identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC.text	8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ischnacanthiformes BERG 1940	<div><p>ORDER ISCHNACANTHIFORMES BERG, 1940 FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES INDET.</p><p>(Fig. 2 A-D)</p><p>Referred material —Fin spines FMNH-PF 14560, FMNH-PF 14561, dentigerous jaw bone fragments FMNH-PF 14562, FMNH-PF 14563.</p><p>Description —The fin spines are laterally flattened, and ornamented with closely spaced smooth longitudinal ridges that parallel the leading edge. The more complete spine (FMNH-PF 14560; Fig. 2A) is c. 27 mm long, maximum depth 2 mm, possibly lacking the proximal end. The leading edge ridge is slightly wider than the five lateral ridges on the exposed side of the spine. The other specimen (FMNH-PF 14561; Fig.2B) is a 9 mm long fragment of the proximal half of a spine, maximum depth 1 mm, also with five ridges on the exposed side. On both specimens the ornament ridges extend the whole length.</p><p>The more complete dentigerous jaw bone specimen (FMNH-PF 14562; Fig. 2C) is 30 mm long and is the posterior part of the bone, lacking the posterior end, with the smooth labial surface exposed. Eight teeth are preserved on the occlusal surface. The teeth increase in height anteriorly, curve slightly lingually, have a smooth labial surface, and are slightly recurved antero-posteriorly. They appear to be monocuspid (Fig. 2D), lacking denticles or ancilliary cusps. The other specimen (FMNH-PF 14563; not figured) is a small jaw fragment with one smooth cusp intact.</p><p>Comparison —Laterally flattened spines with equal width longitudinal ridges paralleling the leading edge, and a lack of a differentiated insertion, characterise the Ischnacanthiformes (Burrow 2021). The spines of Poracanthodidae and Acritolepidae (Valiukevičius 1992, 2003, Burrow 2011) typically have more lateral ridges than the Death Valley specimens, and the Ischnacanthidae, where known,have fewer ridges (Burrow 2007). The spines most likely belong to an ischnacanthid. However, most ischnacanthiform taxa are based on isolated dentigerous jaw bones and scales rather than articulated fish, and their fin spine morphology is thus unknown, so we assign these spines to an undetermined ischnacanthiform.</p><p>Dermal dentigerous jaw bones are only found in ischnacanthiform acanthodians (Burrow 2004a, 2011). The morphological features of the lingual side of the bones and teeth are important characters for identifying genera (e.g., Long 1986, Burrow 2004a, 2004b). The size and exposed morphology of the Death Valley specimens conforms with that of Cacheacanthus utahensis Burrow, 2007 from the Emsian of Utah, but they cannot be definitively assigned to Cacheacanthus as some characters diagnostic for Cacheacanthus are based on the parabasal shape of the teeth and presence or absence of a lingual tooth row, and these features are not visible on the described specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burrow, Carole Jan;Elliott, David Kenneth	Burrow, Carole Jan, Elliott, David Kenneth (2023): Acanthodian fauna from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Death Valley, California. PaleoBios 40 (2): 1-7, DOI: 10.5070/P940253335, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940253335
8E3A87E5FFCAB402DCC7FDBD894345AF.text	8E3A87E5FFCAB402DCC7FDBD894345AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryantonchus peracutus (BRYANT 1934)	<div><p>BRYANTONCHUS PERACUTUS (BRYANT, 1934)</p><p>(Fig. 3 A-C)</p><p>Referred material —Complete fin spine FMNH-PF 14564, spine fragments FMNH-PF 14565–14572.</p><p>Description —The one complete spine (FMNH-PF 14564; Fig. 3A) is 20 mm long with a straight trailing edge and slightly curved leading edge; maximum depth is 1.5 mm near the proximal end of the exserted part. The insertion is less than 2 mm long. The exserted part of the spine is smooth, without any ridges or other ornamentation, and the short insertion shows fine closeset longitudinal ridges (Fig. 3B). The insertion is also exposed on specimen FMNH-PF 1458 (Fig. 3C), with a medial groove along the trailing edge also visible. The other fragments also exhibit the smooth surface on the exserted part, characteristic of the taxon. The spines appear to have the circular cross-section that typifies B. peracutus, except FMNH-PF 14567 (not figured) that is somewhat laterally flattened.</p><p>Comparison —The Death Valley specimens fit within the range shown by Bryantonchus peracutus fin spines from the type stratum of the Beartooth Butte Formation at Beartooth Butte, Wyoming, and also in the Sevy Dolomite of the northern Egan Range, Nevada, Holland Quarry Shale, northwestern Ohio (Denison 1960), and lower Grassy Flat Member, Water Canyon Formation of Utah (Burrow 2007). The taxon is not known from any other region.</p><p>Order indet.</p><p>FAMILY MACHAERACANTHIDAE BURROW &amp; YOUNG, 2005</p><p>MACHAERACANTHUS NEWBERRY, 1857</p><p>MACHAERACANTHUS SP.</p><p>(Fig. 3D, E)</p><p>Referred material —Fin spines FMNH-PF 14573, possibly FMNH-PF 14574.</p><p>Description —Specimen FMNH-PF 14573 is 17 mm long, with a marked longitudinal curvature and lacks the proximal and distal ends (Fig. 3D). A lateral surface is exposed, showing an abraded keel or wing and one or two longitudinal grooves on the convexly curved upper surface. FMNH-PF 14574 is the distal part of a spine, 16 mm long with maximum width c. 2.5 mm (Fig. 3E). Most of the spine has eroded away, but the lateral wing and keel and the central core are partially preserved in the more eroded distal end.</p><p>Comparison —Despite their poor preservation, these small spines are identifiable as Machaeracanthus based on their distinctive morphology, with lateral wing and keel extending out from a central axial body. The weak grooves on the upper surface of FMNH-PF 14573 indicate it could be a small specimen of M. sulcatus, which has been described from the Coils Creek Member (?Emsian), McColley Canyon Formation, Nevada (Burrow et al. 2010, fig. 4C–J). However, another species M. kayseri Kegel, 1913 also has longitudinal grooves and ridges on the same surface (Burrow et al. 2010, fig. 1G), so we can only assign the spine to M. sp. Bryant (1934) erected a new species Machaeracanthus minor for a spine from the Beartooth Butte Formation, Wyoming, but Denison (1979) considered it to be a junior synonym of O. penetrans . Burrow (2007) suggested that the holotype of the latter species could rather be an eroded specimen of B. peracutus, but given some uncertainty due to the preservation, the taxon Onchus penetrans is retained (Burrow 2021). In the western United States, Machaeracanthus has only otherwise been recorded from the Emsian McColley Canyon Formation in the Early Devonian and the Red Hill Beds, Simpson Park Range, Nevada in the uppermost Middle Devonian (Reed 1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E3A87E5FFCAB402DCC7FDBD894345AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burrow, Carole Jan;Elliott, David Kenneth	Burrow, Carole Jan, Elliott, David Kenneth (2023): Acanthodian fauna from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Death Valley, California. PaleoBios 40 (2): 1-7, DOI: 10.5070/P940253335, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940253335
