taxonID	type	description	language	source
8F5DE56C280BB107FF2AFC0837118525.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Actopsyllus hartmannorum Kunz, 1971 = Helmutkunzia hartmannorum (Kunz, 1971) [by original designation]. Other species. Helmutkunzia variabilis Wells & Rao, 1987; H. xiamenensis sp. nov.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C280BB107FF2AFC0837118525.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Miraciidae. Diosaccinae. Body linear. Original segmentation of ♀ genital double-somite marked by dorsolateral chitinized internal ridges. Cephalothorax and pedigerous somites with plain hyaline frill, genital double-somite and abdominal somites 2 – 3 (in ♀) or abdominal somites 1 – 3 (in ♂) with finely semi-incised subulate frill. Anal operculum weakly developed. Caudal ramus slightly longer than wide; with seven setae; seta I minute; seta II long and setiform, proximal half inflated (especially in ♀); seta III long and setiform, setae IV – V well developed, with weakly developed fracture planes; seta VI short and setiform; seta VII arising from biarticulate socle. Rostrum elongate, narrow and pointed. Antennule ♀ 8 - segmented, slender, segment 2 longest, segments 5 – 7 small, last four segments combined about 2 / 5 of combined length of proximal four; with aesthetasc on segments 4 and 8. Antennule ♂ haplocer, 10 - segmented, with geniculation between segments 7 and 8. Antenna with unarmed basis; proximal endopodal segment with abexopodal pinnate seta; exopod 3 - segmented, exp- 1 with pinnate seta, exp- 2 very small and unarmed, exp- 3 with naked lateral seta and 1 – 2 elements apically. Mandibular palp biramous; basis with three setae; bases of apical setae of endopod confluent, forming pseudosegment; exopod 2 - or indistinctly 3 - segmented, exp- 1 (or when partially subdivided) with two lateral setae, exp- 2 with three apical elements, two of which confluent at base. Maxillulary basis with 4 – 7 elements; endopod and exopod fused to basis, with 2 – 4 and two setae, respectively. Maxilla with three endites on syncoxa; endopod 1 - segmented, with 4 – 7 setae. Maxilliped subchelate, syncoxa with 2 – 4 setae; basis with 1 (?) – 2 setae; endopod an elongate segment with minutely pinnate claw and 2 – 3 accessory setae. P 1 with 3 - segmented rami. Exp- 1 and - 2 without inner seta, exp- 3 with two outer spines and two geniculate apical setae. Endopod longer than exopod; enp- 1 elongate, with inner subdistal seta; enp- 2 with inner seta; enp- 3 with one spine, one geniculate seta and one short naked or bipinnate seta. Basis ♂ modified; anterior surface with long, bent chitinous projection near outer margin; inner basal spine unipinnate. P 2 – P 4 with 3 - segmented rami; endopod extending beyond (P 2 – P 3) or to (P 4) distal margin of exp- 3. Apical spinous projections on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3 of moderate size. P 2 endopod ♂ modified; enp- 1 with or without inner seta; enp- 2 elongate, drawn out into apical spinous projection, with 1 – 2 inner setae. P 3 exp- 3 with anterior tube-pore. Armature pattern as follows: P 5 ♀ exopod typically with five setae; endopodal lobe apical margin with 2 – 3 setae, inner margin with two spiniform elements. P 5 ♂ exopod with 4 – 5 setae; endopodal lobes medially fused, well developed, with two spiniform elements. Genital field ♀ with paired gonopores each closed off by vestigial P 6 bearing three setae, innermost of which longest and naked. P 6 ♂ represented by asymmetrical opercula each bearing three naked setae, middle one longest. Paired egg-sacs.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2808B10DFF2AFD6232B78596.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 4)	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2808B10DFF2AFD6232B78596.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Dadeji Beach, Xiamen, China (24 ° 26 ’ 30 ” N, 118 ° 4 ’ 12 ” E). Material examined. Holotype: adult ♀ dissected on ten slides (OUCBL reg. no. 2019.025). Paratypes: adult ♂ dissected on eleven slides (OUCBL reg. no. 2019.026), four ♀♀ and ten ♂♂ preserved in 4 % formalin (OUCBL reg. nos 2019.027 – 040). All paratypes were collected from the type locality by Dr Er Hua on 24 July 2010.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2808B10DFF2AFD6232B78596.taxon	description	Description of female. Total body length 400 – 440 µm (mean = 413 µm, n = 5) (excluding caudal rami). Body linear, cylindrical, widest at posterior margin of cephalothorax, slightly tapering posteriorly, without clear distinction between prosome and urosome (Fig. 1 A – B). All somites except for penultimate one furnished with sensillae as figured. All somites with distinct integumental pores. All somites except anal one with well developed hyaline frills; those of cephalothorax and pedigerous somites plain, those of genital double-somite and abdominal somites finely incised (Fig. 1 A – C). Spinular ornamentation lacking on all somites except for anal somite bearing coarse spinules laterally and ventrally around posterior margin (Fig. 1 B – D). Genital double-somite (Fig. 1 A – B) completely fused; original segmentation marked laterally by transverse sub-cuticular ribs. Genital field (Fig. 1 E) with moderately sized midventral copulatory pore and paired gonopores, each covered by vestigial P 6 bearing three elements, innermost one longest and smooth, middle one shortest and smooth, outermost minutely bipinnate and slightly longer than middle one. Seminal receptacles paired. Anal somite with unornamented anal operculum concealed under incised hyaline frill of penultimate somite (Fig. 1 C). Caudal rami (Fig. 1 C – D) slightly longer than broad, length / width ratio about 1.1; dorsal surface with transverse oblique row of spinules in proximal half; seta I (anterolateral accessory seta) minute and naked, located ventral to seta II; seta II (anterolateral seta) long, proximal half inflated; seta III (posteroventral seta) located near outer distal corner, long, slender and smooth; seta IV (outer terminal seta) and seta V (inner terminal seta) well developed, with weakly developed fracture planes; seta IV pinnate, seta V smooth; seta VI (terminal accessory seta) arising from inner distal corner, long and smooth; seta VII (dorsal seta) tri-articulated at base, smooth. Integumental pores present dorsally (two) and ventrally (one). Rostrum (Fig. 1 A) defined at base, elongate, triangular, reaching to about middle of second antennulary segment, with one pair of subapical sensilla. Antennule (Fig. 2 A – B) 8 - segmented; all segments without ornamentation; segment 2 largest, segments 5 – 7 small; segment 4 with long aesthetasc (75 μm). Acrothek consisting of short aesthetasc and two basally fused setae. Setal formula as follows: 1 - [1 pinnate], 2 - [8 + 2 pinnate], 3 - [8], 4 – [3 + (1 + ae)], 5 – [2], 6 - [3 + 1 pinnate], 7 - [4], 8 - [5 + acrothek]. Antenna (Fig. 2 C). Coxa well developed, with row of setules. Basis clearly defined from proximal endopodal segment, with few setules near distal corner. Exopod 3 - segmented; proximal segment elongate, with seta at outer distal corner; middle segment short, unarmed; distal segment with one lateral and two terminal setae, one of which stronger than the other. Endopod 2 - segmented, proximal segment with pinnate seta and row of strong spinules along abexopodal margin; distal segment with two rows of strong spinules on outer margin, row of smaller spinules on inner margin and on ventral surface; lateral armature consisting of two spines; apical armature consisting of one pinnate spine and four geniculate setae, outermost of which pinnate around geniculation and fused basally to slender naked seta. Labrum (Fig. 2 D). Free margin with two lateral rows of small teeth and one median row of spinules. Mandible (Fig. 2 E). Gnathobase with series of unicuspidate or multicuspidate teeth, with one pinnate seta at dorsal corner. Basis elongate, with one smooth and two plumose setae on inner distal margin; ornamentation along inner margin consisting of short spinules medially and long spinules distally. Exopod 2 - segmented; exp- 1 wider than exp- 2, inner margin with pinnate proximal seta and smooth distal one; exp- 2 with three setae, longest two fused at base. Endopod 1 - segmented; inner margin with two proximal and three subdistal setae; apex with three apical setae sharing a common base. Maxillule (Fig. 2 F). Praecoxal arthrite with eight spines around distal margin and two setae on anterior surface; inner margin with one pinnate and one smooth seta and few spinules. Coxal endite short; with two smooth setae apically. Basis elongate; endites not discrete; with four smooth setae along outer margin and three elements apically (one pinnate seta, one smooth seta and one curved, unipinnate spine); with few spinules near distal inner corner. Rami not defined at base. Exopod with two confluent smooth setae apically and with setules along inner margin. Endopod with row of setules along outer margin and four setae apically (one pinnate, three smooth). Maxilla (Fig. 2 G). Syncoxa with spinules along inner and outer margins; with three endites; proximal endite with two short, smooth setae; middle and distal endites each with one basally fused and one articulating spine, all elements unipinnate. Allobasis produced into slightly curved unipinnate claw; with one pinnate and two smooth accessory setae. Endopod discrete, 1 - segmented, with seven setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 2 H). Syncoxa with one smooth and three pinnate setae; with few spinules near proximal inner corner. Basis with one row of long spinules and two naked setae on palmar margin. Endopod an elongate segment bearing a terminal, unipinnate claw and three smooth accessory setae. P 1 (Fig. 2 I). Intercoxal sclerite small, without ornamentation. Praecoxa triangular. Anterior surface of coxa with three rows of long spinules and one row of small spinules. Basis with rows of spinules along inner and distal margins and near bases of inner and outer pinnate spines. Exopod 3 - segmented; each segment with a row of strong spinules along outer margin; exp- 2 with a row of setules along inner margin; exp- 3 with a row of setules along inner margin, and with two geniculate, pinnate, distal setae and two pinnate outer spines. Endopod 3 - segmented; enp- 1 about 1.3 times longer than enp- 2 and enp- 3 combined, almost reaching to distal margin of exp- 3, with row of spinules along outer margin, row of setules along inner margin and plumose inner seta in distal quarter; enp- 2 short, with plumose inner seta and several spinules along outer margin; enp- 3 about twice as long as enp- 2, with row of spinules along outer margin and one plumose seta, one geniculate pinnate seta and one pinnate spine apically. P 2 – P 4 (Fig. 3 A – C). Intercoxal sclerites well developed, deeply incised along ventral margin, without ornamentation. Praecoxae triangular, with row of spinules distally. Coxae with one row of large spinules and one transverse row of smaller ones on anterior surface; posterior surface with row of small spinules near outer margin. Bases with plumose outer seta and with inner distal corner forming small spinous projection, with spinules along inner and distal margins and near base of outer seta. Rami 3 - segmented, endopod slightly longer than exopod in P 2 – P 3, nearly equal in length in P 4. All segments with row of strong spinules along outer margin, sparse long setules present along inner margin of P 2 – P 4 exp- 1, P 2 – P 4 exp- 2 and P 3 exp- 3. P 2 – P 4 enp- 2 and enp- 3 with pore on anterior surface. All segments of exopod and endopod, except for enp- 1, with spiniform extension at outer distal corner or distal margin (exp- 3 and enp- 3), particularly pronounced on enp- 2. Setal formula of swimming legs as follows: P 5 (Fig. 3 D). Baseoendopods not fused medially; rami distinct. Endopodal lobe ¾ length of exopod, with few small spinules along outer margin and one pore on anterior surface; with five elements, inner margin with two spines (proximal one smooth, distal one bipinnate) and one naked seta, distal margin with minutely bipinnate, inner seta and naked outer seta. Exopod ovoid, about 1.5 times as long as maximum width, with few spinules along inner margin and small pore on anterior surface; with five slender smooth setae, middle one longest, innermost one and outer two short, less than half the length of middle one. Description of male. Total body length 300 – 370 µm (mean = 337 µm, n = 11) (excluding caudal rami). Similar to female except for urosomal segmentation and ornamentation, antennule, P 1 basis, P 2 endopod, P 3 exp- 3, P 5 and caudal ramus. Genital and first abdominal somites (urosomite- 2 and - 3) not fused (Fig. 4 A). Sixth legs asymmetrical with each member represented by a plate with three smooth setae, middle one longest (Fig. 4 A). Caudal ramus (Fig. 4 A) as in female except for seta II being less inflated in its proximal half. Somitic ornamention (Fig. 4 A) as in female except for urosomite- 3 and - 4 each displaying a midventral row of spinules. Antennule (Fig. 4 B – C) haplocer, 10 - segmented; segments 4 and 6 small, partly concealed by proximal and distal portions of swollen segment 5 (in ventral aspect). Geniculation between segments 7 and 8. Segments 5 – 8 with modified elements; with aesthetasc on segments 5 and 10. Armature formula as follows: 1 - [1 pinnate], 2 - [9 + 1 pinnate], 3 - [8], 4 – [2], 5 - [5 + 2 pinnate + (1 + ae)], 6 - [1 + 1 pinnate], 7 - [3 + 2 modified], 8 - [2 + 1 modified], 9 - [4], 10 - [5 + (2 + ae)]. P 1 basis (Fig. 3 E) anterior surface with long, bent chitinous projection near outer margin, with minutely dentate apex; inner basal spine unipinnate. P 2 endopod (Fig. 3 F) modified, 2 - segmented. Enp- 1 as in ♀ except for inner seta being shorter and with pore on anterior surface. Enp- 2 elongate, drawn out into apical spinous projection; outer margin with long fine setules; anterior surface with three small pores; inner margin with two plumose setae, proximal one shorter than distal one. P 3 as in ♀ except for small, slender tube-pore on anterior surface of exp- 3 (Fig. 3 G). P 5 (Fig. 3 H). Baseoendopods fused medially; endopodal lobe with two stout, bipinnate spines apically; with few spinules along outer margin and pore on anterior surface. Exopod discrete, extending beyond distal margin of endopodal lobe, about 1.2 times as long as broad; with five elements, inner two setae bipinnate, apical seta smooth and longest, and outer two setae smooth and short.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2808B10DFF2AFD6232B78596.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after its type locality, Xiamen, along the south coast of China. Variability. The P 2 enp- 3 of one female specimen displayed only one inner seta on one side.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2800B10EFF2AFA26326A86F5.taxon	description	Rao (1972) proposed the genus Balucopsylla for its type and only species, B. similis Rao, 1972, from a sandy beach in Visakhapatnam (formerly known as Waltair) in Andhra Pradesh, India. Rao suggested that his new taxon was most closely related to a group of other genera that exhibit reduced leg armature, including Schizopera, Goffinella Wilson, 1932, Psammotopa and Protopsammotopa. Justification for its distinct generic status was primarily based on the 3 - segmented condition of the P 1 endopod in conjunction with the absence of sexual dimorphism on the P 2 endopod; this combination is not displayed by any of the genera mentioned above (P 1 endopod 2 - segmented in Goffinella, Psammotopa, Protopsammotopa; P 2 endopod ♂ modified in Schizopera and Protopsammotopa). Wells & Rao (1976) further expanded this genus group by including Actopsyllus, Schizoperoides and their newly proposed genus Eoschizopera, stating that in this lineage the shared reduced leg setation, with at most two outer spines on P 2 – P 4 exp- 3, appears to be congruent with the similarity in female genital field morphology. They recognized an evolutionary series Eoschizopera – Helmutkunzia – Balucopsylla in which the latter represented the most morphologically reduced taxon. The next record of the genus is the one by Wells (1978) who reported Balucopsylla sp. from the intertidal zone of Moce island, Fiji but this species remained undescribed. Wells & Rao (1987) subsequently added a second species, B. triarticulata Wells & Rao, 1987, from the Andaman and Nicobar island chain, which appeared more primitive than the type species in the segmentation of the antennary exopod, yet displayed a more reduced armature on the endopods of P 2 and P 3. Despite these differences Wells & Rao (1987) considered both species congeneric based on their shared absence of sexual dimorphism in the P 2 endopod. Their claim that the 3 - segmented antennary exopod in B. triarticulata reinforces their previously suggested close relationship between Helmutkunzia and Balucopsylla (Wells & Rao 1976) is futile since it is based on a plesiomorphic character state. Morphological comparison of the type species, B. similis, with B. triarticulata and related forms subsequently reported by Mielke (1994, 1997), reveals significant differences warranting a subdivision of the genus Balucopsylla. The generic concept of the latter is here restricted to accommodate B. similis as the type and only species while the remaining members are assigned to Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (see below)	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2801B109FF2AFE5832CE84B6.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Balucopsylla similis Rao, 1972 [by original designation]. Other species. None.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2801B109FF2AFE5832CE84B6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Miraciidae. Diosaccinae. Body linear. Original segmentation of ♀ genital double-somite marked by dorsolateral chitinized internal ridges. Cephalothorax and all somites with plain hyaline frill and without surface ornamentation. Anal operculum present; pseudoperculum absent. Caudal ramus slightly longer than wide; with seven setae; seta I vestigial (or possibly absent); seta II long and setiform; seta III short and spiniform; seta IV distinctly shorter then seta V, without fracture plane; seta V well developed, with distinct fracture plane; seta VI short and setiform; seta VII arising from biarticulate socle. Rostrum elongate, narrow and pointed. Antennule ♀ 8 - segmented, slender, segment 2 longest, segments 5 – 7 small, last four segments combined only about one quarter of combined length of proximal four; with aesthetasc on segments 4 and 8. Antennule ♂ subchirocer, 9 - or 10 - segmented. Antenna with unarmed basis and proximal endopod segment; exopod 2 - segmented, exp- 1 with lateral seta, exp- 2 with naked lateral seta and spiniform element apically. Mandibular palp biramous; basis with two setae; apical setae of endopod not forming pseudosegment; exopod minute, 1 - segmented, with two short elements. Maxillulary exopod defined at base, with two setae; condition of endopod and basis unconfirmed. Maxilla with three endites on syncoxa; endopod 1 - segmented. Maxilliped subchelate, syncoxa unarmed; basis with one seta (?); endopod an elongate segment with minutely pinnate claw and one accessory seta. P 1 with 3 - segmented rami. Exp- 1 and - 2 without inner seta, exp- 3 with two outer spines and two geniculate apical setae. Endopod longer than exopod; enp- 1 elongate, with inner seta; enp- 2 with inner seta; enp- 3 with one spine, one geniculate seta and one minute seta. Inner margin of ♂ basis not modified; inner spine enlarged and curved. P 2 – P 4 with 3 - segmented rami; endopod longer than (P 2 – P 3) or about same length as (P 4) exopod. Apical spinous projections on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3 long and slender. P 2 endopod ♂ not modified. Armature pattern as follows: P 5 ♀ exopod elongate, with five setae; endopodal lobe apical margin with two setae, inner margin with two setiform elements. P 5 ♂ exopod with five setae; baseoendopods not medially fused, endopodal lobes weakly developed, each with two setiform elements apically. Genital field ♀ with paired gonopores each closed off by vestigial P 6 bearing two setae, inner one very long and naked. P 6 ♂ represented by symmetrical opercula each bearing three naked setae, middle one longest. Paired egg-sacs. Notes. Balucopsylla differs from Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. in the following aspects: (a) hyaline frills of all body somites plain (vs genital double-somite and abdominal somites 2 – 3 in ♀ and abdominal somites 1 – 3 in ♂ with finely semi-incised subulate frill), (b) caudal ramus seta I vestigial or possibly absent (vs very well developed, almost as long as seta II and displaced to midventral position), (c) caudal ramus seta IV much shorter than seta V, without fracture plane (vs well developed with distinct fracture plane); (d) antennule ♂ subchirocer, aesthetasc-bearing segment distinctly swollen (vs haplocer), (e) antennary exopod 2 - segmented (vs 3 - segmented), (f) mandibular basis with two setae (vs three), (g) mandibular exopod minute, 1 - segmented, with two setae (vs well developed, 2 - segmented, with 4 – 5 setae), (h) apical setae of mandibular endopod discrete at base (vs confluent at base, forming minute pseudosegment), (i) maxillipedal syncoxa unarmed (vs with 2 – 3 setae), (j) P 1 basis not modified in ♂ (vs inner margin heavily chitinized and with large unguiform projection in ♂), (k) apical spinous projections on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3 long and slender (vs small or of moderate size and not slender), (l) P 2 – P 3 enp- 3 with inner seta (vs without inner seta), (m) inner margin of P 5 endopodal lobe ♀ with two naked setiform elements (vs with massive, pectinate or smooth, proximal spine and bipinnate, spiniform or setiform, distal element), (n) baseoendopods not medially fused (vs fused medially, forming common plate), and (o) P 6 ♀ with two elements (vs with three elements). Some of Rao’s (1972) observations require confirmation while others are undoubtedly wrong. For example, it is unclear whether caudal ramus seta I is genuinely absent or vestigial; his lateral view (Fig. 2 C) definitely confirms that it is not developed to the same extent as in members of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. The male antennule was figured as 8 - segmented and described as chirocer. It is conceivable that the minute fourth and sixth segments were overlooked; the presence of three segments distal to the geniculation in conjunction with the swollen aesthetascbearing segment indicate that it is of the subchirocer type. The extremely reduced maxillulary palp shows only a bisetose exopod and two setiform elements around its apex; it is likely that the endopod and some of the basal elements were overlooked. Rao’s illustration of the maxilla is almost certainly inaccurate, showing only one element on each of the syncoxal endites (instead of a 2,2,3 pattern) and an allobasis with “ … five unguiform spines ”. Re-examination will probably reveal that some of these “ spines ” belong to (the proximal segment of) the endopod which was depicted by Rao as a minute bisetose segment. The unarmed condition of the syncoxa and the presence of only one palmar seta on the basis (the proximal one is missing) of the maxilliped also require confirmation. Balucopsylla similis has only been reported once since its original discovery in Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. Rao (1989) recorded it further north in the Bay of Bengal, in Puri and the Bahuda estuary, in Odisha (formerly Orissa) State; he gave a body length range of 560 – 580 μm but did not specify the sex.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2806B108FF2AFB98351284CC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Balucopsylla triarticulata Wells & Rao, 1987 = Pseudobalucopsylla triarticulata (Wells & Rao, 1987) comb. nov. [by original designation]. Other species. Pseudobalucopsylla obscura sp. nov., P. costaricensis sp. nov., P. mielkei sp. nov.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2806B108FF2AFB98351284CC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Miraciidae. Diosaccinae. Body linear. Original segmentation of ♀ genital double-somite marked by dorsolateral chitinized internal ridges. Cephalothorax and pedigerous somites with plain hyaline frill, genital double-somite and abdominal somites 2 – 3 (in ♀) or abdominal somites 1 – 3 (in ♂) with finely semi-incised subulate frill. Anal operculum absent; dorsal hyaline frill of penultimate segment forming weak pseudoperculum. Caudal ramus slightly longer than wide; with seven setae; seta I very well developed, almost as long as seta II and displaced to midventral position; seta II long and setiform; seta III short and spiniform (occasionally showing slight sexual dimorphism in size), setae IV – V well developed, with distinct fracture planes; seta VI short and setiform; seta VII arising from biarticulate socle. Rostrum elongate, narrow and pointed. Antennule ♀ 8 - segmented, slender, segment 2 longest, segments 5 – 7 small, last four segments combined only about one quarter of combined length of proximal four; with aesthetasc on segments 4 and 8. Antennule ♂ haplocer, 9 - or 10 - segmented. Basis and proximal endopodal segment of antenna unarmed; exopod 3 - segmented, exp- 1 with pinnate seta, exp- 2 very small and unarmed, exp- 3 with naked lateral seta and bipinnate spiniform element apically. Mandibular palp biramous; basis with three setae; apical setae of endopod with confluent bases, forming pseudosegment; exopod 2 - segmented, exp- 1 with pinnate / plumose seta, exp- 2 with 3 – 4 elements. Maxillulary endopod and exopod with three and two setae, respectively; exopod defined or fused at base. Maxilla with three endites on syncoxa; endopod represented by 1 – 2 segments. Maxilliped subchelate, syncoxa with 2 – 3 setae; basis with two setae; endopod an elongate segment with minutely pinnate claw and 1 – 2 accessory setae. P 1 with 3 - segmented rami. Exp- 1 and - 2 without inner seta, exp- 3 with two outer spines and two geniculate apical setae. Endopod longer than exopod; enp- 1 elongate, with inner subdistal seta; enp- 2 with inner seta; enp- 3 with one spine, one geniculate seta and one minute seta. Basis ♂ modified; inner margin heavily chitinized and with large unguiform projection; inner spine very stout and curved, displaced medially. P 2 – P 4 with 3 - segmented rami; endopod longer (P 2 – P 3) or shorter (P 4) than exopod. Apical spinous projections on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3 of moderate size. P 2 endopod ♂ not modified. Armature pattern as follows: P 5 ♀ exopod with five setae; endopodal lobe apical margin with two setae, inner margin with massive, pectinate or smooth, proximal spine and bipinnate, spiniform or setiform, distal element. P 5 ♂ exopod with five setae; baseoendopods medially fused, endopodal lobes weakly developed, each with large biserrate inner spine and small, smooth or minutely bipinnate, outer seta. Genital field ♀ with paired gonopores each closed off by vestigial P 6 bearing three setae, innermost of which very long and naked. P 6 ♂ represented by symmetrical opercula each bearing three naked setae, middle one longest. Paired egg-sacs.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2806B108FF2AFB98351284CC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The generic name is derived from the Greek prefix ψευδής, meaning false, and Balucopsylla, referring to the incorrect original generic placement of its type species.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2807B10BFF2AFC4F32DE844E.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Pseudobalucopsylla. Body length 460 – 480 μm (♀), 450 – 480 μm (♂). Rostrum reaching to about first third of second antennulary segment. Distal segment of mandibular exopod with flattened blunt spine laterally; apical margin with bipinnate spine and naked seta. P 1 exopod about 1.3 times length of enp- 1. P 4 enp- 1 inner seta naked and short, not reaching to distal margin of enp- 2. P 5 exopod ♀ oval, 1.5 times as long as maximum width; innermost element setiform and naked (or possibly minutely bipinnate). P 5 endopodal lobe ♀ extending to middle of exopod; outer distal element naked, about one-third length of inner bipinnate one; distal inner element setiform and plumose; proximal inner spine unipectinate and marginally set on posterior surface of endopodal lobe. P 5 exopod ♂ distal inner seta (= 2 nd from inner margin) slightly longer than proximal inner seta; endopodal lobe ♂ extending to about middle of exopod. Caudal ramus seta III short and bulbous; sexual dimorphism in size not recorded. Original description. Wells & Rao (1987): 120 – 123; Figs 103, 104 a – e, g – k.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2807B10BFF2AFC4F32DE844E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Middle Andaman Island, Rangat Bay 12 ° 89 ’ 40 ” N, 92 ° 57 ’ 18 ” E (station III in Wells & Rao 1987: 3); medium sand with large amounts of fine shell gravel and rich in detritus; sand mostly siliceous but with some coralline debris, mean grain size 300 – 500 μm; sea water temperature 29 – 30 ° C, salinity 33 ‰; from 5 – 30 cm below the surface near the half-tide level. Notes. It is likely that Wells & Rao (1987: Fig. 104 a) overlooked the small subdistal inner seta on P 1 enp- 3. Their illustration of the caudal ramus does not show the elongate seta I, presumably because it was figured in dorsal aspect (compare with Mielke 1997: Fig. 22 C, E). The male antennule was described as “ sub-chirocerate ” but is clearly of the haplocer type and probably 9 - or 10 - segmented (the U-shaped segment 4 and possibly segment 6 were overlooked). The species appears to be widely distributed throughout the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Wells & Rao 1987). In the absence of morphological evidence, it is impossible to confirm the authenticity of the additional records from Little Andaman by Rao (1993) and South Andaman by Jayabarathi et al. (2012).	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10BFF2AFCC032FC8134.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Pseudobalucopsylla. Body length 560 – 600 μm (♀), 560 – 580 μm (♂). Condition of rostrum, mandibular exopod and P 1 – P 4 not documented. P 5 exopod ♀ with straight inner margin and convex outer margin, 1.85 times as long as maximum width; innermost element basally swollen and bipinnate in distal half. P 5 endopodal lobe ♀ extending beyond middle of exopod; outer distal element naked, about half length of inner bipinnate one; distal inner element setiform and plumose; proximal inner spine unipectinate, massive and originating on posterior surface of endopodal lobe. P 5 exopod ♂ distal inner seta (= 2 nd from inner margin) slightly longer than proximal inner seta; endopodal lobe ♂ extending to about middle of exopod. Caudal ramus seta III longer and less bulbous than in type species; sexual dimorphism in size not recorded.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10BFF2AFCC032FC8134.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The specimen illustrated by Wells & Rao (1987) in their Fig. 104 f is here designated as the holotype of P. obscura sp. nov. (ICZN Arts 16.4 and 72.5.6). Type locality. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman Island, Chiriatapu, 11 ° 29 ’ 06 ” N, 92 ° 46 ’ 12 ” E (station X in Wells & Rao 1987: 3); medium to coarse sand with very little detritus; sand siliceous and angular to subangular, mean grain size 300 – 600 μm; sea water temperature 27 – 29 ° C; salinity 34.4 ‰; from surface to 30 cm deep between low and half-tide levels.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10BFF2AFCC032FC8134.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin obscurus, meaning covered, obscure, and refers to its discovery among the Balucopsylla triarticulata material examined by Wells & Rao (1987).	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10AFF2AF967320C853A.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Pseudobalucopsylla. Body length 360 – 550 μm (♀), 380 – 480 μm (♂). Rostrum, mandibular exopod and P 4 not documented. P 5 exopod ♀ rectangular, inner and outer margins virtually straight, 2.5 times as long as maximum width; innermost element setiform and minutely bipinnate. P 5 endopodal lobe ♀ extending beyond middle of exopod; both distal elements setiform and plumose, inner one 1.3 times length of outer one; distal inner element spiniform and bipinnate; proximal inner spine unipectinate, massive and originating on posterior surface of endopodal lobe. P 5 exopod ♂ distal inner seta (= 2 nd from inner margin) 3.6 times length of proximal inner seta; endopodal lobe ♂ extending beyond middle of exopod. Caudal ramus seta III unconfirmed; sexual dimorphism in size not recorded.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10AFF2AF967320C853A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The female specimen illustrated by Mielke (1994) in his Fig. 1 A – C is here designated as the holotype of P. costaricensis sp. nov. (ICZN Arts 16.4 and 72.5.6). Type locality. Costa Rica, Pacific coast, Gulf of Nicoya, Punta Morales; sandy beach, white and coarse sand with high detritus content; surface water temperature above 25 ° C; salinity about 32 ‰; mean tidal range 2.3 m.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2804B10AFF2AF967320C853A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Costa Rica where the type locality is situated. Notes. Mielke (1994) reported variability in the relative length of P 1 enp- 1. Specimens with a long endopod (with enp- 1 extending beyond the distal margin of exp- 3) usually have an inner seta on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3. As Mielke suggested himself this may be indicative of the presence of two species in his samples.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2805B10AFF2AFD1434958072.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Pseudobalucopsylla. Body length unknown. Rostrum reaching to about middle of second antennulary segment. Distal segment of mandibular exopod with one plumose and three naked setae. P 1 exopod about as long as enp- 1. P 4 enp- 1 inner seta plumose in proximal half and bipinnate in distal half, reaching beyond distal margin of enp- 2. P 5 exopod ♀ oval, twice as long as maximum width; innermost element setiform and minutely bipinnate. P 5 endopodal lobe ♀ not extending to middle of exopod; inner distal element bipinnate, about 1.5 times length of outer bipinnate one; distal inner element spiniform and bipinnate; proximal inner spine unipectinate and marginally set on posterior surface of endopodal lobe. P 5 exopod ♂ distal inner seta (= 2 nd from inner margin) 2.5 times length of proximal inner seta; endopodal lobe ♂ extending to about middle of exopod. Caudal ramus seta III spiniform and bulbous; sexually dimorphic, being larger in ♂.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2805B10AFF2AFD1434958072.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The female specimen illustrated by Mielke (1997: Fig. 20; 21 – B, D; 22 A – C) is here designated as the holotype of P. mielkei sp. nov. (ICZN Arts 16.4 and 72.5.6). Type locality. Ecuador, Galápagos Archipelago, sandy beach. Although the species was recorded from eight different islands the type locality cannot be specified further since Mielke (1997) did not disclose the origin of the female specimen (s) depicted in his Figs. 20 – 22.	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
8F5DE56C2805B10AFF2AFD1434958072.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is dedicated to Wolfgang Mielke, formerly at the II. Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Göttingen, in recognition of his numerous contributions to the harpacticoid fauna of the Galápagos, the type region of the new species. Notes. According to Mielke’s (1997: Fig. 20 F) illustration the maxillipedal endopod is 2 - segmented; in reality the small proximal “ segment ” is probably a membranous insert connecting the endopod to the basis. Considerable variability was reported in the relative length of swimming leg setae and some aberrant specimens showed supernumerary setae (e. g. on P 4 enp- 2) or lacked particular setae (e. g. on P 5 exopod ♂). Although some individuals share the 021 pattern on P 2 – P 4 enp- 3 with other members of the genus, the majority show an additional inner seta (121) on all endopods; Occasionally, the 121 condition was only observed in P 2 or both patterns were exhibited in the same leg pair (left – right asymmetry). The species is so far known only from the Galápagos Archipelago where it is widely distributed in sandy beaches of most islands including Baltra, Barrington, Fernandina, Hood, Isabela, San Cristobál, Santa Cruz and Tower (Mielke 1997, 2003).	en	Mu, Fanghong, Huys, Rony (2021): A new species of Helmutkunzia Wells & Rao, 1976 from an intertidal sandy beach in Xiamen, China and proposal of Pseudobalucopsylla gen. nov. (Copepoda Harpacticoida, Miraciidae). Zootaxa 5051 (1): 487-505, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5051.1.19
