identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
934E794CFFF9235C029C59AA4706FC32.text	934E794CFFF9235C029C59AA4706FC32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spermophilus fulvus (Lichtenstein 1823) Lichtenstein 1823	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Spermophilus fulvus (Lichtenstein, 1823) . Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Eversmann's Reise: 119. </p>
            <p>Type locality: “ near the Kuvandzhur River, east of Mugodzhary Mountains, north of Aral Sea” [Kazakhstan] (Ognev, 1963:29).</p>
            <p> Habitat.  Spermophilus fulvus inhabits dry steppe areas with sparse grass and also the edges of cultivated areas. </p>
            <p>Distribution. This species was collected from 5 localities in Iran (Figure 1, Table 1).</p>
            <p>External characters. The dorsum is reddish with a yellowish tone (Figure 2). There is no demarcation line between the flanks and venter. The venter is pale grey. The base of the tail is the same color as the dorsum.. This coloration gets darker towards the tip of the tail, with a dark ring near the white tip. The hairs of the tail are longer than those of the body. Fore- and hind feet are whitish dorsally and darker ventrally.</p>
            <p>Cranial characters. The skull is robust and about 25% larger than that of the other three species (Figure 4). Lambdoidal and sagittal crests are pronounced in adult and old adult specimens. Postorbital processes are prominent and heavily built. The skull is not uniformly convex in the dorsal aspect and appears more angular in a lateral view. Unlike the other three species, the rostrum is not tapered anteriorly; in dorsal view, the rostrum widens at the anterior end of the premaxillas. The mandible is also larger than that of the other three species but it is similar in general shape. The anterior edges of the zygomatic arch form an approximate right angle at the junction with the rostrum in adult animals, but this angle is obtuse in young specimens. The anterior surface of the incisors is white in most specimens, 70% of upper incisors and 85 % of lower incisors. Posterior palatal foramina are mostly (95%) located posterior to a line passing between M2 and M3. There is a spine-like process in the medial posterior margin of the palate.</p>
            <p> Dentition. The dental formula is the same as in  S. citellus . Pm1 has 1 root. Pm2, M1, M2, and M3 have 3 roots. Pm1 has 2 roots; M1, M2, and M3 have 4 roots. </p>
            <p>Karyology. The karyotype for specimens from Hamedan, Mashad and Zenjan (Iran) is 2n= 36, NF=70, and NFa= 66. All of the autosomal chromosomes are bi-armed. The X chromosome is large and submetacentric and the Y chromosome is the smallest of the acrocentric chromosomes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/934E794CFFF9235C029C59AA4706FC32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Özkurt, Şakir Önder;Sözen, Mustafa;Yiğit, Nuri;Kandemir, Irfan;Çolak, Reyhan;Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi;Çolak, Ercüment	Özkurt, Şakir Önder, Sözen, Mustafa, Yiğit, Nuri, Kandemir, Irfan, Çolak, Reyhan, Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi, Çolak, Ercüment (2007): Taxonomic status of the genus Spermophilus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey and Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1529: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177630
934E794CFFFA235D029C5B6E43E4FEAB.text	934E794CFFFA235D029C5B6E43E4FEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spermophilus xanthoprymnus (Bennett 1835) Bennett 1835	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Spermophilus xanthoprymnus (Bennett, 1835) . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1835:90. </p>
            <p>1835. Citellus [sic] xanthoprymna Bennett. Observations on several Mammalia from Trebizond and Erseroum, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp: 89- 90.</p>
            <p>1877. Spermophilus xanthoprymnus Danford and Alston. On the Mammals of Asia Minor, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp: 277-278.</p>
            <p>Type locality. “Erzurum”, Turkey.</p>
            <p>Distribution. This species lives in steppe areas and mountain slopes in central and eastern Anatolia and in northwestern Iran (Figure 1).</p>
            <p>External characters. Dorsum is light brown or reddish brown with a yellow tone. A demarcation line between flanks and venter typically is absent; a pronounced line was present in two specimens. There is generally a white ring around the eyes and behind the ears. Venter is yellow, grey and white speckled. The tail is the same coloration as the body ventrally and dorsally. The hairs of the tail are longer than those of the body. Forefoot is yellow and hind foot is a pale whitish (Figure 2).</p>
            <p> Cranial characters. The general morphological features are the same as in  S. citellus (Figure 4). The anterior surface of the incisors is mostly yellow. The posterior palatal foramina are generally (90% of specimens) located anterior to a line passing between M2 and M3. There is a spine-like (40% of specimens) or triangular (60% of specimens) process in the medial posterior margin of the palate. </p>
            <p> Dentition. The dental formula is the same as in  S. citellus . Pm1 has 1 root. Pm2, M1, M2, and M3 have 3 roots. Pm1 has 2 roots (one specimen has 3 roots), M1, M2,and M3 have 4 roots. </p>
            <p>Karyology. In the present study, specimens from Digor, Özalp and Başkale in Turkey and from Makü in Iran had a karyotype of 2n= 42, NF= 78, NFa= 74. The X chromosome is submetacentric and the Y chromosome is the smallest acrocentric. The autosomal chromosomal complement is comprised of 17 pairs of biarmed and 3 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes.</p>
            <p>Specimens from Ereġli (Konya) and from Sarız (Kayseri) in Turkey had a karyotype of 2n= 42, NF= 80, NFa= 76. The X chromosome is submetacentric and the Y chromosome is the smallest acrocentric. The autosomal chromosomal complement is comprised of 18 pairs of bi-armed and 2 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/934E794CFFFA235D029C5B6E43E4FEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Özkurt, Şakir Önder;Sözen, Mustafa;Yiğit, Nuri;Kandemir, Irfan;Çolak, Reyhan;Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi;Çolak, Ercüment	Özkurt, Şakir Önder, Sözen, Mustafa, Yiğit, Nuri, Kandemir, Irfan, Çolak, Reyhan, Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi, Çolak, Ercüment (2007): Taxonomic status of the genus Spermophilus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey and Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1529: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177630
934E794CFFFB2350029C5EF94721FE80.text	934E794CFFFB2350029C5EF94721FE80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spermophilus torosensis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Spermophilus torosensis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Holotype. Adult female; skull and skin; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University in Ankara 3877; collected 23 September 2000 by Şakir Özkurt and Mustafa Sözen.</p>
            <p>Type locality. Turkey, Antalya, Akseki, Çalt₁l₁çukur village, Eşekçukuru area of Salamut Plateau on the Taurus Mts, (36.90823E, 31.96114N, 1879 m) (Figure 5).</p>
            <p>Paratypes. Seven females and three males collected from the type locality in July 1996 by Mustafa Sözen and in August 2000 by Şakir Özkurt and Mustafa Sözen. Voucher specimens (skulls and skins) are deposited in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University (1829, 1835, 1839, 1943) and the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University (3395, 3427, 3485, 3559, 3874, 3883).</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The dorsal fur is light reddish brown; speckling is absent. The tail is thick and brush-like, and covered with long hairs that form a tuft at the tip. Measurements for tail length, braincase length, hind foot length, mastoid width, and interorbital constriction are greater than those for  S. citellus and  S. xanthoprymnus . Posterior palatal processes generally spine-like rather than triangular. Supraorbital ridges not converging posteriorly; lambdoidal and sagittal crests and ridges absent or obsolete. The karyotype is 2n= 40, NF-=75-76, and NFa= 72. </p>
            <p>Measurements of holotype. External, cranial, and dental measurements (in mm; except weight, in g) are: total length, 256; tail length, 62; hind foot length, 39; ear length, 7; weight, 260; zygomatic width, 28.5; interorbital constriction, 9.8; condylobasal length, 41.5; occipitonasal length, 43.7; basal length, 36.4; nasal length, 14.8; nasal width, 6.7; facial length of skull, 25.1; braincase length, 18.9; mastoid width, 15.8; width of braincase with bullae, 15.8; occipital width, 20.9; diastema length, 11; palatal length, 23.2; incisive foramen length, 2.7; tympanic bulla length, 9.4; mandible length, 27.4; upper molar alveolar length, 9.94; lower molar alveolar length, 9.46.</p>
            <p> Description. The fur on the dorsal surface of the body is reddish in coloration (Figure 2), but several specimens from Akseki (n= 3) are grey with reddish tone. The dorsal color becomes lighter on the flanks. There is no demarcation line between the flanks and the venter. The color of the venter varies from light yellow to whitish. The tail is reddish with dark hairs on the dorsal surface and whitish hairs on the ventral surface. The forefoot is covered with tiny whitish hairs on the dorsal surface, and the soles are naked. The hind foot is similar in color to the dorsal body coloration; the soles of the feet are naked. The dental formula is the same as in  S. citellus . Pm1 has 1 root. Pm2, M1, M2, and M3 have 3 roots. Pm1 has 2 roots (one specimen has 3 roots), M1, M2, and M3 have 4 roots. The cranial characters of  S. torosensis are similar to those of  S. citellus and  S. xanthoprymnus (Figures 3, 4). The color of the anterior surface of the incisors varies from white to yellow. The posterior palatal foramina are generally (74%) located anterior to a line passing between M2 and M3. There is a spine-like (63% of animals) or triangular (37% of animals) process in the medial posterior margin of the palate. Morphometric analysis separates 3 similar species of Spermophilus—  S. citellus ,  S . xanthoprymnus, and  S. torosensis sp. nov. (Figure 7). </p>
            <p> Habitat.  Spermophilus torosensis is found in open areas above 1500 m in the Taurus Mountains in southern Anatolia from Akseki to Mut (Figure 1). This species inhabits rocky areas with sparse vegetation, but does not live in areas with deep soil. In some cases, individuals were observed living in stone walls built by villagers of Çukurköy in town of Akseki on the Morca Plateau in Antalya province (Figure 6). </p>
            <p> Co-specific rodent species.  Dryomys laniger (Gliridae) , Nannospalax nehringi (Spalacidae),  Apodemus mystacinus (Muridae) ,  Chionomys nivalis (Cricetidae) . </p>
            <p>Distribution. This new species is found above 1500 m in the Taurus Mountains in southern Anatolia from Akseki (Antalya) to Mut (Mersin) (Figure 1).</p>
            <p> Dominant plant species present in and around type locality.  Lamiaceae :  Marrubium globosum ,  Phlomis armeniaca ,  Fabaceae :  Astragalus creticus , Euporbiaceae:  Euphorbia kotschyana , Thymelaeaceae: Daphne oleoides,  Poaceae :  Bromus tomentollus ,  Festuca valesiaca . </p>
            <p> Other plant species in and around type locality. Liliaceae:  Allium scoroprasum, Ornithogahum orthophyllum,  Lamiaceae :  Scutellaria orientalis ,  Nepeta isaurica ,  Stachys lavandulifolia ,  Teucrium chamaedrys ,  Ziziphora clinopodioides ,  Ajuga chamaepitys, Acinos rotundifolius, Scrophulariaceae: Veronica cuneifolia, Verbascum glomerulosum,  Poaceae :  Poa bulbosa ,  Dactylis glomerata ,  Hordeum bulbosum ,  Bromus japonicus ,  Elymus tauri ,  Brassicaceae :  Alyssum minus ,  Erysimum sintenisianum ,  Alyssum condensatum ,  Barbarea minor ,  Asteraceae :  Crepis sancta ,  Onopordum acanthium, Circium lappaceum,  Caryophyllaceae :  Minuartia globulosa ,  Minuartia leucocephala ,  Gypsophila curvifolia ,  Cerastium brachypetalum , Geraniaceae:  Geranium tuberosum ,  Campanulaceae :  Asyneuma virgatum , Rubiaceae:  Cruciata taurica, Asperula setosa, Galium consanguineum,  Boraginaceae :  Onobrychis montana ,  Buglossoides arvensis , Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus damescenus, Rosaceae: Rosa pulverulenta,  Berberidaceae :  Berberis crataegina . </p>
            <p>Derivatio nominis. The name derives from Toros, Turkish for the Taurus Mountains in which the new species is distributed.</p>
            <p>Karyology. The karyotype is 2n= 40, NF-=75-76, and NFa= 72 for specimens from Akseki, Mut and Hadim in southern Anatolia (Özkurt et al. 2002).</p>
            <p>Morphometric analysis. In general, specimens collected from four different geographical regions were clearly separated based on the morphological characters. The results of a univariate ANOVA of the 24 characters used for the discrimination resulted in statistically significant differences (P&lt;0.001) among groups except for the tympanic bullae length (P&gt;0.05).</p>
            <p>In the multivariate analysis, the total morphological variation was explained by 3 axes with eigen values greater than 1. The first axis explained most of the variation (94.18%); the second and the third axes explained 3.51% and 2.31% of the variation, respectively.</p>
            <p>The characters that contributed most to the discrimination in the first axis were braincase length, diastema length, tympanic bulla length, and the upper and lower molar alveoli lengths. For the second axis, the highest loadings were for the interorbital constriction, length of the palate, length of the incisive foramen, mandible length and upper molar alveoli length. For the third axis, interorbital constriction, braincase length, occipital width, length of palate and lower molar alveoli length have the highest loadings.</p>
            <p> In the discriminate function analysis, 97% of the samples were correctly classified into their original groupings (Figure 7). Three species (  S. citellus ,  S. fulvus , and  S. xanthoprymnus ) were 100% correctly placed in their proposed groups. Only 2 specimens from the  S. torosensis sp. nov. exhibited a tendency to cluster with  S. xanthoprymnus ; however, their characteristics did not overlap with  S. xanthoprymnus . This appears to be due to the high degree of morphological variation within  S. torosensis sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/934E794CFFFB2350029C5EF94721FE80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Özkurt, Şakir Önder;Sözen, Mustafa;Yiğit, Nuri;Kandemir, Irfan;Çolak, Reyhan;Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi;Çolak, Ercüment	Özkurt, Şakir Önder, Sözen, Mustafa, Yiğit, Nuri, Kandemir, Irfan, Çolak, Reyhan, Gharkheloo, Mohammed Moradi, Çolak, Ercüment (2007): Taxonomic status of the genus Spermophilus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey and Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1529: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177630
