identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8F5E87D4FFAEFFBDFF3AB0D4FE51D243.text	8F5E87D4FFAEFFBDFF3AB0D4FE51D243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epinnula Poey 1854	<div><p>Epinnula Poey, 1854</p><p>Epinnula Poey, 1854:369 (type species: Epinnula magistralis; by original designation and monotypy). Collette et al., 1984:600. Nakamura in Masuda et al., 1984:226. Parin &amp; Kotlyar, 1991:137. Nakamura &amp; Parin, 1993:26. Parin &amp; Nakamura, 2003:1814.</p><p>Diagnosis. Members of Gempylidae with a deep and compressed body; entire body covered with minute imbricated scales. Several fangs either fixed or depressible, on anterior portion of upper jaw. Vomer without teeth. Palatine with single row of small conical teeth. Lateral line bifurcating beneath anterior part of spinous dorsal; upper lateral line continuing roughly parallel to dorsal profile to base of caudal fin; lower lateral running vertically to lower base of pectoral fin and then along the lower body profile to base of caudal fin. Dorsal fin inserted above upper angle of gill opening; two dorsal fins close to each other with a deep notch between the fins. Pelvicl fin welldeveloped, fin spine and rays well developed. Finlets and keels absent on tail. Gill raker at angle of first gill arch Tshaped, with smooth inner surface. Pyloric caeca 7–11. Epineurals 2. Dorsal fin XV–XVI, I, 15–18, anal fin III, 13–17, pectoral fin 15 or 16, and pelvic fin I, 5.</p><p>Description. Body deep, slender and laterally compressed; deepest at level of pelvic fin, gradually narrowing to caudal peduncle; dorsal profile of body straight, ventral slightly convex; body depth at pelvic-fin base 3.7–4.6 in SL. Head moderately large, 2.9–3.3 in SL; head triangular in lateral view; dorsal profile of head broadly curved and straight behind the eye or evenly straight. One or two small spines on lower angle of preopercle. Snout triangular, broadly pointed anteriorly. Mouth large, rear end of maxilla reaches level of eye center or nearly so; lower jaw extends anterior to upper jaw; several fangs, either fixed or depressible, at anterior portion of upper jaw, single row of smaller compressed teeth on upper jaw, alternating fixed and depressed ones; a pair of large canines near tip of lower jaw, exposed externally when mouth closed; single row of scattered compressed teeth on lower jaw, teeth larger than those on upper jaw; vomerine teeth absent; a single row of conical teeth on each palatine.</p><p>Two dorsal fins close to each other with a deep notch between the fins; first dorsal-fin relatively high, 4th to 7th spines longest, its origin above upper end of gill opening; second dorsal fin about same height as first dorsal or slightly higher, a slight concavity at middle portion of the fin. Pectoral fin originating at level of second dorsal-fin spine, moderately long, straight dorsally, rounded ventrally and posteriorly, the 4th or 5th ray longest, rays gradually shorter ventrally. Ventral fin originating at level of 5th dorsal-fin spine, very large in juveniles, small in adults. Anal fin slightly smaller than second dorsal fin, its origin at posterior one-third of body. Finlets absent from caudal peduncle; caudal fin deeply forked, upper lobe slightly larger than lower lobe.</p><p>Body scales cycloid, small and deciduous, covering most parts of head and maxilla, small naked areas on anterior snout and premaxilla; most of lower jaw naked. First dorsal fin naked, scales on base of other fins. Lateral line scales slightly larger than body scales, upper lateral line beginning above upper end of gill opening, running roughly parallel to dorsal profile of body, then gradually descending from origin of second dorsal fin to base of caudal fin; lower lateral line originating from the upper lateral line at about level of 5th to 6th dorsal-fin spine, its vertical portion wave-shaped, its horizontal portion running parallel to lower body profile, then gradually rising from middle of body to base of caudal fin.</p><p>Fresh and preserved body color generally dark gray with all fins darker.</p><p>Size. To about 1 m TL.</p><p>Etymology. The name Epinnula refers to the lack of spinules [referred to as finlets herein].</p><p>Remarks. Poey (1854) defined the genus as " first dorsal fin continuous, extending to the second dorsal fin, the second terminates without spinules; ventral fin present on abdomen; second lateral line similar to coselete [girdle], but without difference in the size of scales; no keel or membranous crest on caudal peduncle; teeth pointed and compressed, anterior ones larger and canines; no teeth on vomer and palatine; not many pyloric caeca. " He suggested that the genus Epinnula " should be placed between Thyrsites and Gempylus [under the family Gempylidae], to which it resembles in having extension of the first dorsal to the second, the naked caudal peduncle [e.g. lack of finlets], the teeth on the jaws, and the low number of pyloric caeca. "</p><p>The "second [dorsal fin] terminates without spinules" likely infers the lack of finlets in this genus. Moreover, there is single row of teeth on palatine in all specimens examined and “no teeth on palatine” as stated by Poey (1854) is apparently a mistake.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F5E87D4FFAEFFBDFF3AB0D4FE51D243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ho, Hsuan-Ching;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Hata, Harutaka;Jiang, Wei-Chuan	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Hata, Harutaka, Jiang, Wei-Chuan (2017): Review of the fish genus Epinnula Poey (Perciformes: Gempylidae), with description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4363 (3): 393-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.3.5
8F5E87D4FFADFFB7FF3AB0A7FA35D1D6.text	8F5E87D4FFADFFB7FF3AB0A7FA35D1D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epinnula magistralis Poey 1854	<div><p>Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854</p><p>Common name: Domine</p><p>Figures 1A–B, 2A, 3; Tables 1–2</p><p>Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854:369, pl. 32, figs. 3–4 (original locality: Havana, Cuba). Günther, 1860:349; Goode &amp; Bean, 1896:198, pl. 57, fig. 211; Jordan &amp; Evermann, 1896:880. Parin &amp; Nakamura, 2003:1817 (in part).</p><p>Neotype (herein designated). USNM 391434 (820 mm SL), 25°56.814'N, 79°18'W, north of Bimini, Bahamas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.9469" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.3/lat 25.9469)">western Atlantic Ocean</a>, hook and line, 472–488 m, coll. R. Schatman, 18 Dec. 1995.</p><p>Non-types. USNM 37238 (1, 426 mm SL), Caribbean Sea, western Atlantic Ocean, 1885, coll. United States Fish Commission. UF 34950 (1, 348 mm SL), Virgin Island, 8 miles south of St. Thomas, Caribbean Sea, western Atlantic Ocean, 176 m, 26 Oct. 1981 , coll. R. Heagey. UF 233577 (1, 147.5 mm SL), sta. 2457, 23°34.5'N, 79°07'W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.11667/lat 23.575)">Great Bahama Bank</a>, southwest of Andros Island, Bahamas, western Atlantic Ocean, 457.2 m, 40-ft trawl, coll. M/ V Silver Bay, 5 Nov. 1960 .</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Epinnula differing from the only congener in having dorsal-fin XV–XVI, I, 15–16; anal-fin III, 13–14; snout long, length 2.5–3.0 in HL; eye small, diameter 4.1–4.5 in HL; dorsal fin low, first dorsalfin spine 3.4–5.8 in HL, longest second dorsal-fin ray 3.0– 3.5 in HL; pectoral fin short, 2.0– 2.1 in HL; pelvic fin short, 3.7–4.7 in HL; origin of anal fin behind that of second dorsal fin; scales on upper lateral-line 196–227, on vertical part of lower lateral line 83–98, on horizontal part of lower lateral line 201–237.</p><p>Description. Morphometric and meristic data are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Data below are provided for the neotype, followed by range for the three other specimens, except where indicated.</p><p>Dorsal-fin XV, I, 16 (XVI, I, 16 in 147.5 mm specimen; XVI, I, 16 in 348 mm specimen; XV, I, 15 in 426 mm specimen); anal fin III, 13 (1 with III, 13; 2 with III, 14); pectoral fin 15; pelvic fin I, 5; branchiostegal rays 7; vertebrae 16+16=32 (n=2). Scales on upper lateral line 214 (left side)/227 (right side) (196–225); on vertical part of lower lateral line 96/98 (83–86), and on horizontal part of lower branch of lateral line 237/232 (201–228+); number of pyloric caeca unknown, but appeared to be only a few.</p><p>Body rather deep and strongly compressed, body depth at pelvic-fin base 4.6 (4.5–5.6) times in SL, body width at pelvic-fin base 10.6 (9.7–10.6) in SL. Head moderately large, 3.2 (2.9–3.2) in SL. Upper profile of head gradually elevated from the tip of snout, then nearly straight to origin of dorsal fin. Snout bluntly conical. Mouth terminal and large, lower jaw slightly projecting beyond tip upper jaw; maxillary extends to a vertical of midpoint of eye.</p><p>Eye large and round, its diameter 2.5 (2.5–2.8; 3.0 in 147.5 mm specimen) times in HL; interorbital slightly concaved, one low longitudinal ridge on each frontal, least bony width 5.2 (4.9–7.1) in HL, least fleshy width 3.9 (3.9–4.7) in HL. Snout length 1.8 (1.5–1.8, 1.2 in 147.5 mm specimen) times eye diameter. Two nostrils, both at about level of middle of eye; anterior nostril rounded, directed forward; posterior nostril a vertical slit.</p><p>Front of mouth roof with 2 (2–3) fixed and 3 (3) large depressible fangs; upper jaw with 16 (15–19) blade-like teeth, widely spaced, anterior 3 (3–4) and posterior 3 (3–4) teeth fixed, others alternating fixed and depressible ones; lower jaw with a pair of canine-like teeth at front, entirely exposed when mouth closed; lower jaw with 7 or 8 (7–11) fixed blade-like teeth, the first one smallest, gradually larger posteriorly (some depressible teeth may present alternating with the fixed teeth, judging from the holes remaining in UF 34950); vomer toothless; single row of 10 or 12 (10–15) small conical teeth on palatines.</p><p>Angle of preopercle armed with 2 small but rather pungent spines; lower margin of preopercle smooth; opercle strengthened by 2 obscure ridges, not ending in spines.</p><p>UF 233577 UF 34950 USNM 37238 USNM UF 233577 UF 34950 USNM 37238 USNM</p><p>391434* 391434*</p><p>Standard length (mm) 147.5 348 426 820 147.5 348 426 820 Lateral-line origin above upper end of gill opening, running backward to point of bifurcation beneath between fifth and sixth dorsal spines; upper lateral line running directly backward about parallel to dorsal contour of body to base of middle caudal-fin ray; lower branch running nearly vertically behind middle of pectoral-fin base, then downward and slightly backward to above origin of pelvic fin, and finally along lower contour of body to base of middle caudal-fin ray.</p><p>Head and body mostly covered by small imbricate scales, except for lips, lower jaw, anterior half of snout and maxilla and branchiostegal membrane, which are scaleless.</p><p>Base of spinous part of dorsal fin about 2.4 (2.4–2.7; 3.0 in 147.5 mm SL specimen) of soft part; base of soft dorsal-fin about as long as that of anal fin and preceded by a weak spine anteriorly; anal fin opposite soft dorsal, with 3 spines, the first inserted vertically below first soft dorsal-fin ray; margins of soft dorsal and anal fins shallowly but widely concave.</p><p>Pectoral fin rather short, 2.0 (2.0–2.2) in HL, extending to below eighth dorsal-fin spine in neotype. Pelvic fin inserts below middle of pectoral fin, long (2.4 in HL) in 147.5 mm specimen, gradually becoming very short in adults (4.7 in HL in neotype); the fin extending to about vertical of tip of pectoral fin in neotype and to about half way between its origin and origin of anal fin in 147.5 mm specimen; pelvic-fin spine as long as longest ray in 147.5 mm specimen (2.4 in HL), and very short in neotype (7.1 in HL). Caudal fin deeply forked, upper lobe of caudal fin 1.3 (1.3–1.4; 1.7 in 147.5 mm specimen) in HL.</p><p>Gill rakers small, mostly embedded under the skin, forming many broad, roundish, plates, each armed with 3 or 4 sharp cusps distally and few spines on the surface; 1 or 2 small rakers, armed with small spines alternating with larger rakers; raker at angle of first gill arch T-shaped, with about one third of its entire length exposed; its inner surface not armed with spines.</p><p>Coloration. Fresh color unknown. When preserved, body uniformly grayish to yellowish brown; ventral side of body pale or bright white.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the Caribbean Sea off Cuba (original type locality), Bahamas (neotype locality) and Virgin Islands (Fig. 3). Bathymetric range 176– 488 m. The species is most likely mesopelagic.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name magistralis meaning master or great, and may refer to its large size, based on Poey (1854). The common name, Domine, also means master or lord.</p><p>Remarks. Epinnula was previously recognized as a monotypic genus and now comprises two distinct species. Because there is no extant type specimen, the proposal of a neotype for the type species Epinnula magistralis is justified. Accordingly, a specimen (USNM 391434, 820 mm SL) from north of Bimini, Bahamas, is herein proposed as the neotype.</p><p>The records reported from the western Pacific Ocean are now recognized as a different species that is described below. The status of the only Indian Ocean record, reported by Parin &amp; Kotlyar (1991; question mark in distribution map, Fig. 3), has not been confirmed, but it may also belong to the new species. See below for detailed comparison of E. magistralis to the new species.</p><p>Although there are several specimens recorded as this species in collections (e.g., UF &amp; TU), examination on these specimens by the first author or colleagues has revealed only few that can be confirmed as E. magistralis, while others are misidentifications of other gempylids.</p><p>Some growth changes were observed in the four specimens examined. The head length shows negative allometric growth, the smallest specimen with head length 34.7% SL, whereas the largest specimen is 31.3% SL. The eye is relatively large in the smallest specimen (9.6% SL) and relatively small in the largest specimen (7.0% SL), and snout length is 1.5–1.8 times eye diameter in 3 larger specimens, whereas in the smallest specimen it is only 1.2 times eye diameter. The length of dorsal-fin spines also appears to become gradually shorter with growth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F5E87D4FFADFFB7FF3AB0A7FA35D1D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ho, Hsuan-Ching;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Hata, Harutaka;Jiang, Wei-Chuan	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Hata, Harutaka, Jiang, Wei-Chuan (2017): Review of the fish genus Epinnula Poey (Perciformes: Gempylidae), with description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4363 (3): 393-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.3.5
8F5E87D4FFA7FFB3FF3AB053F8E1D283.text	8F5E87D4FFA7FFB3FF3AB053F8E1D283.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epinnula pacifica Ho & Motomura & Hata & Jiang 2017	<div><p>Epinnula pacifica sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 1C–D, 2B–C, 3, 4A–D; Tables 2–4 New English name: Pacific Domine</p><p>Epinnula magistralis (not of Poey): Kamohara, 1938a:48, pl. 3, fig. 3; 1938b: 20; 1940: 93, fig. 43. Matsubara &amp; Iwai, 1952:198.? Parin &amp; Kotlyar, 1991:1004.? Nakamura &amp; Parin, 1993:26. Mundy, 2005:499. Ho &amp; Yee, 2012:62. Stewart, 2015:1605. Hata &amp; Motomura, 2016:11.</p><p>Holotype. KAUM-I.72 269, 710 mm SL, off Taira Island, Tokara Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, long line, purchased from market, 4.7 kilograms when fresh, 27 Apr. 2015, coll. H. Hata.</p><p>Paratypes. BPBM 25938, 334 mm SL, assumed from Hawaiian Islands (gift from Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology), no other data . BPBM 28876, 425 mm SL, Hawaiian Islands (gift from Maeda fish market, collected by vessel Shirley Y), 12–13 Feb. 1983 . BPBM 30623, 477 mm SL, Lanai side, Penguin Bank, off Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, 283 m, hook and line, 3 Feb, 1995, coll. R. Yamashiroya . BSKU 4409, 312 mm SL, Mimase fish market, Kochi City, 26 Dec. 1954 . FRIP 21307, 326 mm SL, Cheng-gong, Taitung, SE Taiwan, bottom gill net, 18 Aug. 2005 . KAUM –I. 51544, 750 mm SL, off Yoron Island, Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, line fishing, 29 Oct. 2012 (half dissected) . NMMB-P 16629, 335 mm SL, Nan-fang-ao, NE Taiwan, ca. 300 m, 11 Mar. 2011, coll. H.-C. Ho . NSMT-P 62524, 219 mm, Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu, Japan.</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Epinnula differing from its only congener in having dorsal-fin XV–XVI, I, 17–18; anal-fin III, 15–16; longest second dorsal-fin ray 2.3–2.9 in HL; pectoral fin long, 1.5–1.8 in HL; pelvic fin short, 1.4–3.2 in HL; origin of anal fin behind that of second dorsal fin; scales on upper lateral-line 185–208, on vertical part of lower lateral line 66–81, on horizontal part of lower lateral line 172–199.</p><p>Description. Morphometric and meristic data of the type series are provided in Tables 2–4, respectively. The following data are provided for the holotype, followed by range of all types, except where indicated.</p><p>Dorsal fin XVI, I, 18 (2 paratypes with XV, I, 18, 1 with XVI, I, 17); anal fin III, 16; pectoral fin 15 (1 paratype with one side and 1 with both sides 16); pelvic fin I, 5; branchiostegal rays 7; vertebrae 16+16=32. Scales on upper lateral line 207 (right side) or 208 (left side) (185–202 in paratypes); scales on vertical part of lower lateral line 69 (66–81); scales on horizontal part of lower lateral line 196 or 199 (172–197); pyloric caeca 11 (7–11, n=3).</p><p>Body rather deep and strongly compressed, body depth at pelvic fin base 4.0 (3.7–4.4) times in SL, body width at pelvic-fin base 9.7 (8.5–10.5, 15.2 in 212 mm specimen) in SL. Head moderately large, head length 3.2 (3.1–3.3) in SL. Dorsal profile of head slightly elevated before anterior nostril, then nearly straight to origin of dorsal fin. Snout bluntly conical Mouth terminal and large, lower jaw slightly projecting beyond tip of upper jaw; maxillary extends to slightly anterior to a vertical of midpoint of eye.</p><p>Eye large and round, its diameter 4.8 (4.3 in 750 mm specimen, 3.3–4.0 in others) times in HL; interorbital slightly concaved, with 2 or 4 low longitudinal ridges on each frontal; less bony space width 5.2 (5.4 in 750 mm specimen, 5.3–6.6 in others) in HL, less fleshy width 4.3 (3.6–4.6) in HL. Snout length 1.8 (1.1–1.8) times of eye diameter (1.5–1.8 in two largest specimens, 1.1–1.4 in others). Two nostrils, both at about level of middle of eye; anterior nostril rounded, directed forward; posterior nostril a vertical slit.</p><p>Anterior portion of upper jaw with 2 (2–4) large fixed and 2 (1–3) large depressible fang (some are missing or with small regenerating ones); upper jaw with 20 (15–25) blade-like teeth, widely spaced, alternating fixed and depressible ones; lower jaw with a pair of canine-like teeth at front, entirely exposed when mouth closed; lower jaw with single row of 9 (7–9) widely-spaced, blade-like teeth, the first one smallest, gradually larger posteriorly; vomer toothless; single row of 13 (up to 15) small compressed teeth on palatines.</p><p>Angle of preopercle armed with 2 small but rather pungent spines; lower margin of preopercle with 2 weak triangular spines; opercle strengthened by 2 obscure ridges, not ending in spines.</p><p>Lateral-line origin above upper end of gill opening, running backward to point of bifurcation beneath the fifth dorsal-fin spine (slightly behind in some paratypes); upper lateral line running directly posteriorly about parallel to dorsal contour of body to base of middle caudal-fin rays; lower lateral line running nearly vertically down behind middle of pectoral-fin base, then downward and slightly backward to above origin of pelvic fin, and finally along lower contour of body to base of caudal fin (that of 477 mm specimen runs to caudal peduncle and joins the upper branch).</p><p>Head and body mostly covered by small imbricated scales, except for lips (premaxillae), lower jaw, anterior half of snout and maxillary and branchiostegal membranes, which are scaleless. Small scales on inter-radial membranes run to about 1/3 the height above the base of each fin.</p><p>Base of spinous part of dorsal fin 2.3 (2.1–2.4) times of soft part; base of soft dorsal fin about as long as that of anal fin and preceded by a weak spine; anal fin opposite soft dorsal, with 3 spines, the first inserted vertically below first soft dorsal-fin ray; margins of soft dorsal and anal fins shallowly but widely concave.</p><p>Pectoral fin rather short, 1.6 (1.5–1.8) in HL, extending to below membrane of eighth and ninth dorsal-fin spines. Pelvic fin inserts below middle of pectoral fin, extending to anterior fourth of distance between its origin to the origin of anal fin in two largest specimens, to midway of the distance in other most paratypes, beyond midway in 219 mm specimen; almost to the anus in a 188 mm SL specimen reported in Matsubara &amp; Iwai (1952, specimen not examined); pelvic-fin spine shorter than the fin, broken in the holotype (5.3 in 750 mm specimen; 2.1–2.2 in two smallest specimens, 2.8–4.1 in other specimens) in HL. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe of caudal fin 1.3 (1.1–1.4) in HL.</p><p>Gill rakers small, mostly embedded under the skin, forming many broad, roundish, plates, each armed with 3 or 4 sharp cusps distally and few spines on the surface; 1 or 2 small rakers, armed with small spines alternating those larger rakers; raker at angle of first gill arch T-shaped, with about one third of its entire length exposed; its inner surface not armed with minute spines.</p><p>Coloration. When fresh, body uniformly deep grayish with lateral sides silver white; all fins darker (Figs. 1C– D, 2B, 4D). Preserved coloration uniformly dark grayish or brownish, with fins slightly darker (Figs. 4B–C).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name pacifica is derived from the main distribution of the species, the Pacific Ocean.</p><p>Distribution. This species is represented by the type series collected from Hawaii, Japan and Taiwan. Also reported from New Zealand (Stewart, 2015). The holotype was collected by long line from unknown depth, one Hawaiian specimen was collected by hook and line at 283 m, and one specimen was collected by bottom trawl around 300 m.</p><p>Remarks. Kamohara (1938) first reported two specimens of E. magistralis collected from Japan, Matsubara &amp; Iwai (1952) reported a third specimen collected from Japan, Ho &amp; Yee (2012) reported one specimen from Taiwan, Hata &amp; Motomura (2016) reported two large specimens from southern Japan, and Stewart (2015) reported specimen from New Zealand. All these records are recognized as representing the new species. One fish collected from Hawaii by an angler (Fig. 4D, specimen not retained) shows characters similar to E. pacifica sp. nov. and is thus considered as that species.</p><p>The teeth on jaws and palatines vary in number, which may be a result of damage or stage of tooth regeneration. There is a mixture of fixed and depressible teeth. BPBM 25938 has 6 well-developed fangs, 3 fixed and 3 depressed, at anterior portion of upper jaws, whereas others have 1–3 of each kind of teeth, except for NSMT-P62524 that has 4 fixed and 1 depressible teeth. Some specimens have relatively small fangs which may be attributed to tooth regeneration.</p><p>It is likely that the species typically has 6 fangs, either fixed or depressible, at the front of the roof of the mouth. Upper jaw with single row of alternating fixed and depressible teeth. Although the numbers of teeth vary, the total number of teeth is about 23–25 in all specimens (including the missing teeth usually seen as a hole). There are 2 larger, fixed fangs at front of lower jaw of all specimens. Lower jaw with a single row of 7–8 (typically 8) fixed, widely-spaced, blade-like teeth, the first one smallest, gradually increasing in size posteriorly. There is single row of 6–15 small, blade-like teeth on each palatine. The number of teeth on jaws and palatines does not show any trend with growth, and they seem to be easily lost and regrown.</p><p>BSKU 4409 NSMT- TFRI 21307 BPBM 25938 NMMB- BPBM 28876 BPBM 30623 KAUM- KAUM-</p><p>P62524 P16629 I72269* I51544</p><p>Standard length (mm) 212 219 326 334 335 425 477 710 750</p><p>%SL Mean BSKU 4409 NSMT- TFRI 21307 BPBM 25938 NMMB- BPBM 28876 BPBM 30623 KAUM- KSUM-</p><p>P62524 P16629 I72269* I51544</p><p>Standard length (mm) 212 219 326 334 335 425 477 710 750</p><p>%HL Mean</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F5E87D4FFA7FFB3FF3AB053F8E1D283	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ho, Hsuan-Ching;Motomura, Hiroyuki;Hata, Harutaka;Jiang, Wei-Chuan	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Motomura, Hiroyuki, Hata, Harutaka, Jiang, Wei-Chuan (2017): Review of the fish genus Epinnula Poey (Perciformes: Gempylidae), with description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4363 (3): 393-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.3.5
