taxonID	type	description	language	source
8D6E879BFFB0113504A1CC99FC2ECC12.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 01 / 24 / 2008 — two medusae (MZUSP 1628); 04 / 25 / 2008 — one medusa; 05 / 26 / 2008 — one medusa (MZUSP 1627).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFB0113504A1CC99FC2ECC12.taxon	description	Description. Umbrella transparent, conical, measuring 0.6 – 0.8 mm high and 0.5 – 0.8 mm wide; mesoglea thick in the apex, representing up to ~ 35 % of bell height, and thinner laterally. Four well-developed bulbs, each with an adaxial ocellus (missing in some bulbs). Each bulb with a single tentacle. Manubrium tubular, of variable extension, up to ½ of sub-umbrelar cavity. Medusoid buds on different developmental stages on manubrium walls without well-defined position. Mouth rim with four evident clusters of stalked cnidophores in perradial position.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFB0113504A1CC99FC2ECC12.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The four sampled medusae assigned to this species completely match the descriptions of C. fallax (Vanhöffen 1911; Picard & Rahm 1954 as Archeoceania tournieri; Kramp 1959 a, b; Bouillon 1999 as Hydractinia tournieri). The main characters of this species are the mouth with perradial clusters of stalked cnidophores, stomach with medusa buds, four large tentacle bulbs each with one tentacle and an adaxial ocellus. The gonads of this species were undescribed to date and were also absent in the studied medusae. The systematic position of this quite unique medusa is controversial being already placed in Oceaniidae (Picard & Rahm 1954), Cytaeididae (Kramp 1961), Clavidae (Bouillon 1985) and Hydractiniidae (Kramp 1961 and Bouillon 1999 as Hydractinia tournieri; Schuchert 2004, 2009 a).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFB0113504A1CC99FC2ECC12.taxon	distribution	Distribution. There are only three previous records of this species (Vanhöffen 1911; Picard & Rahm 1954; Kramp 1959 b), on the Mouth of River Congo and in Ebrié Lagoon, Ivory coast, all of them in brackish waters with salinities ranging from 10 to 30 (Picard & Rahn 1954). The medusae sampled herein, in salinities between 23 and 27, corroborate its brackish water habitat and represent the first record of this species in the southwestern Atlantic. FIGURES 3 – 20. Examples of gelatinous zooplankton from Baía da Babitonga, S Brazil. Hydractinia sp. 2 (3); Turritopsis nutricola (4); Corymorpha forbesi (5); young Moerisia inkermanica (6); Ectopleura dumortieri (7); Cirrholovenia tetranema (8); Eucheilota duodecimalis, oral view (9); Abylopsis tetragona, eudoxid stage (10); Diphyes bojani, anterior nectophore (11); Muggiaea kochi, polygastric stage (12); Nanomia bijuga, colony with a single nectophore and the siphosome (13), detail of nectophore in upper (above) and lower (below) views (14); Cunina octonaria, oral view (15); Chrysaora lactea, ephyra (16); young Beroe ovata (17); Doliolum nationalis, lateral view of phorozooid (18), gonozooid (19) and old nurse (20). FIGURES 21 – 24. Cnidostoma fallax Vanhöffen, 1911. Lateral view of the medusa (21). Aboral view of manubrium with medusoid buds; notice buds in different developmental stages (22). Lateral view of manubrium showing buds and the cnidophores on mouth rim (23). Detail of the mouth rim with stalked cnidophores (24).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBE113604A1CEA3FD5ECB49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 10 / 18 / 2007 — 12 medusae; 11 / 16 / 2007 — 18 medusae; 01 / 24 / 2008 — 14 medusae; 02 / 29 / 2008 — 197 medusae; 04 / 25 / 2008 — one medusa; 05 / 25 / 2008 — five medusae; 08 / 08 / 2008 — two medusae (MZUSP 1597).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBE113604A1CEA3FD5ECB49.taxon	description	Description. Medusae bell-shaped, varying from 0.5 to 1.2 mm in diameter with thin mesoglea. Manubrium tubular, without peduncle, occupying nearly half the length of bell cavity. Four mouth lips prolonged into simple small oral tentacles. Eight well-developed tentacular bulbs without ocelli. Gonads well-defined along the interradial walls of the manubrium.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBE113604A1CEA3FD5ECB49.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The characters and general appearance of these medusae are quite similar to Hydractinia carnea (Sars) (Kramp 1959 a, 1961; Edwards 1972; Bouilon et al. 2004), however detailed morphological (including both polyp and medusa stages) and molecular characterization being conducted (Bettim 2010; Haddad et al. 2010; M. A. Haddad & A. L. Bettim unpublished data) indicate this is a new species.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBE113604A1CEA3FD5ECB49.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Paranaguá (Bettim, 2010; Haddad et al. 2010) and Babitonga (present study) estuaries. Endemic to south Brazilian estuaries (?).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113604A1C986FF06CE1F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 01 / 24 / 2008 — one medusa (MZUSP 1626).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113604A1C986FF06CE1F.taxon	description	Description. Umbrella bell-shaped; mesoglea relatively thin laterally and thick in the apex, where it represents almost 1 / 3 of bell height. Four radial canals and four relatively large hollow bulbs with one tentacle each. Without ocelli. Manubrium occupying almost the entire sub-umbrelar cavity, with simple round mouth. Gonads interradial on manubrium walls.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113604A1C986FF06CE1F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although the genus Protiara Haeckel is somewhat doubtful since its type species is imprecise (Schuchert 2009 b), the single medusa assigned here as Protiara sp. fits well the diagnosis of the genus given by Schuchert (2009 b) as “ Protiaridae medusae without marginal cirri, four marginal tentacles, with or without ocelli, with four or eight smooth, vertical gonads in the adradial-interradial region, four simple oral lips, without mesenteries ”. Among the two known species of the genus, the present material differs from P. haeckeli Hargitt, 1902 by the absence of an extended apical projection and tentacular bulbs not conical and from P. tetranema (Péron & Lesueur) by the absence of ocelli and gonads interradial, not perradial (Hargitt 1902; Kramp 1961).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113604A1C986FF06CE1F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This genus has been found in North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean waters (Kramp 1961; Navas-Pereira & Vannucci 1991; Bouillon et al. 2004). This is the first record of the genus from the south Atlantic.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113704A1CCB7FCFBCDC3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 02 / 29 / 2008 — one medusa (MZUSP 1631).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113704A1CCB7FCFBCDC3.taxon	description	Description. The single medusa analyzed was dome-shaped, with four radial canals, four bulbs, two of them with a relatively small tentacle ending in a rather large swollen round tip. Scattered nematocysts on exumbrella, mainly near the radial and ring canals. No gonads observed.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113704A1CCB7FCFBCDC3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. While the material examined clearly falls within the diagnosis of the rare genus Paulinum Brinckmann-Voss & Arai, 1988: “ Four thick radial canals and ring canal present; four marginal bulbs with adaxial thickenings, at least two of which bear stiff tentacles terminating in a round cnidocyst bulb. ” (Brinckmann-Voss & Arai 1988), its specific identification is hard to surely ascertain. It is similar to P. punctatum (Vanhöffen 1911), however the manubrium of the present material is longer and the swollen parts of its tentacles are much larger. Including the present record this genus was found only three times, however it may be the young medusa stages of Velella velella (Linnaeus) (Peter Schuchert, personal communication).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBD113704A1CCB7FCFBCDC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This genus was previously found twice only; a single individual of P. punctatum from the Indian Ocean was described by Vanhöffen (1911), and a single individual of P. l i n e a t u m was described by Brinckmann- Voss & Arai (1988) from the Canadian Pacific coast. The single medusa reported here is the first record in the South Atlantic. If co-specific with V. velella it is widely distributed in Brazil and elsewhere (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). FIGURES 25 – 36. Hydractinia sp. 1, specimen turned inside-out (25). Protiara sp., lateral view (26). Paulinum sp., lateral view (27). Eirene sp. (young E. viridula?), lateral view (28), detail of the manubrium and distal portion of the peduncle (29) and detail of the margin showing tentacular bulb (tb) and rudimentary bulb (rb) (30). Eutima mira McCrady, 1857, general view (31), detail of the manubrium and distal portion of the peduncle (32), detail of the margin showing a tentacular (notice absence of lateral cirri) and rudimentary bulbs (33) and detail of the margin showing a rudimentary bulb with lateral cirri (lc), a statocyst (es) on the right and marginal warts (mw) on the left (34). Octophialucium haeckeli (Vannucci & Moreira, 1966), lateral view (35) and oral view of an individual with seven lips (36).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 01 / 24 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1617); 04 / 25 / 2008: one medusa (MZUSP 1616).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03.taxon	description	Description. Umbrella transparent, flat (MZUSP 1616) or somewhat globular (MZUSP 1617), with very thick jelly especially at the apex. The gastric peduncle is very thick and short, with length of 0.8 mm in the medusa with 6 mm in bell diameter (MZUSP 1617) and 1.4 mm in the medusa with 6.5 mm (MZUSP 1616). The peduncle passes beyond the bell margin since the sub-umbrellar cavity is almost absent. Manubrium short (0.5 and 1 mm in length respectively), with four relatively short and pointed lips. Gonads small, elongated to slightly oval on the four radial canals near the margin, but not in contact with the ring canal; 23 or 28 tentacles with round or conical bulbs with different sizes. Almost one rudimentary bulb between every tentacle. All bulbs without lateral cirri and with an adaxial excretory pore. Nearly one very small statocyst between every bulb (rudimentary or not).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two medusae reported here clearly belong to the genus Eirene Eschscholtz due to the presence of a distinct gastric peduncle, tentacular bulbs with excretory pores, complete absence of cirri and the presence of several closed statocysts (Russell 1953; Kramp 1961; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2004, 2006). Within this genus 22 species are recognized (Schuchert 2009 a; Du et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2010) and the medusae studied here resemble that of E. viridula (Péron & Lesueur) (see Russell 1953; Bouillon 1999), the only species of the genus recorded at the Brazilian coast and in the South Atlantic as well (Bouillon 1999; Migotto et al. 2002). However both individuals sampled are still young with small, developing gonads and differ from E. viridula in some characteristics: i) the peduncle is relatively shorter, being not larger than ¼ of bell diameter in the present material; ii) their gonads are short, elongated-to-oval-shaped placed on the distal fourth of radial canals, while those of E. viridula are linear across the whole radials canals; iii) all accounts of E. viridula mention evident adaxial excretory papillae on both tentacular and rudimentary bulbs, while the bulbs of the present material all have a distinct adaxial excretory pore but lack the papillae. These differences may all be attributed to the early stage of development of the two medusae examined. A detailed comparison of the early stages of E. viridula from Russell (1953) shows several similarities with the present material, including the initial position of the gonads. However, Eirene medusae commonly undergo a considerable morphological change throughout development (e. g. Kubota & Horita 1992; Guo et al. 2008) and the only record of E. viridula from the Southwestern Atlantic is several thousand kilometers northwards (off Amazonas River; Alvariño 1968), therefore more material is needed to confirm the identification of this species.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The genus Eirene is widespread worldwide (except Arctic and Antarctic regions), as also is E. viridula (Bouillon 1999). In Brazil there is a single record of E. viridula on its North Coast (~ 0 ° Lat; Alvariño 1968) and the present investigation is the first record of the genus Eirene on the south Brazilian coast.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 11 / 16 / 2007 one medusa with the gonads beginning to develop (MZUSP 1619); 01 / 24 / 2008, two young and six adults medusae (MZUSP 1618); 04 / 25 / 2008, one adult medusa; 05 / 26 / 2008, one young and one adult medusa.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The 12 medusae assigned to this species varied from 2.5 to 10 mm in bell diameter and completely match the several available descriptions of E. mira. The presence of only four tentacles in addition with the configuration of the gonads (four on the sub-umbrellar portion of the radial canals, and four on the gastric peduncle) is diagnostic for E. mira within the 23 recognized species of the genus (McCrady 1857; Kramp 1961; Goy 1979; Bouillon 1999; Bouillon et al. 2006; Guo et al. 2008; Schuchert 2009 a) and easily differentiate it from the other two Brazilian species, E. coerulae (L. Agassiz) and E. sapinhoa Narchi & Hebling, 1975, which possess only four gonads (Narchi & Hebling 1975, Migotto et al. 2002, 2004). Reports on E. mira indicate that their tentacular bulbs may or may not have lateral cirri. All medusae analyzed herein had cirri on rudimentary bulbs only.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E. mira can be found in China Seas and is widely distributed along the western Atlantic coast of USA (Kramp 1961). In the southwestern Atlantic there are two records off northeastern Brazil — around Fernando de Noronha Island (~ 3 ° 51 ’ S; Vannucci 1957, 1958), and off Alagoas (~ 9 ° S) and Bahia coastal waters (12 ° 56 ’ S and 16 ° 29 ’ S; Goy 1979) – as well as two additional records from the temperate Argentinean shelf (37 – 38 ° S; Zamponi 1983 a; Zamponi & Suárez, 1991). The present finding is the first record of this hydromedusa from the south Brazilian coast and fulfills a gap of its known distribution.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113104A1C92CFB77C92A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 10 / 18 / 2007 — four medusae (MZUSP 1620, 1632); 11 / 16 / 2007 — one medusa; 05 / 26 / 2008 — one medusa (MZUSP 1621).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113104A1C92CFB77C92A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The six examined medusae perfectly agree with the description given by Vannucci & Moreira (1966) without necessity of further description. It differs from the other 10 species of the genus (Schuchert 2009 a) by the presence of four lips, eight bulbs (only four of them with tentacles), eight statocysts and no rudimentary bulbs or marginal warts. One out of the six studied individuals had 7 lips instead of four (Fig. 35; MZUSP 1632). This variation may generate some doubts, since the number of lips is one of the diagnostic characters of this species (Vannucci & Moreira 1966; Bouillon 1999), however this specimen was considered abnormal given that all other characters remained the same.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113104A1C92CFB77C92A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic from the Brazilian coast. This is the first record since its original description from São Paulo (Vannucci & Moreira 1966), extending its known distribution ~ 250 km southwards.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 10 / 18 / 2007 — one young medusa (MZUSP 1614); 11 / 16 / 2007 — one young and four adult medusae; 05 / 26 / 2008 — one young medusa; 07 / 10 / 2008 — one young medusa; 08 / 08 / 2008 — three young medusae (MZUSP 1615); 06 / 19 / 2009 — one young and one adult medusa.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB.taxon	description	Description. The two smaller medusae (0.6 and 1.2 mm wide) were dome-shaped (almost as high as wide) with relatively thin mesoglea (Fig. 36). Stomach short, without peduncle or evident lips or warts on the mouth. No signs of gonads could be observed. Four perradial and four interradial large swollen pads with two moniliform tentacles each (Fig. 36). Eight additional adradial smaller tentacles on bell margin. Among the five medusae between 2 and 4 mm in bell diameter, only a single one was in a very good state (Fig. 37). Its mesoglea is considerably thicker, representing almost 30 % of bell height. Tentacle arrangement and morphology fits the description above (Fig. 38), except that small pads could be noticed at the base of the adradial tentacles. The manubrium differed from the smaller medusae described above by being relatively longer (almost ½ of bell cavity) with four evident lips and numerous warts along its margin. Rudiment of gonads can be observed in the basal part of radial canals (Fig. 39 arrows). The other analyzed G. brachymera medusae within 2 and 4 mm (n = 4) had the bell damaged, not allowing comparison of general shape, mesoglea thickness or shape and size of the manubrium. Some characters, however, such as tentacle morphology and arrangement and gonads could be clearly distinguished, differing from the described above only by the gonads being slightly more developed in two of them. A single individual 4.2 mm wide was very similar to these ones, but the beginning of a gastric peduncle already could be clearly seen and the gonads were more developed and already advancing on the proximal ¼ of the radial canals. Also, eight small tentacles interspersed among the other ones were present on the margin. The adults of G. brachymera were described in detail by Bigelow (1909) and Russell (1938).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The observed specimens in different developmental stages show that G. b r a c h y m e r a passes through considerable morphological changes during its growth, mainly relating to the peduncle, absent in juveniles, the mouth and the general shape of umbrella and mesoglea thickness, beyond the number of tentacles and presence of gonads. Based on tentacle morphology, Genzano et al. (2008) suggested that Octobulbacea montehermosensis Zamponi, 1983, considered endemic from the Argentinean coast, is in fact juvenile G. brachymera. The present observations on the young stages of G. brachymera strongly support this view. The animals described herein completely match Zamponi’s (1983 b) description, except by the gonads which he states to be in the interradial base of the manubrium walls. However, this location is not evidenced by its drawing and perhaps the author has misinterpreted it. Although the types were lost (Genzano et al. 2008), the very close resemblance strongly indicates that O. montehermosensis is not a valid species, and instead should be regarded as a junior synonym of G. b r a c h y m e r a. Since this is the only species of the genus Octobulbacea, this generic name must also be abandoned, regarded as synonym of Gossea.	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Gossea brachymera is mostly common in or near estuaries and / or rivers, occurring on both sides of the American coasts. This species was recorded on the Mexican Pacific coast, Gulf of Mexico, Strait of Magellan and Argentina (Bigelow 1909; Russell 1938; Vannucci & Tundisi 1962; Segura Puertas et al. 2003). In Brazil, Navas-Pereira (1981) recorded a single individual on the Rio Grande do Sul Shelf, therefore the present record extends northwards its known distribution in Brazil. FIGURES 37 – 40. Young stages of Gossea brachymera Bigelow, 1909; lateral view of young medusae (37); lateral view of a medusa with incipient gonads (38), detail of its margin and tentacles (39), and of its manubrium and rudiments of gonads (arrows) beginning to appear (40).	en	Júnior, Miodeli Nogueira (2012): Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil). Zootaxa 3398: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210956
