wide in the basal quarter, tapering towards the apex, nearly half the length of the supra-anal plate. Dorsal valves of ovipositor lanceolate with tips curved dorsally. Ventral valves of ovipositor with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly tips curved ventrally. Male genitalia (Figs. 13 – 16): epiphallus well sclerotized (not segmented), bridge almost straight to notably curved anteriorly; ancorae short, triangular, and curved ventrally; anterior projections curved inwards, pointy, or rounded; lophi prominent paddle-shaped or lobulated, in any case with a backwards directed rounded tooth in the anterior-internal portion of each lophus. Endophallus with dorsal valves sclerotized, variable in size and form, ranging from short and dorsally (or laterally) flattened to long and gutter-like. Ventral valves of endophallus nearly as long as the dorsal valves, also variable in form, ranging from subtriangular and pointed to elongated and slender.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A7070281BFFF0E0FBFEA4FACDFAF5.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. Based on the available records, the grasshoppers of this subgenus inhabit the lowlands (from sea level to 1,337 meters above sea level, masl) of the Pacific coast and the outer slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Southwestern Mexico. Their known geographic range spans roughly from central Colima state to the northwestern half of Guerrero state (Fig. 6). These grasshoppers have been found in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats, but usually at the edge of tropical deciduous forest and oak-pine forest (Fig. 17 A, C). They also have been collected in overgrown fields surrounded by thinned natural vegetation or even in cultivated areas (Fig. 17 E, G). Few observations exist of Paraoaxaca grasshoppers feeding on composite plants (Tithonia spp. and Aldama spp.) and climbing plants (Ipomea spp.) (Fig. 17 B, D, F, H). These grasshoppers have been found from September to January, but their numbers seem to peak in September and October, when mating pairs have also been observed (Fig. 17 A). Abundance of these grasshoppers appears to decline as drier winter conditions set in. Interestingly, late-stage nymphs have been found throughout this period, from September all the way to January (Fig. 5 E, G), suggesting these grasshoppers can have more than a single generation each year.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A7070281BFFF0E0FBFEA4FACDFAF5.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. This name is composed of the ancient Greek παρά (meaning next to or near) and the generic name Oaxaca. The name Paraoaxaca refers to both the adjacent distribution, and the close morphological resemblance between grasshoppers of this new subgenus and the currently known two species of the genus Oaxaca.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702819FFE8E0FBFA48FACCF846.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. Males of this species are distinguished from other Paraoaxaca species by their strongly reduced furcula with rounded tips pointing sidewards (Fig. 9 A), in combination with a subtriangular subgenital plate with rounded posterior border pointing dorso-posteriorly (Fig. 9 C – D); or by their paddle-shaped lophi of epiphallus (Fig. 13 A – B), in combination with short dorsal aedeagal valves with laterally flattened and bilobulated apices (Fig. 13 C – D). Further comparisons are made in Table 2. Interestingly, the lophi in ottei sp. nov. approaches the shape seen in tlapaneca sp. nov. (Fig. 16 A – B), but the curvature of the bridge of epiphallus notably differs among them, being only slightly curved in ottei sp. nov. Moreover, these two species occupy opposite ends of the subgenus range (ottei sp. nov. in the north, tlapaneca sp. nov. in the south; Fig. 6). While ottei sp. nov. also shares the short dorsal aedeagal valves with cohni sp. nov. and cuitlateca sp. nov. (which are regionally closer), the forms of these structures are unique among the taxa (Table 2; Figs. 13 – 15, C – D). SPECIES DESCRIPTION. Coloration (Fig. 4 C – D) and general morphology (Fig. 7 A – D): similar in variation as described for the subgenus, except for the coloration of central and dorsolateral light stripes of the dorsal surface of the body that in this species ranges from white to ivory. Male terminalia (Fig. 9 A – D): supra-anal plate triangular with rounded apex. Furcula nearly touching dorsally and strongly reduced with rounded tips pointing sidewards (Fig. 9 A). Cerci conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate (Fig. 9 A – B). Subgenital plate subtriangular in dorsal view (Fig. 9 C) with rounded posterior border pointing dorso-posteriorly and ventral border slightly concave (Fig. 9 D). Female terminalia (Fig. 9 E – F): supra-anal plate triangular. Furcula not developed. Cerci conical, nearly one-half the length of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 9 E). Dorsal valves of ovipositor lanceolate with tips curved dorsally (Fig. 9 F). Ventral valves of ovipositor with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly and tips curved ventrally (Fig. 9 F). Male genitalia (Fig. 13 A – D): epiphallus well sclerotized, bridge slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 13 A); ancorae short, triangular, and curved ventrally (Fig. 13 A – B); anterior projections curved inwards with rounded apices (Fig. 13 A – B); lophi prominent, paddle-shaped and developed posteriorly with anterior-internal tooth moderately developed dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 13 A – B). Endophallus with dorsal valves short (barely surpassing the sheath of ectophallus) with apices laterally flattened and bilobulated (Fig. 13 C – D); the dorsal and ventral lobules are slightly curved backwards or forwards, respectively (Fig. 13 D). Ventral valves conical and nearly slightly shorter than the dorsal valves in lateral view of endophallus (Fig. 13 D).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702819FFE8E0FBFA48FACCF846.taxon	description	EXTERNAL VARIATION (in mm). Males (n = 15): body length: 13.74 – 16.96 (15.34 ± 0.83), pronotum length: 2.63 – 3.88 (3.21 ± 0.4), prozona length: 1.86 – 2.67 (2.27 ± 0.28), metazona length: 0.59 – 1.19 (0.89 ± 0.19), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.25 – 0.61 (0.39 ± 0.09), and hind femur length: 8.02 – 9.34 (8.65 ± 0.36). Females (n = 16): body length: 15.08 – 19.87 (18.29 ± 1.36), pronotum length: 3.97 – 4.7 (4.25 ± 0.23), prozona length: 2.7 – 3.39 (3.01 ± 0.18), metazona length: 0.87 – 1.63 (1.16 ± 0.18), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.31 – 0.56 (0.39 ± 0.07), and hind femur length: 8.46 – 10.84 (10.05 ± 0.59).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702819FFE8E0FBFA48FACCF846.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype male (Fig. 7 A, C): México, Colima, Desviación a Ixtlahuacán, ca. mina de yeso, Tecomán; Selva seca caducifolia, 17 - IX- 2021, 481 masl, 19.074017 º N, - 103.774991 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & R. Mariño Pérez L 36.2021 (locality L 08), CAFESI (specimen # 45). Additional type material: allotype female (Fig. 7 B, D) and 21 paratypes (10 ♂ and 11 ♀) with same data as holotype, CAFESI; 8 paratypes (4 ♂ and 4 ♀) from: Mexico, Colima, 11.3 mi. SW. Colima (on HWY. 110); 26 - IX- 1959, 396 masl, 19.076056 º N, - 103.775051 º W, I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn # 192 (locality L 07), ANSP.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702819FFE8E0FBFA48FACCF846.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. This species has been only collected in two geographically closed (less than 10 km apart) and lowland (L 08 and L 07, 396 – 481 masl) localities around central Colima within the Pacific lowlands biogeographic province. So far, ottei seems to be allopatrically distributed in the most septentrional portion of the subgenus range. Adults (Fig. 4 C – D) and mating pairs (Fig. 17 A) of this species have been found at the end of the rainy season in different years (in September 1959 and 2024) in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats at the edge of tropical deciduous forests (Fig. 17 A – B).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702819FFE8E0FBFA48FACCF846.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of Daniel Otte for his great contributions to the taxonomy of Melanoplinae grasshoppers in Mexico, including some of the material revised here was collected by him.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702800FFEFE0FBFA5FFE57FCD1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. Males of this species are differentiated from other Paraoaxaca species by their short, finger-like furcula with tips slightly slanted sidewards (Fig. 10 A) plus the spherical subgenital plate with a subtriangular tip pointing dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 10 C – D); or by the bilobulated lophi of epiphallus (Fig. 14 A – B), along with the short dorsal aedeagal valves with dorsally flattened, claw-like apices (Fig. 14 C – D). Other differences are shown in Table 2. Overall, male genitalia of cohni sp. nov. is most similar to cuitlateca sp. nov.. Notably, these species are parapatrically distributed (Fig. 6), and have lobulated lophi of epiphallus and short, dorsally flattened dorsal aedeagal valves (Figs. 14 – 15). However, the shapes of these characters notably differ between species (Table 2). For example, dorsal aedeagal valves are claw-like in cohni sp. nov. (Fig. 14 C), while wrench-like in cuitlateca sp. nov. (Fig. 15 C). Moreover, unlike any other species in the subgenus, males of cohni sp. nov. exhibit yellow coloration on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral stripes, as well as on the lower surface of their body (Fig. 4 E, F). SPECIES DESCRIPTION. Coloration (Fig. 4 E – H) and general morphology (Fig. 7 E – H): similar in variation as described for the subgenus, except for the coloration of central and dorsolateral light stripes of the dorsal surface and the lower lateral half of the body that in this species are yellow in males and withe to ivory in females. Male terminalia (Fig. 10 A – D): supra-anal plate triangular with rounded apex. Furcula nearly touching dorsally, moderately short (but longer than in P. ottei), finger-like with rounded tips slightly slanted sidewards in dorsal view (Fig. 10 A). Cerci conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate (Fig. 10 A – B). Subgenital plate spherical with a subtriangular tip in the posterior border pointing dorso-anteriorly in dorsal view (Fig. 10 C) and with ventral border concave in lateral view (Fig. 10 D). Female terminalia (Fig. 10 E – F): supra-anal plate triangular. Furcula not developed. Cerci conical, nearly one-half the length of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 10 E). Dorsal valves of ovipositor lanceolate with tips curved dorsally (Fig. 10 F). Ventral valves of ovipositor with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly and tips curved ventrally (Fig. 10 F). Male genitalia (Fig. 14 A – D): epiphallus well sclerotized, bridge slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 14 A); ancorae short, triangular, and curved ventrally (Fig. 14 A – B); anterior projections curved inwards with sharp pointy apices (Fig. 14 A – B); lophi bilobulated, one lobule is knob-like and internal, while the other is stout and external (Fig. 14 A), and with anterior-internal tooth notably developed dorsally (Fig. 14 B). Endophallus with dorsal valves short (barely surpassing the sheath of ectophallus), claw-like and dorsally flattened (Fig. 14 C – D). Ventral valves conical and nearly as long as the dorsal valves in lateral view of endophallus (Fig. 14 D).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702800FFEFE0FBFA5FFE57FCD1.taxon	description	EXTERNAL VARIATION (in mm). Males (n = 15): body length: 13.28 – 16.29 (14.73 ± 1.15), pronotum length: 2.78 – 3.48 (3.18 ± 0.19), prozona length: 1.77 – 2.7 (2.17 ± 0.24), metazona length: 0.55 – 1.08 (0.94 ± 0.14), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.24 – 0.58 (0.44 ± 0.08), and hind femur length: 8.14 – 9.39 (8.72 ± 0.38). Females (n = 17): body length: 14.08 – 19.49 (17.23 ± 1.72), pronotum length: 3.01 – 4.33 (3.85 ± 0.38), prozona length: 2.01 – 3.16 (2.63 ± 0.34), metazona length: 0.97 – 1.48 (1.18 ± 0.16), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.35 – 0.55 (0.45 ± 0.07), and hind femur length: 8.84 – 10.72 (9.96 ± 0.64).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702800FFEFE0FBFA5FFE57FCD1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype male (Fig. 7 E, G): México, Michoacán, Carr. 37, 1.03 km al SO de “ El Zorrillo ”; Selva seca caducifolia, 8 - X- 2023, 798 masl, 18.2746 º N, - 102.27683 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & J. D. Gómez-Tapia L 03.2023 (locality L 14), CAFESI (specimen # 15). Additional type material: allotype female (Fig. 7 F, H) and 21 paratypes (9 ♂ and 12 ♀) with same data as holotype, CAFESI; 5 paratypes (2 ♂ and 3 ♀) from: Mexico, Michoacan, 7.2 mi. NE. Playa Azul (on HWY. 37) 2.8 mi. NE. La Mira Jct.; 6 - XI- 1974, 213 masl, 18.067611 º N, - 102.318296 º W, T. J. & T. W. Cohn # 123 (locality L 06), ANSP; 4 paratypes (3 ♂ and 1 ♀) from: Mexico, Michoacan, 26 mi. N. La Mira; Oak forest with overgrassed grasses, 8 - IX- 1981, 752 masl, 18.301937 º N, - 102.273416 º W, Otte # 59 (locality L 09), ANSP.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702800FFEFE0FBFA5FFE57FCD1.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. This species has been found in three geographically close and lowland localities (213 – 798 masl) in the southeastern portion of Michoacán state, within the Pacific lowlands and the Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic provinces. This species seems to be parapatrically distributed with cuitlateca sp. nov., which also reach Southwestern Michoacan but at lower elevations (2 – 212 masl). Notably, individuals of cohni sp. nov. and cuitlateca sp. nov. have been found in virtually the same site (localities L 06 and L 13), but at different years (1974 and 2023, respectively). Adult specimens of cohni sp. nov. have been collected from September to November in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats and overgrown fields surrounded by tropical deciduous and Oak forests (Fig. 17 C – D).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702800FFEFE0FBFA5FFE57FCD1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of Theodore J. Cohn for his great contributions to the taxonomy of Melanoplinae grasshoppers northwestern Mexico and because some of the material revised here was collected by him.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702806FFECE0FBFCACFA94FCFD.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. Males of cuitlateca sp. nov. differ from all other Paraoaxaca species by the short, spatula-like furcula with subtriangular tips pointing forwards (Fig. 11 A) in combination with the spherical subgenital plate with a tongue-like tip pointing inwards (Fig. 11 C – D); or by the unilobulated lophi of epiphallus (Fig. 15 A), combined with the short dorsal aedeagal valves with dorsally flattened, wrench-like apices (Fig. 15 C). Other differences are shown in Table 2. Despite male genitalia of cuitlateca sp. nov. and cohni sp. nov. most closely resemble each other, key differences exist. For example, the former species has unilobulated and stout lophi of epiphallus (compared to bilobulated as in cohni). Further comparisons are made in Table 2. SPECIES DESCRIPTION. Coloration (Fig. 5 A – D) and general morphology (Fig. 8 A – D): similar in variation as described for the subgenus, except for the coloration of central and dorsolateral light stripes of the dorsal surface of the body that in this species ranges from white to ivory. Male terminalia (Fig. 11 A – D): supra-anal plate subtriangular with rounded posterior border. Furcula moderately short (but larger than in ottei) and spatula-like with subtriangular tips pointing forwards in dorsal view (Fig. 11 A). Cerci conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate (Fig. 11 A – B). Subgenital plate spherical with a tongue-like tip in the posterior border pointing inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 11 C) and with a concave ventral border in lateral view (Fig. 11 D). Female terminalia (Fig. 11 E – F): supra-anal plate triangular. Furcula not developed. Cerci conical, nearly one-half the length of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 11 E). Dorsal valves of ovipositor lanceolate with tips curved dorsally (Fig. 11 F). Ventral valves of ovipositor with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly and tips curved ventrally (Fig. 11 F). Male genitalia (Fig. 15 A – D): epiphallus well sclerotized, bridge almost straight (Fig. 15 A); ancorae short, triangular, and curved ventrally (Fig. 15 A – B); anterior projections curved inwards with sharp pointy apices (Fig. 15 A – B); lophi stout and unilobulated in dorsal view (Fig. 15 A) with anterior-internal tooth notably developed dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 15 B). Endophallus with dorsal valves short (barely surpassing the sheath of ectophallus), dorsally flattened and wrench-like apices (Fig. 15 C). Ventral valves conical, nearly as long as the dorsal valves in lateral view of endophallus (Fig. 15 D).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702806FFECE0FBFCACFA94FCFD.taxon	description	EXTERNAL VARIATION (in mm). Males (n = 26): body length: 11.22 – 16.72 (13.98 ± 1.4), pronotum length: 2.77 – 3.37 (3.06 ± 0.15), prozona length: 1.68 – 2.67 (2.09 ± 0.19), metazona length: 0.71 – 1.23 (0.95 ± 0.14), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.32 – 0.72 (0.46 ± 0.1), and hind femur length: 8.01 – 10.07 (8.75 ± 0.45). Females (n = 38): body length: 13.11 – 20.59 (18.27 ± 1.76), pronotum length: 3.13 – 4.75 (4.02 ± 0.27), prozona length: 2.26 – 3.18 (2.77 ± 0.23), metazona length: 0.85 – 1.73 (1.19 ± 0.21), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.27 – 0.76 (0.43 ± 0.11), and hind femur length: 8.91 – 11.81 (10.77 ± 0.56).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702806FFECE0FBFCACFA94FCFD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype male (Fig. 8 A, C): México, Guerrero, Carr. 134, km 2, rumbo a Vallecitos; Selva seca caducifolia, 23 - IX- 2017, 440 masl, 17.894651312 º N, - 101.353231939 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & Raúl Cueva L 111.2017 (locality L 04), CAFESI (specimen # 16). Additional type material: allotype female (Fig. 8 B, D) and 4 paratypes (1 ♂ and 3 ♀) with same data as holotype, CAFESI; 7 paratypes (2 ♂ and 5 ♀) from: Mexico, Michoacan, 16 - 20 km NE, Rt 200, Ixtapa-Altamirano rd; Mountain forest, 9 - IX- 1981, 419 masl, 17.78293 º N, - 101.47212 º W, Otte Daniel # 60 (locality L 05), ANSP. 19 paratypes (9 ♂ and 10 ♀) from: México, Michoacán, Carr. 37, km 325, Ca. La Mira; Selva seca caducifolia, 7 - X- 2023, 212 masl, 18.06561 º N, - 102.32162 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & J. D. Gómez-Tapia L 01.2023 (locality L 13), ANSP. 17 paratypes (7 ♂ and 10 ♀) from: México, Michoacán, Carr. 200, km 23 “ Puente La Popoyuta ”; Selva seca caducifolia, 8 - X- 2023, 2 masl, 18.03841 º N, 102.53857 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & J. D. Gómez-Tapia L 05.2023 (locality L 15), CAFESI. 15 paratypes (6 ♂ and 9 ♀) from: México, Guerrero, Carr. a Chutla de Nava, km 2, 1.01 km al SO de “ Chutla de Nava ”; Selva seca caducifolia, 9 - X- 2023, 112 masl, 17.92523 º N, - 101.78867 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán & J. D. Gómez-Tapia L 08.2023 (locality L 16), CAFESI.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702806FFECE0FBFCACFA94FCFD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. Individuals of cuitlateca sp. nov. have been collected in five lowland (sea level — 440 masl) localities up to 127 km apart in southeastern Michoacán and northwestern Guerrero, within the Pacific lowlands and the Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic provinces. Adult specimens of cuitlateca sp. nov. have been collected in September and November in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats surrounded by tropical deciduous forests (Fig. 17 E – F).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702806FFECE0FBFCACFA94FCFD.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. This species is named after the Cuitlateca, an ethnic group that inhabited northwestern Guerrero and disappeared at the beginning of the 20 th century. The epithet cuitlatec a is a feminine noun in apposition.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702805FFE3E0FBFC40FCAEFDF9.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. Males of this species are differentiated from other Paraoaxaca species by their moderately short, subtriangular, and flattened furcula with tips pointing forwards or sidewards (Fig. 12 A) along with the subtriangular subgenital plate with a pointy posterior border (Fig. 12 C – D); or by the paddle-shaped lophi of epiphallus (Fig. 16 A – B), in combination with the long dorsal aedeagal valves with gutter-like tips bended laterally or anteriorly (Fig. 16 C – D). Other differences are shown in Table 2. Despite the lophi in tlapaneca sp. nov. approaches the shape seen ottei sp. nov. and the similarities in coloration patterns between these two species and cuitlateca sp. nov. (which exhibit ivory coloration on the dorsomedial and dorsolateral stripes, as well as on the lower surface of their body), the shape and size of endophallic valves of tlapaneca sp. nov. are unique and strongly differentiated among its congeners. Moreover, tlapaneca sp. nov. seems to be allopatrically distributed in the southern portion of subgenus range (Fig. 6). SPECIES DESCRIPTION. Coloration (Fig. 5 E – H) and general morphology (Fig. 8 E – H): similar in variation as described for the subgenus, except for the coloration of central and dorsolateral light stripes of the dorsal surface of the body that in this species ranges from white to ivory. Male terminalia (Fig. 12 A – D): supra-anal plate subtriangular with rounded posterior border. Furcula nearly touching dorsally, moderately short, subtriangular, and flattened in the base with rounded tips pointing forwards or lightly slanted sidewards in dorsal view (Fig. 12 A). Cerci conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate (Fig. 12 A – B). Subgenital plate with a pointy posterior border pointing dorso-posteriorly dorsal view (Fig. 12 C) and with ventral border decidedly developed ventro-posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 12 D). Female terminalia (Fig. 12 E – F): supra-anal plate triangular. Furcula not developed. Cerci conical, nearly one-half the length of the supra-anal plate (Fig. 12 E). Dorsal valves of ovipositor lanceolate with tips curved dorsally (Fig. 12 F). Ventral valves of ovipositor with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly and tips curved ventrally (Fig. 12 F). Male genitalia (Fig. 16 A – D): epiphallus well sclerotized, bridge strongly curved anteriorly (Fig. 16 A); ancorae short, triangular, and curved ventrally (Fig. 16 A – B); anterior projections curved inwards with sharp pointy apices (Fig. 16 A – B); lophi prominent, paddle-shaped and developed posteriorly with anterior-internal tooth barely developed dorsally (Fig. 16 A – B). Endophallus with long dorsal valves (notably developing beyond the sheath of ectophallus) with gutter-like tips bended laterally or anteriorly in dorsal view (Fig. 16 C – D). Ventral valves elongated, slender, and completely wrapped by and as long as the dorsal aedeagal valves (Fig. 16 D).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702805FFE3E0FBFC40FCAEFDF9.taxon	description	EXTERNAL VARIATION (in mm). Males (n = 16): body length: 10.91 – 17.55 (15.07 ± 1.32), pronotum length: 2.76 – 3.91 (2.93 ± 0.27), prozona length: 1.83 – 2.74 (2.08 ± 0.28), metazona length: 0.69 – 1.11 (0.87 ± 0.11), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.31 – 0.53 (0.42 ± 0.06), and hind femur length: 7.74 – 10.08 (8.37 ± 0.52). Females (n = 16): body length: 15.29 – 19.57 (18.01 ± 1.14), pronotum length: 3.35 – 4.51 (3.83 ± 0.28), prozona length: 2 – 2.97 (2.58 ± 0.24), metazona length: 0.78 – 1.64 (1.15 ± 0.2), metazona / prozona ratio: 0.31 – 0.55 (0.44 ± 0.06), and hind femur length: 8.42 – 11.65 (10.13 ± 0.74).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702805FFE3E0FBFC40FCAEFDF9.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype male (Fig. 8 E, G): México, Guerrero, Guamu, Sierra de Atoyac, km 19 Carr Acapulco-Zihuatanejo; Selva seca caducifolia, 13 - X- 2018, 49 masl, 16.95885 º N, - 99.91789 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán, R. Palacios & V. H. Jimenéz-Arcos L 01.2018 (locality L 01), CAFESI (specimen # 17). Additional type material: allotype female (Fig. 8 F, H) and one male paratype with same data as holotype, CAFESI; 7 paratypes (5 ♂ and 2 ♀) from: Mexico, Guerrero, 14 mi. S. Chilpancingo; brushy posture, forest on hillside, 4 - IX- 1981, 222 masl, 17.391577 º N, - 99.474267 º W, Otte, Azuma, Newlin # 52 (locality L 10), ANSP. 10 paratypes (5 ♂ and 5 ♀) from: Mexico, Guerrero, 16 rd. mi. S. Chilpancingo (km. 298 on Hwy. 95);, 19 - IX- 1959, 1158 masl, 17.37341 º N, - 99.480445 º W, I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn # 147 (locality L 11), ANSP. 1 male paratype from: Mexico, Guerrero, 19 mi. S. Chilpancingo; Oak and pine, tall grass, 4 - IX- 1981, 975 masl, 17.34116 º N, - 99.479662 º W, Otte, Azuma, Newlin # 51 (locality L 12), ANSP. 2 female paratypes from: México, Guerrero, Nueva Delhi, barranca frente a iglesia; Bosque mesófilo de montaña, 13 - X- 2018, 1327 masl, 17.41435 º N, - 100.19736 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán, R. Palacios & V. H. Jimenéz-Arcos L 04.2018 (locality L 02), CAFESI. 4 paratypes (1 ♂ and 3 ♀) from: México, Guerrero, Ca. La Siberia; Bosque mesófilo de montaña, 14 - X- 2018, 1010 masl, 17.3237 º N, - 100.25092 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán, R. Palacios & V. H. Jimenéz-Arcos L 07.2018 (locality L 03), CAFESI. 5 paratypes (2 ♂ and 3 ♀) from: México, Guerrero, Carr. 196, 2.82 km al Oeste de “ El Rincón de las Parotas ”, Atoyac; Selva seca Caducifolia y cultivo de Maíz, 21 - I- 2024, 271 masl, 17.24425 º N, - 100.40161 º W, S. Sanabria-Urbán, L. D. Vázquez Reyes & J. D. Gómez-Tapia L 03.2024 (locality L 17), CAFESI.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702805FFE3E0FBFC40FCAEFDF9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. This species has been found in seven lowland and midlands localities (49 – 1327 masl) up to 97 km apart from each other in southcentral Guerrero, within the Pacific lowlands and the Sierra Madre del Sur biogeographic provinces (Fig. 6). Adult and nymphal individuals (Fig. 5 E, G) of tlapaneca sp. nov. have been collected from September to January (between 1959 and 2024) in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats, cultivated fields surrounded by tropical deciduous, cloud and oak forests (Fig. 17 E – F).	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
926A70702805FFE3E0FBFC40FCAEFDF9.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. This species is named after the Tlapaneca, also known as Me’phaa, an ancient native people that has inhabited southeastern Guerrero since pre-Columbian times and remains in the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero. The epithet tlapaneca is a feminine noun in apposition.	en	Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D., Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón (2024): Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti & Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Zootaxa 5486 (4): 499-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3
