taxonID	type	description	language	source
8E5987CB6F08FFE3B97AFABF32BAFCFC.taxon	description	Our analyses largely agree with recent morphological analyses in terms of the major groupings of the Luciolinae (Ballantyne and Lambkin, 2013). Thanks in large part to the effort of Ballantyne and Lambkin (Ballantyne 1987 a, Ballantyne and Lambkin 2009, 2013), there also exists a discussion of the aedeagal sheath, which has provided evidence in support of the current taxonomic framework for these taxa. Many of the morphological characters used in these analyses (Ballantyne and Lambkin 2009, 2013, Ballantyne et al. 2015, 2016) and the phylogenetic patterns they support, correlate well with the phylogenetic hypotheses generated from our molecular data. However, some minor differences between previous phylogenetic work and our overall topology do exist. For example, the Atyphella complex is not recovered as the the most highly derived lineage, as it is in Ballantyne and Lambkin (2013). Our molecular data set recovers this lineage as more basal compared with the other Luciolinae. In addition, the lampyrine genus Lamprigera is recovered as a lineage within the lucioline clade. Jeng et al. (2000) remarked that the systematic position of Lamprigera was uncertain and would hopefully be more accurately defined through future phylogenetic investigation. Previous analyses have recovered Lamprigera in various positions within the Lampyridae. In 2006, on the basis of the 16 S mitochondrial marker, Li et al. performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the Lampyridae. In this analysis, Stenocladius was recovered as the basal lineage, while Lamprigera was recovered in a surprising clade together with the amydetine genus Vesta sister to the remaining fireflies (Li et al. 2006), albeit with low support. In his thesis, Jeng (2008) recovered Lamprigera sister to the Phausis + Lamprohiza using> 400 morphological characters. Wang et al. (2017) recovered Lamprigera as a member of the Lampyrinae on the basis of 13 mitochondrial genes. It should be noted, however, that the Wang et al. (2017) analysis suffered from a limited taxon sampling (six lucioline taxa and two additional lampyrine taxa from a single genus). Martin et al. (2017) recovered Lamprigera as sister to the monophyletic Luciolinae with high support and placed it as Lampyridae incertae sedis. Here we recover Lamprigera as a member of the Luciolinae for the first time with both strong support and congruence between all of our analyses. However, this placement is based on a single Lamprigera species and major morphological differences between Lamprigera and the luciolines, e. g., the number of abdominal ventrites, need to be addressed. A major, long-standing morphological synapomorphy for Luciolinae has been males with six abdominal ventrites, whereas all other Lampyridae have seven or eight abdominal ventrites. Males of Lamprigera exhibit the ‘ typical’ abdominal morphology of Lampyridae with seven ventrites. In certain elateroid lineages, ventrite number is known to vary greatly, even within recently derived tribes / subfamilies (Kundrata and Bocak 2019). In contrast, ventrite number has not been shown to vary in Luciolinae. To rigorously test the classification of Lamprigera relative to the Luciolinae, an expanded taxon sampling including deeper species coverage within the Lamrigera, combined with an in-depth morphological investigation, including the plasticity of ventrite number across these taxa will be needed. Until these analyses can be done, we elect to keep Lamprigera as Lampyridae incertae sedis (Martin et al., 2017). Pterotinae, Cyphonocerinae, and Psilocladinae (McDermott, 1964) stat. nov. Jeng et al. 1998, 2006, summarizing the work of McDermott (1966), Crowson (1972), and Nakane (1991), were the first to formally delineate the Psilocladinae (previously known as Cyphonocerinae), by identifying the constituents of the group (Cyphonocerus Kiesenwetter, Psilocladus, and Pollaclasis) and laying out nine morphological features uniting the group. Jeng et al. (1998) also recognized Cyphonocerinae as a subjective synonym of Psilocladinae based on priority. In 2016, Silveira et al. treated Scissicauda as a member of the amydetine subtribe Psilocladina sensu McDermott 1964, distinguishing Scissicauda from the other members of the group (Ethra, Photoctus McDermott, Psilocladus, and Pollaclasis). In 2017, another genus (Araucariocladus Silveira & Mermudes) was added to the Psilocladina sensu McDermott. As a consequence of recognizing Psilocladina sensu McDermott instead of Psilocladinae sensu Jeng / Nakane, Cyphonocerus was left as the sole member of the Cyphonocerinae. Our phylogenetic analyses supports in part the classification presented by Crowson (1972) and Nakane (1991) and supports the classification of Psilocladus as a separate lineage from the Amydetinae. Without Cyphonocerus in our taxon sample, the placement of Psilocladus within the Cyphonocerinae cannot truly be tested; however, given that Psilocladus did not form a monophyletic lineage with Pollaclasis, we formally recognize the subfamily Psilocladinae, distinguished by the antennae with 11 articles, articles 2 – 11 with two weak, ciliate branches, with the only constituent genus being Psilocladus. Following McDermott (1966) and Silveira et al. (2016), Pollaclasis is classified as a member of the Amydetinae. However, both our ML and coalescent analyses challenge this classification. The ML analysis places Pollaclasis as a sister taxon to the North American Pterotus, the sole member of the Pterotinae (Fig. 1). In contrast, the coalescent analysis places Pollaclasis as sister to a Phausis + Lamprohiza clade (Supp Fig. 2). Hypothesized to be a close relative of Cyphonocerus, Pollaclasis has previously been classified in the Psilocladinae based on the morphology of antennae, mandibles, and abdominal segmentation (see Jeng et al. 1998). The present analyses do not support the monophyly of Pollaclasis and Psilocladus. On the basis of this evidence, as well as the absence of Cyphonocerus in our taxon sample, we transfer Pollaclasis to Lampyridae incertae sedis. Future efforts need to be made to ascertain whether Pollaclasis is indeed a member of the Cyphonocerinae, or as the ML analyses suggest, more closely related to Pterotus.	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F0AFFE3B97AFCAA32AEFA22.taxon	description	Two other genera, Anadrilus Kirsch, 1875 and Pachytarsus Motschulsky, 1861, were both excluded from the Ototretinae by Janisova and Bocakova (2013) on the basis of lack of type material to examine. As we were also unable to sample these genera, they remain Lampyridae incertae sedis. Of note, when he described Pachytarsus, Motschulsky (1861) was apparently unaware of the true bug genus by the same name, having been described the year before: Pachytarsus Fieber, 1860 (for current usage, see Ballal et al. 2018). Due to the name Pachytarsus being preoccupied, we propose the replacement name Crassitarsus Martin.	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F0AFFE2B97AF9CC371DFF32.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Crassus, a synonym for pachy, both meaning thick, seems an apt replacement to conserve the original thoughts of Motschulsky.	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F0BFFE2B97AFCBC323EF98C.taxon	description	Owing to the phylogenetic position of Memoan as sister to Amydetes, and the morphological features shared by Memoan with other taxa within the Amydetinae (as identified by Silveira and Mermudes, 2013), including a ‘ continuous glow, pleuralventral suture, ventral approximate eyes, deep punctures on pronotum and scutellum, and absence of tibial spurs’, we formally transfer Memoan to the Amydetinae, thus the Amydetinae now include Amydetes, Magnoculus, and Memoan.	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F0BFFE2BADAFEFC322CFDFC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The Lamprohizinae are distinguished from all other subfamilies with the following combination of characters, based on adult males: mandibles unmodified (i. e., not reduced in size); antennae filiform, 11 - segmented, with or without terminal sensorium, if without then posterior margin of ventrite 7 with weak to strong medial projection, projection emarginate at midline; tarsal claws simple, not bifid; abdomen with seven – eight ventrites; abdominal spiracles dorsal; aedeagal sheath symmetrical.	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F06FFEFBADAFA9C339EF994.taxon	description	Dadophora hyalina Olivier in Wytsman, 1907: 27	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F06FFEFBADAFA9C339EF994.taxon	description	Pyractonema compressicornis Solier in Gay, 1849: 446 Pyropyga Motschulsky, 1852	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
8E5987CB6F07FFEEBADAFEFC3412FE34.taxon	description	Cladodes flabellatus Solier in Gay, 1849: 445	en	Martin, Gavin J., Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F., Branham, Marc A., Da Silveira, Luiz F. L., Lower, Sarah E., Hall, David W., Li, Xue-Yan, Lemmon, Alan R., Lemmon, Emily Moriarty, Bybee, Seth M. (2019): Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea). Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 3 (6), No. 11: 1-15, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz024
