identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21.text	885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophidae Gray 1825	<div><p>Family RHINOLOPHIDAE</p><p>(HORSESHOE BATS)</p><p>• Relatively small to medium-sized insectivorous bats with ornate facial growths including horseshoe-shaped plate between mouth and nares and ears without tragus.</p><p>• 5-16- 5 cm.</p><p>• Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions.</p><p>• Deserts, forests, and mountainous areas, mainly tropical but extending into temperate regions to c. 52° N.</p><p>• 1 genus, 109 species, 199 taxa.</p><p>• 1 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCD8A2BFF63FD82FCF4D255.text	885887A2FFCD8A2BFF63FD82FCF4D255.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus adami Aellen & Brosset 1968	<div><p>1. Adam’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus adami</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Congo I German: Adam-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura del Congo</p><p>Other common names: Congo Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus adami Aellen &amp; Brosset, 1968,</p><p>“ Grotte [= cave] de Kimanika, Kouilou, République du Congo [= Republic of the Congo]</p><p>Rhinolophus adami is in the odami species group along with R maendeleo based on morphology, but its phylogenetic relation­ ships are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Kimanika Cave, Kouilou, S Republic of the Congo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 25—28 mm, ear 25-26 mm, hindfoot 9 mm, forearm 46-50 mm. Pelage is light to dark brown on back and head and gray brown on belly (one individual was whitish on lower abdomen). Noseleaf is large and almost covers muzzle (breadth 8- 5—9 mm); posterior part is subtriangular, with erect tip; horseshoe has well-defined notch on anterior border; sella is large and broad, with rounded tip that is narrower at tip and constricted in middle; connecting process forms more or less continuous arch; lancet is long, with convex or nearly convex oudine and rounded tip; and lower lip has three grooves. Tail is very long, ears are comparatively large (51-53% of forearm length), and wings and uropatagium are dark brown. Baculum has short basal cone, with shallow dorsal and ventral invagination; thick shaft becomes dorso-ventrally flattened distally; and tip is not expanded. Skull is narrow; mastoid width is much larger than zygomatic breadth; anterior median swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is weak; frontal depression is long and relatively deep; palatal bridge is long; infraorbital foramen is covered by bony bar; C1 is relatively developed; P2 is small; and P3 is slighdy displaced labially.</p><p>Habitat. Only collected in roost caves. The Kouilou area, where roost caves of Adam’s Horseshoe Bats occur, is a mosaic of lowland rainforest and secondary grassland with limestone caves, but its habitat preferences are unknown.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on IUCN ed List. Adam’s Horseshoe Bat is only known from eleven specimens (four described in original description and seven recognized by D. Kock and colleagues in 2000) collected at the type locality, and it might be naturally rare and threatened by cave disturbance. Virtually nothing is known of its ecology and evolutionary relationships; additional research is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Adam &amp; Le Pont (1974), Aellen &amp; Brosset (1968), Csorba eta/. (2003), Happold, M. (2013o), Jacobs eta/. (2008a), Kock eta/. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCD8A2BFF63FD82FCF4D255	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCD8A2BFF7CF404F6DADF5D.text	885887A2FFCD8A2BFF7CF404F6DADF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus maendeleo Kock, Csorba & K M. Howell 2000	<div><p>2. Maendeleo Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus maendeleo</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Tanga / German: Tanga-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura deTanga Other common names: Tanzanian Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus maendeleo Kock, Csorba &amp; K M. Howell, 2000,</p><p>“ Amboni Cave Forest, 05°05’S - 39°02’E, 0- 80 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.033333/lat -5.0833335)">Mkulumuzi River Gorge</a>, 2.5 km W of Tanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.033333/lat -5.0833335)">Tanga Distr</a>., NE-Tanzania.” Rhinolophus maendeleo is in the odami species group. Two specimens reported as R cf. maendeleo by A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2010 from Mozambique probably represent R maendeleo, but they have some morphological peculiarities that warrant investigation; these records are included in R maendeleo here. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE &amp; C Tanzania (Amboni Cave Forest, Mazumbai Forest Reserve on E ridge of West Usambara Mts, and Iringa region) and N Mozambique (Mt Namuli).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 46-49 mm, tail 23—26 mm, ear 24—25 mm, hindfoot 8 mm, forearm 47-5—49- 1 mm; weight 6-15- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is medium brown, and ventral pelage is beige that merges into white on lower abdomen. Darker brown collar occurs around lower neck and upper chest. Ears are comparatively large (49—51% of forearm length), with bluntly pointed tip; tail is relatively long; and membranes are brown. Noseleaf is moderately wide (breadth 8-2—8- 4 mm) and almost covers muzzle; posterior component is subtriangular, with erect tip; sella is naked and wide at base, with well-developed narial cup, and constricted in middle; connecting process forms continuous arch and basal part is almost parallel to sella; lancet tip is nearly straightsided; and there are three mental grooves on lower lip. Baculum has basal cone that is deeply incised and projects proximally; dorsal part forms two long wings and ventral incision is less deep; and distal part of baculum is strongly flattened dorso-ventrally. Skull is narrow, and zygomatic width is equal to or slighdy narrower than mastoid width; nasal swellings are moderately high; anterior median swellings are bulbous, broad, and long; posterior swellings are less developed; frontal depression is moderately deep; sagittal crest is low; infraorbital foramen is open and not covered by bony bar; P2 is small and within tooth row, widely separating C1 and P4; P3 is small and somewhat displaced labially; and P2 and P4 are separated.</p><p>Habitat. Coastal lowland forest and relict lower montane forest from sea level to elevations of C. 1900 m (0—80 m in Amboni Cave Forest, 1400—1900 m in Masumbai Forest, and C. 1650 m at Iringa).</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Maendeleo Horseshoe Bats roost in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Very little is known about the ecology of Maendeleo Horseshoe Bats, especially because few specimens have been reported.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba eta/. (2003), Happold, M. (2013t), Jacobs et al. (2008b), Kock et al. (2000), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCD8A2BFF7CF404F6DADF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCD8A2AF896F90CFCD5DADB.text	885887A2FFCD8A2AF896F90CFCD5DADB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus alcyone Temminck 1852	<div><p>3. Halcyon Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus alcyone</p><p>French: Rhinolophe alcyone / German: Alcyon-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura alción</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus aZcyon « Temminck, 1853,</p><p>“ La rivière Boutry à la Guiné [= Boutry River, Guinea] .”</p><p>Rhinolophus alcyone is in the landeri species group with R landeri, R guineensis, R blasii, and R lobatus . It is genetically close to R landeri, although additional sampling is needed to fully resolve its placement Although no subspecies are recognized, there are distinct pelage differences between eastern and western populations and the Bioko Island population, suggesting taxonomic revision is needed. Specimens from Gabon might represent R silvestris, which requires additional investigation. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W &amp; C Africa from Senegal to Togo and from S Nigeria, S Cameroon, and SW Central African Republic to W Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Bioko I, and Gabon, also patchily in Congo Basin, SW South Sudan, and W Uganda.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 57—68 mm, tail 18—32 mm, ear 19—25 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm, forearm 48-56 mm; weight 14—23 g. Typical dorsal pelage is dark to medium brown (hairs are yellowish beige with brown tips); ventral pelage is slighdy paler. Orange-morph pelage is pale brown to bright orange-red, which is rare. Intermediate form has been recorded where body was dark brown, with orange-brown rump. Some males have bright orange axillary tufts. Ears are comparatively short (36—49% of forearm length) and have 8—9 internal folds. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with straight or slightly concave margins; tip is bluntly pointed; sella has extremely short white hairs and is narrow with straight, almost parallel sides; top of sella is rounded and curved forward; connecting process is well developed and subtriangular, with bluntly to sharply pointed tip; horseshoe is of medium breadth (8-3-11- 2 mm) and nearly covers muzzle; and there are lateral leaflets present and median emargination. Lower lip has well-defined median groove and two poorly defined lateral grooves. Wings are medium to blackish brown, and first phalanx of fourth finger is relatively short (19—22% of fourth metacarpal). Uropatagium is paler brown; one specimen had cream uropatagium, with dark brown reticulation. Skull is robust, and zygomatic arches are moderately robust; zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high; anterior medium swellings are globular and prominent; lateral and posterior swellings are not as prominent; frontal depression is very shallow; supraorbital ridge is weak; and sagittal crest is variably developed, being low to well developed. P2 is in tooth row or slightly displaced labially; C1 and P4 are well separated; P3 can be either displaced labially from tooth row or within it; and P2 and P4 are separated.</p><p>Habitat. Closed tropical moist forests and also savanna with pockets ofsuitable habitat.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Halcyon Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. One lactating and three pregnant Halcyon Horseshoe Bats were captured in western Uganda in midJune, and a birth was recorded in September. In Ivory Coast, four pregnant females were captured in mid-February.</p><p>Activity patterns. During the day, Halcyon Horseshoe Bats roost in caves, hollow trees, roofs of thatched houses, and old mine shafts. Call frequency is 87 kHz in Uganda.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Halcyon Horseshoe Bats often occur in colonies of up to 20 individuals and occasionally alone. They have been recorded roosting with Cameroon Horseshoe Bats (7 t alticolus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. Although the Halcyon Horseshoe Bat is considered rare and difficult to find, it is widespread and is currently considered not threatened. Potential threats include habitat loss from logging and agricultural expansion. It is hunted for food in some areas, which might be a localized threat.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba et al. (2003), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold, M. (2013p), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017a), Rosevear (1965).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCD8A2AF896F90CFCD5DADB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCC8A2AFF1BFB86F223DD98.text	885887A2FFCC8A2AFF1BFB86F223DD98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus landeri Martin 1838	<div><p>4. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus landeri</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Lander / German: Lander-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Lander</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus landeri Martin, 1838,</p><p>“ Insulâ Fernando Po [= Bioko Island],” Equatorial Guinea.</p><p>Rhinolophus landeri is in the landeri species group. Rhinolophus lobatus was previously included in R landeri as a subspecies, but recent studies have determined that the two taxa are morphologically and genetically distinct and do not cluster together in phylogenetic reconstructions. Although exact distributions of R landeri and R lobatus are uncertain, arrangement suggested by P. J. Taylor and colleagues in 2018 is followed here, in which all eastern and southern African populations are assigned to R lobatus and all western and central African populations are assigned to R landeri . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. From S Mauritania and Senegal through most ofW &amp; C Africa to S Sudan, South Sudan, and Ethiopia, including Bioko I. Distributional limits are still uncertain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 52-60 mm, tail 27 mm, ear 13-20 mm, hindfoot 7 9 mm, forearm 35-49 mm; weight 5-11 g. Pelage is dense and soft, being brownish fawn to grayish brown (gray morph) or golden brown to bright rusty brown (orange morph) dorsally and slightly paler brown (gray morph) or lighter golden brown (orange morph) ventrally. Males often have dark reddish brown to dark reddish axillary tufts that secret sticky yellow substance. Wings and interfemoral membrane are dark grayish brown to blackish brown. Ears are short (34-42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet with pointed tip, being shorter than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat (A lobatus); connecting process is subtriangular with tip either sharply or blundy pointed, being less erect than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat; sella is naked and narrow, with slightly concave sides and top being broad and rounded; horseshoe is narrow at 6-8 mm but covers entire muzzle; there are no lateral leaflets; and median emargination is deep notch. Lower lip has well-defined medium groove and two very poorly defined lateral grooves. In general, baculum is shorter with distinctly bulbous tip that in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat Skull is of medium build; zygomatic width is slighdy greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are narrow compared with Peters’s Horseshoe Bat; braincase is elongated compared with Peters’s Horseshoe Bat; sagittal crest is low to moderately developed anteriorly; and frontal depression is usually shallow. P2 is positioned in tooth row because of its relatively large size, which results in larger space between C1 and P4; P3 is small and slighdy to completely displaced labially; P2 and P4 are separated by narrow gap or are in contact; and P2 is only a litde smaller than P 4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 64 (Senegal).</p><p>Habitat. Various habitats including lowland and montane primary rainforests, disturbed forests, and riverine woodlands from sea level to elevations of c. 1800 m. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in lowland rainforest and degraded forests in West Africa, occurring in Isoberlinia (Fabaceae) woodland and often near rivers and riverine woodlands throughout their distribution. In Ethiopia, they have been recorded at elevations of 515-1800 m. They also occur in montane vegetation at 1400 m on Mount Cameroon in Cameroon and primary rainforest at 1000 m on Mount Bintumani in Sierra Leone.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It is a slow hawker that often forages within 6 m of the ground at night. Although fly-catching and gleaning have not been reported, they are expected to occur. Moths and beetles seem to make up a large proportion of diets. In Sudan, small beetles made up a large proportion of diets.</p><p>Breeding. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous throughout its distribution, copulating in dry seasons. In Nigeria, copulation generally occurs around November but probably into December because ovulation occurs in late November. Implantation is delayed for c.2 months and does not occur until late dry season around February. Births often occur in early wet season but vary throughout the distribution, being in late April in Nigeria. Lactation in Nigeria occurred in April-June. Litters have a single young. Weaning occurs at c.2 months ofage, and for a short period of the early life ofyoung, mothers carry them when they forage.</p><p>Activity patterns. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats are active during parts of the night. They roost during the day in colonies or, less commonly, alone and can enter torpor to save energy. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats have great maneuverability and can take offfrom the ground. They are able to fly slowly with bursts of speed and are able to briefly hover. Roosts are commonly found in caves, mine shafts, and crevices in rocks, although some individuals have been found in trees (particularly hollow baobabs, Adansonia, Malvaceae), thatched buildings, wells, and other holes in the ground. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of 103-3 kHz in Guinea, 108-5 kHz (one male) and 105-6 kHz (one female) in Burkina Faso, and 104-3 kHz in Liberia; average F component seems to be lower than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats roost alone and in groups of more than 1000 individuals, being largely gregarious. In Nigeria, a cave with more than 1000 individuals has been recorded. Males and females usually are found in the same caves, but before birth, males leave the colony. They often share day roosts with a variety of other bats, including species of Lissonycteris, Nycteris, Coleura, Hipposideros, and other species of Rhinolophus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is widespread and relatively common with no major known conservati ^ ® threats.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Aggundey &amp; Schütter (1984), Brown &amp; Dunlop (1997), Csorba et al. (2003), Dool, Puechmaille, Foley et al. (2016), Happold, M. (2013s), Hayman et al. (1966), Kangoyé et al. (2015), Koopman (1975,1989), Koopman, Kofron &amp; Chapman (1995), Koopman, Mumford &amp; Heisterberg (1978), Menzies (1973), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017 b), Rosevear (1965), Taylor (1998), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCC8A2AFF1BFB86F223DD98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCC8A2DF84EFAC8FEA3DB68.text	885887A2FFCC8A2DF84EFAC8FEA3DB68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus guineensis Eisentraut 1960	<div><p>5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus guineensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Guinée I German: Guinea-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Guinea</p><p>Other common names: Senegal Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus landeri guineensis Eisentraut, 1960,</p><p>near Tahiré, base of Kelesi Plateau, 500 m, Guinea.</p><p>Rhinolophus guineensis is in the landeri species group based on morphological data, although genetic data are needed to confirm this placement. It was originally described as a subspecies of R landeri but is now recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known from scattered records in S Senegal (Niokolo-Koba National Park and Diattacounda), SW &amp; SE Guinea (near Kindia, Simandou Range, and Mt Nimba), C Sierra Leone, N Liberia (including Liberian Mt Nimba), and E Ivory Coast; it is potentially present in Gambia in patches of relict forest.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 49-57 mm, tail 23-30 mm, ear 17-22 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm, forearm 44-50 mm; weight 8-11 g. The Guinean Horseshoe Bat is similar to Lander’s Horseshoe Bat (AE. landeri), but is larger in craniodental dimensions with wider horseshoe. Pelage is variable, with dorsum varying from brown to grayish brown, orangish brown, or pale reddish brown (individual hairs with darker tips than bases); venter is always slightly paler. Axillary tufts of males are generally white, but there is one case in which they were reddish brown. Ears are comparatively short (38—47% of forearm length) and have 11—12 internal folds. Noseleaf has hastate lancet; connecting process is subtriangular, with pointed tip; sella is naked and parallel-sided; horseshoe is narrow at 8-3-9- 3 mm; there are no lateral leaflets; and median emargination is present. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray, and first phalanx of fourth finger is relatively short. Skull is medium built; zygomatic arches are moderately broad; zygomatic width is slightly larger than mastoid width; palatal bridge is 26-31% of C 1- M 3 length; P2 is comparatively large and is in tooth row, being slightly displaced labially; C1 and P4 are well separated; P3 is very small to virtually vestigial and is fully displaced labially; and P 2 and P4 are in contact.</p><p>Habitat. Primarily highland regions with submontane to montane forests in Guinea, Liberia, and Ivory Coast and, to a lesser extent, lowland rainforest and forest savanna mosaic habitats in Senegal and Guinea. In Makeni, Sierra Leone, Guinean Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in disturbed areas with small patches of relict forest. They are generally found at higher elevations and have been recorded at elevations of 1400 m and above. On Guinean and Liberian Mt Nimba, they have been recorded in montane grasslands at 900-1600 m, where they are considerably common during dry seasons.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Single embryos in Guinean Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in December in the Simandou Range, Guinea, and March near Kindia, Guinea.</p><p>Activity patterns. Guinean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Two torpid individuals were captured on Mount Nimba, Guinea. They have been recorded roosting in caves throughout their distribution, although two individuals were found in hollow trees in Senegal. They have also been recorded roosting in mines. Call shape is FM/CF/ FM, with F component of 85 kHz in Guinea, which is significantly lower than in Lander’s Horseshoe Bat.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosts of the Guinean Horseshoe Bat are often shared with other species of Rhinolophus, Lissonycteris, Nycteris, and Hipposideros.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNed List. The Guinean Horseshoe Bat has a constrained area of occupancy (probably less than 2000 km 2), severely fragmented distribution, and continuous decline in extent and quality of its forest and cave habitats. Major threats include deforestation resulting from logging operations, conversion of land to agricultural use, and mining activities. There is also limited threat of overhunting for bushmeat.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Böhme &amp; Hutterer (1978), Csorba et al. (2003), Decher et al. (2016), Denys et al. (2013), Eisentraut (1960b), ahr (2008d, 2013d), ahr &amp; Ebigbo (2003), Grubb et al. (1998), Konstantinov et al. (2000), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Rosevear (1965), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018), Weber &amp; ahr (2007b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCC8A2DF84EFAC8FEA3DB68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545.text	885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus blasii Peters 1866	<div><p>6. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus blasii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Blasius I German: Blasius-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Blasius</p><p>Other common names: Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866,</p><p>south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy .</p><p>Rhinolophus blasii is currently in the landeri species group based on morphology; however, it is probably best included as a basal member of the capensis species group based on genetic data. Four subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R b. blasii Peters, 1866 — SE Europe (from Croatia E to W Romania and Bulgaria and S to Greece and Crete I), SW Asia (W Anatolian Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, WJordan, S Armenia, S Azerbaijan, W Iran, and S Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Oman), and NW Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, and N Tunisia); possibly also found in Egypt and Georgia, but his needs confirmation.</p><p>R b. andreinii Senna, 1905 - W Eritrea, C &amp; E Ethiopia, and NW Somalia.</p><p>R b. empusa K. Andersen, 1904 - SE Africa in SE DR Congo, SE Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, W Mozambique, Zimbabwe, E Botswana, E South Africa, and Swaziland.</p><p>R b. meyeroehmif elten, 1977 - E Iran, S Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and N Pakistan.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46- 5-54 mm (Europe), tail 20-31 mm, ear 16-21 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 41-51 mm; weight 7-15 g. Dorsal pelage is light brown to yellowish brown (hairs have cream bases with dark tips); venter is grayish, white, or creamy. Back of neck is a little lighter, appearing as a lighter band (hairs with less dark brown tipping), and sides of face are yellowish white, with dark brown patch under each eye. There are grayish and orange morphs in subspecies empusa. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are translucent light to dark brown or brownish gray and medium in size (33-44% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides, occasionally hastate, and rounded tip; connecting process is well developed rising to high, narrow, and pointed hom; sella is naked and wedge-shaped, and sides converge toward top; top of sella is narrow and tilted forward; horseshoe is narrow (7- 2-9 mm) and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are either absent, rudimentary, or well developed, possibly depending on subspecies; and median emargination is present but inconspicuous. Lower lip has three grooves, and two lateral grooves are poorly defined in subspecies empusa. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Shaft of baculum is nearly cylindrical in cross section and is bent clearly upward; tip of shaft lacks terminal knob; ventral incision of basal cone is moderately deep; and there is no dorsal emargination. Skull is rather delicate, with narrow zygomatic arches; zygomatic width is equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow to very shallow; supraorbital ridges are poorly developed; and sagittal crest is generally low. Dental formula has 30-32 teeth because P is sometimes absent; F is weakly bilobed; C1 has weak anterior and posterior cingular cusps; P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is tiny and either displaced labially or in tooth row (occasionally absent); and P2 and P4 are usually conspicuously separated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (throughout much of distribution); FNa = 60 was recorded in South Africa.</p><p>Habitat. Various shrubland, grassland, woodland, and some desert habitats. Around the Mediterranean, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in sclerophyllous forests, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grasslands and shrublands, and stone/gravel desert habitats, presumably where water is available, at elevations of 500-2300 m (mean 1404 m), with records up to 2300 m in Malawi and Zambia and 2150 m in Yemen. They are often associated with limestone in Europe, often near streams in shrubby and wooded areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, they have been recorded in evergreen and semievergreen brushlands and thickets and Acacia (Fabaceae) - Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushlands (Ethiopia and Somalia) and in miombo woodlands and montane forests (Malawi and Zambia). They are very dependent on water and are generally associated with streams and other water bodies.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage by slow hawking, fly-catching, and gleaning on foliage and the ground. They are very agile fliers, able to turn suddenly by banking and stalling and then twisting. They also have ability to fly relatively slowly and can hover briefly. To get water, they skim the surface or land and lap up water; they can take off from the ground. Diets consist almost exclusively of moths in most parts of the distribution. They can detect fluttering of a moth’s wings when it lands and will land and grab a moth before taking off again. They often prey on species of Noctuidae, Lasiocampidae, and Geometridae . In Algeria, however, one study recorded a large variety of prey in the diet, with mostly insects (96-9%) but also some centipedes (4-3%). Of the insects, dipterans made up the largest proportion of diets (37-5%), with Chironomidae / Ceratopogonidae (9-4%) and Culicidae, Anisopodidae, and Sphaeroceridae (6-2%) making up majority of flies in diets. Trichoptera (16-6%), Hemiptera (12 - 5 %), and Lepidoptera (12-5%) were also detected in relatively high quantities, and Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera were detected in 1—2 samples. In Zambia, moths made up 100% of diets in dry seasons and 96-5% in wet seasons when isopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and other insects made up the other 3-5%.</p><p>Breeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, although timing of breeding varies throughout its distribution. During breeding season, females and their offspring occur in maternity colonies. Males seem to display to females before copulation by hanging and fluttering their wings. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, followed by delayed implantation until hibernation ends. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, spends the day free-hanging in roosts, and will often enter torpor during this time. It leaves the roost at night to forage and returns before dusk. Although it hibernates throughout winter, it has been recorded active in winter in various parts of its distribution, including Algeria. Hibernation begins in November in Iran and later in Afghanistan due to differences in climate. It generally enters hibernation after temperatures decrease to below 14°C, which often occurs in November in the European part of the distribution. Roosts are underground in caves and crevices between boulders and also hollow trees. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats rarely roost in buildings, but they can be found in mine shafts, underground irrigation ditches, and other underground structures. In southern Africa (except South Africa), they seem to rarely use caves as roosts, possibly relying on them more heavily in winter in temperate regions. Call shape is FM /CF/FM. GF component is 85—98 kHz throughout their distribution, being 91—95 kHz in Malawi (usually 92—93 kHz), 85-9 kHz in Swaziland, 96-7 kHz in Morocco, 93-2-95-4 kHz in Mozambique, and 93-1 kHz in Iran and average 94 kHz in Europe and the Middle East. Average call durations have been recorded at 20-7 milliseconds in Morocco, 44-9 milliseconds in Algeria and Greece, 44-1 milliseconds in Greece, 48-6 milliseconds (range 40-1—68-3) in Iran, and 20-8 milliseconds (range 19-9-21-3) in Swaziland. Interpulse intervals have been recorded at 71-8 milliseconds in Greece and 109-3 milliseconds (range 103-1— 117 -1) in Iran. According to G. Jones and B. M. Siemers in 2011, females emit higher frequency pulses than males, andjuveniles emit lower frequencies than adults.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Like most horseshoe bats, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats do not migrate. They hibernate primarily in caves in winter throughout their distribution. They generally roost in small colonies of 20 - 40 individuals but are also commonly found in groups of 3-4 individuals or even alone. In Europe, very large colonies of mixed species of hinolophus, including Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat, have been reported with up to 2000 individuals, particularly in Bulgaria and Greece. Maternal colonies of 30-400 individuals have been recorded in summer. Winter hibernating colonies of 100-500 individuals have been reported in Iran. They are known to share roosts with other species of Rhinolophus, Plecotus, Myotis, and Miniopterus in Europe and Asia.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is considered relatively common throughout its wide distribution, but populations seem to be decreasing in Europe where it is considered one of the rarest horseshoe bats on the continent. It was found in north-eastern Italy but is now extinct there, and no records have been made in Slovenia in the past 50 years. Populations in the eastern Balkans seem to be stable unlike the Mediterranean populations that are declining. Major threats seem to be colony disturbances and general habitat and roost destruction.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim &amp; Moali (2013), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said eta/. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Cotterill (1996a), Csorba et al. (2003), Dietz, von Helversen &amp; Nili (2009), Disca et al. (2014), Dulie (1967), Ellerman et al. (1953), indley &amp; Black (1983), Happold, M. (2013q), Heller &amp; von Helversen (1989), Jacobs et al. (2007), Jére et al. (2017), Jones &amp; Siemers (2011), KryStufek (2008), Maree &amp; Grant (1996), Monadjem (2005a), Monadjem, Reside &amp; Lumsden (2007), Papadatou et al. (2008a), Paunovic &amp; Stamenkovió (1998), Presetnik et al. (2014), Puechmaille, Hizem eta/. (2012), Roberts (1977), Siemers &amp; Ivanova (2004), Siemers et al. (2005), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Taylor (2000, 2016f), Walters eta /. (2012), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCB8A2CF8A7F335F960D67E.text	885887A2FFCB8A2CF8A7F335F960D67E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus lobatus Peters 1852	<div><p>7. Peters’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus lobatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Zambèze / German: Peters-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Peters</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus lobatus Peters, 1852,</p><p>“Africa orientalis, Sena, Tette, 17° Aust.,” Mozambique. Restricted by R. E. Moreau and colleagues in 1946 by stating, “of these two localities [ Sena and Tette], 100 miles [= 161 km] apart, Sena, the lower down the Zambesi [River], may stand as the type-locality.”</p><p>R... lobatus is in the landeri species group. It has generally been included in R landeri, but recent genetic and morphometric data support its specific status. Although exact distributions of R lobatus and R landeri are uncertain, arrangement suggested by P.J. Taylor and colleagues in 2018 is followed here, in which all eastern and southern African populations are assigned to R lobatus and all western and central African populations are assigned to R landeri . The form angplensis from west Angola named by A, F. de Seabra in 1898 is included in AE lobatus here, but it might be a distinct subspecies or species. There is also considerable variation in morphology and echolocation among different populations in Mozambique that might represent additional cryptic species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Only known with certainty from Mozambique (based on recent morphometric studies), but populations from S South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Congo Basin to N Angola and S to Mozambique and NE South Africa, including Unguja I (Zanzibar Archipelago) are tentatively included here.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 51-56 mm, tail 21-31 mm, ear 14-20 mm, hindfoot 6-12 mm, forearm 43—50 mm; weight 5—10 g. Description comes primarily from Mozambican specimens of Peters’s Horseshoe Bats, and additional comparisons between them and Lander’s Horseshoe Bat ( A landeri) are needed. Pelage is dense and soft, being grayish brown dorsally and lighter brown ventrally. Males often have dark reddish brown axillary tufts. Wings and interfemoral membrane are dark grayish brown to blackish brown. Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with bluntly pointed tip, being taller than in Lander’s Horseshoe Bat; connecting process is subtriangular, with tip either sharply or blundy pointed, and is more erect than in Lander’s Horseshoe Bat; sella is naked and narrow, with deeply concave sides and top broad and rounded; horseshoe is narrow at 6—8 mm but covers entire muzzle; there are no lateral leaflets; and median emargination is a deep notch. Lower lip has well-defined medium groove and two very poorly defined lateral grooves. There is also considerable variation between different Mozambique populations (from Pemba, Gorongosa, and Malashane and Chihalatan caves), although they are genetically close to one another. Individuals from Pemba have distinctively robust bacula and noseleaves with evidendy hastate lancets, and individuals from Gorongosa are smaller in external measurements and also have unique noseleaves and bacula. Their noseleaves have small hastate lancets, with bluntly pointed tips, and relatively small and more erect connecting processes, with semi-symmetrical lobes; their bacula are very distinctive, being very short with wide shaft and very small base. There is a chance that this variation was due to examination of subadult individuals without fully developed noseleaves and bacula. Generally, baculum of Peters’s Horseshoe Bat is longer with less bulbous tip than in Lander’s Horseshoe Bat. Skull is medium built; zygomatic width is slighdy greater than mastoid width; rostrum is prognathic (unlike Lander’s Horseshoe Bat); nasal swellings are broad compared with Lander’s Horseshoe Bat; braincase is shortened compared to Lander’s Horseshoe Bat; sagittal crest is low to moderately developed anteriorly; and frontal depression is usually shallow. P2 is positioned in tooth row because of its relatively large size, which results in large space between C 1 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2 n = 58 and FNa = 60 (South Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Various sparse woodland regions from sea level to elevations of c. 1980 m on Mount Elgon, Kenya, and less than 1200 m in Zimbabwe. In Malawi and other regions of southern Africa, Peters’s Horseshoe Bats largely occur in woodland savannas, generally near riverine woodlands and other wet regions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Peters’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It is a slow hawker that probably forages close to the ground and might engage in fly-catching and gleaning. In Zimbabwe, remains of c.66 insect species were found under a roost, consisting largely of noctuid moths (92%), butterflies, and several orthopterans.</p><p>Breeding. Peters’s Horseshoe Bat seems to be seasonally monoestrous. Copulation probably occurs in dry season, and period of delayed implantation might be apparent. Births probably occur later in wet season. Births have been recorded during peak of wet season (November) in Masalani, Kenya, but throughout much of its southern distribution, Peters’s Horseshoe Bats probably give birth in September-November. Young begin to fly by 4-5 weeks old, and they are weaned at c.2 months old. There is limited evidence that young do not breed until their second year.</p><p>Activity patterns. Peters’s Horseshoe Bats are active through parts of the night. They roost in the day in small colonies or alone and can enter torpor during the day to save energy. Roosts are found predominately in caves but also in rock crevices, hollow trees, buildings, and other man-made structures. Call shape is FM/CF/FM; F component is 102-108 kHz in Mozambique, averaging at 105 kHz in Gorongosa and 106-8 kHz in Chihalatan. It seems to be higher, on average, than in Lander’s Horseshoe Bat, being similar to F component reported in southern Africa (107 kHz) and South Africa (110 kHz). In Bungule, Kenya, F component of 110 kHz was reported, although specific identity of Kenyan populations is currendy uncertain.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Peters’s Horseshoe Bat roosts alone or in colonies. Colonies have 20-50 individuals in the DR Congo, often associated with Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ruber) and Rüppell’s Horseshoe Bat ( A fumigatus). Throughout its distribution in southern Africa, Peters’s Horseshoe Bat has been found in smaller colonies, often with fewer than twelve individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List. Peters’s Horseshoe Bat is widespread and relatively common and does not seem to have any major threats. Nevertheless, because of its recent status as a distinct species, it is in need of additional research to clarify its conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Anciaux de Faveaux (1978), Brown &amp; Dunlop (1997), Csorba et al. (2003), Dool, Puechmaille, Foley et al. (2016), enton (1975), Happold, M. (2013 s), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Moreau et al. (1946), O'Shea &amp;Vaughan (1980), Rautenbach et al. (1993), Seabra (1898), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCB8A2CF8A7F335F960D67E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCA8A2CFF7CF02DF682D03B.text	885887A2FFCA8A2CFF7CF02DF682D03B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus swinnyi Gough 1908	<div><p>8. Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus swinnyi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Swinny I German: Swinny-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Swinny</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus swinnyi Gough, 1908,</p><p>Ngqeleni District, Pondoland, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa .</p><p>Rhinolophus swinnyi is in the capensis species group with R capensis, R gorongosae, R rhodesiae, R simulator, R denti, and R alticolus, and genetic data have placed it close to R capensis . Populations now attributed to A rhodesiaewad. R gorongosae'were previously included in R swinnyi, but genetic and morphological data support their specific status. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E South Africa, including KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces; specimens from Mpumalanga Province are tentatively included here.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 42 — 47 mm, tail 18-27 mm, ear 17-2-21- 6 mm, hindfoot 8—9 mm, forearm 40- 8-45 mm. Pelage is soft and flufly, being pale gray dorsally (hairs with pale cream bases) and paler ventrally, occasionally off-white or creamy. Dorsal pelage can also be bright orange in orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (42 - 45 % of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with distinctly concave sides and bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded (about the same height as sella); sella is naked, with slighdy concave sides; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively low; and horseshoe is narrow (width 6-7- 4 mm), does not cover entire muzzle, does not have any lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has three grooves, with lateral grooves being occasionally indistinct. Wings and uropatagium are brown. Baculum is distinguished from Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat (A rhodesiae) by being shorter and not tapered and having narrower base. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches; nasal swellings are rounded; frontal depression is very shallow and sometimes nearly flat; supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is absent posteriorly and very low anteriorly, being weakly developed; P2 is small but in tooth row, and C1 and P4 are well separated as a result; and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially that allows P2 and P4 to touch or nearly touch one another. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 62.</p><p>Habitat. Mostly savanna woodlands. In KwaZulu-Natal, Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat is found in montane Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) mist forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous and probably forages by slow hawking and possibly gleaning.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, and peak F component is 104-9-106-7 kHz in South Africa.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. This assessment includes populations now attributed to Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat and Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (A gorongosae). Distribution ofSwinny’s Horseshoe Bat is now restricted to South Africa, and it is considered relatively rare. Populations might be threatened by local deforestation from logging and agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill (2002a, 2013e), Csorba eta /. (2003), Monadjem &amp; Cotterill (2017 a), Rautenbach (1986), Taylor (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCA8A2CFF7CF02DF682D03B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A.text	885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein 1823	<div><p>9. Cape Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus capensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Cap I German: Kap-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de El Cabo</p><p>Other common names: Southern Africa Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823,</p><p>Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape Province, South Africa.</p><p>Rhinolophus capensis is in the capensis species group, which might also include A blasii based on genetic data, but additional research is needed. Remainder of the African-Palearctic species groups (Zandm, euryale, ferrumequinum, and maclaudi groups) along with the Chinese A xrnanzhongguoensis seem to form a large clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade have yet to be resolved. Rhinolophus capensis seems to be sister to A swinnyi, with which it is partially sympatric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. South Africa in coastal Northern, Western, and Eastern Cape provinces. Possibly enters coastal SW Namibia, although this has yet to be confirmed; all other non-South African records are erroneous.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 56 - 66 mm, tail 24-32 mm, ear 21-25 mm, forearm 47-51 mm; weight 9-14- 6 g. Pelage is pale to medium brown dorsally (individual hairs are pale gray, beige, or cream, with brown tips) or bright red in orange morph; venter is paler, sometimes more grayish. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (46-52% offorearm length). Noseleafhas hastate lancet, with blundy pointed tip; sella is naked, with parallel or slighdy concave sides and rounded top; connecting process is rounded, sometimes nearly triangular with rounded top, and is higher than sella; horseshoe is narrow at 7-3—8- 1 mm and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are present but poorly developed; and anterior emargination is deep. Lower lip has one well-defined groove. Wings and uropatagium are brown. Skull is rather robust, with broad zygomatic arches and zygomatic width larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are medium in relative height; frontal depression is shallow, and supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly but absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is distinct. P2 is small to medium-sized and usually slightly displaced labially, sometimes nearly completely displaced, but C 1 and P4 never touch as a result, being well separated; P3 is small and partly or completely displaced labially. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Primarily savanna, montane forest, coastal forest, and fynbos (shrubland) habitats. Roosts of Cape Horseshoe Bats occur in coastal and sea caves and dark lofts and mine shafts; houses are typically avoided.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Cape Horseshoe Bats seem to forage by slowly flying through vegetation (slow aerial clutter foraging) and gleaning prey off of the ground or foliage. They might feed by perch-hunting, in which they ambush prey by perching on vegetation and waiting for prey to pass by. Large proportions of diets consist of lepidopterans and coleopterans, and neuropterans, hemipterans, and dipterans make up smaller amounts of diets. Cape Horseshoe Bats eat smaller prey than sympatric Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats ( clivosus), probably to avoid competition.</p><p>Breeding. The Cape Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Spermatogenesis occurs in October—May, and sperm is stored in epididymis through winter, which is rather unusual for species of Rhinolophus . Copulation takes place when winter ends in August-September, in contrast to most other hibernating species of Rhinolophus that mate before winter with sperm stored in females’ reproductive tracts. Although females are in estrus or submaximal estrus in May, there are cornified epithelial cells blocking the vagina that prevent copulation through hibernation in winter. Births are reported in summer (November-December) after 3-4 months of gestation. Litter size is one. Lactation has been recorded in December-January. Young cling to their mothers during the day but are left in roosts when mothers leave to forage at night. Male testes are active at 11-12 months old, although their first mating does not occur until their second year; females typically start breeding in their second year.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cape Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Days are spent in roosts that are left after dark. Roosts occur in coastal and sea caves and dark lofts and mine shafts; houses are typically avoided. According to J. T. McDonald and colleagues in 1990, they are most active during the first two hours after sunset when they forage. Bouts of foraging continue throughout the night, with breaks in between to return to roosts. In a recent study by A. J. Thomas and D. S. Jacobs in 2013, moth-eating bats—including the Cape Horseshoe Bat and the Egyptian Slit-faced Bat { Nycteris thebaica) —emerged earlier than bats that fed on dipterans. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of c.75-90 kHz recorded throughout their distribution, ranging from 75-7 kHz in the western part of the distribution to 86-5 kHz in the eastern end—a gradient that seems to be linked to annual rainfall. Pulse durations are 28-1-52-7 milliseconds. Terminal FM sweep of call becomes longer and wider in bandwidth when flying with conspecifics vs. flying alone. Other changes in calls of Cape Horseshoe Bat have been reported when flying with Natal Long-fingered Bats ( Miniopterus natalensis) and Geofffoy’s Horseshoe Bats. Cape Horseshoe Bats can readily distinguish between calls of conspecifics and those of Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although the Cape Horseshoe Bat is primarily sedentary, small-scale movements of 10 km have been reported. Reasons for these movements are uncertain, but they might be to escape extreme conditions in winter. Cape Horseshoe Bats hibernate through winter on occasion, but they do not enter a deep torpor, as does the Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat. Cape Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies that rarely have more than 1000 individuals. Males and females roost together, and individuals roost in clusters of multiple individuals that do not generally make contact with one another. Cave roosts are shared relatively often with Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats and Natal Long-fingered Bats.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77ze IUCN Red List. The Cape Horseshoe Bat is considered common throughout its distribution and does not seem to have any major conservation threats. It might be declining in some areas due to roost disturbance and habitat loss from agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ansell (1986), Bernard (1984,1985,1986a, 1986b, 2013a), Brown &amp; Bernard (1994), Csorba eta/. (2003), Cumming &amp; Bernard (1997), Erasmus &amp; Rautenbach (1984), Fawcett eta /. (201'5), Jacobs &amp; Monadjem (2017), Jacobs et a /. (2007), McDonald et a /. (1990a, 1990b), Monadjem, Taylor et a/. (2010), Odendaal &amp; Jacobs (2011), Stoffberg (2008), Stoffberg eta/. (2010),Taylor, Macdonald eta /. (2018), Thomas &amp; Jacobs (2013), Zhou Zhaomin eta/. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCA8A2FF8ABF666FCA4D52A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC98A2FFF75F316F535DCBC.text	885887A2FFC98A2FFF75F316F535DCBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus gorongosae Taylor, Macdonald, Goodman, Kearney, Cotterill, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Guyton, Naskrecki & Richards 2018	<div><p>10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus gorongosae</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Gorongosa / German: Gorongosa-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Gorongosa</p><p>Other common names: Least Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus gorongosae P. J. Taylor et al, 2018,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.343&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.599" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.343/lat -18.599)">Bunga Inselberg, Gorongosa National Park</a>, Sofala ProvinceMozambique - 18.599° S, 34.343° E, 212 m.”</p><p>Rhinolophus gorongosae is in the capensis species group. It was previously included in A swinnyi, but genetic and morphological data showed it was closer to R rhodesiae and one specimen of R landeri from Liberia. There is a possibility of cryptic taxa within R gorongosae because two individuals sequenced from Gorongosa were distinct from one another. Specimen from Mount Inago is only tentatively assigned to R gorongosae based on its small size. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; C Mozambique in Mt Inago and Gorongosa National Park; possibly also on Mt Mecula.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 39—51 mm, tail 22—27 mm, ear 12- 5—22 mm, hindfoot 7- 5-9 mm, forearm 38-5-44- 5 mm; weight 4-5-6-Ô g. The Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat is externally similar to Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat (A rhodesiae) and Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat ( A swinnyi). Pelage ofthe Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat is light grayish or light brownish dorsally and lighter ventrally, being whitish toward mid-venter. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.43% offorearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with straight to slightly concave sides and bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded (about same height as tip of sella); sella is naked, with diminutive pointed tip; and horseshoe is narrow (width of 7—8 mm) and does not cover entire muzzle, does not have any lateral leaflets, and has notched median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are brown. Baculum is short, with reduced base and distinct notch on one side of shaft tip, varying in position, and shaft is distinguishable from Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat by being slightly narrow with narrow tip. Skull is delicately built; foramen magnum is reduced, and there is noticeable depression along parietal region; braincase is narrow, and nasal inflation is high set and narrow, with sharp slope toward maxillae; and P2 is tiny and displaced laterally, leaving distinct gap between C1 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Probably woodland savanna habitats and known from elevations of 212- 308 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape is FM/CF/ FM, and mean F component is 106 kHz (range 104—108 kHz) in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on T /ie IUCN ed List. The Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat is currently known from only two locations, which might indicate that it should be classified in a threatened category. Most records are from Gorongosa National Park; but the entire distribution is currently uncertain. Additional sampling and genetic testing are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC98A2FFF75F316F535DCBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B.text	885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus rhodesiae Roberts 1946	<div><p>11. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus rhodesiae</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Rhodésie / German: Roberts-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Rodesia</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus swinnyi rhodesiae Roberts, 1946,</p><p>“ Bezwe River, tributary of Wanetsi [= Nwanetsi] River, Southern Rhodesia [= Zimbabwe]. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus rhodesiae is often included in R swinnyi, but recent genetic and morphometric analysis has determined that it is a distinct species. Rhinolophus rhodesiae is in the capensis species group and seems to be closely related to R simulator, R gorongosae, and one specimen of R landeri from Liberia. There is considerable genetic and echolocation variation throughout its distribution. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E &amp; S Africa in E Tanzania (including Unguja I in Zanzibar Archipelago), SW &amp; SE DR Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and E South Africa (N Limpopo and S KwaZulu-Natal provinces); possibly also Swaziland, but these records have yet to be confirmed and might represent Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat ( A swinnyi).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 44-65 mm, tail 16—30 mm, ear 15—20 mm, hindfoot 8 9 mm, forearm 40-44 mm; weight 4-5-8- 3 g. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat is externally very similar to Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat. Pelage of Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat is soft and fluffy, being pale gray to pale brown dorsally (hairs with pale cream bases) and paler ventrally, occasionally being off-white or cream. Dorsal pelage can also be bright orange in orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (33—36% offorearm length). Noseleafhas subtriangular lancet, with concave sides and bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded; sella is naked, with slightly concave sides; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively low; and horseshoe is narrow (width 6-2-8- 1 mm) and does not cover entire muzzle, does not have any lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat can be differentiated from Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat by its less concave hastate lancet and less erect and low rounded connecting process. Lower lip has three grooves, with lateral grooves being occasionally indistinct. Wings and uropatagium are brown. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat has distinctly longer and tapered baculum than Swinny’s Horseshoe Bat, with conspicuously broader base and shallow notch along lower part of shaft that is visible in lateral view. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches; nasal swellings are rounded; frontal depression is very shallow and sometimes nearly flat; supraorbital ridges are weak; and sagittal crest is absent posteriorly and very low anteriorly, being weakly developed. P2 is small but in tooth row, C1 and P4 are well separated as a result, and P is tiny and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch or nearly touch one another.</p><p>Habitat Primarily savanna woodlands in lowland regions and montane and submontane rainforests at higher elevations. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat is found at c. 1350 m in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania, and c. 1642 m on Ntchisi Mountain in Malawi, where it can also be found in the adjacent open canopy miombo woodlands ofNtchisi Forest Reserve.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat probably forages by slow hawking and possibly gleaning. During wet season in Zambia, stomach samples of 23 bats had moths (55% of volume), beetles (26%), termites (6%), and various other insects, including flies, midges, crickets, and bugs. During dry season, stomach samples of nine bats included moths (56%), midges (43%), and flies (1%).</p><p>Breeding. Lactating and heavily pregnant Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats were recorded in early November (wet season) in Malawi, and a female had a single embryo in November in central Zimbabwe. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Day roosts are found primarily in caves and old mine shafts where they hang from ceilings. Call shape is FM/ CF/FM, and peak F component is 99—102 kHz in Malashane Cave, Mozambique, 102 — 104 kHz in Malawi (call durations of 37 - 74 milliseconds), 100 kHz in Soutpansberg, South Africa, and 107 — 112 kHz in Zimbabwe, although the record from Zimbabwe might not represent Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat because it is so different from typical frequencies recorded in other regions.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosts of Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats have been found with 1- 5 individuals, roosting alone or in pairs. Some roosts have been recorded with over 100 individuals in south-western Zambia, southern DR Congo (Katanga), and Unguja Island. They have been recorded roosting with the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat ( R. simulator) in Zimbabwe.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List. Habitat loss seems to be the largest threat to Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat, although it is widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ansell (1967, 1969), Cotterill (1996a, 2013e), Csorba et al. (2003), enton &amp; Bell (1981), Mutumi et al. (2016), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC88A2EFF01FB09F347DC1A.text	885887A2FFC88A2EFF01FB09F347DC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus simulator K Andersen 1904	<div><p>12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus simulator</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de brousse / German: Bushveld-Hufeisennase /Spanish: Herradura de Bushveld</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus simulator K Andersen, 1904,</p><p>“ Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland,” Zimbabwe.</p><p>Rhinolophus simulator is in the capensis species group and seems to be close to R rhodesiae, R gorongosae, and a Liberian specimen of R landeri based on recent genetic findings. Rhinolophus alticolus is usually included as a subspecies of R simulator but is considered a distinct species here based on its morphological distinction and distributional discontinuity. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E &amp; SE Africa, with scattered localities from C Ethiopia and S South Sudan to S Zambia, Zimbabwe, SE Botswana, and E South Africa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 44-56 mm, tail 19-29 mm, ear 18-23 mm, hindfoot 7—10 mm, forearm 42—49 mm; weight 5-1—11- 2 g. Dorsal pelage is highly variable, with records of dark sepia-brown, medium brown, grayish fawn, brownish gray, and gray, sometimes with yellowish hue (hairs are paler at bases). Ventral pelage is distinctly paler and sometimes whitish. No orange morph is known, although there is an apparent report from East Africa that needs to be confirmed. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (40-50% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular, strongly hastate lancet (distinctly different from that of the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat, R alticolus)', connecting process is rounded and subequal to height of sella (thinner than in the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat); sella is naked, with sides nearly parallel or slightly concave; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively well developed; horseshoe is narrow at 6-7- 9 mm, with very indistinct lateral leaflets and deep notch on anterior emargination. Lower lip has three grooves, and lateral grooves are indistinct in some specimens. Wings are dark brown or dark grayish brown, and uropatagium is nearly black. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches and zygomatic width less than or equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and rounded; frontal depression is moderately deep; sagittal crest is very underdeveloped, being very low; and palatal bridge is 29-34% oflength of upper tooth row. Dental formula has 30 or 32 teeth when P3 is absent; P2 is small to medium-sized and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; j is smaller basally than C1; and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent in some individuals, allowing contact between P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2 n = 58 and FNa = 60 (South Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Primarily wet woodland savannas and associated water sources. In East Africa, Bushveld Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in Brachystegia (Fabaceae) dominated woodland savannas and some montane and coastal mosaic habitats. In South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), they are found associated with valley bushveld near major rivers. They are probably found near roosting caves, which are presumably the largest indicator of distributional patterns.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Bushveld Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking and possibly gleaning. They are known to forage near lights at night. Stomach samples of 34 individuals in wet season in Zambia contained moths (73% by volume), beetles (13%), termites (8%), crickets (5%), and various other insects. During dry season, stomach samples of 18 individuals contained moths (87%) and midges (13%).</p><p>Breeding. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. In Zimbabwe, spermatogenesis occurs approximately in May, and sperm is stored in epididymis for three months at least through dry season. Copulation occurs in late June to July, and implantation occurs in July. In Zimbabwe, births have been reported in mid-November in wet season after gestations of 90-130 days. Variable lengths of gestations depend on whether delayed implantation in the female occurred or not. Juveniles were volant at less than three weeks old in Zimbabwe. In Malawi and Zambia, births were also reported in wet season in November. Increase in scrotal size was reported from April toJuly in South Africa, indicating that copulation most likely occurs in winter. In South Africa, pregnant females were captured in September, and lactating females were captured inJanuary.</p><p>Activity patterns. Bushveld Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day in their roosts and foraging at night. They become torpid during the day in dry seasons in Zimbabwe but not in wet seasons. Roosts have been recorded in wet and dry caves and abandoned mines. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with F component of 78 kHz in Zimbabwe (although this is low for the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat, indicating that the individual might have been misidentified), 84-86 kHz in Malawi, 83-2-84-4 kHz in Swaziland, and 80-6—83 kHz in South Africa. Call durations have been recorded at 7—19 milliseconds in South Africa and Swaziland and 24—34 milliseconds in Malawi. Differences in call frequencies across the distribution of the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat vary based on latitude, geography, and climatic differences.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Bushveld Horseshoe Bats consist of several dozen individuals, although colonies with c.150 individuals and C.300 individuals have been reported in South Africa. Individuals hang in their roosts in clusters but do not touch each other. Females form maternity colonies in spring. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat has been recorded roosting with species of Nycteris, Hipposideros (in one cave, each species was found roosting in separate chambers), Miniopterus, and other Rhinolophus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is threatened largely by cave disturbance and general habitat loss from agricultural expansion and mining operations. Populations are declining throughout the distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill (1998), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013d), Csorba et al. (2003), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017c), Mutumi (2016), Mutumi &amp; Jacobs (2013), Mutumi et al. (2016), Rautenbach (1986), Taylor, Macdonald et al. (2018), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976), Wingate (1983).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC88A2EFF01FB09F347DC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC88A21F8B1FA48FB92DD65.text	885887A2FFC88A21F8B1FA48FB92DD65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus denti Thomas 1904	<div><p>13. Dent’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus denti</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Dent / German: Dent-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Dent</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus denti Thomas, 1904,</p><p>“ Kuruman, Bechuanaland [Northern Cape Province, South Africa]. Alt. 1300 m. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus denti is in the capensis species group and seems to be sister to a clade including A gorongosae, R rhodesiae, R simulator, and a Liberian specimen of R landeri according to a recent phylogenetic study. Specimens from Zambia and Mozambique have been misidentified as R denti but are now known to represent R rhodesiae, and a specimen from The Gambia previously attributed to R denti has been shown to represent R landeri . Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution. R d. denti Thomas, 1904 - SW Angola, N Namibia, NW &amp; SW Botswana, and N South Africa (Northern Cape Province). There is an unconfirmed record from SW Republic of the Congo.</p><p>R d. knorri Eisentraut, 1960 - scattered records across W Africa in SE Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, W Guinea, N Sierra Leone, N Ivory Coast (but possibly representing Lander’s Horseshoe Bat, R landeri), NE Ghana, S Burkina Faso, and Nigeria. There is apparently a specimen from S South Sudan that might represent this subspecies, although its identity needs to be validated.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 44-60 mm, tail 17-24 mm, ear 14—21 mm, hindfoot 9 10 mm, forearm 37-44 mm; weight 4—9 g. Pelage is pale brown or buff to pale gray or cream dorsally (hairs are almost unicolored or very pale, with brown/gray tips) and white, off-white, or pale gray ventrally; orange morph is bright orange dorsally and slightly paler ventrally. Color is usually darker in subspecies knorri. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are comparatively short (38-48% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular and relatively short lancet that is covered in fine hairs, being slightly concave on sides, with bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and about the height of sella tip; sella is naked, with almost parallel to slightly concave sides and broad and rounded top; lobes at base of sella are comparatively low; horseshoe is narrow at 6-8— 7- 5 mm, nearly covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets; and anterior emargination is a distinct notch. Lower lip has three grooves. Wings and uropatagium are grayish black or brown. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches, and zygomatic width is equal to or slightly larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are rounded; frontal depression is shallow and supraorbital ridges are weakly developed; and sagittal crest is poorly developed anteriorly and absent posteriorly. P 2 is small but in tooth row, well separating C1 and P4; C1 is conspicuously shorter and smaller than C1; and P3 is minute and fully displaced labially, allowing contact between P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 62 (South Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Variable woodland habitats, including undifferentiated and Isoberlinia (Fabaceae) woodlands, and rainforest-savanna mosaic habitats in West Africa, and desert and semiarid habitats such as Bushy Karoo-Namib shrubland, Kalahari Acacia (Fabaceae) wooded grasslands, and areas of the Namib Desert in southern Africa. Presence of roosts seems to be an indicator of which habitats Dent’s Horseshoe Bats are found in. Roosts in southern Africa are found primarily in deep parts of caves, where colonies have been found hanging from stalactites (Drotsky’s Caves, Botswana) and in complete darkness. Roosts have also been found in thatched roofs and culverts under roads. In Western Africa, roosts have been reported in caves, under a bridge, and in a hollow Kapok tree ( Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Dent’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Dent’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. At low temperatures (mean of 24 - 4°C), they enter daily torpor in Namibia, sheltering in humid cave microclimates. Call shape is FM /CF/ FM, with mean F component of 110-9 kHz in South Africa recorded by D. S. Jacobs and colleagues in 2007; all previous echolocation data attributed to Dent’s Horseshoe Bats actually were from Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat ( rhodesiaé).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Dent’s Horseshoe Bats roost alone or in groups of two to dozens of individuals. They hang in open clusters in which a few individuals hang near one another but do not touch. One individual was found roosting with a group of Nycteris .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. Dent’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide but fragmented distribution and is not well documented. Although no major threats have been identified, it might be threatened by roost disturbance and overall habitat destruction.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Bates eta/. (2013), Churchill eta/. (1997), Cotterill (2013a), Csorba eta/. (2003), Decher et al. (2010), Herkt et al. (2017), Jacobs et al. (2007), Monadjem, Griffin et al. (2017a), Rautenbach (1986), Stoffberg étal. (2010),Taylor, Macdonald eta/. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC88A21F8B1FA48FB92DD65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC78A21FF51FBD4FCA4C923.text	885887A2FFC78A21FF51FBD4FCA4C923.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus alticolus Sanborn 1936	<div><p>14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus alticolus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Cameroun / German: Kamerun-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Camerûn</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus alcyone alticolus Sanborn, 1936,</p><p>“ cave at 5,800 feet [= 1768 m] on Mount Cameroon, Cameroon Mandate .”</p><p>Rhinolophus alticolus generally has been included as a subspecies of R simulator, but it is considered a separate species here due to its morphological distinction and distributional discontinuity. Rhinolophus alticolus is in the capensis species group, although its genetic material is not available and additional research is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Liberia, SE Guinea, Nigeria, and W Cameroon.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-56 mm, tail 22-26 mm, ear 21 mm, hindfoot c. 7- 10 mm, forearm 49 mm; weight 12- 5 g. Dorsal pelage ranges from dark brown to grayish brown (hairs are paler at bases); venter is distinctly paler. No orange morph is known. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42-8% of forearm length). Noseleaf has triangular lancet, with straight or only slighdy concave sides (distincdy different than the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat, R simulator); connecting process is rounded; sella is naked, with sides nearly parallel or slighdy concave (wider than in the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat); narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively well developed; and horseshoe is moderate in width (wider than in the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat), with very indistinct lateral leaflets and deeply notched anterior emargination. Lower lip has three grooves, although lateral grooves are indistinct in some specimens. Wings are dark brown or dark grayish brown, and uropatagium is nearly black. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches and zygomatic width less than or equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and rounded; frontal depression is moderately deep; and sagittal crest is very underdeveloped and very low. Palatal bridge is 38% of upper tooth row length; P2 is small to medium-sized and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; Q is smaller than C1; and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially, allowing contact between P2 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland and montane rainforests and forest savanna mosaics. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats occur in lowland rainforests at elevations of c. 130 m in Cameroon; forest savanna mosaic at 2300 m on Jos Plateau, Nigeria; and montane forests at 1400 m and above on Mount Nimba (Guinea and Ivory Coast border).</p><p>Food and Feeding. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking and possibly gleaning. They are known to enter lit rooms at night.</p><p>Breeding. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats are apparently seasonally monoestrous, although this requires additional research.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and active in their roost during the day while other horseshoe bat species are usually torpid. They have been recorded roosting in caves and abandoned mines.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats have been recorded singly or in groups. Small groups of four or 25-50 individuals have been recorded roosting together, although some caves are reported with 250 or more individuals. Cameroon Horseshoe Bats have been recorded roosting with Halcyon Horseshoe Bats (AE alcyone).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List. The Cameroon Horseshoe Bat was previously included in R simulator, which is classified as Least Concern. It is considered rare and known from only a few scattered locations in West Africa; it apparently occurs in large numbers in Cameroon.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Brosset (1985), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013d), Csorba et al. (2003), Denys et al. (2013), Hutterer et al. (1992), Monadjem &amp; Fahr (2007), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017c), Rosevear (1965).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC78A21FF51FBD4FCA4C923	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8.text	885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie 1901	<div><p>15. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus mehelyi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Méhelÿ I German: Mehely-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura mediana</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi Matschie, 1901,</p><p>“ Bukarest [= Bucharest],” Romania.</p><p>Rhinolophus mehelyi is in the euryale species group along with R euryale . The names barbants and meridionalis by EL Andersen and P. Matschie in 1904 are better treated as synonyms of R mehelyi rather than synonyms of R euryale . Based on morphometric analyses by P. Benda and colleagues in 2006 and 2014, tuneti by R. Deleuil and A. Labbé in 1955 is considered a junior synonym of R mehelyi, and judaicus is better treated as a subspecies of R mehelyi instead of R euryale based on comparisons with the type specimen. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R m. mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, E Sicily, SE Italy, S Albania, E Serbia, S Romania, E North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece), SW Asia (Caucasus, Anatolia, N Iraq, and Zagros Mts in W Iran), and N Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, and N Tunisia); possibly a record from SE France, and there are apparently records from Afghanistan, although exact localities are uncertain.</p><p>R m. judaicus K. Andersen &amp; Matschie, 1904 - Levant in Cyprus, N Syria, W Jordan, Israel, NE Egypt (including NW Sinai based on echolocation), and NE Libya.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 42—64 mm, tail 21—37 mm, ear 18—22 mm, hindfoot 9-12 mm, forearm 48-56 mm; weight 10-23 g. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (AE mryafe), although its lancet is emarginateti near tip, is generally a little larger, and can have lighter pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (individual hairs are pale grayish beige, with grayish brown tips), with paler face and usually having conspicuous dark brown patch completely around or below each eye (much darker than in the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat). Ventral pelage is much paler, being pure white or nearly white; boundary between dorsum and venter is fairly distinct. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with narrow upper one-half and almost parallel sides, although slightly tapered; lancet tip is bluntly pointed; connecting process is subtriangular; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward, with completely parallel sides; horseshoe is narrow at 4-9—7- 5 mm, does not cover entire muzzle, and lacks lateral leaflets; and there is slight median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are grayish brown. Skull is medium built, with slender zygomatic arches and zygomatic width wider than mastoid width; nasal swelling is low; frontal depression is shallow to nearly flat; supraorbital ridge is inconspicuous; sagittal crest is moderately developed; bony bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is narrow; and infraorbital foramen is large. P2 is somewhat displaced labially but still stops C1 and P4 from touching; P3 is very small and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-64.</p><p>Habitat. Mediterranean shrub and woodlands and dry steppes, closely associated with water sources and caves, from sea level to elevations of c. 2000 m. In Spain, Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats were frequently found in semi-natural oak savanna and avoided open areas. They tend to prefer areas with lots of vegetation to forage in. Males and females seem to use different habitat types, at least in south-western Spain. Males foraged in riparian forest and broadleaved woodlands, and females foraged in mixed pastureland and woodland landscapes (“dehesa”), scrubland, and eucalypt plantations. They are found in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, montane forests, and sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grass and shrublands in North Africa and seem to avoid coastal regions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats feed by slow hawking and fly-catching prey close to vegetation, and they probably also glean prey offfoliage and the ground. Foraging generally occurs close to the ground or near dense vegetation. They feed largely on lepidopterans in most parts of their distribution, with moths making up, by volume, 56-7—88-2% of spring diets and 34-9—69-6% of summer diets in Iran; beeties (8-2-26-2% and 11-3-33-5%), homopterans (0-13-9%), and flies (0-11% and 0-13-1%) also occurred in diets. Lepidopterans also made up significant proportion of diets in Spain (80—90% by volume), and only lepidopterans were found in three stomach samples in Romania. Although lepidopterans make up majority of their diet, Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also feed on a variety of flies, beetles, homopterans, neuropterans, and cockroaches. In Libya, 22 fecal pellets contained an extremely large percentage ofcockroaches at 99-1% by volume; lepidopterans represented only 0 - 9 %. In Bulgaria, other non-lepidopterans (e.g. flies, beetles, and neuropterans) are seasonally important in diets.</p><p>Breeding. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. It probably also exhibits delayed fertilization and might copulate before entering hibernation. During mating season, females seem to prefer males with higher frequency calls, which reflects larger body size and thus sexual selection by females. Births in Algeria have been recorded in May and earlyJune; litter size is one. Females with nursing young have been recorded inJune in Iran. In Algeria, some young were volant by lateJune and roosted with their mother in the group. Young will roost with their mothers until they are weaned, after which young disperse and roost in other groups. Females do not become sexually mature until their third year; males become sexually mature at two years old.</p><p>Activity patterns. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are almost completely restricted to day roosting in caves, although they will roost in underground man-made structures like abandoned mines. In Iran, they are only known from roosts in natural caves. Summer caves are generally warmer caves in karst areas; winter caves are colder, further underground, and maintain constant microclimates. Temporary roosts are used between foraging bouts at night and have been reported in groves of trees. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day roosting and foraging through the night. They are able to enter torpor throughout the day but enter deeper torpor in winter. Active and torpid individuals can be found in roosts in winter. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component averaging 109 (range 104—112) kHz; call durations are 20-36 milliseconds in Europe; and interpluse interval is 62-5 milliseconds in Greece. Tunisian individuals emitted frequencies of 111-5—117-5 kHz (mean 106-1 kHz). In Sinai, individuals were recorded with F component of 105 kHz, but species identity was tentative. Juveniles seem to emit lower frequencies than adults, and body condition seems to increase F component, which might affect sexual selection for larger mates. Both sexes are able to recognize sex of conspecifics based on their calls.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily sedentary throughout the year, they have been recorded to move more than 90 km. Such movements seem to be females moving to maternity colonies to give birth and rear young, although males usually leave colonies so that females can remain, thereby establishing a maternity colony. Outside of the breeding season, males and females roost together in groups ranging in size from single individuals to up to 5000 individuals in winter and 3000 (maternity colony) in summer in some regions. Maternity colonies in Iran have 200-300 individuals. Males separate from the females when maternity colonies are created during summer, which is why colonies are smaller in summer. Within colonies, individuals often cluster tight together and make contact with one another, which is unlike all other European and North African species of Rhinolophus except the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also form loose clusters where individuals do not touch. In Iran, some caves used as maternity colonies were abandoned before winter started, showing that distincdy different caves are used for maternity colonies and hibernacula. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are typically docile when roosting, although fights have been observed when foraging. In winter, they might cluster with individuals of different species, such as the Greater Horseshoe Bat (AE ferrumequinum), the Maghreb Myotis ( Myotis punicus), or Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii), although they roost intraspecifically in spring and summer.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide but fragmented distribution but is extinct in north-eastern Spain (Catalonia), Balearics (Mallorca), most of Italy, and Croatia. Most records from France are old (1908-1965), and it is nearly extinct there. A male was recendy collected in south-eastern Italy after not being recorded in that country since 1960. Overall, populations of Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats seem to be declining throughout much of the distribution, but reasons are not fully understood. Some colonies have been reduced to a fraction of their former size, and a decline of 30% over three generations (27 years) is expected to be occurring. They are affected by habitat loss and disturbance and general roost disturbance. Mining in Iran is responsible for destruction of large multispecies maternity colonies. Climate change might also be a major threat. In some areas (e.g. Portugal), collisions with cars are problematic. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is protected in Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Alcalde, Benda &amp; Juste (2016), Almenar et al. (2007), Al-Sheikhly, Haba, Görföl &amp; Csorba (2015), Andersen &amp; Matschie (1904), Arrizabalaga-Escudero et al. (2018), Arslan &amp; Zima (2014), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda, Luòan et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003), Csösz et al. (2015), DeBlase (1972), Deleuil &amp; Labbé (1955), Dietz, Dietz et al. (2009), Dondini et al. (2014), Dulie &amp; Soldatovic (1969), Gaisler (2013d), Kowalski et al. (1986), Paunovié et al. (1998), Puechmaille, Borissov et al. (2014), Rodrigues &amp; Palmeirim (1999), Russo, Almenar et al. (2005), Russo, Jones &amp; Mucedda (2001), Salsamendi, Aihartza, et al. (2006), Salsamendi, Arostegui et al. (2012), Salsamendi, Garin et al. (2008), Schuchmann et al. (2012), Sharifi (2004a), Sharifi &amp; Hemmati (2001, 2004), Siemers &amp; Ivanova (2004), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Turni &amp; Kock (2008), Voigt et al. (2010), Walters et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06.text	885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus euryale Blasius 1853	<div><p>16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus euryale</p><p>French: Rhinolophe euryale / German: Mittelmeer-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura mediterrànea</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853,</p><p>Milan, Italy .</p><p>Rhinolophus euryale is in the euryale species group, which seems to be close to the other African species groups ( landeri, capensis, fumigatus, ferrumequinum, and maclaudi groups) and the xinanzhongguoensis group from China. These groups form a large Afro-Palearctic clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade are still unresolved. Following P. Benda and colleagues in 2006, subspecies judaicus is best treated under R mehelyi based on morphometric comparisons including the type specimen that clearly represented R mehelyi . Populations of R euryale from the Levant region seem to represent a separate unnamed subspecies; additional research is needed to clarify this. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Europe (from Iberian Peninsula and C &amp; S France to entire Balkan Peninsula, including Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Rhodes I, and isolated areas in S Slovakia and N Hungary), N Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, and Tunisia), and SW Asia (Turkey, Caucasus, Levant region, N &amp; W Iran, and N Iraq). Possibly also Cyprus (known from a single specimen regarded as Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat, R mehelyi, by most authors) and Turkmenistan.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 43—58 mm, tail 22—30 mm, ear 17—27 mm, hindfoot 9—11 mm, forearm 43—51 mm; weight 7-5—17- 5 g. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is very difficult to distinguish from Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with slight reddish, lilac, or yellowish tinge (hairs are whitish with grayish brown tips); ventral pelage is paler to much paler, although it is never close to white.Juveniles are gray. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has straight-sided subtriangular lancet, with blundy pointed tip; connecting process is narrow, forward curving, and pointed at tip; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward and has almost parallel sides and broad top; horseshoe is narrow at 6-5—7- 5 mm and does not completely cover muzzle, having no lateral leaflets and shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three distinct grooves. Wings and uropatagium are pale brown. Skull is delicately built, with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths; rostrum is narrow, and nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are poorly developed, and sagittal crest is absent or very low; bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is short and broad, and infraorbital foramen is small. P2 is small but in tooth row, separating C 1 and P4; P3 is very small and only somewhat displaced labially, separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Various Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands from sea level to elevations of c. 1360 m. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer habitats with broadleaf woodlands and riparian vegetation for foraging in Italy and avoid coniferous forests and shrublands in Italy. They are often associated with edge habitats in Spain, including hedgerows, woodland edges, and isolated trees. They are recorded in Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grassland and shrubland, and edge habitats throughout northern Africa. They are often found in limestone areas, with many caves and nearby water sources.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat feeds by slow hawking, flycatching, and probably gleaning off of vegetation and the ground. After prey has been captured, it is generally taken to night roosts to be eaten. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to feed primarily on lepidopterans throughout their distribution and at all times of the year, generally favoring small- to medium-sized moths (5-11 mm and 25- 40 mm long, respectively) over larger moths. They are also known to eat dipterans (especially Tipulidae and brachycerans), coleopterans, hymenopterans, neuropterans, trichopterans, and psocopterans in smaller quantities and varying amounts depending on prey availability. In Spain, lepidopterans made up 68-99% of diets throughout the year and during and after lactation. Scarabaeid beedes (Rhizotrogus) also made up a variably but important food source (especially before breeding). Fecal samples from northern Algeria found that dipterans made up 29% of diets, and lepidopterans were only 19-1%; chilopods were also eaten (3-8%). In autumn and early winter in southern Slovakia and northern Hungary, moths remained the most important dietary item, being the only food source identified and only a single species recorded in fecal samples ( Colotois pennaria, Geometridae).</p><p>Breeding. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous and probably have delayed fertilization. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, although there is only limited information regarding reproductive habits. Gestation lasts c.90 days. Births occur in summer (June-July) in Europe, and litter size is one. Males reach sexual maturity between 15 months and 2-2 years; females take 2—3 years. They reportedly live C.13 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats roost most often in large caves, but they have been found in buildings in Europe. They stay further in caves in summer and closer to entrances during winter hibernation. Night roosts are generally where individuals can hang and rest or consume prey, such as groves of trees. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting and leave late in the evening to forage at night They are highly maneuverable and fly relatively slow, being able to hover for short periods of time. They hibernate in winter in deep torpor but frequentiy arise and leave roosts to forage. Winter foraging is limited by temperature and might result in foraging on moths in roost caves, although this has yet to be confirmed. Reports from the Iberian Peninsula show that foraging occurred an average of 1-3 km (at most 4- 2 km) from roosts; lactating females foraged an average of 4- 3 km (at most 9- 2 km) from roosts; and males foraged much closer to their roosts, averaging 1 -9 km. After young are no longer lactating, adults traveled an average of 4-6 km from roosts to forage;juveniles only traveled an average of 2-6 km. Call shape is FM/ CF /FM, with mean F component of 104-8 kHz in Greece, 104-106 kHz in Bulgaria, 102-3 kHz across France, 100-104 kHz in Italy, and 102-4 kHz in Tunisia, generally 100-109 kHz. Mean call duration was 53-8 milliseconds in Greece, and mean interpulse interval was 84-5 milliseconds in Greece. Males and females can recognize sex of conspecifics by their echolocation calls.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although mosdy sedentary, Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are known to travel relatively short distances (0-5-16- 7 km in the Carpathian region) between summer (maternity) and winter (hibernating) roosts. Longest recorded movement is 134 km in Europe. They roost in colonies of up to 2000 individuals during winter hibernation and then segregate into smaller maternity colonies of 50-400 individuals in summer. Males usually create their own roosts in summer but are occasionally found with females in maternity colonies. In spring, males and females roost together, and roosts of up to 200 individuals have been recorded in Algeria. Colonies of Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats usually group in small clusters and will hang in contact with one another when active, although torpid individuals generally do not touch other bats. They have been reported sharing roosts with other species of Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Plecotus, Myotis, and Miniopterus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Although the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution, its overall population is considered to be declining. It is stable and common in central and eastern Balkans but declining in Portugal and Italy, where populations are already small. In France, populations declined by c.70% from 1940 to 1980, although trends seem to have stabilized after the 1980s. Large population declines have also been reported in Spain, and the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat appears to be extirpated in Gibraltar and Switzerland. Caves in Iran that once had thousands of individuals (20,000 bats of various species) just 30 years ago now have no bats, indicating the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is also declining outside of Europe. Major threats seem to be general habitat destruction from urbanization and intensive agriculture. Habitat fragmentation and roost destruction are also prevalent threats. Use of organochlorine pesticides is thought to have been a contributing factor to the major decline in France. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is protected throughout Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim &amp; Moali (2013), Aihartza, Garin et al. (2003), Al-Sheikhly, Haba, Görföl &amp; Csorba (2015), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda, LuCan et al. (2010), Brasset et al. (1988), Csorba et al. (2003), DeBlase (1972), Gaisler (2013a), Goiti, Aihartza, Almenar et al. (2006), Goiti, Aihartza &amp; Garin (2004), Goiti, Aihartza, Garin &amp; Zabala (2003), Goiti, Garin et al. (2008), Horéóek et al. (2008), Hutterer étal. (2005), ibânez (1999), Juste &amp; Alcalde (2016a), Koselj &amp; Kryâtufek (1999), Mikové et al. (2013), Russo, Almenar et al. (2005), Russo, Jones &amp; Migliozzi (2002), Russo, Jones &amp; Mucedda (2001), Salsamendi et al. (2006), Siemers &amp; Ivanova (2004), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Szekely et al. (2015), Turni &amp; Kock (2008),Tuttle &amp; Stevenson (1982), Uhrin étal. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC58A23FF55FB73F7BBDD0B.text	885887A2FFC58A23FF55FB73F7BBDD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters 1878	<div><p>17. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus hildebrandtii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Hildebrandt / German: Hildebrandt-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Hildebrandt</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters, 1878,</p><p>Ndi, Taita Hills, Kenya .</p><p>Rhinolophus hildebrandtii is in the fumigatus species group along with R mabuensis, R cohenae, R smithersi, R mossambicus, R fumigatus, and R eloquens . The fumigatus group seems to be sister to the ferrumequinum species group and in a large Afro-Palearctic clade that includes Zantferi, capensis, euryale, fumigatus, ferrumequinum, xinanzhongguoensis, and maclaudi species groups. Rhinolophus hildebrandtii formerly included populations now attributed to R mabuensis, R cohenae, R smithersi, and R mossambicus, based on morphometric and phylogenetic research. It is included in a clade along with R mabuensis, R cohenae, and A smithersi, which is sister to A JtiossatnZwctzs. Rhinolophus hildebrandtii might still represent a species complex because there are specimens known throughout Nigeria, South Sudan, Ethiopia, DR Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana that still need to be assessed for their specific status. Distributional maps of R hildebrandtii and the other four species split from it do not include all specimens from Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, and Botswana because their specific status is still too uncertain. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Restricted confidently to Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi, but specimens from C Nigeria, N DR Congo, S South Sudan, and SW &amp; S Ethiopia are tentatively assigned to this species. There is a possible record from S DR Congo. Populations in Zambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe might represent this species, but their specific status is uncertain. Additional sampling is needed to clarify these uncertainties.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 77-84 mm, tail 37-41 mm, ear 33-38 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 61-66 mm; weight 22- 5-25 g. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat (A smztAmi). Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown; venter is slightly paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length (44-52% of forearm length). Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slightly concave sides and rounded tip; connecting process is low and rounded, forming continuous arch to tip ofsella; sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base but parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at 10—15 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is weak to moderately developed, and supraorbital ridges are well developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula of Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat differs from other species of Rhinolophus: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 28 or I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 30. P 2 is tiny and fully displaced labially or completely absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch or almost touch, and P3 is absent, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Semiarid and mesic woodland savannas (including mopane and miombo woodlands), riverine riparian forests, and submontane and montane forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1300 m in the Udzungwa Mountains.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous and forages by perchhunting and slow hawking under canopies in woodland and riverine areas, often close to the ground or just above understory vegetation. It will also forage close to or in buildings and along corridors of vegetation next to water, preferring areas with dense vegetation rather than open ground. It will perch 2- 2-5 m aboveground, where it can detect prey. It seems to prey largely on moths and beetles.</p><p>Breeding. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. Conception and implantation probably occur in July, with births at the end of October. Litter size is consistently one. Weaning seems to occur after c.3 months, and lactating individuals have been recorded well into December.</p><p>Activity patterns. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging through the night with short periods of rest in night roosts. They can enter torpor and are known to become torpid during the day at ambient temperatures of 21-24°. Night roosts are in foliage 2-4 m aboveground. Day roosts have been found in caves, hollowed out trees, mine shafts, abandoned holes of Aardvark ( Orycteropus afer) and Warthogs ( Phacochoerus africanus), building roofs, and fissures and cavities between and under rocks. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of 42-3—43-2 kHz in Kenya and 39-8 kHz in Tanzania.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat roosts singly or in small clusters of up to c.50 individuals in caves that contain hundreds of individuals in multiple clusters. Maternity colonies are created during breeding season. While hanging, individuals do not touch each other but hang apart in clusters. They do not seem to be territorial and individual foraging areas overlapped in one study.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 ze IUCN Red List. Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution and is considerably common throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013c), Csorba et al. (2003), Happold &amp; Happold (1990), Monadjem &amp; Jacobs (2017a), Peterson &amp; Nagorsen (1975), Stanley &amp; Goodman (2011), Taylor et al. (2012), Trentin &amp; Rovere (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC58A23FF55FB73F7BBDD0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC58A23F89EFB79F66CD74C.text	885887A2FFC58A23F89EFB79F66CD74C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus mabuensis P. J. Taylor 2012	<div><p>18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus mabuensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Mabu / German: Mabu-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura del monte Mabu</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus mabuensis P. J. Taylor et al, 2012,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.398056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.283888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.398056/lat -16.283888)">Mt Mabu</a>, northern Mozambique, 16° 17’ 2”S; 36° 23’ 53”E; elevation 1043 m asl .”</p><p>Rhinolophus mabuensis is in the fumigatus species group; it was previously identified as R hildebrandtii, but recent genetic and morphological studies justified its separate species status. Rhinolophus mabuensis is in a clade including R hildebrandtii, R cohenae, and R smithersi . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Mozambique (Mt Inago and Mt Mabu) but possibly extending to nearby Mts Namuli, Chiperone, Mulanje, and Malawi Rift</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 66- 1—69 mm. The Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat is externally similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat ( A hildebrandtii) but has larger external dimensions. Dorsal pelage of the Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleafhas long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slighdy concave sides and rounded tip; connecting process is rounded and does not reach tip of sella (although connecting process forms continuous arch in a specimen from Mt Inago); sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base but parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at 10-15 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is deep and well developed, and supraorbital ridges are well developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula differs from the usual of 32 teeth of other species of Rhinolophus . 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. P2 is prominent and either in tooth row or fully displaced labially; C1 and P4 do not touch; and P3 is absent, allowing P2 and P4 to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Montane or submontane forests on the two mountains where they were collected at elevations of 1000-1043 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, and F component is c.38 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List. There are only two known specimens of the Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat, indicating it is difficult to find. Its distribution is presumably small, but it could be larger. Additional sampling is needed to clarify its conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018),Taylor eta/. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC58A23F89EFB79F66CD74C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC58A22F883F13FFB1CDF1A.text	885887A2FFC58A22F883F13FFB1CDF1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus cohenae P. J. Taylor et al. 2012	<div><p>19. Cohen’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus cohenae</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Cohen / German: Cohen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Cohen</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus cohenae P. J. Taylor et al, 2012,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.266111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.71889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.266111/lat -25.71889)">Barberton, Mountainland Nature Reserve, 68 km SE Sudwala</a>, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, 25° 43’ 8”S; 31° 15’ 58” E; elevation 690 m asl.”</p><p>Rhinolophus cohenae is in the fumigatus species group and in a clade including R hildebrandtii, R mabuensis, and R smithersi . Specimens of R cohenaewere previously identified as R hildebrandtii, but recent genetic and morphological studies justified its separate species status. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known from a few localities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces near Mbombela (= Nelspruit), NE South Africa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 66-68 mm. Cohen’s Horseshoe Bat is similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat ( hildebrandtii). Dorsal pelage of Cohen’s Horseshoe Bat is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleaf has low and rounded connecting process (in lateral view) that, in general, is similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat, except horseshoe is considerably wider at 13-5—16- 3 mm. Lower lip of Cohen’s Horseshoe Bat has single groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust, elongated, flattened in lateral profile, and similar to other species in the hildebrandtii clade. Dental formula is 32 or 30 teeth when an upper premolar is absent; P2 is frequentiy conspicuous and located in tooth row (a feature never seen in Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat) or entirely absent; if absent, C1 and P4 are in contact.</p><p>Habitat. Open savanna and grassland habitats, specifically mesic Highveld grassland, Lowveld, and central Bushveld bioregions, at elevations of 600-1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Colonies of Cohen’s Horseshoe Bats are known to roost primarily in caves and abandoned mine shafts, although smaller day roosts have been found in fissures and crevices in rocky areas. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of 33 kHz in South Africa.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Up to 40 Cohen’s Horseshoe Bats have been reported in a single colony.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on 77ie IUCN Red List. Cohen’s Horseshoe Bat is currendy only known from a few specimens in a restricted distribution and primarily threatened by illegal mining and general climate change.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cohen et al. (2017), Taylor et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC58A22F883F13FFB1CDF1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC48A22F847FD89F4B7D3FE.text	885887A2FFC48A22F847FD89F4B7D3FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus mossambicus P. J. Taylor et al. 2012	<div><p>21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus mossambicus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Mozambique / German: Mosambik-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Mozambique</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus mossambicus P. J. Taylor et al, 2012,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.182222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.55/lat -12.182222)">Niassa Game Reserve (Maputo Camp), northern</a> Mozambique, 12° 10’56”S; 37° 33’ 00”E; elevation 489 m asl .”</p><p>Rhinolophus mossambicus is in the fumigatus species group, with specimens previously included in R hildebrandtii, although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status. Rhinolophus mossambicus is sister to the rest of the R hildebrandtii clade. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known from five localities in Mozambique (Chinizuia Forest, Gerhard’s Cave, Gorongosa Caves, Namapa, and Niassa Reserve) and one locality in NW Zimbabwe (Lutope-Ngolangola Confluence); predicted to occur in much of S Africa, possibly incorporating much of Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 60-65 mm. Overall, the Mozambican Horseshoe Bat is similar to other members of the hildebrandtii species group. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (hairs are unicolored); venter is slightly lighter. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium to large in length. Wide horseshoe (13-14- 2 mm) covers muzzle; sella is constricted at its proximal one-third, almost parallel-sided above and with long hairs; and lancet is relatively long. Lower lip has single median groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Shaft of baculum is wide in dorsal view and horizontal in lateral view, with rounded tip. Skull is large and heavily built, and sagittal crest is very prominent Dental formula is typical of Rhinolophus, but one individual had 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. P2 is tiny and labially external to tooth row (absent in one individual).</p><p>Habitat. Southern savanna biome at elevations of 60—1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of 35-38 kHz in Mozambique.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Although the Mozambican Horseshoe Bat is currently known from very few specimens, its distribution is relatively large, and it does not seem to have any significant conservation threats.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Schoeman (2017), Taylor et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC48A22F847FD89F4B7D3FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA.text	885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al. 2012	<div><p>20. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus smithersi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Smithers / German: Smithers-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Smithers</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al, 2012,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.284721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.083334/lat -18.284721)">Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land</a>, NW Zimbabwe; 18° 17’05”S; 28° 05’ 00”E; elevation 1000 m asl.”</p><p>Rhinolophus smithersi is in the fumigatus species group, with specimens previously included in R hildebrandtii, although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status. Rhinolophus smithersi is in a clade including R hildebrandtii, R mabuensis, and R cohenae . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only in NW Zimbabwe (Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge S of Zambezi Escarpment) and NE South Africa (Limpopo Province). Specific status ofsimilarly looking populations throughout the rest of southern Africa (Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Botswana) has not been assessed, and additional sampling is needed.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-81 mm, tail 35—37 mm, ear 32-35 mm, hindfoot 13- 15 mm, forearm 61-65 mm; weight 23-31 g. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat ( A hildebrandtii), although it is distincdy smaller. Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slighdy concave sides and rounded dp; connecting process is rounded and does not reach tip of sella; sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base but parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at 10-14 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is weakly developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; a lower premolar is apparently always absent. P2 is tiny and fully displaced labially, allowing C 1 and P4 to touch or almost touch, and P3 is absent, allowing P and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Miombo savanna on Karoo sandstone, dominated by Brachystegia glaucescens (Fabaceae) and baobabs ( Adansonia digitata, Malvaceae), where much of landscape has been converted to cotton fields in Zimbabwe. In South Africa, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats can be found in diverse riparian woodland fringes along rivers.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It forages using perchhunting and slow hawking in or around dense vegetation and close to the ground. Fecal pellets primarily contained beetles and moths, but some flies were also found.</p><p>Breeding. Litter size of Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night with short periods of rest in night roosts. Day roosts have not been found, but they are suspected to use sandstone cliff caves and hollowed out baobabs when available. Call shape is FM /CF/ FM, with F component of 44 46 kHz in Zimbabwe and South Africa.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat probably roosts in clusters, not touching one another.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN ed List. Despite having a relatively wide distribution, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is currently known from few individuals and might be threatened by mining, habitat destruction, and climate change.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013c), Kaipf et al. (2015), Kearney et al. (2017), Stuart (2015), Taylor (2017), Taylor et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC48A25F844F4ACFA83D56F.text	885887A2FFC48A25F844F4ACFA83D56F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus fumigatus Ruppell 1842	<div><p>22. Rüppell’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus fumigatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Rüppell / German: Rüppell-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Rüppell</p><p>Other common names: Abyssinian Horseshoe Bat, Smoky Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus fumigatus Rüppell, 1842,</p><p>Shoa, Ethiopia .</p><p>Rhinolophus fumigatus is in the fumigatus species group. It is in need of taxonomic revision because the form aethiops might be a distinct species. Rhinolophusfumigatus is most closely related to R mossambicus . Six subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R f. fumigatus Rüppell, 1842 - NE Africa in Eritrea and N &amp; C Ethiopia.</p><p>R f. abae]. A. Allen, 1917 — extreme SW South Sudan, NE DR Congo, W Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.</p><p>R f. aethiops Peters, 1869 - S Africa from Angola, S DR Congo, Zambia, and C Mozambique S to South Africa.</p><p>R f. diversus Sanborn, 1939 - W Africa from Senegal and Gambia to SE Guinea.</p><p>R f. exsuliL Andersen, 1905 - E Africa in E Sudan, S Ethiopia, E Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania; apparently Malawi.</p><p>R f. foxi Thomas, 1913 - W Africa from Burkina Faso to Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, extreme W DR Congo, and NW Angola; probably also in Ivory Coast.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 40-74 mm, tail 20-39 mm, ear 19-28 mm, hindfoot 9-15 mm, forearm 47-60 mm; weight 11-24 g. There is no sexual dimorphism. Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown (hairs are grayish fawn to pale grayish brown, with darker tips); venter is slightly paler. There is apparently no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (40-51% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides and rounded tip; connecting process is large and rounded off but does not reach tip of sella; sella is broad and rounded at top, covered in longish hairs, slightly concave or almost parallel on sides, and generally broad; and horseshoe has lateral leaflets and distinctly notched median emargination, is medium in width (9-6—11- 5 mm), and almost completely covers muzzle. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray to dark brown. Skull is robust, with moderately slender zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are broader than long; frontal depression is shallow to moderately deep, with pronounced supraorbital ridges; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly and reduced or absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is distinct and narrows medially. Dental formula is commonly I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30 or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 28, or rarely 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32 or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. P2 is tiny and fully displaced labially or absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch; P3 is usually absent but occasionally present; and P2 and P4 touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 or 62.</p><p>Habitat. Primarily various savanna habitats, such as undifferentiated woodland and Isoberlinia (Fabaceae) woodland in West Africa, Acacia (abaceae)- Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushland/thicket in East Africa, and miombo and mopane woodlands in southern Africa.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous and forages by fly-catching and slow hawking at night, possibly also gleaning off the ground and foliage and perch-hunting. One individual was observed catching a moth from a perch at the end of a branch c. 3 m aboveground. Diet consists largely of small to medium-sized beedes and moths and various other insects.</p><p>Breeding. Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bats is probably seasonally monoestrous, at least in southern regions. Pregnant females were captured in September, early November, and December in Malawi; lactating females were captured from early November to December. They seem to give birth in wet seasons (November-December) in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Pregnancies in Zimbabwe were reported in September-October; lactating females were captured in November-January. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and spending the day roosting. They enter torpor during the day at ambient temperatures of 21—24° C. Day roosts are primarily associated with caves and rock crevices/ cavities, but they are also have been found in piles of boulders, abandoned mine shafts, hallow baobab trees ( Adansonia, Malvaceae), and rarely houses and tobacco bams. Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bats tend to pick roost sites that are 24-27°C (mean 25-6°C) and have humidity of55-94% (mean 69%). Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with call frequencies of 53—59 kHz in Malawi, 54 kHz in Mozambique, 55 kHz in South Africa (Kruger National Park), 62-6 kHz in Cameroon, and 45-50 kHz in Uganda (although Ugandan specimens might be misidentified). Call durations are 29-53 milliseconds.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bats vary widely from single individuals to more than 1000 individuals. Groups of 10—50 individuals are commonly seen in Malawi, and colonies with more than ten individuals are considerably rare in Zimbabwe. Colonies of 25—500 individuals have been found in Namibia, and a colony of more than 1000 individuals was found in a very old baobab in Senegal. When roosting, individuals huddle close together and make contact with one another. Outside of breeding seasons, males and females roost together but seem to segregate into maternity and non-matemity colonies during breeding seasons.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. There does not seem to be any major threat to Rûppell’s Horseshoe Bat, which has a very wide distribution. They have been recorded sharing roosts with Bushveld Horseshoe Bats ( A simulator) and Egyptian Slit-faced Bats ( Nycteris thebaicd).</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Aggundey &amp; Schütter (1984), Churchill et al. (1997), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013b), Csorba et al. (2003), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold (1987), Hayman et al. (1966), Jacobs et al. (2007), Kangoyé et al. (2015), Koopman (1975), Koopman étal. (1995), Koubinové (2013), Koubinovâ étal. (2010), Lelant &amp; Chenaval (2011), Manga Mongombe (2012), Monadjem, Griffin étal. (2017b), Monadjem, Schoeman étal. (2010), Rautenbach (1986), Rautenbach étal. (1985),Taylor étal. (2012), Yalden étal. (1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC48A25F844F4ACFA83D56F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC38A25F89FFEFEF4B9D56F.text	885887A2FFC38A25F89FFEFEF4B9D56F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus eloquens K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus eloquens</p><p>French: Rhinolophe éloquent /German: Lautfreudige Hufeisennase /Spanish: Herradura elocuente</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus hildebrandti [sic] eloquens K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Entebbi [= Entebbe], Uganda .”</p><p>Rhinolophus eloquens is in the Junugatus species group and has been included as a subspecies of R hildebrandtii, although it is generally recognized as a distinct species. Rhinolophus eloquens is sister to the rest of the fumigatus group. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>A e. eloquens K Andersen, 1905 - S South Sudan, NE &amp; SE DR Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, and Tanzania (including Pemba and Unguja Is in Zanzibar Archipelago); possibly also S Ethiopia, extending as far as Malawi and Mozambique.</p><p>R e. perauritus De Beaux, 1922 — S Somalia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 68-72 mm, tail 20-45 mm, ear 21—38 mm, hindfoot 12—14 mm, forearm 53—63 mm; weight 13-40 g. Dorsal pelage is generally pale brown (hairs are dark gray basally); venter is paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (44—51% of forearm length). Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides and rounded tip; connecting process is large and rounded, terminating near tip of sella; sella is covered with longish hairs and is broad and rounded at top, with upper two-thirds being parallel-sided; and horseshoe is medium in width (114—12- 3 mm), covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deep median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are brown to dark grayish brown. Baculum is trumpet-shaped, with straight, cylindrical shaft. Skull is robust, with sturdy zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much wider than mastoid width); nasal swellings are relatively high, being longer than they are broad; frontal depression is shallow to relatively deep; and sagittal crest is comparatively prominent anteriorly. Dental formula is commonly 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28, or rarely 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30,11/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32, or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 = 30. P2 is very small and completely displaced labially or completely absent, allowing full contact ofC1 and P4, and P3 is usually absent but, if present, is fully displaced labially and lies under cingula of P2 and P4, which are in contact.</p><p>Habitat. Various semiarid savanna, mesic woodland savanna, and montane forest habitats, including Acacia (Fabaceae) - Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushland/thicket and mosaics of evergreen brushland and secondary Acacia savanna, at elevations up to 1500 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Eloquent Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves. There might be more information available in papers that misidentified it as Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat {hildebrandtii).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eloquent Horseshoe Bat has a relatively wide distribution, but littie is known about its ecology. It seems to be most threatened by general habitat loss from agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (201'8), Cotterill (2013b), Csorba et al. (2003), Koopman (1975), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017d), Thorn &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2009), Taylor et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC38A25F89FFEFEF4B9D56F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC18A27FF69EFAAF4D0D285.text	885887A2FFC18A27FF69EFAAF4D0D285.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus damarensis Roberts 1946	<div><p>25. Damare Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus damarensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe damara / German: Damara-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Damara</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus darlingi damarensis Roberts, 1946,</p><p>“ Oserikari, Okahandja district, South-west Africa [= Damaraland, Namibia]. ”</p><p>Although currently considered in the ferrumequinum species group, R damarensis has been recovered as sister to the fumigatus group; additional phylogenetic research is needed. Rhinolophus damarensis was previously included as a subspecies of R darlingi but is now recognized as a distinct species based on molecular and morphological evidence. There seems to be morphological and molecular variation between northern and southern populations. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Angola, Namibia, and W &amp; C South Africa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.61- 6-64 mm, tail 21- 4-35 mm, ear 15-2-22- 3 mm, forearm 44-52- 9 mm; weight 8-14 g. The Damara Horseshoe Bat is externally similar to Darling’s Horseshoe Bat (AE darlingi). Dorsal pelage is gray, brownish gray, or grayish brown; venter is paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short. Noseleaf has large subtriangular lancet, with slighdy concave sides and blundy pointed dp; connecting process is smoothly rounded and subequal to height of sella or slighdy shorter; sella is naked, with concave sides and broad, rounded tip; and horseshoe is of medium width at 7-11 mm, nearly covers muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are translucent gray to black. Baculum has short, dorso-ventrally flattened basal cone, with dorsal and ventral incisions, and sides of shaft are generally more convex before tapering to a point. Skull is robust, with thick zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are medium in relative height; frontal depression is shallow to moderately deep, and supraorbital ridges are well defined; sagittal crest is somewhat well developed anteriorly but weakly developed to absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is conspicuous. P2 is small and completely displaced labially or absent, allowing C 1 and P4 to touch; P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent; and P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is variable: 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Arid savanna, Succulent and Nama Karoo biomes, shrublands, and desert habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Damara Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Damara Horseshoe Bat is probably similar to that of Darling’s Horseshoe Bat, but no specific data are available.</p><p>Activity patterns. Damara Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They mainly roost in caves, but they have been found in abandoned mine shafts. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, F component is 84-4-87-6 kHz in females and 84-4-86-9 kHz in males, and call duration has been recorded averaging 31-1 milliseconds.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Damara Horseshoe Bat is social and forms colonies of less than 100 individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 ie IUCN ed List. The Damara Horseshoe Bat is widespread but might be threatened by habitat destruction and mining.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013a), Jacobs, Babiker eta /. (2013), Jacobs, Bastian &amp; Bam (2014), Jacobs, Taylor et al. (2016), Maluleke (2017), Maluleke et al. (2017), Monadjem, Higgins et al. (2008), Monadjem, Jacobs, Taylor et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC18A27FF69EFAAF4D0D285	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF.text	885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus darlingi K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>24. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus darlingi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Darling I German: Darling-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Darling</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus darlingi K Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“[ Upper] Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland, 4000 ft. [= 1219 m],” Zimbabwe.</p><p>Based on morphological similarities, R darlingi was in the ferrumequinum species group with R damarmsis, R deckend, R silvestris, R hiUorum, R sakejiensis, R bocharicus, R ferrumequinum, R clivosus, R nippon, and R horaceki, however, based on genetics, it is now in the jumigatus group or close to R ferrumequinum . Additional phylogenetic research is needed. Rhinolophus darlingi previously included R damarensis as a subspecies, but they are now recognized as distinct species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Populations of R darlingi in West Africa might ultimately represent distinct species based on divergent ecological niches between these and populations in southern African. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Africa from SE Zambia, S Malawi, W Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and N Botswana to Swaziland and C &amp; E South Africa, and isolated records from Uganda and Tanzania; there are also apparently records from Togo, Benin, C Nigeria, NE Egypt, and Lesotho, but they need validation and are not mapped here.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 50-62 mm, tail 20—37 mm, ear 15-23 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm, forearm 41- 6—51 mm; weight 6-13 g. Dorsal pelage is gray, brownish gray, or grayish brown (hairs are cream or pale grayish brown, with darker gray, brownish gray, or grayish brown tips); venter is paler, generally pale gray. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (40—47% of forearm length). Noseleaf has large subtriangular lancet, with slighdy concave sides and blundy pointed tip; connecting process is smoothly rounded and subequal to height of sella or slightly shorter; sella is naked, with concave sides and broad, rounded tip; and horseshoe is narrow at 7-1-9- 1 mm, nearly covers muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are translucent gray to black. Baculum is trumpet-shaped, with rounded, relatively short shaft. Skull is robust, with thick zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are medium in relative height; frontal depression is shallow to moderately deep, and supraorbital ridges are well defined; sagittal crest is somewhat well-developed anteriorly but weakly developed to absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is conspicuous. P2 is small and completely displaced labially or absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent so that P2 and P4 are in contact Dental formula is variable: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x 2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 (South Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Mesic and semiarid woodland savannas. Darling’s Horseshoe Bats mainly roost in caves and abandoned mines, preferring rocky terrain with crevices in southern part of their distribution.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous; it might forage in cluttered areas.</p><p>Breeding. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat might be seasonally monoestrous, but there are not enough data to confirm this. Pregnant females have been captured in October in South Africa and in December in Zimbabwe. A female with young was captured in October in Zimbabwe. Litter size is nearly always one, but twin fetuses were reported in Zimbabwe, with a fetus in each uterine hom.</p><p>Activity patterns. Darling’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and are known to roost by day in caves, abandoned mines, large hollow trees, and unused buildings. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with mean F component of 88-1 kHz and 86 kHz in South Africa and 86-2 kHz and 85-8 kHz in Swaziland.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Darling’s Horseshoe Bats are known to roost in colonies with two to c.150 individuals, although they are typically found in roosts of dozens of individuals. In roosts, they hang in small clusters but do not touch each another.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution with no major threats currently identified, although they might be locally threatened by habitat destruction.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill &amp; Happold (2013a), Csorba eta/. (2003), Happold (1987), Jacobs, Babiker et al. (2013), Jacobs, Barclay &amp; Walker (2007), Monadjem, Reside &amp; Lumsden (2007), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017e), Rautenbach (1986), Skinner &amp; Chimimba (2005), Smithers (1968), Taylor (1999, 2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC18A26F89AF3F4F964D1A2.text	885887A2FFC18A26F89AF3F4F964D1A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus deckenii Peters 1868	<div><p>26. Decken’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus deckenii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Decken / German: Decken-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Decken</p><p>Other common names: Eastern Africa Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus deckenii Peters, 1868,</p><p>“ Zanzibarküste [= Zanzibar Coast, mainland opposite Zanzibar Island],” Tanzania .</p><p>Rhinolophus deckenii is in the ferrumequinum species group. It is very similar to R silvestris, and the two species might be conspecific. It was formerly considered a subspecies of R clivosus but is now generally regarded as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Uganda, W &amp; SE Kenya, W Tanzania, including Zanzibar Archipelago (Pemba, Unguja, and Mafia Is), and apparently C Mozambique (Chinizuia Forest).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 51-67 mm, tail 25-33 mm, ear 18-27 mm, hindfoot 11—13 mm, forearm 48—56 mm. Decken’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to the African Forest Horseshoe Bat (AE Silvestris') but with lower nasal swellings and baculum with flattened, spatulated shaft. Dorsal pelage is medium grayish brown (hairs are grayish fawn, with medium grayish brown tips); venter is slightly paler. No orange morph is known. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium short in length (39-49% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular high lancet, with straight to slighdy concave sides and bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and subequal to height ofsella; sella is naked, with either parallel or slightly concave sides and broad, rounded tip; and horseshoe is medium in width at 9-1-11- 5 mm, covers entire muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and distinct median emargination. Lower lip has three grooves: middle groove is well defined, and outer two are poorly formed. Wings and uropatagium are brown and semi-translucent. Skull is robust, with sturdy zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are medium in relative height and have smoothly rounded lateral profile; frontal depression is moderately deep, with prominent supraorbital ridges; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly and absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is shallow but conspicuous. P2 is tiny and completely displaced labially (although occasionally half displaced) or absent; C1 and P4 are usually separated by a narrow gap; and P3 absent, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 30 or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Small forest mosaics in coastal regions but also inland dry miombo woodlands at elevations of c. 650 m. Decken’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in Afromontane habitats on Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant Decken’s Horseshoe Bats have been captured in August, October, and November.</p><p>Activity patterns. Day roosts of Decken’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in caverns and deep caves in coral/rock areas on Unguja Island and old man-made structures, including mud houses on Pemba Island.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Decken’s Horseshoe Bats occur in small colonies of less than 20 individuals. They have been recorded roosting with Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bats {Hipposideros caffer), Large-eared Slit-faced Bats { Nycteris macrotis), and Egyptian Slit-faced Bats { N. thebaicd).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN ed List. Decken’s Horseshoe Bat is threatened by logging and agricultural expansion throughout its distribution, particularly in coastal areas.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba et al. (2003), Happold, M. (2013r), Jacobs et al. (2008c), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), O'Brien (2011), Stanley &amp; Goodman (2011), Stanley et al. (2005),Trentin &amp; Rovere (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC18A26F89AF3F4F964D1A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC08A26F8B1FC3AF3DBD7EB.text	885887A2FFC08A26F8B1FC3AF3DBD7EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus hillorum Koopman 1989	<div><p>28. Upland Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus hillorum</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Lofa / German: Hochland-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura montana</p><p>Other common names: Hill's Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus clivosus hillorum Koopman, 1989, “ John Hegbe Farm near Zozoma, ca. 2 mi [= 3- 2 km] SW Voinjama in Lofa County, extreme northwestern Liberia at ca. 500 m elevation.”</p><p>Rhinolophus hillorum is in the ferrumequinum species group. It has been included as a subspecies of R clivosus but is now generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Scattered records from SE Guinea, N Liberia, S Nigeria, and W Cameroon with certainty; probably erroneous records from SE South Sudan, N Uganda, and S Kenya.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 64—71 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 21—24 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm, forearm 52-57 mm; weight 16- 5-25 g. The Upland Horseshoe Bat is large, with medium brown to grayish brown dorsum and paler venter. No orange morph has been reported. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (37-44% of forearm length) and have 11-12 internal folds. Lancet is wide and almost parallel-sided at base; tip of lancet is very narrow, hairy, and slightly rounded; connecting process is narrow, high, rounded, ellipsoid in profile, much higher than sella tip, and liberally covered with hair; sella is naked, nearly parallel-sided (diverging slighdy toward top) and rounded at top; and horseshoe is relatively narrow at 8-3-9- 1 mm, does not completely cover muzzle, lacks lateral leaflets, and has distinct median emargination. Lower lip has single groove. Wings and uropatagium are blackish brown. Skull is exceptionally robust, with thick, broad zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); rostrum is very broad; nasal swellings are very low; frontal depression is very shallow; supraorbital crest is apparently not well defined; and sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly and moderately defined posteriorly. P2 is absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch; P is also absent, so P and P4 are in contact; and P2 is one-half to two-thirds height of P4 Dental formula is then 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Montane forests, montane grasslands, dense rainforests, secondary forest, and gallery forests surrounded by savanna in highlands of Guinea, Liberia, and Cameroon and lowland and coastal rainforests surrounding these areas, primarily at elevations of 1400-1950 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Upland Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous and probably occasionally forages by perch-hunting.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant Upland Horseshoe Bat was captured in lateJune. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Upland Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and can enter torpor while roosting during the day. They roost in caves, abandoned mines, and under bridges.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Upland Horseshoe Bats have been recorded roosting in small groups (ten individuals in one group in Liberia) and sharing roosts with the Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat ( Lissonycteris angolensis), the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat { simulator), and the Guinean Horseshoe Bat { guineensis).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List. The Upland Horseshoe Bat is known from very few scattered records and is considered rare, threatened by habitat loss and destruction from agricultural expansion and planned large-scale mining. It is possibly threatened by exploitation for bushmeat.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba et al. (2003), Cotterill (2002a), Fahr (2013f), Happold (1987), Jacobs et al. (2010), Koopman (1989), Koopman et al. (1995), Monadjem, Richards &amp; Denys (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC08A26F8B1FC3AF3DBD7EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC08A26FF1CF68FF7B5DA4F.text	885887A2FFC08A26FF1CF68FF7B5DA4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus silvestris Aellen 1959	<div><p>27. African Forest Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus silvestris</p><p>French: Rhinolophe sylvestre / German: Waldhufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura forestal</p><p>Other common names: Forest Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus silvestris Aellen, 1959,</p><p>“ Grotte de N’Dumbu [= Dumbu Cave], Latoursville, Gabon .”</p><p>Rhinolophus silvestris is in the ferrumequinum species group. It is morphologically very similar to R deckenii, indicating that the two species might be conspecific. It was formerly included within R clivosus but is now generally regarded as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Only recorded from three localities in Gabon (Benga, Belinga, and Dumbu caves, Latoursville), and a single site in the Republic of the Congo (Meya-Nzouari).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 28-32 mm, ear 22—23 mm, forearm 50-56 mm. The African Forest Horseshoe Bat is very similar to Decken’s Horseshoe Bat { deckenii) but with higher nasal swellings and trumpet-shaped baculum with rounded shaft. Dorsal pelage is rusty brown; venter is paler. Ears are medium short in length (c.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular and high lancet, with straight to slightly concave sides and bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and subequal to height of stella; sella is naked, with either parallel or slighdy concave sides and broad, rounded tip; and horseshoe is medium in width at 9-1-11- 5 mm, covers entire muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and distinct median emargination. Lower lip has three grooves: middle groove is well defined, and outer two are poorly defined. Wings and uropatagium are brown and semi-translucent. Skull is robust, with sturdy zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are medium in relative height and have smoothly rounded lateral profile; frontal depression is moderately deep, with prominent supraorbital ridges; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly and absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is shallow but conspicuous. P2 is tiny and completely displaced labially, C1 and P4 are in contact or nearly in contact, P3 is tiny and fully displaced labially or absent, and P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula typically has 32 teeth or I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 30 when a lower premolar is absent.</p><p>Habitat Dense rainforests near caves, particularly limestone caves.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Juveniles and immature African Forest Horseshoe Bats were collected in November.</p><p>Activity patterns. African Forest Horseshoe Bats roost in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. African Forest Horseshoe Bats share their roosts with Egyptian Rousettes {ousettus aegyptiacus'), Adam’s Horseshoe Bats { odami), Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bats {Hipposideros ruber), Giant Leaf-nosed Bats ( Macronycteris gigas), African Trident Bats { Triaenops afer), and Least Long-fingered Bats { Miniopterus minor).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. Only twelve specimens of the African Forest Horseshoe Bat are known, and there is virtually no ecological information available. More thorough sampling and taxonomic research are needed to fully evaluate its conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Aellen &amp; Brosset (1968), Bates eta/. (2013), Cotterill (2002a, 2008b, 2013d), Csorba eta/. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC08A26FF1CF68FF7B5DA4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFC08A39F8B3F157FAAEDE93.text	885887A2FFC08A39F8B3F157FAAEDE93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus sakejiensis Cotterill 2002	<div><p>29. Sakeji Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus sakejiensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de la Sakeji / German: Sakeji-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Sakeji</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus sakejiensis Cotterill, 2002,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.283334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.033333/lat -11.283334)">Kavunda</a> (11°17’ S; 24°2 ' E) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.283334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.033333/lat -11.283334)">between the Sakeji and Zambezi rivers: c. 11 km north-north-east of the source of the Zambezi River in the Ikelenge Pedicle, Mwinilunga District of north-west</a> Zambia.”</p><p>Rhinolophus sakejiensis is in the ferrumequinum species group based on morphology, but its exact relationships are uncertain. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality in NW Zambia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c.57-58 nun, tail 29—31 mm, ear 20—22 mm, hindfoot 14—15 mm, forearm 53—55 mm; weight 19—24 g. Dorsal pelage is bright brownish orange (hairs are orange with darker tips); venter is bright yellowish orange; and eyes are surrounded by darker brown fur. No gray morph has been reported. Males seem to lack axillary tufts. Ears are short and dark brown. Noseleaf has hastate lancet; connecting process rises steeply to high, narrow, and rounded tip, being much higher than height of sella; sella is naked with broad, rounded tip that is angled forward and with slightly concave sides; and horseshoe is medium in width at c. 10-11 mm, does not cover entire muzzle and has lateral leaflets and wide, deep median emargination. Lower lip has one conspicuous median groove and two faint lateral grooves. Wings and uropatagium are dark blackish brown. Baculum is trumpet-shaped, with dorso-ventrally flattened shaft. Skull is extremely robust, with robust zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is wider than mastoid width); nasal swellings are relatively low and not smoothly rounded; frontal depression is very shallow and supraorbital ridges are inconspicuous; sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly but weakly developed posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is shallow. P2 is absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is absent, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p><p>Habitat. Wet miombo woodland mosaic at an elevation of 1388 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Only known specimens of the Sakeji Horseshoe Bat were collected while roosting during the day, hanging in evergreen foliage on the underside of a branch at base of a large tree. This kind of day roost is rather unusual for a rhinolophid.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. All known specimens of the Sakeji Horseshoe Bat were captured from a day roost that had a group of six individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. The Sakeji Horseshoe Bat is known from only three specimens at a single location, and no information on its natural history and ecology is known. It might be threatened by logging and agricultural expansion, but additional research is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill (2002a, 2008a, 2013c), Csorba et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC08A39F8B3F157FAAEDE93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDF8A39FF6AF7FEF4D7DD69.text	885887A2FFDF8A39FF6AF7FEF4D7DD69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus bocharicus Kastschenko & Akimov 1917	<div><p>30. Bokhara Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus bocharicus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Boukhara / German: Buchara-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Bujarâ</p><p>Other common names: Central Asian Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus bocharicus Kastschenko &amp; Akimov, 1917,</p><p>Murgab River, Turkmenistan.</p><p>Rhinolophus bocharicus is in the ferrumequinum species group based on morphology and genetic evidence and has been variously included as a subspecies of R ferrumequinum or R clivosus . Detailed morphological work concluded that R bocharicus is distinct from both species and that it and R clivosus might have evolved from populations of R ferrumequinum . The name rubiginosus by N. Gubarev in 1941 is included under R ferrumequinum as a synonym instead of a subspecies of R bocharicus . A single specimen attributed to R bocharicus from Iran was actually a misidentifiedjuvenile R ferrumequinum . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, C &amp; W Tajikistan, and N Afghanistan.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 38-48 mm, tail 22-32 mm, ear 19- 3-24 mm, hindfoot C. 13 mm, forearm 47- 5-53 mm; weight 9-20 g. Dorsal pelage is pale smoky gray-brown, being darker on shoulders (hairs have whitish bases); venter is whitish gray. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length. Noseleaf has hastate lancet; connecting process is tall and distinctively rounded in side view; sella is narrow, with concave sides and blunt tip; and horseshoe is comparatively narrow at 5-4-7- 3 mm wide and does not completely cover muzzle. Lower lip has three very indistinct grooves. Baculum is very similar to that of the Greater Horseshoe Bat (AE ferrumequinum) but generally lacks strong protuberances on ventral sides of basal cone, and lancet of shaft is generally longer than in the Greater Horseshoe Bat. Skull is robust (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are underdeveloped anteriorly but well developed posteriorly; sagittal crest is moderately developed, and frontal depression is deep to very deep; and supraorbital crests are low. P2 is tiny and completely displaced labially or occasionally absent, allowing C1 and P4 to come in contact, and P3 is tiny and displaced labially, so P2 and P4 always touch. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32 or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Arid mountain foothills.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bokhara Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous, feeding largely on lepidopterans and occasionally coleopterans and other insects. It forages close to the ground and probably around cluttered with vegetation areas.</p><p>Breeding. Births of Bokhara Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in June to earlyJuly.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Bokhara Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, foraging primarily at dusk. There seems to be a migration between winter and summer for some individuals traveling from Central Asia to Afghanistan (north to south). Nevertheless, some individuals remain in the same cave throughout the year in Uzbekistan. Bokhara Horseshoe Bats are known to have day roosts in caves and abandoned mine shafts.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bokhara Horseshoe Bats roost in colonies of several hundred (up to 600) individuals and rarely in small groups. They have been recorded roosting commonly with Geoffroy’s Myotis ( Myotis emarginatus) and occasionally with Greater Horseshoe Bats and Lesser Myotis ( Myotis blythii). Female and male Bokhara Horseshoe Bats segregate into maternal and non-matemal colonies during the breeding season. Males move back to form mixed colonies after young can fly and forage on their own.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major risks to the Bokhara Horseshoe Bat, but habitat loss and cave destruction and modification might be threats in some regions.</p><p>Bibliography. Bailey et al. (2016), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Aulagnier et al. (2008), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk &amp; Ôervenÿ (2011), Bobrinski étal. (1944), Csorba étal. (2003), Gubarev (1941), Hanâk (1969), Kastschenko &amp; Akimov (1917), Strelkov (1971), Thomas (1997).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDF8A39FF6AF7FEF4D7DD69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0.text	885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber 1774	<div><p>31. Greater Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</p><p>French: Grand Rhinolophe / German: Grosse Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura grande</p><p>Other common names: Larger Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Vespertilioferrum-equinum Schreber, 1774,</p><p>France .</p><p>Rhinolophusferrumequinum is in the ferrumequinum species group with the extinct species R maghrebensis and R mellali . The ferrumequinum group is included in the Afro-Palearctic clade of Rhinolophus close to the maclaudi, fumigatus, and xinanzhongguoensis groups. Rhinolophusferrumequinum is sister to R clivosus, although some Egyptian specimens attributed to R clivosus cluster within R ferrumequinum . Rhinolophus nippon was previously included as a subspecies of R ferrumequinum, but it is genetically sister to the clade including R ferrumequinum and R clivosus . Exact distributional limit between R nippon and R ferrumequinum is currendy uncertain due to lack of genetic data from specimens in central and southern Asia, and thus, distributional difference here is tentatively marked at Kashmir. Subspecies creticumis, now considered a synonym of the nominate form whereas subspecies Irani is now a synonym of proximus, although genetic tests have not been performed on populations from central and southern Asia. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R f. ferrumequinum Schreber, 1774 - S Europe from Iberian Peninsula and France E to Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece including SW Great Britain, S Germany, S Poland, and Crimea, also on most Mediterranean Is (Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete, Cyprus, etc.), Turkey (Anatolia), NW Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, N Tunisia, and NW Libya), and Levant region.</p><p>R f. proximus K. Andersen, 1905 - Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia, S Turkmenistan, N, W &amp; S Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and N India (Kashmir).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-71 mm, tail 31-44 mm, ear 19-25 mm, hindfoot 10- 14 mm, forearm 51-61 mm; weight 13-44 g. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is the largest rhinolophid in Europe. Nominate ferrumequinum is generally larger than proximus. Dorsal pelage is generally grayish brown to pale brown (hairs are beige, with grayish brown or brown tips) and variably, usually lightly, tinged with red; venter is grayish white to yellowish white. Juveniles are ashy gray. Specimens of proximus are generally pale fawn. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium to short (c.41% of forearm length). Noseleafhas hastate or subtriangular lancet, becoming slightly concave near bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and much higher than tip of sella; sella is naked, relatively small, and curved forward, making front surface strongly concave, and sides are only slightly concave, and tip is pointed; and horseshoe is narrow at 6-5-9- 9 mm, does not cover muzzle, and has lateral leaflets (although sometimes inconspicuous) and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one or three grooves, and lateral grooves can be inconspicuous if present. Wings and uropatagium are pale brown or grayish brown. Baculum has dorso-ventrally flattened basal cone, with somewhat deep, ventral incision; rim of cone is thickened and forms strong protuberance on both sides ofventral incision; shaft tapers and is almost cylindrical; and tip is a dorso-ventrally strongly flattened lancet Skull is robust, with sturdy zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); nasal swellings are ofmedium low height; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak; and sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly but absent posteriorly. P2 is tiny and fully displaced labially or absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is also tiny and fully displaced labially or absent, so that P2 and P are in full contact Dental formula is variable: 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28; 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x 2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1’, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-62.</p><p>Habitat Mainly forested habitats, especially in areas with abundant roosting sites, from sea level to elevations of c. 3500 m. Unlike the related Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat ( clivosus), the Greater Horseshoe Bat is less associated with dry habitats, although it is found in some drier regions through West Asia and North Africa. In Europe, it is found in deciduous temperate woodlands throughout the northern part of its distribution and more Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands in southern Europe, North Africa, and the Levant Greater Horseshoe Bats are typically associated with forested habitats where they forage near vegetation, but they can be found in open areas, especially in West Asia. Throughout western and central Asia, they are largely associated with highland habitats and only found in temperate forested montane regions of Transcaucasia, Iran, and central Asia from Afghanistan to Kashmir.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Greater Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking, fly-catching from perches, and ground-gleaning. When captured, insects are eaten on the wing or taken to a perch. They will sometimes land on the ground to capture dung beetles and other insects in dung piles. Most of their diet comes from species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptern, Hymenoptera, and Diptera (at least throughout Europe), but other arthropods also make up smaller proportions of their diets, including Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Araneae . A large sample of 1580 feces found that the diet of the Greater Horseshoe Bat in the UK mostly contained Lepidoptera (moths) and changed throughout the year. In spring, they ate cockchafers {Melolontha melolonthd), beetles (Geotrupe), caddisflies (Trichoptera), tipulid flies, ichneumonid wasps, and moths. In autumn, dung beetles (Aphodius) and dung flies (various Diptera) replaced various species of beetles in diets. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera dominated diets in Azerbaijan, and Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were most important in Turkey, Syria, and Jordan. Moths dominated three stomach samples from Iran, and some brachyceran Diptera, Trichoptera, and scarabaeid Coleoptera also were eaten. Greater Horseshoe Bats are versatile feeders and alter their diets based on prey availability throughout the year and among regions. Where they forage also can change; in the UK, they forage mainly in woodlands in spring and over pastures in late summer.</p><p>Breeding. Greater Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous. Copulation occurs before hibernation; males mate with females in their harems. After mating, males secrete a plug into females’ vaginas to either prevent sperm competition or keep sperm stored in the female until the following spring. Sperm storage occurs in oviducts of females until ovulation and fertilization takes place in March—April. Gestation lasts 2—3 months depending on whether or not embryo development is lengthened due to torpor of the pregnant female; gestation is generally c.9 weeks with limited torpor. Young are bom in late spring or early summer depending on the region. In Algeria, young are bom inJune and volant by the end ofAugust. Litter size is one. Young hold onto their mothers until a little before weaning. Young will forage and hang separate from their mothers before weaning. Greater Horseshoe Bats mature very slowly, similar to many hibernating bats. Females reach sexual maturity at c.3 years of age, but they might not produce their first offspring until 3—5 years of age. Males generally mature at 2-4 years of age. Greater Horseshoe Bats are long-lived; maximum longevities recorded in the wild are 30 years and six months for a male and 27 years and eight months for a female.</p><p>Activity patterns. Greater Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night They generally leave day roosts 15—30 minutes after sunset and begin to forage. They typically linger around day roosts for the early part of the night and fly further from the day roost as the night progresses. Most nightly activity occurs within 5—20 km ofroosts, and adults typically move further thanjuveniles. Greater Horseshoe Bats generally stay out all night or return after 2—3 hours and leave day roosts again for c.30 - 50 minutes before sunrise. They occasionally rest in night roosts. Activity decreases in cold temperatures, markedly below 10°C—the typical thermal threshold for insect activity. During the day, Greater Horseshoe Bats can enter a mild torpor when temperatures are below 22°C. They enter deep torpor (hibernation) from mid-autumn until spring (October-April in Europe), during which they find parts of caves that are warmer than 7 — 10 ° C. During this time, they continue to irregularly awake and leave roosts to forage when weather permits. They do not hibernate in southern parts of the distribution but have been found to hibernate in Iran. Day roosts of Greater Horseshoe Bats are generally in caves and other underground or rocky structures; they commonly inhabit abandoned or unused parts of buildings, particularly roofs. Greater Horseshoe Bats tend to favor houses in northern parts of their distribution but underground structures in the south. They also seem to favor caves as hibernacula in winter. Call shape is FM/ CF /FM, with terminal FM sweep usually having the greatest bandwidth. Aspects of calls vary among seasons and through the lifetime of an individual; juveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. Resting frequencies of mothers and young seem to be similar, indicating that the call is learned from the mother or inherited. F component is 77—83 kHz in southern Europe, 83—84 kHz in the UK, 81-7 kHz in Western Europe, and 84-6 kHz in Morocco. Mean call duration is 53-8 milliseconds in Greece, 21 milliseconds and 31-9 milliseconds in the UK, and 30-3 milliseconds in Morocco.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Horseshoe Bats are highly gregarious, roosting singly, in small groups, or in very large colonies up to 1000 individuals, although they forage alone. Non-matemity colonies have been recorded with up to 500 individuals of both sexes; summer maternity colonies of up to 1000 females have been reported, although 100—300 individuals are more common. Maternity colonies are createdjust before females give birth. When first formed, maternity colonies can still include some persistent males and non-breeding individuals that usually leave after young are bom. Non-breeding individuals disperse like males or can remain in maternity colonies throughout the breeding season. Males form scattered small groups in separate day roosts. All male and all juvenile colonies have been recorded. Males and females start roosting together after young are weaned around late summer (at least in Europe), which leads to copulation in day roosts until the end of October before the beginning of hibernation (in northern populations). From late summer to about mid-autumn, males become territorial in roosting colonies, establishing small harems in the roost. Harems generally include the male and up to eight females, segregating into a single cluster in the roost Populations of Greater Horseshoe Bats are primarily sedentary and hibernate instead of migrating. Nevertheless, they often fly 20—35 km between summer roosts and hibernacula. They typically move to more secluded localities (e.g. cool, deep parts of caves) where they can enter deep torpor. Individuals wrap themselves completely in their wing membranes during hibernation. Hibernacula generally include fewer individuals than summer roosts but can sometimes include clusters ofup to 100 individuals. Females seem to give birth in the same roosting area each year. Non-matemity summer roosts are often shared with other species of Rhinolophus, Miniopterus, Myotis, Asellia, and Plecotus . Maternity colonies are occasionally shared with other bat species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Greater Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution and is rather abundant throughout much of its distribution. Nevertheless, there are areas that have experienced well-documented declines, including Malta, Belgium, and the Netherlands where it is likely extinct Much of the documented decline has occurred throughout Europe, notably in north-western Europe. Populations in the UK have experienced massive declines, and the overall population is now stable at a low level of c.5000 individuals. Austrian populations have declined by 70% in the last ten years and are down to only c.30 breeding individuals. Population trends throughout the rest of Europe and North Africa are uncertain, but roosts seem to be disappearing throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Populations are considered stable in Croatia. There apparently has been a slow increase in populations in Romania since 1989 due to the reduced use of pesticides. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is rare in Switzerland but considered stable. It is considered relatively rare throughout much of its Asiatic distribution, although it is considerably common throughout Transcaucasia. Primary threats are fragmentation and habitat destruction from deforestation and agricultural expansion. Use of pesticides also negatively affects Greater Horseshoe Bats by targeting some important food sources such as melolonthid beetles, noctuid moth larvae, and crane flies. General roost disturbance is also an evident threat, especially for colonies in buildings where human intolerance can make it difficult for cohabitation. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is widely protected throughout Europe, where many underground roosts have been protected and building roosts have had management agreements to maintain the bat-human relationship. Legislation protects the Greater Horseshoe Bat in some but not all countries in its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Aldridge (1986), Arslan &amp; Zima (2014), Aulagnier &amp;Thévenot (1986), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda &amp; Vallo (2012), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008), Benda, Hanâk &amp; Cervenÿ (2011), Benda, Ivanova et al. (2003), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Botnariuc &amp;Tatole (2005), Csorba et al. (2003), Disca et al. (2014), landers, Jones et al. (2009), landers, Wei Li et al. (2011), Gaisler (2001, 2013b), Gunnell et al. (2011), Hanâk et al. (2001), Jones (1990), Jones &amp; Ransome (1993), Jones &amp; Rayner (1989), Jones &amp; Siemers (2011), Koh Hung-Sun et al. (2014), Long &amp; Schnitzler (1975), Ma Jie, Kobayasi et al. (2006), Park et al. (2000), Piraccini (2016a), Ransome &amp; McOwat (1994), Rossiter, Benda et al. (2007), Rossiter, Jones et al. (2000a, 2000b, 2001), Schnitzler (1973), Schnitzler &amp; Grinnell (1977), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Suga et al. (1976), Vogler &amp; Neuweiler (1983), Walters et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDE8A3BF8B3F693F72EDD14.text	885887A2FFDE8A3BF8B3F693F72EDD14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar 1826	<div><p>32. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus clivosus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Cretzschmar / German: Geoffroy-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Geoffroy</p><p>Other common names: Arabian Horseshoe Bat, Cretzschmar’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar in Rùppell, 1828,</p><p>Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia .</p><p>Rhinolophus clivosus is in the jfemzTwegwzwra species group and is closely related to R ferrumequinum. Rhinolophus clivosus currently represents a paraphyletic species complex with respect to 7t and is probably composed of at least three species from Arabia and Socotra { clivosus), East Africa {acrotis), and southern Africa {augurar geoffmyii if the latter is determined to be a valid name). Egyptian populations of R clivosus clustered with R ferrumequinum in phylogenetic studies, but there has been no genetic sampling from the rest of North Africa, east-central Africa, and the Levant so the phylogenetic position of all populations has not yet been determined. There are five genetically distinct populations from southern Africa that could represent subspecies of the southern African species. The name geoffmyii is here recognized as a subspecies because no other name is available for a genetically distinct population in south-western South Africa, but the name is not considered valid by most authors because it lacks a type specimen. Populations originally attributed to R clivosus from Cyrenaica, Libya, recently have been classified as a distinct species, R haraceki . R clivosus traditionally has contained ten subspecies with considerable morphological, ecological, echolocation, and genetic diversity; additional research might result in taxonomic changes. Ten subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. c.c clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828 - SWJordan, W &amp; C Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and SW Oman.</p><p>R c. acrotis Heuglin, 1862 — Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and N Somalia.</p><p>R c. augur ÌL. Andersen, 1904 — N &amp; C South Africa.</p><p>R c. brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905 - Israel, Egypt, and N Sudan.</p><p>R c. geoffmyii A. Smith, 1829 — SW South Africa.</p><p>R c. keniensis Hollister, 1916 - SE Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, NE DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, and N Tanzania; other records throughout C Africa need further investigation.</p><p>R c. schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934 - SE Algeria and W Libya.</p><p>7t c., socotranus Benda, Reiter &amp; Vallo, 2017 - Socotra I, Yemen.</p><p>AE c. zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904 - S Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, and SE DR Congo S to NE South Africa.</p><p>R c. zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904 - E &amp; S South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho.</p><p>There is also a record from W DR Congo with no subspecific affinity and populations from Namibia and SW Angola are not currently assigned to any subspecies but might be associated with subspecies augur or geoffroyii following further morphological and genetic tests.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-50 mm, tail 22-40 mm, ear 16-24 mm, hindfoot 11—13 mm, forearm 42-59 mm; weight 10-25 g. Dorsal pelage is highly variable and can be cream, gray, brownish gray, grayish fawn, or reddish brown (hairs usually have dark tips); venter varies from beige and pale brown to gray. Orange-morph (more reddish brown) individuals have been recorded. Adult males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (30-47% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with rounded tip; connecting process is rounded and elevated, can be smoothly curved or slighdy angular, and is slighdy to clearly higher than sella tip; sella is naked and narrow and has concave sides and broad and rounded tip; and horseshoe is narrow to moderately wide at 6-6-9- 6 mm, varies widely among subspecies, and has lateral leaflets (rudimentary in some individuals) and variably median emargination, varying between shallow to moderately deep. Lower lip has well-defined medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are light to dark gray. Baculum has shallow dorsal invagination, deep ventral invagination on basal cone, and dorso-ventrally flattened shaft; subspecies augur has slightly expanded tip. Skull is robust; zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is very shallow, and supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is low anteriorly and completely absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is absent or very undeveloped. P2 is minute and completely displaced labially or absent all together, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent when P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is variable: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 (South Africa) or 62 (South and East Africa).</p><p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats but generally drier and open environments such as woodland savannas, Mediterranean shrubland, dry savanna, open grasslands, and some semi-desert and desert habitats from sea level to elevations of c. 2300 m. Although Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats prefer dry habitats, they are often found associated with water sources, dense vegetation where they can forage, and caves for roosting. In southern Africa, they are found largely in woodland savannas, some desert habitats, and montane grasslands (e.g. Drakensberg). Populations in West Africa are found largely in mountainous and hilly regions. In Malawi, they have been recorded in miombo forest and woodlands and thicket savannas. In Northern Africa, Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily restricted to mountain “islands” throughout the Sahara Desert and sub-desert and savanna habitats in north-eastern Africa. They occur primarily in arid Mediterranean shrubland in the Levant and arid shrubland, steppe, and savanna throughout Arabia and Socotra.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking, fly-catching, and probably gleaning prey offvegetation and the ground. Foraging occurs around vegetation under tree canopies. After prey is captured, they eat it while perching on branches or other vegetation. They feed primarily on moths and beetles throughout their distribution. Fecal samples from two bats in Zimbabwe included only beetles. Populations in South Africa fed primarily on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera . In Algeria, 46 fecal pellets from five bats included Lepidoptera (mean 62-6% by volume), Coleoptera (29-4%), Hemiptera (2%), Hymenoptera (1-4%), and unknown arthropods (4-6%). Twenty-three fecal samples from two bats in Jordan mainly contained Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera (especially Nematocera) and smaller amounts of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Hemiptera. Captive individuals have eaten mantises. In South Africa, Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat seemed to eat larger prey than the Cape Horseshoe Bat ( A capensis) on average, but prey size of the two species did overlap. Wild Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats seem to depend on water sources for drinking; captive individuals drink regularly.</p><p>Breeding. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, at least in southern Africa (Zimbabwe and South Africa). Copulation seems to occur in dry season in Zimbabwe (June-July) and autumn in South Africa (April). Females store sperm. Parturition begins in wet season (mid-November) in Zimbabwe and late winter (August) in South Africa. In South Africa, however, not all populations exhibit delayed implantation where females store sperm, and they will copulate in late winter. Gestation lasts 3-5 months, and lactation lasts c.2 months. Most females appear to reach reproductive maturity at c.18 months of age, but it can take as long as 42 months or more.</p><p>Activity patterns. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night. During the day, they can enter torpor, and in Malawi, they became torpid at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C. Day roosts are usually in caves, rock crevices, and artificial underground structures such as abandoned mine shafts, catacombs, stone huts, and other rocky areas. They will roost in abandoned buildings and hollow baobabs { Adansonia, Malvaceae). On Socotra, primary day roosts are located in limestone karst caves. Call shape is FM/ CF /FM; they are able to distinguish sex based on call (probably using FM components) and even individual identity (probably using resting frequency). Peak (CF) component has been recorded at 90-100 kHz or 80-85 kHz in various parts of South Africa, 91 -9 kHz in Swaziland, 79-84 kHz (usually 82-84 kHz) in Malawi, 79-8-81 kHz in Mozambique, 92-7 kHz in Algeria, 85-2 kHz in Israel, and 83-5-85 kHz in Jordan. Mean call duration is 32-9 milliseconds in Swaziland, 14-3 milliseconds in South Africa, 54-5 milliseconds in Israel, and 48 milliseconds in Jordan.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat roosts singly or in groups of up to 50 individuals in most cases, although colonies of up to 10,000 individuals have been recorded in Malawi and southern Africa. Roosting bats generally hang in small clusters not touching each another; many small clusters are formed in large colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is relatively common throughout much of its distribution, although it might be declining in Palearctic parts of its distribution. There are no overarching threats, but some populations might be locally threatened by habitat destruction and roost disturbance. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat might be locally threatened by indirect poisoning from insecticides, pesticides, and similar chemicals. It is protected inJordan by national legislation.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Benda &amp; Vallo (2012), Benda, Dietz eta /. (2008), Benda, Lucan eta/. (2010), Benda, Nasher eta/. (2017), Benda, Spitzenberger eta/. (2014), Bernard (1983), Bernard &amp; Happold (2013a), Csorba et al. (2003), Dulie &amp; Mutere (1974), enton et al. (1977), Finger et al. (2017), Hackett et al. (2017), Jacobs, Barclay et al. (2007), Jacobs, Catto et al. (2017), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Reside &amp; Lumsden (2007), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs, Kock et al. (2017), Nader (1982), Rautenbach eta/. (1993), Richards eta/. (2016), Schoeman &amp; Jacobs (2003), Stoffberg et al. (2012), Taylor (1999, 2000), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Wessels &amp; van der Merwe (1997), Whitaker et al. (1994), Wingate (1986).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDE8A3BF8B3F693F72EDD14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195.text	885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus nippon Temminck 1835	<div><p>33. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus nippon</p><p>French: Rhinolophe nippon / German: Grosse Japan-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Japón</p><p>Other common names: Japanese Greater Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus nippon Temminck, 1835,</p><p>Japan .</p><p>Rhinolophus nippon is in the Jèmmeçwtnutn species group and sister to a clade including A clivosus and R ferrumequinum . Rhinolophus nippon m previously included in R ferrumequinum, but genetic data have shown that the two are distinct species. Distributional limits between R nippon and R ferrumequinum are still uncertain because there have been no genetic assessments of specimens from central and southern Asia. Which species tragatus is best included under has yet to be determined, but it is included as a subspecies here. Taxon korai is here synonymized under nominate nippon, although genetic and morphometric testing is needed to support this view. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R n. nippon Temminck, 1835 — C &amp; E China (from Jilin SW to Sichuan and S to N Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian), Korean Peninsula, andJapan (including some offshore islands).</p><p>R n. tragatus Hodgson, 1835 — N India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, N Bangladesh, and SW China (Yunnan and Guizhou).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 55—79 mm, tail 25-44 mm, ear 18—29 mm, hindfoot 10—14 mm, forearm 49—64 mm. The GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Greater Horseshoe Bat ( A ferrumequinum), but it seems to have somewhat darker pelage. Nominate subspecies has forearm lengths of 49—59 mm and tibia lengths of less than 25 mm; tragatus has forearm lengths of 58—64 mm and tibia lengths of more than 25 mm, being significantly larger than nippon with little overlap. Dorsal pelage is smoky gray-brown, pale brown, or chestnut-brown, with variable levels of red tinge (some individuals apparently look dark orange-brown); venter is pale buff. There are possibly orange-morph individuals in Japan . Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are relatively short (c.46% of forearm length on average). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, becoming slightly concave near bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and much higher than sella tip; sella is naked, relatively small, and curved forward, making front surface strongly concave while sides are only slightly concave and tip is pointed; and horseshoe is narrow, does not cover muzzle, and has lateral leaflets (although sometimes inconspicuous) and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one or three grooves, although lateral grooves can be inconspicuous if present. Wings and uropatagium are grayish brown. Detailed morphological comparisons between the GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bat and the Greater Horseshoe Bat are required to differentiate the two species based on skull differences. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 62.</p><p>Habitat. Variety of temperate forested habitats in montane and lowland regions from sea level to elevations of c. 3500 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats forage by fly-catching from a perch (most often), slow hawking, and gleaning prey from the ground and vegetation. They forage in open forests, woodland paths, and forest edges, generally preferring open areas to cluttered areas. They generally prey on species of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera, but Lepidoptera, o ­ leoptera, and Diptera make up the largest proportion of diets. During winter hibernation, they are known to awake and feed almost exclusively on troglophilic moths in hibernacula and occasionally outside when it is warm enough.</p><p>Breeding. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous, with delayed fertilization. Copulation occurs in late summer and early autumn before hibernation, and sperm is stored in females’ reproductive tracts. Births of single young occur synchronously in early summer. Mothers recognize their young by vocal communication, and their supersonic calls are synchronized. Young stay attached to their mothers’ underside and suckle. They begin to forage by themselves at c.32 days old, and weaning occurs at 40 days old. Juvenile mortality has been reported at 3-6%. Female Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats generally take 2 - 4 years before rearing their first offspring, with fertility increasing with each year of life: one year (13 -1% fertility), two years (49 * 5 %), three years (95 - 2 %), and four years (100 %) in Ishikawa Prefecture and one (0-0%), two (27-2%), and three (93-4%) in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Females less than a year old generally do not produce any offspring, but it is possible. Females possess a strong loyalty to their natal sites for giving birth and raising their young. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are very long-lived; the oldest individual recorded was a 23-yearold female fromJapan.</p><p>Activity patterns. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night. During the day, they can enter torpor, and during winter, they hibernate in more temperate parts of their distribution. They might not hibernate in southern parts of the distribution (e.g. India). Most roosts are in caves and roofs of abandoned or unused buildings. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with F component of 65-69-8 kHz throughoutJapan. In China, resting frequencies (RF) vary considerably (c.68—76 kHz) and are correlated with geographical location and mean annual temperature (higher temperatures are correlated with larger RF values).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats roost alone, in small groups, or in large colonies. Colonies can have hundreds of individuals. During mating season, females form tightly knit maternity colonies that average 85 individuals on central Honshu and 132 individuals (range 10-200) in western Honshu. Non-breeding and male individuals also can be found in these colonies, albeit in low numbers because they generally create their own roosts separate from maternity colonies. One maternity roost in Ishikawa Prefecture had 75-2% adult females, 24-2% subadult females, and 0-6% males. During hibernation, Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats form mixed roosts with dense clusters of individuals. Weights increase 25-8-28-2% in late autumn before hibernation on Kyushu, Japan. Individuals will travel fairly long distances between summer roosts and hibernacula; distances of up to 130 km have been reported on Kyushu. Home ranges of adult females in summer averaged 1-5 ha in one study.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on TAe IUCN ed List. The Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat was previously included in R ferrumequinum, which is classified as Least Concern. It has a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much of its distribution. It is probably not threatened overall but might be locally threatened by habitat destruction from logging and agricultural expansion and roost disturbance from cave tourism and human cohabitation in building roosts.</p><p>Bibliography. Benda &amp;Vallo (2012), Funakoshi &amp; Maeda (2003), Koh Hung-Sun eta/. (2014), Matsumura (1979, 1981), Matsuta eta /. (2013), Mori eta/. (1982), OhYung-Keun eta/. (1983, 1985), Ohdachi eta/. (2009), Sano (2000a, 2000b), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Stoffberg eta/. (2010), Sun Keping eta/. (2013),Taniguchi (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDC8A3AFF05F6C4F40ADC6F.text	885887A2FFDC8A3AFF05F6C4F40ADC6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus horaceki Benda & Vallo 2012	<div><p>34. Horacek’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus horaceki</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Horacek / German: Horacek-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Horacek</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus horaceki Benda &amp; Vallo, 2012,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.61111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.701668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.61111/lat 32.701668)">Wadi Damah</a>, 32° 42’ 06” N, 22° 36’ 40” E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.61111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.701668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.61111/lat 32.701668)">ca. 6 km S of Damah, Darnah Disc, Cyrenaica</a>, Libya .”</p><p>Rhinolophus horaceki is in the ferrumequinum species group, but genetic data based solely on mitochondrial cytochrome-b have shown it to be sister to a clade including the ferrumequinum and fumigatus groups. Additional research is needed to fully resolve phylogenetic position of R horaceki .</p><p>Populations now attributed to it were previously listed as A clivosus . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Cyrenaica, NE Libya.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60 mm, tail 34 mm, ear 20-8-22- 7 mm, forearm 48- 50 mm. Horacek’s Horseshoe Bat is somewhat similar to the medium-sized forms of Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat (A clivosus). Dorsal pelage is brown to brownish gray; venter is grayish beige. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are dark brown or dark grayish brown, being darker distally. Noseleaf has hairy, triangular lancet; connecting process is high and rounded and covered in hair; sella is pointed at tip and has concave sides; and horseshoe is narrow at 6-9-7- 6 mm wide, with welldefined median emargination. Lower lip has one medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown or grayish brown. Baculum is relatively large (3-7- 3-9 mm) and dorso-ventrally flattened on its distal two-thirds, creating lancet shape, and its proximal epiphysis is massive and laterally bifurcated. Skull is relatively wide; rostral region is huge, relatively long, and wide, but nasal swellings are comparatively undeveloped; sagittal crest is moderately developed; and infraorbital foramen is large, and infraorbital bar is long and thin. Teeth are relatively massive; upper molars are relatively wide; P 4 is relatively wide and mesiodistally short, with relatively very shallow concavity in distal margin of talon; P2 is minute and usually present but can be absent (rarely); and P3 is tiny and displaced labially or absent (usually absent), allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Dental formula is usually I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30 because a lower premolar is frequently absent, and very rarely it is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x 2) = 28; 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x 2) = 30.</p><p>Habitat. Mainly Mediterranean deciduous woodlands and steppes from sea level to elevations of c. 660 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Stomach samples of Horacek’s Horseshoe Bats revealed that they primarily eat medium-sized moths. Twenty-six fecal samples contained medium-sized moths (99-8% by volume) and a small amount of nematocerans (Diptera) (0-2%). Another set of 18 fecal samples included a much broader variety of prey, including medium-sized Lepidoptera (54%), Blattodea (38%), Formicoidea (4%), Auchenorrhyncha (2%), and Coleoptera (2%). Horacek’s Horseshoe Bats probably forage similar to Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats and Greater Horseshoe Bats ( A ferrumequinum).</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant Horacek’s Horseshoe Bats were collected in May, suggesting that births occur in late May or earlyJune. Subadults were captured in August.</p><p>Activity patterns. Horacek’s Horseshoe Bats roost in natural caves; they also have been found in an underground part of castle ruins and an abandoned cellar.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Horacek’s Horseshoe Bats have been found alone or in small groups in roosts, although they can form larger colonies. They probably create maternity colonies during breeding season.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on IUCNed List. Horacek’s Horseshoe Bat is endemic to a region of North Africa that is characterized as an “oasis” within the Mediterranean region . This unique habitat does not seem to have many major threats, but Horacek’s Horseshoe Bat has a very limited distribution and might be threatened by habitat loss or destruction.</p><p>Bibliography. Benda &amp; Vallo (2012), Benda, Spitzenberger eta/. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDC8A3AFF05F6C4F40ADC6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDC8A3AF8B1FADAF246C9C1.text	885887A2FFDC8A3AF8B1FADAF246C9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus maclaudi Pousargues 1897	<div><p>35. Maclaud’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus maclaudi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Maclaud / German: Maclaud-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Maclaud</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus maclaudi Pousargues, 1897,</p><p>“ L’ile de Conakry [= Conakry Island], sur les côtes de la Guinée française [= on the coast of French Guinea], ” Guinea.</p><p>Rhinolophus maclaudi is in the maclaudi species group with R ziama, R hilli, R kahuzi, R willardi, and R ruwenzorii . Systematic position of the maclaudi group is still debated, but this clade seems to be closely related to the ferrumequinum and hildebrandtii groups in the Afro-Palearctic clade. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Guinea along slopes of Fouta Djallon Highlands as far N as Gessorewoul River and S to near Sierra Leone border and including Conakry I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 73-94 mm, tail 38-43 mm, ear 40-46 mm, hindfoot 15 mm, forearm 64-69 mm; weight 30-33 g. Maclaud’s Horseshoe Bat is very large, on average the largest Rhinolophus in Africa. Dorsal pelage is pale chestnut to grayish brown (hairs are slightly paler basally); venter is paler. No orange morph has been reported. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are very long (61-70% of forearm length), with 10-12 internal folds. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with pointed tip, conspicuously higher than sella; connecting process is largely reduced, low, and concave, leaving very deep cap between sella and lancet; sella is naked, rising forward, and almost parallel-sided; narial lobes are very well developed and enlarged, forming heart-shaped, corolla-like cup; nostrils are bordered with raised, almost straight rims, that reach near anterior margin ofhorseshoe; and horseshoe is broad at 15-16 mm, covers entire muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and very small or absent median emargination. Lower lip has one medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray. Skull is large but slender, with comparatively weak zygomatic arches that are dorsally notched (zygomatic width is subequal to or only slighdy greater than mastoid width); rostrum is robust; nasal swellings are high domed; frontal depression is very deep; braincase is constricted behind mastoid process when viewed dorsally; sagittal crest is moderately developed anteriorly and poorly developed posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is very deep. P2 is small but in tooth row or slightly displaced labially, which separates C1 and P4; P3 is small and conspicuously displaced labially; and P, and P4 are touching or separate.</p><p>Habitat. Woodland /brushland savanna intersected by gallery forest along rivers.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Day roosts of Maclaud’s Horseshoe Bats have been found in caves, although one specimen was collected in a house.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Maclaud’s Horseshoe Bat roosts singly or in small groups in caves, with one cave reported with six individuals (three females and three males) and another with two individuals. Day roosts have been shared with small colonies of Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bats ( Lissonycteris angolensis smithii), Large-eared Slit-faced Bats ( Nycteris macrotis), Guinean Horseshoe Bats (A guzn ^ mtis), Rùppell’s Horseshoe Bats (A / umigutus), Dent’s Horseshoe Bats ( A denti), and large, mixed colonies of Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bats (Hipposideros ruber) andJones’s Leaf-nosed Bats (H.jonesi).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Maclaud’s Horseshoe Bat is known from very few specimens in a small known area of occupancy and appears to be threatened by habitat loss and possibly overharvesting for bushmeat.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba eta/. (2003), Fahr (2008a, 2013g), Fahr eta/. (2002), Weber &amp; Fahr (2007 b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDC8A3AF8B1FADAF246C9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDC8A3DF8B9EEB0FA2CD015.text	885887A2FFDC8A3DF8B9EEB0FA2CD015.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus ziama Fahr et al. 2012	<div><p>36. Ziama Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus ziama</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Ziama / German: Ziama-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Ziama</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus ziama Fahr et al, 2002,</p><p>“ western edge of Sérédou near park station, border of‘Réserve de la Biosphère du Massifdu Ziama’, Guinée Forestière, Guinea. ” Rhinolophus ziama is in the maclaudi species group and is probably most closely related to R maclaudi . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Guinea (Ziama Massif) and NW Liberia (Wonegizi Mts).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 74- 76 mm, tail 35-37 mm, ear 35-36 mm, hindfoot 14 mm, forearm 60 mm; weight 20- 5 g. The Ziama Horseshoe Bat is one of the largest horseshoe bats in Africa. Dorsal pelage is buffy brown (hairs are pale buff basally and pale brown at tips); venter is paler dirty buff, with pale brown sheen. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are very long (39-63% of forearm length), with 11—12 internal folds and very large antitragus. Noseleaf has long and narrow subtriangular lancet, with nearly parallel sides distally and rounded tip; connecting process is largely reduced, low, and concave, leaving large depression between sella and lancet; sella is inclined forward, with nearly parallel sides and enlarged lobes at base, forming heart-shaped, corolla-like cup; nostrils are bordered laterally by raised and nearly straight rims that almost reach anterior margin of horseshoe; and horseshoe is of medium width at 11- 5 mm, almost covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and inconspicuous or absent median emarginadon. Lower lip has one medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray. Skull is large and slender, with weak zygomatic arches that are dorsally notched (zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width); nasal swellings are high domed, with roughly heart-shaped chambers in dorsal view; frontal depression is very deep; sagittal crest is moderately developed anteriorly and poorly developed posteriorly; infraorbital bridge is very elongated and slender; and interpterygoid groove is very deep. P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is small and slightly to completely displaced labially; and P2 and P4 are in contact or separate.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary montane and lowland tropical moist forests, recorded at elevations of c. 600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Day roosts of Ziama Horseshoe Bats are likely caves, although no records from roosts are known.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Ziama Horseshoe Bat is known from only a few specimens in a restricted distribution. It might be threatened by habitat destruction from logging, mining, and agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Fahr (2008c, 2013i), ahr et al. (2002), Weber &amp; Fahr (2007b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDC8A3DF8B9EEB0FA2CD015	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDB8A3DFF5CF645F772DBFB.text	885887A2FFDB8A3DFF5CF645F772DBFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus hilli Aellen 1973	<div><p>37. Hill’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus hilli</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Hill / German: Hill-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Hill</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus hilli Aellen, 1973,</p><p>“ Uwinka, Prefecture]. Cyangugu, Rwanda, alt. 2300 m .”</p><p>Rhinolophus hilli is in the maclaudi species group and was considered a subspecies of R maclaudi and subsequently R ruwenzorii . Recent morphological studies support its recognition as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Rwanda in Uwinka and Ruta Bansugera in Nyungwe Forest National Park.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 62- 7 mm, tail 29' 3 mm, ear 28- 7 mm, hindfoot 12- 2 mm, forearm 54- 2 mm and 54- 3 mm; weight 16- 5 g (all measurements from one specimen except forearm which refers to two). Dorsal and ventral pelage is dark brown. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are of medium length (c.53% of forearm length), with nine internal folds, and very large antitragus. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet that is conspicuously taller than sella; connecting process is largely reduced, low, and concave, leaving large depression between sella and lancet; sella is naked, upright, and about parallel to lancet, having concave sides and distinctly broadened and rounded spoon-shaped top; narial lobes at base of sella are very enlarged, forming nearly circular cup; nostrils are bordered by semicircular raised rims that are parallel to inner cup; and horseshoe is of medium width at c. 12 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has conspicuous median emargination. Lower lip has conspicuous medial groove and two indistinct lateral grooves. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray. Skull is large and slender, with weak zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is slightly less than mastoid width); nasal swellings are high domed, with roughly circular chambers when viewed dorsally; frontal depression is very deep; sagittal crest is moderately developed anteriorly and weakly developed posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is very deep. P2 is small and completely displaced labially; C1 and P4 nearly touch; P3 is small and slightly to completely displaced labially; and P2 and P4 do not touch.</p><p>Habitat. Montane tropical moist forest at elevations of 1750-2512 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Holotype of Hill’s Horseshoe Bat was a pregnant female collected in late August.</p><p>Activity patterns. Hill’s Horseshoe Bats likely roost in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN ed List. Hill’s Horseshoe Bat is known from only two specimens collected in a region seriously affected by civil war. It is probably threatened by general habitat loss, roost destruction, and possibly use as bushmeat. It is found in Nyungwe Forest National Park.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Csorba et al. (2003), Fahr (2010, 2013e), ahr et al. (2002), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013), Smith &amp; Hood (1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDB8A3DFF5CF645F772DBFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDB8A3DF882FCA9F510D242.text	885887A2FFDB8A3DF882FCA9F510D242.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus kahuzi Fahr & Kerbis Peterhans	<div><p>38. Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus kahuzi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Kahuzi / German: Kahuzi-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Kahuzi</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus kahuzi Fahr &amp; Kerbis Peterhans in Kerbis Peterhans et al, 2013,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.669167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.669167/lat -2.2525)">Western slope of Mt Kahuzi, Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, South Kivu Province, eastern</a> Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2°15’09”S, 28°40’09”E, 2600 m. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus kahuzi is in the maclaudi species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Mt Kahuzi, Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, E DR Congo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 57 mm, tail 24- 1 mm, ear 34- 5 mm, hindfoot 12* 3 mm, forearm 54- 5 mm; weight 13 g (type specimen). Dorsal pelage is dark smoky brown; venter is barely paler but more grayish with slight sheen. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are very large (c.63% of forearm length), with eleven internal folds. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet; connecting process is low; sella is covered in short hairs, upright, and about parallel to lancet, having concave sides and distinctly broadened and rounded spoon-shaped top (narrower at base than in Hill’s Horseshoe Bat, R hilli)', narial lobes at base of sella are very enlarged, forming nearly circular cup; nostrils are bordered by semicircular raised rims that are parallel to inner cup; and horseshoe is of medium width at 10- 3- 124 mm, covers muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and conspicuous median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are dark smoky brown. Skull is large, with relatively short rostral part; sagittal crest is moderately developed along anterior one-half of braincase; and infraorbital bridge is short and very stout. P2 is very small and slightly displaced labially, stopping C1 and P4 from touching.</p><p>Habitat. Mixed Afrocarpus (Podocarpaceae) and Nuxia (Stilbaceae) forest on slopes of Mount Kahuzi at an elevation of c. 2600 m (holotype).</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List. Virtually nothing is known about the Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat because it was newly recognized in 2007 from a single specimen collected in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park . Additional research is needed to assess its ecology and conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDB8A3DF882FCA9F510D242	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDB8A3CF882F430FB8BDA44.text	885887A2FFDB8A3CF882F430FB8BDA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus willardi Kerbis Peterhans & Fahr in Kerbis Peterhans et al 2013	<div><p>39. Willard’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus willardi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Willard / German: Willard-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Willard</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus willardi Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Fahr in Kerbis Peterhans et al, 2013,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.065556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.065556/lat -5.1025)">Misotschi-Kabogo highlands, north of Kalemie, Kilicha River, above the western shore of Lake Tanganyika</a>, South Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, 5°06 ' 9”S, 29°03’56”E, 1880 m. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus willardi is in the maclaudi species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from MisotschiKabogo Highlands, E DR Congo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-73 mm, tail 22-26 mm, ear 24- 2-29 mm, hindfoot 12-12- 5 mm, forearm 49-7-51- 5 mm; weight 14-16 g. Dorsal pelage is dark smoky brown; venter is barely paler but more grayish with slight sheen. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are large (49-56% of forearm length), relatively short for maclaudi group, with twelve internal folds. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with narrow tip; connecting process is low and semicircular; sella is hairy, upright, and about parallel to lancet, having concave sides and distinctly broadened and rounded spoon-shaped top; narial lobes at base ofsella are very enlarged, forming nearly circular cup; nostrils are bordered by semicircular raised rims that are parallel to inner cup; and horseshoe is of medium width at 11- 7 mm, covers muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and conspicuous median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are dark smoky brown. Skull is large; rostral part is elongated; zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width; chambers of nasal swellings are subcircular in dorsal view; and infraorbital bridge is short and very stout. P2 is small and displaced labially from tooth row, and C1 and P4 are nearly in contact</p><p>Habitat. Montane tropical forest at elevations of 1880-1950 m. Holotype of Willard’s Horseshoe Bat was captured in a clearing near a stream in a deep valley. Forest cover on surrounding slopes was dense, with tall trees (40—50 m) and fairly open understory.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Willard’s Horseshoe Bat is currently known from only four specimens collected in 2007, none of which were found in a protected area. Virtually nothing is known about its ecology and threats. Additional research is needed to assess its conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDB8A3CF882F430FB8BDA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0BFC39FA82D65B.text	885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0BFC39FA82D65B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus ruwenzorii Hill 1942	<div><p>40. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus ruwenzorii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Rwenzori / German: Ruwenzori-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Rwenzori</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus ruwenzorii Hill, 1942,</p><p>“ south side of Butahu Valley, western slope of Mount Ruwenzori [DR Congo], altitude 7,500 feet [= 2286 m].”</p><p>Rhinolophus ruwenzorii is in the maclaudi species group. It has been considered a subspecies of R hilli, but morphometric data clearly demonstrate their distinction as separate species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Ruwenzori Mts (NE DR Congo and SW Uganda), Ituri Forest and Kivu (NE DR Congo), Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park (SW Uganda), and Mutura district (NW Rwanda).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-72 mm, tail 25-35 mm, ear 32-40 mm, hindfoot 11-7—14- 5 mm, forearm 55-61- 7 mm; weight 16-19- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is medium to dark smoky brown; venter is paler. There is no reported orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length (57-66% of forearm length), with eight internal folds and very large antitragus. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with bluntly pointed tip, and is taller than height of sella; connecting process is very reduced, low, and concave, leaving large depression between sella and lancet; sella is naked, upright, and about parallel to lancet, with concave sides and distinctly broadened and rounded spoon-shaped top; narial lobes at base of sella are very enlarged, nearly forming circular cup; nostrils are bordered by semicircular raised rims that are parallel to inner cup; and horseshoe is of medium width at 10-8—12- 6 mm, with lateral leaflets and conspicuous median emargination. Lower lip has conspicuous medial groove and two poorly developed lateral grooves that are occasionally lacking. Wings and uropatagium are dark gray. Skull is large but slender with weak zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is less than mastoid width); nasal swellings are high, with roughly circular chambers when viewed dorsally; frontal depression is very deep; sagittal crest is moderately developed anteriorly and poorly developed posteriorly, and interpterygoid groove is very deep. P2 is small and in tooth row or slightly displaced labially, separating C1 and P4; P3 is small and slightly to completely displaced labially; and distance between P2 and P4 is variable.</p><p>Habitat. Primarily submontane forests and marginally into lowland rainforests at elevations of 1066-2667 m. The Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat is typically found in regions with montane evergreen/bamboo forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Stomach samples of five Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bats contained large moths, including their chewed-up wings and legs suggesting they eat prey whole without taking off any body parts.</p><p>Breeding. Four female Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bats that had recently stopped lactating were captured in late March along with two large juveniles. This indicated that some births occurred in early to mid-February.</p><p>Activity patterns. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Day roosts are found in caves and abandoned mine shafts.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bats roost singly or in small groups of up to ten individuals. They have been recorded sharing day roosts with Long-haired Fruit Bats ( Stenonycteris lanosus), Geoffrey's Horseshoe Bats ( clivosus), and Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bats (Hipposideros caffer) or Noack’s Leafnosed Bats, (H. ruber).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN ed List. The Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat is threatened by habitat loss and degradation and possibly overharvesting for bushmeat.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Baeten et al. (1984), Csorba et al. (2003), Fahr (2008b, 2013h), Fahr et al. (2002), Hayman et al. (1966), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013), Smith &amp; Hood (1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0BFC39FA82D65B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0AF009F2FDD369.text	885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0AF009F2FDD369.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis Zhou 2009	<div><p>41. Chinese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Xi Nan Zhongguo I German: China-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura china</p><p>Other common names: South-western China Horseshoe Bat, Wedge-sella Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis Zhou Zhaomin et al, 2009,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.65/lat 24.366667)">Wumulong</a>, Yongde County, Yunnan Province, China 24°22’N, 99°39’ E 1980 m above sea level.”</p><p>Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis is the only representative of the xinanzhongguoensis species group. Noseleaf morphology aligns it with the landeri group, but its larger size and genetic evidence differentiate it as a distinct clade. Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis is nested in the Afro-Palearctic clade of species groups, including the ferrumequinum, fumigatus, maclaudi, euryale, capensis, and landeri groups. Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis seems to be sister to a clade including the maclaudi, and fumigatus groups, although exact phylogenetic relationship between these species groups is still uncertain. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from a few localities in Yunnan (Yongde) and Guizhou (Jinsha, Suiyang, and Guiyang) provinces in S China.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 59—70 mm, tail 30-39 mm, ear 21—22 mm, forearm 58-7-60- 4 mm; weight 20-26 g. Dorsal pelage is dull medium brown (hairs have light brown bases and medium brown tips); venter is paler brown (hairs have darker bases). There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are small (34-9—37-5% of forearm length) and semi-translucent brown. Noseleaf has hastate lancet that tapers with concave sides to pointed tip; connecting process is high and pointed, with anterior surface concave in profile and slightly convex posterior surface; sella is parallel-sided near base and slightly concave medially, gradually narrowing distally to wedge-shaped, rounded tip; and horseshoe is relatively narrow at 8-9-9- 5 mm wide, does not cover entire muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three medial grooves. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown. Baculum has large basal cone, subequal in height and width, and slightly compressed dorso-ventrally; basal cone is deeply notched in ventral and dorsal margins (less in dorsal margin); and shaft is straight and cylindrical toward rounded tip. Skull is moderately robust but slender, with zygomatic width slightly less than mastoid width; nasal swellings are high and conspicuous, rising slightly forward; sagittal crest is low but distinct; frontal depression is moderately deep but conspicuous; and supraorbital crests are poorly developed. P2 is small and displaced labially from tooth row; C1 and P4 are still separated; and P3 is very tiny and slightly displaced labially and separates P2 and P.</p><p>Habitat. Subtropical lower montane mixed forests with karst formations at elevations of 1500 - 1980 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. A female Chinese Horseshoe Bat with one embryo was captured in April.</p><p>Activity patterns. Chinese Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Holotype of the Chinese Horseshoe Bat was captured in a cave with c.100 other bats, most ofwhich seemed to be Intermediate Horseshoe Bats ( R affinis).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN ed List. The Chinese Horseshoe Bat is currently known from only eight specimens collected over 50 years from four spread-out localities. It is threatened by deforestation from logging and agriculture and cave tourism. Its distribution is highly fragmented with agricultural landscapes.</p><p>Bibliography. Benda &amp; Vallo (2012), Zhou Zhaomin &amp; Jiang Xuelong (2017), Zhou Zhaomin et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDA8A3CFF0AF009F2FDD369	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFDA8A3FF8B3F5D8FA0CD36F.text	885887A2FFDA8A3FF8B3F5D8FA0CD36F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth 1844	<div><p>42. Big-eared Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus macrotis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe a grandes oreilles / German: Grosohr-Hufeisennase t Spanish: Herradura de orejas grandes</p><p>Other common names: Great-eared Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844,</p><p>Nepal .</p><p>Rhinolophus macrotis is in the macrotis species group along with A osgoodi, R episcopus, R siamensis, R schnitzleri, R rex, and R marshalli . The macrotis group is included in the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus and is sister to a clade including the philippinensis and megaphyllus groups. Rhinolophus macrotis was considered to be paraphyletic with R siamensis, but following a recent in-depth phylogenetic study by Liu Tong and colleagues in 2019, taxa previously attributed to R macrotis and "hinolophus spi” are now assigned to the elevated A episcopus (including caldwelli as a subspecies) and R osgoodi, respectively. G. Csorba and P. J. J. Bates in 2016 described topalius as the replacement name for subspecies topati. The below four subspecies are still recognized as belonging to R macrotis sensu stricto pending further molecular biological analyses. However, in the light of the recent integrative studies of the macrotis complex, biogeographical considerations, and since they can be readily distinguished based on morphology, they almost definitely represent separate species.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R m. macrotis Blyth, 1844 - N India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), extreme N Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar.</p><p>R m. dohmi K. Andersen, 1907 - Malay Peninsula (including Tioman I) and N &amp; C Sumatra.</p><p>R m. hirsutusiL Andersen, 1905 - Philippines (Luzon, Samar, Guimaras, Negros, Palawan, and Mindanao Is).</p><p>R m. topalius Csorba &amp; Bates, 2016 - N Pakistan and possibly NW India.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-51 mm, tail 12-33 mm, ear 18-29 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm, forearm 40-50 mm; weight 4-4-9- 5 g. Subspecies are distinguishable by shape and relative size of different parts of nasal foliation and position and development of lower premolars. Dorsal pelage is generally light brown or pale brown (subspecies topalius); venter is paler buff. Only subspecies hirsutus has an orange morph. Ears are relatively large. Lancet is long, with convex or more or less straight lateral margins and rounded or a little pointed tip; connecting process is high and rounded, being almost parallel to sella at lower part; sella is long and upward pointed, broad, rounded, roughly tongue-shaped, and covered in long, dense hair on front (sides are sometimes convex); and horseshoe is broad at 6-8— 10 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets that are partly or fully concealed by horseshoe, and has small but distinct median emargination. Lower lip has three medial grooves. Skull has elongated facial features; zygomatic width is less than or rarely subequal to mastoid width; anterior median swellings are well inflated and elongated; posterior median swellings are short and small; sagittal crest is weak across skull; frontal depression is shallow or of medium development; and supraorbital crests are conspicuous, often with sharp ridges. P2 is small but in tooth row, not allowing C1 and P4 to touch; placement of P3 varies between subspecies, with all subspecies except topalius having larger P3 that is usually in tooth row or slighdy displaced labially, and topalius has dny P3 that extrudes labially; and P2 and P4 either touch or are separated.</p><p>Habitat. Generally subtropical or tropical moist forests, especially lowland tropical moist forests in Malay Peninsula, from sea level to elevations of c. 1692 m. Big-eared Horseshoe Bats have also been recorded in secondary forests. In the Philippines, they are found in primary and secondary lowland tropical moist forests from sea level to 620 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Big-eared Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous and flies rapidly and high to apparently catch small flies and beetles. It feeds on insects below the canopy in the Philippines.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant Big-eared Horseshoe Bats have been collected in February-March in Penang, Malaysia, and lactating females were captured in July in Nepal. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. Big-eared Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They roost in caves and abandoned mine shafts, particularly in limestone caves in Nepal and Myanmar. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, and mean F component has been recorded at 48 kHz in Malaysia, and 50 kHz and 55-1 kHz in the Philippines.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Big-eared Horseshoe Bats are known to share roosts with other species of Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Myotis, Eptesicus, and Miniopterus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Bigeared Horseshoe Bat does not seem to have any major threats throughout its distribution, but there is very little knowledge of its ecology and specific threats. It might be threatened locally by deforestation for timber and agricultural use or cave tourism.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Csorba &amp; Bates (1995, 2016a), Csorba et al. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Francis (2008a), Heaney, Baiete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Li Yuanyuan et al. (2014), LiuTong et al. (2019), Molur, Srinivasulu &amp; rancis (2008), Sedlock (2001), Sediock, Ingle &amp; Balete (2011), Sedlock, Jose et al. (2014), Shi Limin et al. (2009), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Sun Keping et al. (2008), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), WuYi eta/. (2008), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDA8A3FF8B3F5D8FA0CD36F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD98A3FF887FCC8F71ED6C6.text	885887A2FFD98A3FF887FCC8F71ED6C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus episcopus G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>44. Allen’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus episcopus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe episcopal / German: Allen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Allen</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus episcopus G. M. Allen, 1923,</p><p>“ Wanhsien, Szechwan Province, China.”</p><p>Rhinolophus episcopus is generally considered to be a subspecies of R macrotis', however, following recent genetic studies, the taxon has been validated at the species level, including caldwelli as a subspecies. R episcopus appears to be sister to R siamensis with R osgoodi being sister to this clade. Within R episcopus, there are three clades that represent three distinct subspecies. Beside the nominal subspecies, the name caldwelli is available for one of them, but there is a third undescribed subspecies as well. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R e. episcopus G. M. Allen, 1923 — C &amp; SE China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong).</p><p>R e. caldwelli G. M. Allen, 1923 - SE China (Fujian).</p><p>There is also an undescribed subspecies from S China (Yunnan) and NE Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 36-38 mm, tail 16—26 mm, ear 18- 5—28 mm, hindfoot 6-10- 5 mm, forearm 45-52 mm (subspecies episcopus), 43-45 mm (subspecies caldwelli), 40-46 (undescribed subspecies); weight 5-9- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is generally light brown; venter is paler buff. There is no known orange morph. Ears are large. Lancet is long, with convex or more or less straight lateral margins and rounded or a little pointed tip (width of tip differs between subspecies); connecting process is high and rounded, being almost parallel to sella at lower part; sella is long and upward pointed, broad, rounded, roughly tongue-shaped, and covered in long, dense hair on front (sides are sometimes convex); and horseshoe is broad at 6-8— 10 mm, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets that are partly or fully concealed by horseshoe, and has small but distinct median emargination. Lower lip has three medial grooves. Baculum has small, slightly dorso-ventrally compressed basal cone; dorsal and ventral emarginations on proximal margins are slight and wide; ventral depression extends on shaft as ventral flat surface to one-half the length; shaft is thicker in middle; slight dorsal bend occurs near basal cone; and tip is narrowly rounded off, laterally widened, and has longish dorsal knob. Skull has elongated facial features; zygomatic width is less than mastoid width; anterior median swellings are well inflated and elongated; posterior median swellings are short and small; sagittal crest is weak across skull; frontal depression is shallow or of medium development; and supraorbital crests are conspicuous, often with sharp ridges. P2 is small but in tooth row, not allowing C1 and P4 to touch; P3 is within tooth row or slightly displaced labially; P2 and P4 are separated.</p><p>Habitat. Caves and mines surrounded by primary forest, secondary growth, or agricultural fields. In north-eastern Vietnam, Alien’s Horseshoe Bats have been caught at elevations of 650-1950 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. In Yunnan, 96 fecal samples included primarily lepidopteran prey along with Hymenoptera and less frequently Goleoptera.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Allen’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Call shape is FM / CF / FM and F component has been recorded at 45-1-52-7 kHz (subspecies episcopus), 61 - 7 - 62-8 kHz (subspecies caldwelli), and 50-8—58-4 kHz (undescribed subspecies).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on IUCNed List. Allen’s Horseshoe Bat was only recently recognized as distinct from A macrotis and further studies into its ecology and threats are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba et al. (2003), Kruskop (2013a), LiuTong eta /. (2019), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD98A3FF887FCC8F71ED6C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD98A3FFF5AF5DDF5B2DB9A.text	885887A2FFD98A3FFF5AF5DDF5B2DB9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus osgoodi Sanborn 1939	<div><p>43. Osgood’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus osgoodi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe d'Osgood / German: Osgood-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Osgood</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus osgoodi Sanborn, 1939,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.25/lat 25.083334)">Nguluko</a> (25° 5’ N. Lat., 100° 15’ E. Long.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.25/lat 25.083334)">north of Likiang</a>, Yunnan, China. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus osgoodi was formerly in the pusillus group but is in the macrotis group here based on molecular studies and morphological similarities. Rhinolophus osgoodi is sometimes considered a subspecies of R lepidus, but they are morphologically distinct. Recent genetic studies have shown that a clade composed of a paraphyletic assemblage of A siamensis and R macrotis actually represents three distinct species, R osgoodi (specimens originally identified as “ Rhinolophus spi ”), R episcopus, and R siamensis . Until then, R osgoodi was only known from specimens from the type locality. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan) and N Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 15-22 mm, ear 10-14 mm, hindfoot 7-9- 5 mm, forearm 40- 45 mm; weight 5-6 g. Dorsal pelage is pale brown (hairs have gray bases); venter is paler and grayer. Ears are medium to large in size. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Noseleaf has relatively short, almost straight-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is high, but more or less pointed; sella is relatively broad, with parallel sides and widely rounded tip; and horseshoe is wide (c.6- 4 mm), covers entire muzzle, has very shallow median emargination, and lacks lateral leaflets. Skull is moderately robust; zygomatic width is smaller than mastoid width; anterior median swellings and posterior compartments are moderately developed; rostral profile is sloped backward; sagittal crest is weakly developed; and frontal depression is shallow and bordered by sharp, well-defined supraorbital ridges. P2 is of medium size and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is small and completely or partially displaced labially; and P 2 and P4 are very close to one another but do not touch.</p><p>Habitat. Caves surrounded by secondary growth or agricultural fields.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Osgood’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with F component at 85—94 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on 77 ie IUCN Red List. Osgood’s Horseshoe Bat was previous known only from Yunnan, but recent genetic analysis has shown that the species is much more widespread than previously thought. However, additional research is needed regarding ecology, distribution, and threats of this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba et al. (2003), LiuTong et al. (2019), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Smith, Johnston, Jones &amp; Rossiter (2008 a), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD98A3FFF5AF5DDF5B2DB9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD98A3EF89CEFB2FE0DD1D4.text	885887A2FFD98A3EF89CEFB2FE0DD1D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus siamensis Gyldenstolpe 1917	<div><p>45. Thai Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus siamensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe siamois / German: Thai-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura siamesa</p><p>Other common names: Siamese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus macrotis siamensis Gyldenstolpe, 1917,</p><p>“ Doi Par Sakeng, Northwestern Siam [= Thailand]. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus siamensis is in the macrotis species group and is genetically sister to R episcopus, which was recently validated as a distinct species from R macrotis . Rhinolophus siamensis generally has been included as a subspecies of R macrotis, but is now regarded as a separate species based on broad sympatry and lack of hybridization. Recently described. huananus is now considered a synonym of AE siamensis based on genetic data and apparent lack of reliable differentiating morphological traits. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, and Guangdong), N Thailand, N &amp; C Laos, and N &amp; C Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 33- 5— 40 mm, tail 13-22 mm, ear 19-22- 6 mm, hindfoot 8-9 mm, forearm 36-41 mm; weight 4-5—6- 4 g. The Thai Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (AE macrotis) but distinguished by its much higher frequency calls and smaller size. Dorsal pelage is pale brown; venter is paler buff. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are proportionally long. Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with narrow, rounded tip and convex sides; connecting process is rounded with straight anterior edge when viewed laterally; sella is hairy, broad, rounded at tip, long, and upward facing; and horseshoe is broad at 6-7-8- 3 mm, completely covers muzzle, has moderately developed lateral leaflets concealed by horseshoe, and has small but distinct median emargination. Lower lip has three medial grooves. Skull is similar to the Big-eared Horseshoe Bat. P2 is in tooth row and relatively large, separating C1 and P4, and P3 is small and labially displaced from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. Apparently tropical and subtropical moist forests in lowland or middle elevation habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Thai Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They are known to roost in caves. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component recordeed at 66-71 -8 kHz in China and 68—74 kHz in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are currently no known threats to the Thai Horseshoe Bat, although little is known about its ecology and natural history. Additional research is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2008a), Csorba eta/. (2003), Francis (2008a), Liu Tong eta/. (2019), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), WuYi et al. (2008), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD98A3EF89CEFB2FE0DD1D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64.text	885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>47. King Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus rex</p><p>French: Rhinolophe roi I German: Königshufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura real</p><p>Other common names: Bourret's Horseshoe Bat (paradoxolophus)</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus rexG. M. Allen, 1923,</p><p>“ Wanhsien, Szechwan Province, China.”</p><p>Rhinolophus rex is in the macrotis species group and sister to the clade that includes the. macrotis complex and. siamensis . Rhinolophus paradoxolophus was generally recognized as a species distinct from. rex, but the two taxa are now considered a single species based on genetic data. Nevertheless, they are distinguishable based on size and call frequency, despitnot forming fully monophyletic groups. Additional morphometric studies are needed across the entire distributions of both taxa to clarify their taxonomic relationships. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>. r. rex G. M. Allen, 1923 - S &amp; SE China (Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, and Guangdong).</p><p>. r. paradoxolophus Bourret, 1951 — SE China (E Guangxi and probably E Yunnan), E Myanmar, N Thailand, N &amp; C Laos, and N &amp; C Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-50 mm, tail 19- 6-38 mm, ear 26-39 mm, hindfoot 7-3—10- 1 mm, forearm 53-63 mm; weight 8-15 g. “Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat” (. r. paradoxolophus) is primarily distinguished by its smaller skull and forearm size. Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon-buff or dark brown; venter is generally paler and more grayish. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are extremely large, with well-developed antitragus. Noseleaf has very short subtriangular lancet, with broadly rounded tip, nearly concealed by fur; connecting process is low, convex, and slopes from base of lancet to sella; sella is very long, wide, and tongue-shaped, its tip is broadly blunt and narrowest at base, and there is longitudinal median depression extending almost to top of sella; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe and covers nostrils; and horseshoe is very wide at 9-12- 5 mm, covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and very deep median emargination. There are three medial grooves on lower lip. Skull is large, elongated, and narrow (zygomatic width is considerably smaller than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are prominent and elliptical, protruding anteriorly beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongated; sagittal crest is very low; frontal depression is clearly well developed; and supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small and completely in tooth row, separating C 1 and P4; P3 is minute to small and in tooth row, varyingly separating or allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Mainly primary tropical lowland forests and often associated with limestone formations at elevations of 370-1329 m. King Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer moist forests, but individuals in Thailand were found in dry pine forests with Pinus merkusii (Pinaceae) and Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), and they were collected in limestone caves surrounded by secondary pine forest and sesame cultivar at 1320 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The King Horseshoe Bat apparently hunts flying insects around trees and bushes.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant King Horseshoe Bats were captured in April, and lactating females were captured in May-July in Vietnam. Litter size is one.</p><p>Activity patterns. King Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, forage throughout the night, and roost during the day. Individuals have been found in torpor during the day. They hibernate in winter in at least south-central China, although probably not in the southern part of the distribution. King Horseshoe Bats roost mainly in caves (particularly limestone caves) but probably also in buildings. Call shape is FM /CF/ FM, and peak call frequencies have been recorded at 22-25 kHz in Laos, 27-5-29-5 kHz in Vietnam, and 26-8 kHz in Guizhou, China. Call duration has been recorded at 60-5 milliseconds and 67-5 milliseconds in Vietnam.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat has been assessed separately and is also classified as Least Concern. The King Horseshoe Bat is considered widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution. Records continue to expand its distribution. It seems to cope well in secondary habitats and agricultural settings but might be threatened by pesticide use and cave tourism. General deforestation also seems to be a major threat because it forages heavily in forest habitats.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008 a), Csorba et al. (2003), Eger &amp; Fenton (2003), Francis (2008 a), urey, Mackie &amp; Racey (2009), Mao Xiuguang et al. (2007), Oo Sai-Sein-Lin et al. (2017), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Smith, Johnston, Jones &amp; Rossiter (2008b), Sun Keping et al. (2008), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), Wu Hui et al. (2015), WuYi &amp;Thong Vu Dinh (2011), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zhao Huihua, Zhang Shuyi, Zhou Jiang &amp; Liu Zimin (2002), Zhao Huihua, Zhang Shuyi, Zuo Mingxue &amp; Zhou Jiang (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD88A3EFF1BF687F405DBD8.text	885887A2FFD88A3EFF1BF687F405DBD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus schnitzleri Wu Yi & Thong 2011	<div><p>46. Schnitzler’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus schnitzleri</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Schnitzler / German: Schnitzler-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Schnitzler</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus schnitzleri Wu Yi &amp; Thong, 2011,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.23333/lat 25.033333)">Xiao-dong Cave, Gengjiaying Commune, Yi-liang County, Kunming City</a>, Yunnan province, China, 25°02’N, 103°14’E, 1550 meters above sea level (m a. s.l.).”</p><p>Rhinolophus schnitzleri is in the macrotis species group and seems to be closely related to. rex . Because distribution and almost all external and craniodental characteristics of. schnitzleri are intermediate between. rex and. paradoxolophus (recently regarded as conspecific with. rex), the separate specific status of. schnitzleri is highly questionable. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality in E Yunnan, SE China.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 25-4-26- 9 mm, ear 30-1-32- 6 mm, hindfoot 9-9-10- 4 mm, forearm 54-3—57- 7 mm. Dorsal pelage is light brown; venter is more chestnut, with gray undertones. There is no known orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are very large. Noseleaf has very short subtriangular lancet, with broadly rounded tip, being nearly concealed by fur; connecting process is low and convex and slopes from base of lancet to sella; sella is very long, wide, and tongue-shaped, its tip is broadly blunt, it is narrowest at base, and there is longitudinal median depression extending almost to top of sella; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe and covers nostrils; and horseshoe is very wide, covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and very deep median emargination. There are three medial grooves on lower lip. Wings and uropatagium are uniformly brown. Baculum is large, with deep hollow in base and slighdy expanded margins; proximal margin of base is almost horizontal in lateral view; dorsal and ventral notches on proximal margins are relatively wide and equal in depth; dorsal knob is indistinct; shaft is cylindrically swollen and bends slightly dorsally; and tip is tapered uniformly and expanded, having an oval structure with median depression that slopes backward. Skull is large, with thin zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is much narrower than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are well developed; lateral swellings are narrow, elongated, and less prominent; posterior median swellings are less developed; sagittal crest is very low; and supraorbital ridges are very prominent. P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4, and P3 is tiny and in tooth row, separating P2 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Collected only by cultivated areas at an elevation of 1550 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Schnitzler’s Horseshoe Bats are thought to roost in caves. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, and peak call frequencies have been reported at 23-9 kHz and 24-1 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNed List. Schnitzler’s Horseshoe Bat is currently only known from the holotype collected in 2008 and two specimens collected around the type locality in 2014. This locality was surrounded by cultivated land, indicating that Schnitzler’s Horseshoe Bat might be affected by agricultural practices and habitat loss. Additional research on its ecology, distribution, and threats is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. WuYi &amp; ThongVu Dinh (2011),Yu Wenhua et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD88A3EFF1BF687F405DBD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD78A31FF57FE9AF6E0DFB1.text	885887A2FFD78A31FF57FE9AF6E0DFB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya 1973	<div><p>48. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus marshalli</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Marshall / German: Marshall-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Marshall</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.916667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.166664/lat 12.916667)">foothills of Khao Soi Dao Tai, Amphoe Pong Nam Ron, Chanthaburi</a>, about lat. 12 ° 55 ’ N., long. 102 ° 10 ’E., ” Thailand .</p><p>Rhinolophus marshalli is the most basal member of the macrotis species group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE China (S Yunnan and S Guangxi), E Myanmar, N, C &amp; extreme S Thailand, N Laos, N Vietnam, and N Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-49 mm, tail 16-26 mm, ear 25-30 mm, hindfoot 7-3-8- 1 mm, forearm 38- 9-48 mm; weight 5-8 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, occasionally with reddish tinge; venter is smoky gray or light yellowish brown. No orange morph is known. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are enormous, with pronounced antitragus. Noseleaf has very short, fleshy lancet, with broadly rounded tip; connecting process is low, rounded, andjoins lancet at base; sella is large, broad, and barely higher than wide, with semicircular upper margin; internarial region is largely expanded laterally, with wing-like structures on edges that are integral with base of sella; and horseshoe is broad at 7-5-9- 2 mm, covers most of upper lip, extends laterally few millimeters beyond muzzle, lacks lateral leaflets, and has deep, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three medial grooves. Baculum is prominently bent upward, with small basal cone and deep notches; relatively wide ventral notch is deeper than dorsal notch; dorsal knob is low, and ventral depression is small in extension; tip is narrowly rounded with lateral widening and longish dorsal knob. Skull is slender, with long rostrum (zygomatic width is less than mastoid width); median swellings are conspicuously inflated; posterior compartments are underdeveloped and rudimentary; sagittal crest is very low across skull; frontal depression is moderately deep; and supraorbital crests are strong, with sharp ridges. P2 is small to medium in size and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4, and P3 is small and either in tooth row or halfway displaced labially, separating P 2 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Various forest habitats, including dry deciduous forests, bamboo forests, and lowland moist forests, from sea level to elevations of c. 800 m. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bats tolerate very disturbed habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Births of Marshall’s Horseshoe Bats occur from late April until early May. Litter size is one. Postnatal growth occurs fast, with mean growth rates of 0-17 g /day until 13 days of age, decreasing gradually until adult size is reached at c.40 days old.</p><p>Activity patterns. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal. It roosts primarily in limestone caves but also in rock crevices. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with peak call frequencies of 43-44-5 kHz in Guangxi, 41-8—42-3 kHz in Yunnan, China, and 44 kHz in Vietnam.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat is considerably uncommon but widespread and resilient in disturbed habitats. Nevertheless, it might be threatened by habitat destruction and roost disturbance from cave tourism.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Francis &amp; Csorba (2008a), Csorba eta/. (2003), Francis (2008a), Jin Longru, Bo Luo et al. (2012), Liu Ying, Jiang Tinglei et al. (2009), Thonglongya (1973), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), Wu Hui, Yang Qisen et al. (2015), WuYi et al. (2004), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009), Zhang Libiao, Long Yongcheng et al. (2005), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD78A31FF57FE9AF6E0DFB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD58A33FF61FEC7FE19D52E.text	885887A2FFD58A33FF61FEC7FE19D52E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus montanus Goodwin 1979	<div><p>49. Timorese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus montanus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe deTimor / German: Timor-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Timor</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus philippinensis montanus R. E. Goodwin, 1979,</p><p>“ Quoto Lou Caves near the village of Lequi-Mia, 5 miles (8 km.) south of Ermera, Timor, at an altitude of approximately 1220 m.”</p><p>Included in the philippinensis species group and formerly treated as a subspecies of R philippinensis, but is now considered to represent a distinct species, on morphological grounds. In addition, the two species probably occur sympatrically on Timor, and are also distinguishable based on call frequencies. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from four localities on E Timor I (Quoto Lou Caves, Laleia River, Ira Siquero River, and near Betano); three recent records are based only on echolocation recordings.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 49—50 mm, tail 25-31 mm, ear 25—27 mm, forearm 43- 5-46 mm. Pelage is grizzled and woolly, being fuscous dorsally, shading to dark brown in neck regions (hairs dark brown throughout, some hairs being pale) and paler ventrally (hairs with pale tips). Ears are enormous. Noseleaf has hastate lancet; connecting process is relatively high and rounded; sella is very broad basally and continuous with sides of intemarial cup, tapering gradually up to truncate tip. Horseshoe is wide, covers muzzle, and has deep median emargination and relatively well-developed lateral leaflets. Skull is delicately built (zygomatic width much smaller than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are conspicuously inflated; lateral compartments are moderately developed, whereas posterior compartments are small; sagittal crest is weak; frontal depression is shallow, and supraorbital ridges are underdeveloped. P2 is elongated anteroposteriorly and sits within tooth row and only touches cingulum of C1, separating P4 and C 1; P3 is slightly displaced labially and separates P2 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Dense evergreen riparian forest (from call recordings) and tropical moist forests in lowlands and along mountain slopes at elevations of 45-1220 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Timorese Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places such as man-made and natural humid caves during the day. Call shape is FM/CF/ FM with a peak F recorded at 37 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Timorese Horseshoe Bat seems to roost in small groups of perhaps 6-7 individuals. Individuals are well-spaced during roosting rather than clustered, apparently being much less gregarious than other horseshoe bats. The species has been recorded roosting with Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat (AE creaghî), the Large Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus magnater), and the Small Longfingered Bat (M. pusiUus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Timorese Horseshoe Bat is known only from a few specimens and call recordings across its small distribution. Much of the island of Timor has been deforested and turned into agricultural fields, probably threatening this species through habitat destruction and fragmentation. Increased cave visitations may also be affecting this species negatively through roost disturbance. As with others in philippinensis group, this species probably has a low population density and is naturally rare throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Csorba (2016), Armstrong &amp; Konishi (2012), Csorba (2002), Csorba et al. (2003), Goodwin (1979).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD58A33FF61FEC7FE19D52E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD58A33FF63F31AF6DED7F2.text	885887A2FFD58A33FF63F31AF6DED7F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse 1843	<div><p>50. Large-eared Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus philippinensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe des Philippines I German: Philippinen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de ilipinas</p><p>Other common names: Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat; Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large morph), Lesser Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (small morph)</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843,</p><p>Luzon, Philippines .</p><p>Included in the philippinensis species group along with R montanus and R achilles, both of which have generally been regarded as subspecies of R philippinensis . The philippinensis group may be best included within the megaphyllus species group, based on genetic data which show that if not, the megaphyllus group is paraphyletic with respect to R philippinensis .</p><p>This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion, as populations from Australia (both small and large forms discussed under R achiUes) are closely related to R megaphyllus, while the Sabah (and probably also the Sarawak) and New Guinea populations form their own clades. Populations in the Philippines and Lesser Sundas have not been genetically tested and neither has R montanus, so at present it is impossible to make firm taxonomic conclusions. The Sabah and New Guinea populations are included here but Australian and Kai Island populations are recognized as a distinct species, based on genetic and morphological data (see R achiUes). Proposed races alleni and sanbomi are considered synonyms of mams, based on morphological similarities. Throughout the distribution of R philippinensis, there are large and small forms, and even within populations there can be several size morphs, such as three in Sabah and Sulawesi (large, intermediate, and small). The three morphs in Sulawesi cluster together genetically in an mtDNA study presented by T. Kingston and S. J. Rossiter in 2004, despite having distinct call frequencies and markedly different forearm lengths. In the same study, Buton Island (offsouth-east Sulawesi) specimens clustered separately from Australian R achiUes, although the authors only included specimens from these two populations. Continued research is desperately needed within the species complex. Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R p. philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 - Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Samar, Negros, Bohol, Siquijor, and Mindanao Is).</p><p>R p. maros Tate &amp; Archbold, 1939 - N Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak), SW Sulawesi, Kabaena, Buton, Flores, and E Timor Is, and C Papua New Guinea ( Mt Karimui and Waro).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 56-61 mm, tail 29—37 mm, ear 30-38 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm, forearm 47-58 mm; weight 6-7- 12 g. The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat has distinct size morphs throughout much of its distribution. In one study, three size morphs were found in sympatry on Buton Island, off Sulawesi, average forearm lengths being large (56- 1 mm), intermediate (50- 6 mm), and small (47 mm). Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon buff or dark brown, while ventral pelage is paler and more grayish; there is no orange morph. Ears are enormous and antitragus is well developed and marked off by deep notch. Noseleaf has prominent lancet with a rounded tip connecting process is low, has convex outline, and joins lancet near base; sella is very large, long, and tongue-shaped, being narrowest at base with longitudinal median depression extending nearly to top; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe’s width; horseshoe is exceptionally broad, covers and extends well past muzzle, has deep median emargination, and lateral leaflets. Skull is narrow and long (zygomatic width is much less than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are conspicuous and elliptical and protrude anteriorly well beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongate; sagittal crest is very low to low; frontal depression is deep or moderately deep; supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small but within tooth row completely, separating C 1 and P4; tiny to small P3 is also within tooth row separating P2 and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane rainforest, riparian forest, open forest, and woodland, as well as disturbed forest in Sulawesi and Flores. Large-eared Horseshoe Bats are typically found near caves or other roosting sites but have been recorded in forest where no caves are known to exist. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1500 m, typically occurring at higher densities at lower elevations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous, foraging among dense vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. Litter size is a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, roosting during the day in warm, humid small caves and abandoned mine shafts; also large, deep caves in the Philippines. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 31-32 kHz on Bohol Island, Philippines, 36-6 kHz in Sabah, Borneo, 27 kHz in East Timor, 27-2 kHz (large morph), 39 kHz (intermediate morph) and 53-6 kHz (small morph) on Buton Island, Indonesia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large-eared Horseshoe Bats appear to roost in relatively small numbers. When roosting, individuals hang separately rather than in a cluster.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Although widespread, the Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is not particularly common throughout its range. It may be threatened by general habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as roost disturbance.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Konishi (2012), Bonaccorso (1998), Cooper eta/. (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), Duya et al. (2007), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Heaney et al. (2016), Kingston &amp; Rossiter (2004), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD58A33FF63F31AF6DED7F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6.text	885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus achilles Thomas 1900	<div><p>51. Queensland Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus achilles</p><p>French: Rhinolophe achilie / German: Queensland-Hufeisennase /Spanish: Herradura de Queensland</p><p>Other common names: Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large form). Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (small form)</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus achilles Thomas, 1900,</p><p>Kai Islands, Indonesia .</p><p>Included in the philippinensis species group and previously treated as a subspecies of R. philippinensis . There is considerable confusion as to which populations belong to which taxon within this clade, as not all populations attributed to R philippinensis (sensu lato) have been genetically tested.</p><p>The name mbertsi has been used for this species in recent publications, but these papers were referring only to populations in Queensland, and it is treated here as a synonym. Based on morphology, the populations on the Kai Islands and Queensland belong to the same species, for which the name achiUes has nomenclatural priority. Two variations are currently recognized within Australian R achiUes, a large form (“true” R achiUes) and a small form (a possibly undescribed species termed the “Intermediate Horseshoe Bat ”); these differ in size and echolocation peak frequency, and their taxonomy is unclear. They are genetically very similar, and based on an mtDNA study in 2004 they form a monophyletic cluster that is sister to the Sulawesian samples. There are theories that the smaller form may be a hybrid R achiUes x R megaphyllus or an ecological adaptation to eating different prey rather than a distinct species. R achiUes is here recognized as a full species separate from R philippinensis, following taxonomic authorities within Australia (although they refer to these populations as R mbertsi) and based on the genetic distance between this species and other members of the philippinensis group, but further taxonomic work is required on all populations and forms within the philippinensis group. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Kai Is and N Australia (Cape York Peninsula, NE Queensland); large form (true Ä achiUes) from Iron Range S to Townsville and W to Chillagoe, Queensland, and Kai Is; small form (“Intermediate Horseshoe Bat”) from Iron Range and Mcllwraith Range N of Coen in Queensland.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-59 mm, tail 25-34- 4 mm, ear 25-3-27- 3 mm, forearm 50-53- 5 mm, weight 8-3-9- 9 g for the small form; head-body 54-60 mm, tail 31- 34- 3 mm, ear 29-33- 3 mm, forearm 52-59 mm, weight 10-1-16- 2 g for the large form. The Queensland Horseshoe Bat has two major size morphs that are separable, based mostly on size (see measurements above) but also by their noseleaves, small form having narrower sella (less than two-thirds of horseshoe width) than large form (greater than two-thirds of horseshoe width). There is also a cline from north to south with smaller animals in south. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown peppered with white hairs (giving a somewhat grizzled appearance), while ventral pelage is paler and more grayish. Noseleaf, anus, and penis or pubic teats are usually gray (small form) or bright yellow or gray (large form). There is no orange morph. Ears are enormous and antitragus is well developed and marked off by deep notch. Noseleaf has prominent lancet with broadly rounded tip; connecting process is low, has convex outline, andjoins lancet near base; sella is very large, long, and tongue-shaped, being narrowest at base with longitudinal median depression extending nearly to top; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe width, although this varies between the two forms; horseshoe is exceptionally broad, covers and extends well past muzzle, has deep median emargination, and lateral leaflets. Skull is narrow and long (zygomatic width is much less than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are conspicuous and elliptical and protrude anteriorly well beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongate; sagittal crest is very low to low; frontal depression is deep or moderately deep; supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small but within tooth row completely, separating C 1 and P4; tiny to small Ps is also within tooth row separating P, and P4.</p><p>Habitat. Queensland Horseshoe Bats forage in a variety offorested habitats, including rainforest, gallery forest, paperbark forests, and tropical eucalypt woodlands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Queensland Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous, generally foraging below the canopy around cluttered, dense vegetation. They forage by aerial-hawking, perch-hunting, and to a lesser extent ground and vegetation gleaning; they are slow, fluttery fliers when foraging. Fecal pellets collected in late November from pregnant females contained primarily moths (mostly non-eared moth families that cannot hear their echolocation calls; Anthelidae, Lasiocampidae, and Cossidae) and beetles, although some grasshoppers, crickets, and lacewings were evident as well. They may perch to consume prey, discarding the wings of moths before consuming them.</p><p>Breeding. In Queensland heavily pregnant females have been captured in late October at Mount Molloy, in October in the Mcllwraith Range, and late November in the Iron Range. Litter size is one young; births seem to occur in October and November, indicating that these bats undergo restricted seasonal monoestry.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Queensland Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, leaving the roost at dusk to forage through the night and coming back at dawn to roost all day. It may be able to enter a torpid state during the day, but does not hibernate. The species has been recorded roosting in humid, warm caves, abandoned mines, and road culverts, occasionally in hollows at the bases oflarge trees. Call shape is FM/CF/FM and peak F has been recorded at 28-34 kHz (large form) and 40 kHz (small form) in Queensland.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Queensland Horseshoe Bat is generally less gregarious than other rhinolophids, roosting spread out within the roost rather than in a cluster. Not many individuals will share the same roost, with up to 18 recorded from a large cave that also included several thousand Australian Long-fingered Bats (Minipterus orianae) and several hundred Eastern Horseshoe Bats ( R. megaphyllus). However, the normal number of individuals found sharing a cave is usually under ten. Females form small maternity colonies when giving birth and rearing young; these are at relatively low densities. Maternity roosts may be shared with Eastern Horseshoe Bats.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List due to recent elevation to species level. The Queensland Horseshoe Bat seems to have relatively low population densities and is rather rare throughout its range. In Australia, habitat destruction caused by deforestation and mining are major threats to the species, since it relies so heavily on forested habitats for foraging. Stress caused by roost disturbance through ecotourism is also a particularly major threat to this species, as well as the collapse, reopening, and destruction of abandoned mine shafts. Due to its limited distribution and the threats, the species would probably be considered Vulnerable or Endangered on The IUCNed List, and various agencies have discussed the protection of this species in Australia; it is listed as Vulnerable by the EPBC Act. Further research into threats is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Churchill (2008), Cooper eta/. (1998), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Kingston &amp; Rossiter (2004), Kutt (2004), Pavey (1999), Pavey &amp; Kutt (2008), Reardon et al. (2010), Thomson et al. (2001), TSSC (2016), Vestjens &amp; Hall SÄ'.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD48A35F8B7FBE7F962D7FC.text	885887A2FFD48A35F8B7FBE7F962D7FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus megaphyllus J. E. Gray 1834	<div><p>52. Eastern Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus megaphyllus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe à grande feuille / German: Östliche Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de hoja grande</p><p>Other common names: Smaller Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834,</p><p>“ Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia], in cavemis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee, New South Wales]. ”</p><p>Included in the megaphyUus species group, along with R keyensis, R virgo, R madurensis, R celebensis, R mbinsoni R chaseni R nereis, R bomeensis, R malayanus, and R acuminatus, although the taxonomy of this species group and other Oriental species groups is still in need of clarification. The megaphyllus group is placed in a broader clade including the Australo-Oriental lineage of Rhinolophus . The philippinensis group may also be best included within the megaphyUus group, as otherwise the megaphyUus group is paraphyletic with respect to. philippinensis . Another taxonomic solution would be to split the megaphyllus group into several smaller species groups, although this requires more complete taxon sampling. Queensland populations of R megaphyUus seem to be closer to R achilles (previously included in R philippinensis) than to Victorian and New Guinean R megaphyllus . Thus, R megaphyllus most likely represents a species complex of at least two species, but further morphological and genetic testing is needed. Some authors have treated the Asiatic R robinsoni and R keyensis as subspecies of R megaphyllus, but they are generally recognized as distinct species, based on morphological and genetic differences. Specimens from southern Vietnam tentatively identified as R megaphyllus by G. Csorba and colleagues in 2003 probably represent R chaseni The subspecies currently recognized herein may turn out to be distinct species, based on genetic and morphological variation. Five subspecies are currently recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R m. megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834 - SE Australia (E New South Wales and E Victoria).</p><p>R m. fallax K. Andersen, 1906 - W to SE New Guinea and D’Entrecasteaux Is (Goodenough).</p><p>R m. igniferG. M. Allen, 1933 - NE Australia (E Queensland and Prince ofWales and Fraser Is).</p><p>R m. monachus K. Andersen, 1905 - Louisiade Archipelago (Woodlark and Misima).</p><p>R m. vandeuseni Koopman, 1982 - Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland, Lihir, and New Britain).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-58 mm, tail 24- 6-28 mm, ear 17-21 mm, forearm 44—52 mm, weight 7-14 g for Australia; head-body 42-7-49- 8 mm, tail 18-21- 6 mm, ear 16-8-19- 5 mm, hindfoot 12- 1 mm, forearm 41-7-48- 7 mm, weight 6- 5-12 g for Melanesia. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is morphologically variable. Dorsal pelage is either grayish brown to dark grayish brown (gray morph) or bright rufous (orange morph; can be found roosting with gray individuals in Queensland), while ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are of medium length. Noseleaf has long lancet with straight or slightly concave sides, and pointed to more or less blunt tip; connecting process is high (higher than sella tip), rounded, and hairy; sella varies between subspecies, being wide and abruptly constricted in middle with upper margin slightly convex in megaphyllus and fallax, but narrower, less constricted in middle, and not broader at base than at top in monachus, horseshoe is wide, at 8-3—9- 2 mm, nearly covers muzzle, has small but noticeable median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are mostly covered by horseshoe. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is moderate in length (c. 2-7 mm long) and has long, thin shaft with wide bifurcated base; in lateral view near base, there is small lobe followed by sharp downward curve before straightening out toward rest of thick base; tip is very slightly wider and rounded. Skull is of medium build (zygomatic width is slightly larger than or subequal to mastoid width); anterior nasal swellings are moderately developed and semicircular in outline; lateral compartment is conspicuously inflated and larger than anterior compartment; sagittal crest is low; frontal depression is longer than wide and clearly defined; supraorbital crestsjoin sagittal crest at more or less behind mid-orbit; rostrum is elongated. P2 is small with well-developed cusp and is within tooth row or slightly displaced labially, separating C 1 and P4 widely; P3 is variably in tooth row, partially displaced, or fully displaced labially, depending on subspecies.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and temperate rainforest, deciduous vine forest, dry or wet sclerophyll forest, and open woodland, as well as coastal scrub and grassland habitats; most active in mature primary forests. Eastern Horseshoe Bats prefer to forage around dense vegetation near waterways, while avoiding more open environments. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1600 m, but acoustically detected at 250-2350 m on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Eastern Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage primarily by fly-catching and perch-hunting, as well occasionally as vegetation and ground gleaning. They specialize in foraging in cluttered environments, like many other rhinolophids; they are highly maneuverable and can even hover for a few seconds. Their primary prey is non-eared moths, but they also feed opportunistically on beedes, flies, crickets, true bugs, cockroaches, and wasps. Once prey is captured, it is usually taken to a temporary night roost to be consumed, leaving the ground below it littered with wings and legs that the bats have discarded. These bats are also known to feed on particular insects within their caves, specifically Speiredonia spectans and S. mutabilis (Erebidae), which are species of eared moth found cohabitating with this species in caves year-round; the moths are able to detect the calls of this species and sometimes avoid predation mid-flight. These moths are used most as a food source during hibernation in the southern portion of the range, when there are no insects active outside the cave.</p><p>Breeding. Eastern Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry. Spermatogenesis occurs in February and sperm is available in March. Copulation, ovulation, and fertilization occur in lateJune, which is when spermatogenesis halts; males store sperm in the epididymis for at least another four months. Unlike many horseshoe bats in more temperate regions, female Eastern Horseshoe Bats do not seem to store sperm, and males do not produce a vaginal plug. Gestation lasts 4-4-5 months, depending on how much the mother goes into a torpid state during pregnancy. A single young is bom around November and clings to the mother during infancy, becoming independent and beginning to forage on its own, before it reaches adult size. Young are weaned at c.8 weeks after reaching adult size after 5-6 weeks. Males reach sexual maturity after 18 months, whereas females take 36 months. Maximum longevity has been recorded at seven years, although this species may live longer, as in other rhinolophids, due to its restricted breeding rate as a result of seasonal monoestry and only having a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, feeding throughout the night and reentering the cave at dawn, to roost throughout the day. It can enter torpor during the day and in the southern portion of its distribution, it can hibernate during cold winters, becoming increasingly torpid from April toJune and decreasingly torpid from June to September. Day roosts are typically found in warm, humid large caves and abandoned mine shafts, and other man-made subterranean places. The species will also inhabit rock piles, buildings, tree hollows, old railway tunnels, tree roots in creek banks, stormwater drains, and culverts, generally finding roosts with restricted entrances and narrow vertical drops; it roosts in the dark portions of the caves rather than near the opening. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of c.68 kHz on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea and 67-71 kHz in north-east Queensland, Australia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Eastern Horseshoe Bats are highly gregarious and can be found in colonies of up to thousands of individuals, although most colonies number only 5-50. Adult males have high roost-site fidelity and are more sedentary than adult females, which will fly up to 20 km to reach a maternity roost in September or October each year. Females create very large maternity colonies when giving birth and raising their young, the largest recorded colony consisting of over 10,000 individuals in a sandstone cave near Sydney. Females return to their nonmatemity caves in March or April, forming mixed-sex colonies that persist through the winter months where they hibernate in the southern portion of their distribution. The species is often found roosting with other species of Rhinolophus and Miniopterus in both Australia and New Guinea.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat has a relatively wide distribution and is rather common. However, it is sensitive to roost disturbance, especially during their breeding season. Habitat destruction also seems to be a major threat, as local populations generally decline after major alterations and clearance of vegetation near roosting sites. The species seems to be less common in the southern portion of its range. Destruction or gating of abandoned mine shafts are also threats to this species.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017g), Balcombe &amp; enton (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Cooper eta/. (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), enton (1982b), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Fullard et al. (2008), Hall et al. (1975), Jones &amp; Corben (1993), Kerle (1979), Kitchener, Schmitt et al. (1995), Krutzsch et al. (1992), Pavey (1998), Pavey &amp; Burwell (1998a, 1998 b, 2004), Pavey &amp; Young (2008), Richards (1989), Robson et al. (2012), Slade &amp; Law (2007), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Vestjens &amp; Hall (1977), Young (1975, 2001), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD48A35F8B7FBE7F962D7FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD38A35FF57F0AEF592D376.text	885887A2FFD38A35FF57F0AEF592D376.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus keyensis Peters 1871	<div><p>53. Insular Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus keyensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe insulaire / German: Kei-lnseln-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura insular</p><p>Other common names: Kai Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus keyensis Peters, 1871,</p><p>“ Key-Inseln [= Kai Islands], ” Indonesia .</p><p>Included in the megaphyllus species group. Previously considered a subspecies of R megaphyllus, but now recognized as a distinct species based on morphological and genetic data. R keyensis has been known by the name simplex, but keyensis is the oldest available name. Four subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R k. keyensis Peters, 1871 - Moluccas Is (Bacan, Ambon), Gorong Archipelago, and Kai Is.</p><p>R k. amiri Kitchener, 1995 — E Lesser Sunda Is (Savu, Semau, and Roti).</p><p>R k. parvus R. E. Goodwin, 1979 - E Lesser Sunda Is (Timor).</p><p>R k. simplex K.Andersen, 1905 - Lesser Sunda Is (Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok, Sumbawa, Moyo, Sangeang, Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Lembata, Alor, Wetar, and Sumba).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 35-4—46- 6 mm, tail 17-26- 2 mm, ear 14—20 mm, hindfoot 5-9-8- 4 mm, forearm 35-8-44- 9 mm. The Insular Horseshoe Bat is a variable species of horseshoe bat, similar to the Eastern Horseshoe Bat ( megaphyllus), and differing by: being generally smaller in most measurements; having anterior basisphenoid with marked depression rather than shallow groove that runs smoothly into basioccipital surface; and having distinct baculum, with more bulbous base. In races simplex and keyensis, dorsal pelage is blackish brown (sometimes russet), whereas ventral pelage is lighter drab brown; in parvus, dorsum is more cinnamon brown and ventral pelage is fawn brown, apparendy with pale patch behind ear; race amiri is dark as in simplex (on Roti), or lighter as in parvus (on Semau), or blackish brown on rump grading to paler medium brown on neck, shoulders, and upper back with cream ventral pelage, becoming darker on abdomen (Savu). Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has long lancet with a blunt tip and slighdy concave sides; sella is smoothly curved at dp and parallel-sided (sella smaller in keyensis), as well as variably constricted on sides; horseshoe is wide at 8- 2 mm, and has obvious median emarginadon; secondary leaflets present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is moderately long (2-5- 3-5 mm in length) and dorsally straight with bulbous and weakly to strongly bifurcated base. Skull is of medium build (zygomatic width is slighdy larger than, or subequal to, mastoid width); anterior nasal swellings are moderately to well developed; supraorbital crests usually join behind midpoint of orbital cavity (occasionally join is anterior to this point). P2 is small with well-developed cusp and is usually within tooth row, separating C1 and P4 widely; P3 is either partially displaced from tooth row or fully displaced, sometimes allowing P2 and P4 to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded in open woodlands at 500 m elevation on Savu Island.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Insular Horseshoe Bat is found over a number of islands; many of these islands have experienced drastic and large-scale habitat destruction, which may affect this species adversely. Virtually nothing is known regarding this species’ ecology and the threats it faces, and further research is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba &amp; Bates (2016b), Csorba et al. (2003), Flannery (1995a), Kitchener, Schmitt et al. (1995), Koopman &amp; Gordon (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD38A35FF57F0AEF592D376	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD38A34F883F524F891DC55.text	885887A2FFD38A34F883F524F891DC55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus virgo K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus virgo</p><p>French: Rhinolophe à face jaune / German: Gelbgesichthufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de cara amarillenta</p><p>Other common names:</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus virgo K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ S[outh]. Camarines, Luzon, Philippine Islands .”</p><p>This species is included in the megaphyllus species group and seems to be closest to R celebensis . Based on genetic studies, R virgo, as currently defined, may be a species complex, but further research is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Philippines on Batan, Sabtang, Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro, Tablas, Sibuyan, Catanduanes, Gigantes, Maripipi, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Camotes, Bohol, Camiguin, Mindanao, Busuanga, Palawan, Dondonay, andjolo Is; probably throughout the other islands of the archipelago as well.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-59 mm, tail 17-23 mm, ear 14- 7-21 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 36- 5-44 mm; weight 4-7 g. Dorsal pelage is distinctly reddish to brownish orange, whereas ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are small to mediumsized. Most individuals have a yellowish face. Noseleaf is small overall, with elongate lancet with slightly concave sides; connecting process is rounded; sella is nearly parallel-sided or slightly narrower at center, and base is a little wider than broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is very narrow (greatest breadth is 7-7- 5 mm), has indications of lateral leaflets and prominent median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is moderately robust with zygomatic width usually slightly exceeding mastoid width (rarely subequal); anterior and posterior rostral swellings are moderately developed (rostral profile gently sloped posteriorly); sagittal crest is low to medium, and frontal depression is of medium depth, well defined, and bordered by generally conspicuous supraorbital ridges. P2 is well developed and within tooth row, separating P4 and C1; P3 is small or medium-sized and partly or completely displaced labially, which allows P2 and P4 to come in contact.</p><p>Habitat. The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat is generally recorded in primary and secondary lowland forest and less commonly in montane forest; it occurs from sea level up to 1050 m, though mainly below 800 m elevation. It has also been found in agricultural areas relatively regularly, and in lowland dipterocarp forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous, feeding in the canopy for insects, primarily lepidopterans and dipterans, and occasionally spiders. This indicates that they forage by fly-catching and possibly foliage-gleaning. Stomach samples of bats on Mindanao included some hair fibers and insect parts, along with bird feathers and 78-6% unidentified flesh; this suggests that the species hunts birds as well.</p><p>Breeding. Litter consists of a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They generally roost in caves, culverts, and crevices, but occasionally in dark cavities in trees. Call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 83-88 kHz (averaging 85-6 kHz) in Laguna Province, Luzon, and 83-89 kHz on Panay (identity not totally certain).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat roosts in small groups and has been recorded roosting with the Small Asian Sheathtailed Bat ( Emballonura alecto) and Geoffrey's Rousette (ousettus amplexicaudatus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat is considered to be common and widespread with no major threats currendy identified.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba et al. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Gaiorio &amp; Nuneza (2014), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete, Gee et al. (2005), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Mould (2012), Nuneza &amp; Gaiorio (2014), Ong, Rosell-Ambal &amp;Tabaranza (2008), Rickart et al. (1993), Sedlock &amp;Weyandt (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD38A34F883F524F891DC55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2.text	885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus celebensis K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>56. Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus celebensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe des Célèbes / German: Sulawesi-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Célebes</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus celebensis K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Makassar, S[outh] . Celebes [= Sulawesi],” Indonesia .</p><p>Included in the megaphyllus species group. R celebensis has often been considered a subspecies or even a synonym of R bomeensis; the two are morphologically very similar but are treated as distinct species on the basis of small morphological differences. This species previously included R madurensis, but the two are now considered distinct on limited morphological grounds; further research is needed. Genetic studies with limited taxon sampling place R celebensis as sister to a clade that includes R virgo, R megaphyllus, and R philippinensis . Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R c. celebensis K. Andersen, 1905 - Sangihe I, Talaud Is (Karakelong), Sulawesi (including Kabaena and Buton Is), and Tukangbesi Is (Wangi Wangi and Kaleudupa).</p><p>R c. javanicus K. Andersen, 1918 - Krakatau, Java, Bali, and Kangean Is; a record from Sepanjan I needs confirmation .</p><p>Either this species or the Bornean Horseshoe Bat (. bomeensis) was recently captured in Lampung Province, Sumatra, but in that study the two species were not differentiated.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-8-48- 9 mm, tail 18- 9-27 mm, ear 14- 6-20 mm, hindfoot 7-1-8- 1 mm, forearm 36-45- 6 mm; weight 4-5-8- 4 g. Dorsal pelage is uniformly dull brown to dark brown, being drabber than paler venter. Ears range from small to medium in size. Noseleaf has nearly parallel-sided lancet; connecting process is rounded and is sparsely covered in short hairs; sella is nearly parallel-sided to slightly constricted; horseshoe is relatively narrow (7-1-8- 4 mm wide), has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are concealed from above. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is of medium build, with zygomatic width greater than mastoid width; anterior median swellings are moderately developed; posterior swellings are comparatively well inflated; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital crest is conspicuous. P2 is moderately developed and within tooth row; P3 is small and displaced halfway, barely separating P2 from P4.</p><p>Habitat. Reported from primary and secondary tropical forest, and recorded at elevations from sea level up to 600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Females with swollen nipples and males with enlarged testes were captured in November in Sulawesi.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat apparently roosts in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There are reports of Sulawesi Horseshoe Bats roosting in colonies with hundreds of individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common throughout its distribution but virtually nothing is known of its ecology or potential threats. It is apparently one of the commonest bats in Sulawesi. Further studies are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Bergmans &amp; Rozendaal (1982), Csorba et al. (2003), Hill &amp; Rozendaal (1989), Huang, J.C.C. et al. (2014), Hutson, Suyanto &amp; Kingston (2008 b), Patterson et al. (2017), Wiantoro et al. (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD28A34FF07FA06FB97D4E3.text	885887A2FFD28A34FF07FA06FB97D4E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus madurensis K. Andersen 1918	<div><p>55. Madura Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus madurensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Madura / German: Madura-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Madura</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus madurensis K. Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“ Soemenep, E[east]. Madura [Island],” off north-eastern Java .</p><p>Included in the megaphyllus species group; previously treated under R celebensis but recendy classified as a distinct species based on limited morphological data, although more substantial studies are needed to confirm this. The taxon parvus was previously included in this species but is now regarded as a subspecies of R keyensis .</p><p>Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Madura, Kangean, Saubi, and Sepanjang Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Ear 14- 6 mm, forearm 37-8—40- 8 mm. The Madura Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat (A celebensis') but apparendy differs in smaller size and craniodental divergences oudined below. Dorsal profile of median and posterior nasal swellings is almost continuous, whereas in the Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat there is a weak angle by relatively steeper rise of median swellings. Labial part of cingulum on C1 is weak and does not form distinct ridge as it does in the Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat; P2 is in contact with M1; P4 has weak labial portion of cingulum and does not form distinct ridge; second lower incisor (I2) is in contact with p P2 is in contact with C1, narrow and distinctly longer than wide, and almost touches P4; P3 is displaced from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded foraging in primary forest below 500 m elevation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Madura Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNed List. Although virtually nothing is known about the Madura Horseshoe Bat, it is probably most threatened by habitat loss from limestone extraction and deforestation through logging and for agricultural expansion. The species is currendy only known from seven specimens.</p><p>Bibliography. Andersen (1918), Bergmans &amp; van Bree (1986), Csorba, Kingston &amp; Hutson (2016), Csorba, Ujhelyi &amp;Thomas (2003), Kitchener, Schmitt et al. (1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD28A34FF07FA06FB97D4E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD28A37F8B2F7BCFB57DB41.text	885887A2FFD28A37F8B2F7BCFB57DB41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus robinsoni K. Andersen 1918	<div><p>57. Robinson’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus robinsoni</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Robinson I German: Robinson-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Robinson</p><p>Other common names: Peninsular Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus robinsoni K. Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“ Kao Nawng, Bandon [Surat Thani Province], Lower Siam [= Thailand].”</p><p>Included in the megaphyllus species group, and appears to be sister to a clade that includes A philippinensis, R megaphyllus, R celebensis, and A virgo, based on limited genetic data. A robinsoni has often been treated as a subspecies or synonym of A megaphyllus, but morphological and genetic data support their specific separation. In addition to the two subspecies recognized here, a third, thaianus. described from northern and western Thailand by J. E. Hill in 1992 (originally named siamensis by D. A. McFarlane and B. R. Blood in 1986 but this name is preoccupied) is commonly recognized; however, it this name is probably a synonym of A chaseni which is presently accepted as monotypic. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>A r. robinsoni K. Andersen, 1918 - Malay Peninsula.</p><p>A r. klossi K. Andersen, 1918 - Tioman, Pemanggil, and Aur Is off SE Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-55 mm, tail 19-29 mm, ear 16-23 mm, hindfoot 9 mm, forearm 40-46 mm; weight 6-13 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to reddish brown, whereas ventral pelage is slightly paler. Ears are of medium length. Noseleaf has long, broadly triangular lancet that is practically straight with pointed tip; connecting process is high and rounded; sella is broad basally and gets slightly wider in middle before narrowing abruptly before squared-off tip; horseshoe is wide, at 8-3— 9- 2 mm, nearly covers muzzle, has small but noticeable median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are mostly covered by horseshoe. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is of medium build; anterior nasal swellings are moderately developed and globular; sagittal crest is low and braincase is elongate; frontal depression is longer than it is wide, and is clearly defined; supraorbital crests join sagittal crest more or less behind mid-orbit; rostrum is elongated. P2 is small with well-developed cusp and is within tooth row labially, separating C 1 and P4 widely; P3 is partially or completely displaced labially.</p><p>Habitat. Known from mixed deciduous forest and lowland dipterocarp forest in Thailand and from lowland and hill forest in Malaysia.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Robinson’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal. It has been reported roosting in crevices in rocks and in palms in the understory, in Malaysia. Call shape is FM/CF/ FM with a F of 64-68 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Robinson’s Horseshoe Bat probably roosts in small colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List Robinson’s Horseshoe Bat is considered rare throughout its relatively restricted range (as currently known). It is likely threatened by deforestation for logging, agriculture, and fires. Very little is known of its ecology or potential threats, and further research is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba et al. (2003), Kingston et al. (2006),</p><p>McFarlane &amp; Blood (1986), Robinson et al. (1995), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD28A37F8B2F7BCFB57DB41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD18A37FF6FFD30FDC4D77C.text	885887A2FFD18A37FF6FFD30FDC4D77C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus chaseni Sanborn 1939	<div><p>58. Indochinese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus chaseni</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Chasen / German: Chasen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Chasen</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus chaseni Sanborn, 1939,</p><p>“ Pulo [= Island] Condore, off the southeast coast of Cochin-China [= southern Vietnam].”</p><p>Currendy included in the megaphyUus species group, although this is questionable, based on genetic data; further research is required, with larger sample sizes, to determine the placement of this species. Rhinolophus chaseni was previously treated as a subspecies of R bomeensis but is now recognized as a distinct species, based on genetic and morphological differences. Populations throughout much of mainland South-east Asia are attributed to this species, although Peninsular Malaysian specimens are tentatively placed in R bomeensis until the population is tested genetically. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Con Son in Con Dao Is), and Cambodia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-60 mm, tail 20-32 mm, ear 15- 9-22 mm, hindfoot 6- 4—10 mm, forearm 40- 7-49 mm; weight 5-7-14- 5 g. Island individuals are much smaller than those of the mainland but there is litde genetic variability between them. Pelage is uniformly dark brown to dark grayish brown dorsally, being very slighdy paler ventrally; no orange morph has been recorded. Ears are of medium size. Noseleaf has a somewhat shortened hastate lancet (nearly cuneate); connecting process is rounded; sella is relatively tall, slightly convex in front view, and lacks basal folds; intemarial cup is not expanded; horseshoe is of medium width, does not completely cover muzzle, has deep median emargination, and visible lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively robust but small (zygomatic width larger than mastoid width), median nasal swellings are smaller and less inflated than in the Malayan Horseshoe Bat (. malayanus), and lateral swellings are much larger. P2 is reduced but within tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P is moderate to small in size and usually completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 nearly to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded mainly from tropical forest habitats, both primary and secondary, at elevations from sea level up to 530 m. Also commonly found in dry dipterocarp forests and disturbed areas with agricultural fields.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Indochinese Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They forage by aerial-hawking and probably by gleaning from the ground or vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding season in October and females probably give birth from mid- to late April to late May. Litter size is a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Indochinese Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal and probably uses primarily caves and hollow trees for day roosts, although it has also been recorded in drainage pipes. Call shape is FM/CF/FM and the peak F has been recorded at 77-5-78-5 kHz in Laos; and at 80 kHz in Tay Ninh and 102 kHz on Con Son Island in Vietnam.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indochinese Horseshoe Bats roost in colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List as a species separate from the Bornean Horseshoe Bat ( R. borneensis), which is classified as Least Concern. The Indochinese Horseshoe Bat seems to have a wide distribution and is common in certain regions (e.g. southern Vietnam). However, it is possibly threatened by roost disturbance and general habitat destruction. Further research into the species’ full distribution and its ecology is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2018), Borisenko &amp; Kruskop (2003), Csorba et al. (2003), Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2008), rancis (2008a), Francis et al. (2010), Kruskop (2010b, 2011, 2013 a, 2014), Lim et al. (2017), Matveev (2005), Thomas et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD18A37FF6FFD30FDC4D77C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD18A37FF65F12CF865DF82.text	885887A2FFD18A37FF65F12CF865DF82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus nereis K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>59. Anamban Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus nereis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe des Anambas / German: Anambas-lnseln-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Anambas</p><p>Other common names: Neriad Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus nereis K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Pulo [= Island] Siantan, Anamba Group [= Islands],” Indonesia .</p><p>Traditionally included in the megaphyUus species group, but this has yet to be tested. The species has been included in A bomeensis but is considered distinct, based on its larger size. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Siantan I (Anambas Is) and North Natuna (Natuna Is), Indonesia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 17 mm, hindfoot 9- 3 mm, forearm 43- 5 mm. The Anamban Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Bornean Horseshoe Bat (A bomeensis), although it is larger overall, and has different wing shape, where third finger has lengthened second phalanx (more than 150% of first phalanx, as opposed to less than 150% in the Bornean Horseshoe Bat). Pelage of holotype specimen is apparently “mars-brown” dorsally (base of hairs “ecru-drab”), while ventral aspect is strangely drab yellow (possibly due to staining from formalin preservation); no orange morph has been recorded. Ears are medium in size. Noseleaf lancet is relatively short and straight-sided; connecting process seems to be high, hairy and rounded, connecting approximately halfway up lancet; sella is separated from intemarial cup by sudden deep constriction, and its sides are slightly converged above middle, being rounded at top; horseshoe is wide at 9 mm, has shallow median emargination, and lateral leaflets visible from above. Lower lip has three well defined mental grooves. Skull is of medium build (zygomatic width is longer than mastoid width); anterior and lateral nasal swellings are moderately developed while posterior compartments are less inflated; sagittal crest is moderately defined; frontal depression is well developed; supraorbital crests are sharp and well defined. P2 is situated nearly in axis of tooth row and has nearly imperceptible cusp; C1 and P4 come into contact; the only examinable specimen is missing the mandible.</p><p>Habitat. Presumably forested habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Anamban Horseshoe Bat may roost in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The JCN ed List. The Anamban Horseshoe Bat is known from only two localities on different islands and virtually nothing is known about the species. Further research into the species’ ecology, taxonomy, and potential threats is needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Andersen (1905), Bates, Bumrungsri, Walston &amp; Csorba (2016), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD18A37FF65F12CF865DF82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD18A36F899F8EEFC67DB93.text	885887A2FFD18A36F899F8EEFC67DB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus borneensis Peters 1861	<div><p>60. Bornean Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus borneensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Bornéo / German: Borneo-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Borneo</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus borneensis Peters, 1861,</p><p>“ Labuan [Island], Borneo,” Malaysia .</p><p>Traditionally included in the megaphyllus species group, but this needs to be investigated further using genetic techniques, as A borneensis seems to be sister to a clade containing members of the pusillus species group. All mainland South-east Asian populations are here considered to belong to A chaseni, while Indonesian populations are tentatively included in A borneensis .</p><p>The identity of Peninsular Malaysian populations is uncertain as no genetic data have been used for testing, so they are here listed under this species, pending further studies. This species may represent a species complex. Three subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>. b. borneensis Meters, 1861 — Borneo, as well as nearby Banggi, Labuan, and Karimata Is.</p><p>R. b. importunus Chasen, 1939 — C &amp; SWJava, including Nusakambanagan I off S Java.</p><p>. b. spadix G. S. Miller, 1901 — South Natuna Is.</p><p>Taxonomic identity of specimens collected in NW Peninsular Malaysia is uncertain. Also, either this species or the Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat (. celebensis) was recently captured in Lampung Province, Sumatra, but in that study the two species were not differentiated.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 21-26 mm, ear 17-19 mm, forearm 40-44 mm; weight 7-8- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown (brown morph) to bright reddish brown (orange morph), while ventral pelage is paler. Ears are medium-sized and brown; noseleaf too is brown. Noseleaf has moderately long, nearly cuneate lancet; connecting process is high and rounded, higher than sella; sella is narrow with slight constriction above midpoint and parallel or nearly parallel lateral margins; horseshoe is wide (c.8- 7 mm), nearly covers whole muzzle, has a relatively deep median emargination, and has visible lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is small but relatively robustly built (zygomatic width generally larger than mastoid width, occasionally subequal); zygomatic arch is highly arched; anterior median swellings are bulbous and longer than they are wide; lateral and posterior swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital ridges are prominent and more or less sharp. P2 is reduced but almost always within tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is moderate to small in size and usually completely displaced labially, nearly always allowing P2 and P4 to touch (rarely slightly separated).</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical forests at elevations from sea level up to C. 1000 m. Recorded in dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Borneo.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bornean Horseshoe Bat feeds on insects and uses perches to feed on once the insect is captured.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Bornean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging at night and roosting during the day. They are known to roost in cave systems in Borneo as well as in hollow bamboos and trees, among young leaves of bananas, and in rock crevices. Call shape is FM/CF/FM and the peak F has been recorded at 81-8 kHz in Sabah, Borneo.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bornean Horseshoe Bats are known to roost in large colonies of several hundred individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bornean Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution and is considered common at least in Borneo, which comprises most of its range. It is rare in some regions, especially in Java. Populations are probably most threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation and agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Fuisz &amp; Kelen (1997), Csorba, Ujhelyi &amp; Thomas (2003), Francis et al. (2010), Hall (1996), Huang, J. C.C. et al. (2014), Hutson, Kingston &amp; rancis (2008a), Kruskop (2011), Lim et al. (2017), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2008), Rahman et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD18A36F899F8EEFC67DB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD08A36FF1EF12BF74DD2B6.text	885887A2FFD08A36FF1EF12BF74DD2B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters 1871	<div><p>62. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus acuminatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe acuminò / German: Spitzsattel-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura acuminado</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871,</p><p>“ Gadok .” Java, Indonesia .</p><p>Tentatively included in the megaphyllus species group but its placement there is uncertain; further genetic work is needed. The most recent genetic study placed the species as sister to R. malayanus, forming a clade sister to much of the megaphyllus, pusillus, philippinensis, and macrotis groups. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. a. acuminatus Peters, 1871 - Krakatau I andJava.</p><p>R.a. audax K. Andersen, 1905 — Bali and Lombok Is.</p><p>. a. calypso K. Andersen, 1905 — Enggano I.</p><p>R. a. circe K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I.</p><p>R. a. sumatranus K Andersen, 1905 - W Sumatra and N Borneo.</p><p>Subspecific identity of mainland populations in SE Asia, as well as the Philippines (Negros, Busuanga, Palawan, and Balabac Is) is uncertain, although mainland populations resemble individuals fromJava or Lombok.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48—52 mm, tail 18- 9—31 mm, ear 16-7—21- 4 mm, hindfoot 9-10- 9 mm, forearm 44—53 mm; weight 9- 6-16 g. There are two color morphs: either grayish brown dorsally with hairs tipped light gray or silver, and grayish brown ventrally; or grayish brown tinged with russet dorsally, and pale reddish brown ventrally. Ears are small to medium-sized. Noseleaf has concave-sided lancet that becomes almost parallel-sided toward tip; connecting process is broad and triangular, with bluntly to sharply pointed tip; sella is variable between subspecies, being nearly parallel-sided to distinctly narrowed centrally, but with rounded tip consistently; horseshoe does not completely cover muzzle (7-8—10- 2 mm wide), has visible lateral leaflets, and has wide median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum (based on specimens of subspecies calypso) has dorso-ventrally higher-than-wide basal cone; ventral notch on proximal margin of base is extremely deep, narrow, and divergent distally; shaft is slightly bent dorsally (although its ventral profile looks nearly straight in lateral view); there is slight constriction medially in dorsal view and also at very tip of bone. Skull is broad, with short rostrum (zygomatic width is significantly broader than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are considerably inflated while posterior swellings are less developed and shorter; sagittal crest is comparatively strong; frontal depression is shallow and very short; supraorbital crests are low with sharp ridges, combining at point in front of center of orbital cavity. P2 is moderately to well developed and generally within tooth row or slightly displaced, which separates C1 from P4; P3 is of medium size and displaced from tooth row, allowing P2 and P4 usually to touch, although not always. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 60 (Thailand).</p><p>Habitat. Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary and secondary tropical forests, bamboo thickets, and some urban areas. Recorded at elevations of 60—250 m in the Philippines and at c. 1000—1700 m in Borneo.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Acuminate Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They are typically slow and maneuverable fliers that appear to forage in the subcanopy, several meters from the ground.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant and a lactating female were captured in June on Palawan. Males with strong musky odor were collected in October in Vietnam, suggesting this was the mating seas © ®-</p><p>Activity patterns. The Acuminate Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day, primarily in caves and hollow trees, but it has also been reported roosting in buildings and drainage manifolds- Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F reported at 86-90 kHz (males) and 93—95 kHz (females) in Laos, 90 kHz in Vietnam, 80 kHz in Thailand, and 88—90 kHz in Sabah, Malaysia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Acuminate Horseshoe Bat has been reported roosting in small to moderate-sized colonies. A roost in a monastery in Myanmar contained c.100 individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on T / ie IUCN Red List. The Acuminate Horseshoe Bat is apparently common throughout much of its wide range, and does not currently seem to be facing any major threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Csorba et al. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Francis (2008a), Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982), Heaney et al. (1998), Hood et al. (1988), Kruskop (2013a), Matveev (2005), Rosell-Ambal, McKinnon &amp; Esselstyn (2008), Schedvin et al. (1994), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD08A36FF1EF12BF74DD2B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD08A36FF00FCFEF899D778.text	885887A2FFD08A36FF00FCFEF899D778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote in Annandale 1903	<div><p>61. Malayan Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus malayanus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Malaisie / German: Malaya-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Malasia</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote in Annandale &amp; H.. Robinson, 1903,</p><p>“ Biserat,Jalor, ” Thailand .</p><p>Tentatively included in the megaphyllus group but its placement here is uncertain; further genetic work is needed. Rhinolophus malayanus is generally considered to be close to. stheno, but they do not cluster together in genetic studies. Exact placement of. malayanu s in relation to other Rhinolophus is still uncertain but the most recent genetic study placed it as sister to R. acuminatus, forming a clade sister to much of the megaphyllus, pusillus, philippinensis, and macrotis groups. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and N Peninsular Malaysia along with Tarutao and Langkawi Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-1-55- 8 mm, tail 15-26- 9 mm, ear 12-7-19- 3 mm, hindfoot 5-8—9- 6 mm, forearm 38- 2—44 mm; weight 4-5—9- 7 g. Dorsal pelage is either brown (brown morph) or bright cinnamon (orange morph), whereas ventral pelage is either buff or whitish. Ears are of medium size. Noseleaf has triangular lancet with concave or nearly parallel lateral margins and elongated tip; connecting process is rounded; sella is relatively wide with broadly rounded top, and lateral margins are almost parallel; horseshoe is relatively broad (6- 6-9 mm) and nearly completely covers muzzle, has moderately developed lateral leaflets, and a shallow but present median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is moderately robust and zygomatic width is only slightly larger than mastoid width; anterior median swellings are well developed and wider than they are long; posterior compartments are well inflated; sagittal crest is rather weak; frontal depression is relatively elongate but shallow; supraorbital crests are more or less distinct P2 is of medium size, with distinct cusp, and is within tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P 3 is small and slightly to almost completely extrudes labially from tooth row, which allows P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat Mainly recorded from areas with limestone karst and sandstone mountains for roosting. Malayan Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in lowland mixed deciduous forest, hill evergreen forest, highly disturbed dry dipterocarp forest, and agricultural areas, indicating that the species is resilient in response to disturbance. It is found at elevations from sea level up to c. 1400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females were captured in late February in Cambodia.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Malayan Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, roosting in limestone caves during the day. Torpid individuals have been captured in day roosts during July, in western Thailand. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with peak F recorded at 72—80 kHz in northern Thailand, 82—86 in central Thailand, 83—91 kHz in southern Thailand, 75— 82 kHz in Cambodia, 76-79 kHz in Myanmar, and 77—80 kHz in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Malayan Horseshoe Bats roost in colonies, with up to 3000 individuals recorded in one cave in western Thailand.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There do not seem to be any major threats currently affecting this widespread species.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008b), Csorba eta/. (2003), Francis (2008a), Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982), Kruskop (2013a), Soisook (2008), Soisook et al. (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD08A36FF00FCFEF899D778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFD08A09F8B3F3E5FDDDD522.text	885887A2FFD08A09F8B3F3E5FDDDD522.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus cornutus Temminck 1834	<div><p>63. Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus cornutus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe cornu I German: Kleine Japan-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura pequeno de Japon</p><p>Other common names: Japanese Lesser Horseshoe Bat, Japanese Little Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus cornutus Temminck, 1834,</p><p>Japan .</p><p>Rhinolophus cornutus is included in the pusillus species group along with R pumilus, R.perditus, R. monticolus, R. shortridgei, R. monoceros, R. pusillus, R. subbadius, R. convexus, R. cognatus, R. refulgens, and R. lepidus . The species group is sister to a clade including the megaphyllus, philippinensis, and macrotis groups. Genetic distance between. cornutus, R.pumilus, R.perditus, R. monoceros, and R.pusillus is small and most species overlap in echolocation frequency, which has led several authors to include all these species within R. pusillus . However, there is morphological evidence supporting the species status of these taxa, and also suggesting that R.pusillus as here constituted may actually be a species complex. Rhinolophus perditus is sometimes alone treated as a subspecies of R. comutus, but it is here recognized as a distinct species, based on morphological and genetic data. Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R c. cornutus Temminck, 1834 — Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okushirito, Sado, Tsushima, Fukuejima, Kuchinoerabujima, Nakano, Iki, Izu, Niijima, Miyakejima, Mikurajima, and Hachijöjima Is).</p><p>R c. orii Kuroda, 1924 - SJapan on Amami Is (Amami-Oshima, Kakeromajima, Tokunoshima, and Okinoerabujima).</p><p>There is one record from Guangxi, S China, but this is considered dubious and is probably based on misidentification.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-56- 2 mm, tail 15-5-29- 5 mm, ear 14-19- 3 mm, hindfoot 7-10- 5 mm, forearm 37- 6-42 mm. Females have larger forearms and cranial measurements than males, and there is a decreasing cline in forearm length from north to south. Pelage is woolly and glossy, dorsally grayish brown (base of hairs light beige), ventrally similar but paler. Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has concave-sided lancet; connecting process is subtriangular and curved; sella is pandurate, being constricted above middle, with a broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is not very broad (6-2-6- 7 mm), has no lateral leaflets, and short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is 4-2-4- 8 mm long and has very deep dorsal notch on basal cone, with small ventral notch; shaft is nearly cylindrical and is bent on distal one-half. Skull is long and narrow, and zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes gendy posteriorly or is rarely almost straight; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; frontal depression varies from moderately to fairly deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not generally sharp. P2 is comparatively large (although still minute) and within tooth row, P3 is medium-sized to small and lies nearly in tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Temperate woodland habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Litde Japanese Horseshoe Bats feed on a variety of insects, including Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Orthoptera, and Araneae . Their diet shifts through the year, and during hibernation they often feed on camel crickets ( Rhaphidophoridae) within caves and on Diptera ( Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Trichoceridae) that emerge in winter and early spring outside the caves.</p><p>Breeding. LitdeJapanese Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry. Males and females roost together for a small portion of the year to breed, before females form maternity colonies in summer. Females give birth to a single young. Young begin to feed themselves by c.22 days and are weaned by c.45 days. Females usually become sexually mature at 28 months but do not generally reproduce until their third year. The oldest recorded individual was a 21-year-old male.</p><p>Activity patterns. The LittleJapanese Horseshoe Bat roosts during the day in caves, abandoned mines, unused tunnels, bomb shelters, and underground channels; it forages through the night. On Kyushu, in late autumn individuals increase their weight by 28-2— 33-8% compared to summer; they hibernate through winter throughout their distribution. Hibernating bats prefer to roost in caves with relatively high ambient temperatures (9-15°C) and humidity (85-100%). Hibernating bats are relatively light sleepers and are aroused easily compared to GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats (A m /&gt; jbon). Hibernating bats regularly arouse themselves to forage outside the cave. Search call shape is FM/ CF/CF with a peak F of 103-120 kHz that increases gradually from north to south; peak frequencies were recorded at 103-104 kHz in Aomori Prefecture, 106-108 kHz on northern Honshu, 108-109 kHz on Yakushima, and 109—111 kHz on Amami-Oshima.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bats roost in sex-segregated and maternity colonies consisting of tens to hundreds of individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN ed List, where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat (A pusillus} as Least Concern. The Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat does not seem to be facing any major threats at present, and is rather common throughout much of its range.</p><p>Bibliography. Ando eta/. (1983), Chen Shiangfan eta/. (2006), Csorba eta/. (2003), Funakoshi &amp;Takeda (1998), Funakoshi &amp; Uchida (1980), Funakoshi et a/. (2010), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Kurohmaru et al. (2002), Li Gang eta/. (2006), Maeda (1988), Morigaki eta/. (2001), Ohdachi eta /. (2015), WuYi, Motokawa et al. (2012), Xu Lijie et al. (2008), Yamamoto (1986), Yokoyama &amp; Uchida (1979), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zhang Weidao (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD08A09F8B3F3E5FDDDD522	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEF8A09FF7EF311F69DD03C.text	885887A2FFEF8A09FF7EF311F69DD03C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus pumilus K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>64. Okinawa Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus pumilus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe d'Okinawa / German: Okinawa-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Okinawa</p><p>Other common names: Okinawa Little Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus comutus pumilus K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Loo-choo Islands,” Okinawa Prefecture, Japan .</p><p>Rhinolophus pumilus is included in the pusillus species group and appears to be sister species to. comutus. Echolocation frequency of. pumilus is higher than in. cornutus, but this increase follows the generally increasing cline in the echolocation frequency within R comutus from north to south. Nevertheless, based on unpublished genetic data collected by K. Armstrong, A pumilus is tentatively treated as a species here, but an in-depth study is urgently needed; the probably extinct taxon miyakonis from Miyako Island, occasionally treated as subspecies of A pumilus, is here treated as a synonym. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Japan, Okinawa Is, Iheyajima (one record in 1992), Tokashikijima (one record in 1978), Kumejima, Miyakojima (probably extinct after 1971), and Irabu Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 36-43- 3 mm, ear 19- 1 mm (average), hindfoot 8- 6 mm (average), forearm 38-40- 5 mm. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat (. cornutus). Pelage is woolly and glossy and the dorsal pelage is medium brown (bases of hair being lighter) whereas the ventral pelage is similar but paler (darker than the Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat). Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has a concave-sided lancet; connecting process is subtriangular and curved with a slightly concave or straight anterior margin; sella is pandurate, being constricted above the middle, and has a broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is not very broad but broader than in the Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat (7- 2 mm), with no lateral leaflets, and short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum averages 4- 2 mm long and has a very deep dorsal notch on basal cone with small ventral notch; shaft is nearly cylindrical and is bent on distal one-half. Skull is long (longer than in the Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat) and narrow, and zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes gently posteriorly or is rarely almost straight; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; frontal depression varies from moderate to fairly deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not generally sharp. P2 is minute and completely external to tooth row (occasionally absent); P3 is medium-sized to small and is external to tooth row. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus or only 30 teeth when an upper premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Woodland habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. The species appears to exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry and has been observed breeding in November to January. Females give birth to a single young from May to June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat forages during the night and roosts by day in natural caves, abandoned mines, and bomb shelters. Search call shape is FM/ CF/ FM. On northern Okinawajima, males had peak frequencies of 105-6—110-9 kHz (mean of 108-2 kHz) whereas females had 107-7—113 kHz (mean of 110-6 kHz). Peak frequencies on southern Okinawajima were even higher, with males at 112-8— 119-3 kHz (mean of 116 kHz) and females at 104-6—120-1 kHz (mean of 117-4 kHz). Females had significantly higher average frequencies than males on Okinawajima.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat roosts to colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN Red List, where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat ( pusillus} as Least Concern. Listed as endangered in theJapanese Red List. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat probably became extinct on Miyako c.40 years ago and on Irabu c.15 years ago, although more intensive surveys are needed to confirm this. Population on Kumejima has experienced declines. The species appears to be threatened by habitat destruction and by disturbances related to tourism in the Ryukyu Islands .</p><p>Bibliography. Ando et al. (1980c), Chen Shiangfan etal. (2006), Fukui etal. (2009), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Li Gang etal. (2006), Ohdachi et al. (2015), WuYi, Motokawa et al. (2012),Yoshino etal. (2006), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEF8A09FF7EF311F69DD03C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEF8A08F8ADF66FFC95D040.text	885887A2FFEF8A08F8ADF66FFC95D040.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus perditus K. Andersen 1918	<div><p>65. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus perditus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe des Yaeyama / German: Yaeyama-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Yaeyama</p><p>Other common names: Lost Horseshoe Bat, Ryukyu Horseshoe Bat, Yaeyama Little Horseshoe Bat; Imaizumi's Horseshoe Bat (imaizumii)</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus perditus K. Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“ Ishigaki, southern Liu-Kiu [= Ryukyu Islands] /’ Japan .</p><p>Rhinolophus perditus is included in the pusillus group. It is occasionally treated as a subspecies or synonym of R. comutus, but it is morphologically distinguishable from R. comutus occurring allopatrically on other Ryukyu Islands, and can also be differentiated based on echolocation. There are differing opinions regarding the taxonomic position of R. imaizumii in relation to R.perditus . The two taxa are morphologically distinguishable based on craniodental morphometries, but no genetic data have yet been shown to differentiate them; they have variously been treated as distinct species or as a single species, R.perditus (including imaizumii as ajunior synonym). It is possible that both may occur on some of the islands, lending to potential further confusion, but this has not yet been proven. Until a focused study using both genetic and morphological data is undertaken, the two taxa are considered subspecies under R.perditus . Two subspecies are tentatively recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.p. perditus K. Andersen, 1918 - Yaeyama Is (Ishigakijima and Taketomi), Ryukyu Is.</p><p>R.p. imaizumii Hill &amp; Yoshiyuki, 1980 — Yaeyama Is (Iriomotejima and Kohamajima), Ryukyu Is.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 39-47- 8 mm, tail 18-1-26- 1 mm, ear 17-9-18- 9 mm, hindfoot 8- 4—9 mm, forearm 40- 3—43 mm. The Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat (. cornutus). Subspecies imaizumii is larger than perditus and the two taxa do not overlap in craniodental morphometries. Pelage is woolly and glossy, dorsal pelage being bright brown (base of hairs light beige), ventral pelage similar but paler and creamier brown. Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has a slightly concave-sided lancet; connecting process is hom-like, curved anteriorly, narrow, and slender; sella has a broad base with a slightly constricted center and a rounded, anteriorly deflected tip; horseshoe is not very broad (7- 3 mm), with no lateral leaflets, and a short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is 4-2-4- 4 mm long and has a very deep dorsal notch on the basal cone with a small ventral notch; shaft is nearly cylindrical and is bent on the distal one-half. Skull is similar to that of the LittleJapanese Horseshoe Bat but can be distinguished based on craniodental measurements; skull is long and narrow, and zygomatic width is slighdy greater than ( imaizumii) or subequal to ( perditus) mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes posteriorly; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; supraorbital crests are weak; frontal depression is shallow. Dental distinctions between subspecies are small but present; imaizumii has a higher crown portion of C1 compared to perditus, this being comparatively stout in perditus, C-M3 tooth row is slightly shorter in perditus but zygomatic width is greater than in imaizumii; P2 and P3 are within the tooth row in perditus but both are extruded from the tooth row internally in imaizumii . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Forested habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat feeds on arthropods. Study of wing morphology showed that the species is suspected to forage in cluttered spaces. It has been recorded feeding largely on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, although it also occasionally takes Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Araneae . Presence of Araneae in the diet indicates that the species probably also gleans prey off foliage.</p><p>Breeding. The Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat exhibits restricted seasonal monoestry; females form maternity colonies in May, and give birth to a single young around this time.</p><p>Activity patterns. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bats are active throughout the year, but probably hibernate through the winter with regular bouts of arousal to forage. They roost in caves, abandoned mines, and bomb shelters during the day and forage by night. Search call shape is FM/CF/ FM with a peak F recorded at 96-98 kHz on Ishigakÿima and 92-93 kHz on Iriomotejima.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat roosts in colonies and females can form maternity colonies with over 1000 individuals while raising young. This species frequently roosts with the Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterusfuscus) in caves.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on TheIUCNed List, where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat (pusiUus) as Least Concern. Listed as endangered in the Japanese Red List. Several caves for breeding and hibernating are known to exist on Ishigakÿima Island. However, in recent years, deforestation, roost destruction and tourism activities are creating serious problems for the island bat population. As a consequence, conservation measures need to be established immediately.</p><p>Bibliography. Ando eta /. (1980c), Chen Shiangfan eta/. (2006), Fukui eta/. (2009), Hill &amp; Yoshiyuki (1980), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Li Gang eta/. (2006), Ohdachi eta/. (2015), WuYi, Motokawa eta/. (2012), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEF8A08F8ADF66FFC95D040	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEE8A08FF0BF632F502DAA0.text	885887A2FFEE8A08FF0BF632F502DAA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus monticolus Soisook et al. 2016	<div><p>66. Mountain Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus monticolus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de montagne / German: Gebirgs-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura montano</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus monticolus Soisook et aL, 2016,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.333336/lat 13.266666)">Pu Nam Ron Stream, Mae Nam Pha Chi Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, 13°16’N, 99°20’ E, 800 m a.s.1.”</p><p>Rhinolophus monticolus is included in the pusillus species group. It appears to be closely related to R.shortridgei, and together they are embedded within R. pusillus, making that species paraphyletic. Despite the close similarity, the specific epithet monticolus is not a homonym of the older name monticola introduced by K. Andersen in 1905 and referring to a taxon treated as a race of R. lepidus', both names are nouns and are therefore invariable, monticola retains an “-a” as its suffix rather than “-us.” Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Laos (Luang Namtha) and N &amp; W Thailand (type locality in Pu Nam Rom Stream and Phu Soun Sai and Mae Wong national parks); distribution is probably more extensive.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-3-48- 5 mm, tail 19-7-25- 6 mm, ear 15-5-19- 4 mm, hindfoot 7.4-8.3 mm, forearm 42-2-44- 1 mm; weight 6-9~8- 6 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown (whitish basally, dark brown toward tips of each hair) whereas ventral pelage is little paler (mostly white hairs with brown tips). Ears are relatively long. Noseleaf has tall and slightly concave-sided lancet with bluntly pointed tip; sella is broad, nearly parallel-sided with slight convexity in middle, and with squared-off tip; connecting process is relatively long, projects anteriorly, and is sharply pointed; horseshoe is broad at 7-1-8- 6 mm wide but does not completely cover muzzle, and has shallow median emargination; lateral leaflets are present; noseleaf is brown, but specimens in Thailand had easily washed off unknown orange liquid covering their noseleaf, muzzle, and skin around eyes. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is elongate (3-6- 3-7 mm) and has cylindrical shaft with distinct dorsal bend at base and ventral bend at tip; dorsal margin of basal cone is shorter than ventral margin and basal cone has deep ventral notch. Skull is relatively large and elongate (zygomatic breadth exceeds mastoid width); anterior nasal swellings are relatively large and inflated; posterior nasal swellings are large and slightly inflated in lateral view; frontal depression is very shallow and supraorbital ridges are conspicuous but not well developed; sagittal crest is well developed, particularly near midpoint of braincase. C1 is relatively large (twice the size of P4); P2 is small and within tooth row, separating C1 from P4; P is small and either within tooth row or slightly extruded from it.</p><p>Habitat. Primary submontane to montane evergreen forests at elevations of 650-1320 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Lactating females were captured in mid-August in Thailand.</p><p>Activity patterns. Mountain Horseshoe Bats probably roost by day in tree hollows or rock crevices, as no caves are known from their habitat types. Call shape is FM/CF/FM structure with a peak F recorded at 83-6-87 kHz in males and 91-6-93 kHz in females.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List due to its recent recognition as a species. The Mountain Horseshoe Bat is only currently known to occur at a few localities in Laos and Thailand, and very few specimens have been recorded, so it could be at risk of habitat loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Andersen (1905), Soisook et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEE8A08FF0BF632F502DAA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEE8A08F8B6FB8EF622D41C.text	885887A2FFEE8A08F8B6FB8EF622D41C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus shortridgei K. Andersen 1918	<div><p>67. Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus shortridgei</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Shortridge / German: Shortridge-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Shortridge</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus lepidus shortridgei K. Andersen, 1918,</p><p>“ Pagan, R[iver]. Irrawaddy, Burma [= Myanmar].”</p><p>Rhinolophus shortridgei is included in the pusiUus species group; it is close to R monticolus, and together these two make R pusiUus paraphyletic. Rhinolophus shortridgei was previously included in R lepidus, but is recognized as a distinct species based on morphological and genetic differences presented by G. Csorba and colleagues in 2003 and by P. Soisook and others in 2016. The precise distribution of this species has not been well established in the areas where it comes together with R lepidus, especially as the two are sympatric in some areas. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE India (Falta, West Bengal), N &amp; C Myanmar, and S &amp; SE China.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40- 6-59 mm, tail 16-1-29- 4 mm, ear 14-20 mm, hindfoot 6-9- 7 mm, forearm 38- 2—43 mm; weight 5-5—8- 8 g. Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat is at present externally inseparable from Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat ( lepidus); only dried study skins are known for the species, so the external characteristics remain rather uncertain. Dorsal pelage is fight brown on the upper side, whereas ventral pelage is much paler, dirty white or gray. Ears are moderate in size. Noseleaf has a concave-sided lancet; connecting process is a pointed triangle; sella is more or less parallel-sided and widely rounded above; horseshoe does not cover muzzle (6-7— 7-9 mm wide) and has small lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is robust (zygomatic width is larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are low and very small; posterior compartments are relatively large; rostral profile is slightly curved upward near tip; sagittal crest is very well developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are conspicuous. C1 is widebased and long; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P3 is small to moderate in size and half to fully displaced from tooth row, usually separating P2 from P4.</p><p>Habitat In Myanmar, Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat has been collected in seasonally dry dipterocarp forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal. Search call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 94-5-100-7 kHz in Myanmar, females having higher frequency calls than males.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Shortridge’s Horseshoe Bat is widespread, and there are currently no major threats known to be affecting it. Virtually nothing is known of this species’ ecology, and further studies are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates et al. (2004), Chiozza (2008b), Csorba (2002), Csorba eta/. (2003), rancis (2008a), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Soisook et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEE8A08F8B6FB8EF622D41C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEE8A0BF8BBF24EF96DDEE7.text	885887A2FFEE8A0BF8BBF24EF96DDEE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus monoceros K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>68. Formosan Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus monoceros</p><p>French: Rhinolophe unicorne I German: Taiwan-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura unicornio</p><p>Other common names: Formosan Lesser Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus monoceros K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Baksa, Formosa [= Taiwan].”</p><p>Rhinolophus monoceros is included in the pusiUus species group. It appears to be close to the Chinese R pusiUus. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Lowlands of Taiwan and Orchid I. A recent record from Guizhou on mainland China was identified only on the basis of morphology and is here regarded as dubious; this specimen needs to be examined further.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-50 mm, tail 15-27 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 34-40 mm; weight 4-8 g (male average) and 4-9 g (female average). Dorsal pelage is wood brown with reddish tint, while ventral pelage is similar but lighter. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has concave sides and more or less spatulate tip; connecting process is triangular with pointed tip, and sometimes slightly curved; sella is wide basally, and continuously converges from halfway up toward tip, wich is broadly rounded; horseshoe is relatively wide (5-6- 6-7 mm), almost covering muzzle, and has moderately deep and narrow median emargination. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is small and moderately built (zygomatic and mastoid breadth are usually subequal in size but the zygomatic breadth can be larger or smaller); anterior median swellings are very small; posterior swellings are more developed; rostral profile is nearly straight or slopes slighdy, posteriorly; sagittal crest usually weakly developed; frontal depression is shallow with low supraorbital ridges. C1 is short and moderately weak; P2 of moderate size and within tooth row; P3 is small to moderate in size and is somewhat extruded from tooth row, still separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Generally found at low elevations of 20-460 m, in forest habitats with adequate canopy cover.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Formosan Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Formosan Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves and tunnels. Search call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F averaging 111-8 kHz in adult males, 113-7 kHz in adult females, 109-9 kHz in juvenile males, and 111-8 kHz in juvenile females.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Formosan Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies of up to 5000 individuals, and have been recorded roosting in the same caves as Asian Long-fingered Bats ( Miniopterusfuliginosus), Fringed Long-footed Myotis (Myotisfimbriatus), Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats ( Hipposideros armiger), and East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bats ( Coelopsfrithii).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN ed List, where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat ( pusillus) as Least Concern. The Formosan Horseshoe Bat has a restricted distribution in the lowlands of Taiwan and Orchid Island. It appears to have limited gene flow across Taiwan.</p><p>Bibliography. Ando eta/. (1980 c), Chen Shiangfan (1995), Chen Shiangfan, Jones &amp; Rossiter (2009), Chen Shiangfan, Rossiter eta/. (2006), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), LeeYafu eta/. (2012), Smith &amp;XieYan (2008), Soisook eta/. (2016), WuYi, Motokawa eta/. (2012), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018), Zhou Jiang &amp;YangTianyou (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEE8A0BF8BBF24EF96DDEE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF.text	885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck 1834	<div><p>69. Least Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus pusillus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe pusille / German: Kleinste Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de nariz pequena</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus /wsz'ZZws Temminck, 1834,</p><p>“ Java,” Indonesia .</p><p>Rhinolophus pusillus is placed in the pusillus species group. Race blythi is occasionally treated as a separate species, but is best included in R pusiUus for the present until further studies clarify its relationship with other populations of R pusillus . Rhinolophus pusillus, as currently constituted, is paraphyletic with respect to R lepidus, R monticolus, R shortridgei, and R monoceros, and it may well represent a species complex. Distinctions between subspecies are poorly demarcated, as are the respective distributions, and a detailed study is needed to resolve the several issues surrounding this species. Nine subspecies are tentatively recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.p. pusillus Temminck, 1834 - N Sumatra, N, E &amp; S Borneo (including Banggi I), W Java, and Bali I.</p><p>R. p. blythi K. Andersen, 1918 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan, and SE Bangladesh.</p><p>R.p. calidus G. M. Allen, 1923 -SE China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian, along with a recent record from Beijing area that may represent this subspecies).</p><p>R. p. gracilis K. Andersen, 1905 - S India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).</p><p>R.p. lakkhanae Yoshiyuki, 1990 - S China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba I), Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia (including Tioman I).</p><p>R.p. minutillusG. S. Miller, 1906 —Anambas Is (Siantan).</p><p>R.p. pagi Tate &amp; Archbold, 1939 — Mentawai Is (North Pagai).</p><p>R.p. parcus G. M. Allen, 1928 - Hainan I, China.</p><p>R. p. szechwanus K Andersen, 1918 - Myanmar and C China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, and probably Yunnan).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-42 mm, tail 13-26 mm, ear 13—20 mm, hindfoot 6-8 mm, forearm 33-41- 6 mm; weight 3- 3-8 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to smoky gray or cinnamon brown, and ventral pelage grayish white or reddish, matching dorsum but paler. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has variable lancet that ranges from elongate with concave sides to short and nearly triangular with parallel sides; connecting process is generally triangular (or hom-shaped, curving forward in some individuals); sella is slightly constricted medially, gradually narrowing to widely rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (6-8 mm) with small median emargination, and lacks lateral leaflets. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Baculum is very large for horseshoe bat, has distinct but weak dorsal bend at tip and base, roughly cylindrical shaft, thin, rounded, and laterally widened tip, and wide basal cone with deep emargination. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic breadth is usually subequal to mastoid breadth but can be either slightly larger or smaller); anterior median swellings are very small; posterior swellings are more or less well inflated; rostral profile is nearly straight or slightly sloping posteriorly; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow or nearly straight; supraorbital crests are inconspicuous and low. C1 is moderately long; P2 is well developed and in the tooth row, separating C1 from P4; P3 is minute to mediumsized and usually extruded from the tooth row; P2 and P4 are variably separated or in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 63 (Hainan) or 64 (Thailand).</p><p>Habitat. A variety of forest habitats at elevations of 200-1370 m, ranging from mature primary forests to disturbed forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Least Horseshoe Bat probably forages for insects by perchhunting; it has been observed foraging among clumps of bamboo and small limestone boulders. Five fecal samples in Beijing consisted of Diptera (45% by volume), Lepidoptera (42%), and Coleoptera (13%).</p><p>Breeding. Very little is known about its breeding biology, but pregnant females were captured in mid-May, and lactating females in mid-June in Guangxi.</p><p>Activity patterns. Least Horseshoe Bats usually roost in caves by day, although roosts have also been recorded in the roofs of bungalows. They emerge from their day roosts to forage through the night, and have been observed leaving their roosts in early evening (18:00 h) in Myanmar, dispersing by 18:30 h. Search call shape is FM/CF/FM, with a peak F of 105-2-109-7 kHz in Beijing and 111-2 kHz in Guangxi, 108-9-114-1 kHz in Cambodia (start frequencies of 95—111 kHz and end frequencies of 95-105 kHz), and 92-5 kHz in Peninsular Malaysia; and a call duration of 20—50 milliseconds (mean of 40 milliseconds) in China and 14-7-34-1 milliseconds in Cambodia (interpulse interval of 18-2-38-6 milliseconds).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Day roosts vary from a few individuals to thousands. In north-western Thailand, Least Horseshoe Bats were observed roosting in clusters of 55-1500 individuals in a cave.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Least Horseshoe Bat is widespread and appears to be common throughout much of its distribution. However, the species as currently constituted may well comprise a group of several species with smaller distributions; once the taxonomy is clarified further, the conservation status of the different forms may change.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates eta/. (2004), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba eta/. (2003), Dejtaradol (2009), Francis (2008a), Harada (1985), Hutson, Kingston &amp;Walston (2008), JiangTinglei, Metzner eta/. (2010), Li Gang eta/. (2006), Ma Xin eta/. (2016), Malia (2000), Patawang et al. (2017), Phauk eta/. (2013), Saha et al. (2017a), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Soisook eta /. (2016), Struebig eta/. (2005), Wei Song eta/. (2012), WuYi &amp; Harada (2005), WuYi, Motokawa, Harada et al. (2012), WuYi, Motokawa, LiYuchun eta/. (2009), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFED8A0AF89AF758FA2AD8C8.text	885887A2FFED8A0AF89AF758FA2AD8C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus subbadius Blyth 1844	<div><p>70. Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus subbadius</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Népal / German: Kleine Nepal-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Nepal</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus subbadius Blyth, 1844,</p><p>“ Nepal .”</p><p>Rhinolophus subbadius is included in the pusillus species group. It may be confused with. pusillus, to which it is very similar, and the distributional limits of the two are still uncertain. The relationship of this species to other Rhinolophus is unclear. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; E Nepal, Bhutan, NE India (Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya), N Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and S China (one locality in Yunnan); there have been dubious records from N &amp; C Vietnam, but these are likely to refer to the Least Horseshoe Bat (. pusui llus).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 35—37 mm, tail 16—19 mm, ear 14- 1—18 mm, hindfoot 6- 6—8 mm, forearm 33- 3—38 mm. The Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat is a very small species of horseshoe bat, probably the smallest in the genus. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon brown (brownish-tipped hairs with grayish-white bases) with generally slightly paler shoulders; ventral pelage is slightly paler. Ears are small or mediumsized. Noseleaf has more or less hastate lancet; connecting process extends forward, becoming slender and sharply pointed horn; sella is broader basally and constricted medially; shape and size of horseshoe are unknown. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is very small and moderately built (zygomatic breadth was larger than mastoid breadth in one individual and smaller in another); anterior median swellings are small and short; posterior swellings are more developed than anterior ones; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital ridges are not well defined. C1 is slender and moderately long; P 2 is small or medium-sized with distinct cusp, and is within the tooth row; P is minute or absent, being extruded from tooth row, or rarely in tooth row when present; P, and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded in a bamboo clump in dense forest at an elevation of 1231 m in northern Myanmar.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. However, in South Asia, the Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat is threatened by deforestation, generally resulting from logging operations and the conversion of land for agriculture and mining operations.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2004), Csorba, Bates, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008c), Csorba, Ujhelyi &amp; Thomas (2003), Francis (2008a), Molur et al. (2002), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFED8A0AF89AF758FA2AD8C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEC8A0AFF06F534F239DC09.text	885887A2FFEC8A0AFF06F534F239DC09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus cognatus K Andersen 1906	<div><p>72. Andaman Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus cognatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Giglioli / German: Andamanen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Andaman</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus cognatus K Andersen, 1906,</p><p>“ Port Blair, South Andaman Island,” India.</p><p>Rhinolophus cognatus is included in the pusillus species group. The exact relationship of this species to other Rhinolophus species is uncertain. Validity of race famulus is sometimes questioned. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. c. cognatus K Andersen, 1906 - Andaman Is (South Andaman).</p><p>R. c. famulus K. Andersen, 1918 - Andaman Is (North, Point, Interview, Baratang, and Narcondam).</p><p>The species is not known from the Nicobar Is, despite a number of sources listing it from them.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36- 9 mm (average), tail 13-21 mm, ear 13-5-18- 3 mm, hindfoot 6- 5-9 mm, forearm 37-5-40- 7 mm; weight 9- 9 g (average). There is no published information about its coloration. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleafhas tall lancet with concave lateral margins and spatulate tip; connecting process is hom-shaped and slightly curved downward near tip; sella is relatively large and slightly narrows from base, with widely rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (6-5-7- 1 mm) and lateral leaflets are conspicuous. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); anterior and lateral rostral swellings are moderately developed; rostral profile is sloped backward; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital ridges are well developed. C1 is relatively slender and long; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P 3 is either within tooth row or half-extruded from it, separating P2 from P 4.</p><p>Habitat. Subtropical and tropical moist lowland forest, mangrove forest, and swamps, at elevations up to 600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Andaman Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. An individual was observed hunting from a constant perch at the edge of moist lowland forest, suggesting that the species probably perch-hunts.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat roosts mainly in caves and hollows in trees. Some individuals in a large limestone cave on Baratang were seen in torpor in January when the average minimum temperature was 18°C. Search call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F of 85-2-92-1 kHz (mean 89-9 kHz) and duration of 40-2-82-1 milliseconds (mean 53-1 milliseconds).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average colony size in caves appears to be less than 50 individuals. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is known to form mixedspecies colonies, and it frequently shares its cave roosts with Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat (. andamanensis).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is poorly known, and its distribution is limited to a few islands within the Andamans. It is threatened by roost disturbance due to the collection of nests of edible-nest swiftlets (Aerodramusfuciphagus), which share the caves with these bats. There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species and it remains unprotected by in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. However, much of the distribution of this species falls within protected areas. Further studies are needed to understand the ecology of this species and potential threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Aul (2003, 2006), Aul &amp; Chakravarty (2016), Aul et al. (2014), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Csorba et al. (2003), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Srinivasulu, Racey &amp; Mistry (2010), Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu et al. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEC8A0AFF06F534F239DC09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEC8A0AFF00FDB9FCD1D34A.text	885887A2FFEC8A0AFF00FDB9FCD1D34A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus convexus Csorba 1997	<div><p>71. Convex Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus convexus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe convexe / German: Cameron-Highlands-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura convexo</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus convexus Csorba, 1997,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.36667/lat 4.4666667)">Gunung Jasar, Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands</a>, Pahang State, Malaysia (4°28’N, 101°22’E), 1,600 m elevation .”</p><p>Rhinolophus convexus is included in the pusillus species group, although its relationship to other Rhinolophus species is still unclear. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia (Selangor and Pahang states) and possibly N Laos, although identity of Laotian specimens is uncertain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Tail 18-22 mm, ear 15-16 mm, forearm 42-43 mm; weight 7-2-8- 2 g. Dorsal pelage is rich russet-brown, ventral pelage is paler. Ears are small. Noseleaf has short, parallel-sided lancet with blunt, broadly rounded tip and convex lateral margins; connecting process is long and slender with concave anterior margin in lateral view, continuously sloping toward the base of sella, being hook-shaped; sella gradually narrows toward tip, which curves downward; horseshoe does not cover muzzle (c.7- 5 mm wide), has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Skull is ofmoderate build (zygomatic width is slightly greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are low and slightly shorter than they are wide; posterior swellings are moderately developed; sagittal crest is low but conspicuous; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital ridges are sharp. C1 is relatively slender; P2 is medium-sized and in line with tooth row; P3 is small and extruded from tooth row, although P and P4 are separated by conspicuous gap.</p><p>Habitat. Upper montane forest in Peninsula Malaysia, at c. 1600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. The holotype was a pregnant female collected in late March.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape in Laos (identity of this population is uncertain) is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 92 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN ed List. The Convex Horseshoe Bat is known with certainty only by the holotype; it appears to have a very restricted distribution. Virtually nothing is known of the species’ ecology; further studies are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba (1997), Csorba, Bumrungsri, rancis, Görföl &amp; Bates. (2016), Csorba, Ujhelyi &amp; Thomas (2003), rancis (2008 a), Thomas et at. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEC8A0AFF00FDB9FCD1D34A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEC8A0AF8B7FA74F4D6CB66.text	885887A2FFEC8A0AF8B7FA74F4D6CB66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus refulgens K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>73. Glossy Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus refulgens</p><p>French: Rhinolophe irisé / German: Glänzende Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura iriscente</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus refulgens K Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Malay Peninsula: Perak; Selangor . ”</p><p>Rhinolophus refulgens is included in the pusillus species group. It was recently elevated to species status based on genetic data. Although R. refulgens and R. lepidus are morphometrically very similar, the genetic divergence between them is higher than that found between other sister species of Rhinolophus . The most recent phylogenetic study has placed R refulgens as sister to R. lepidus from Vietnam and Cambodia. The taxon cuneatus is tentatively treated as a subspecies of R. refulgens but the Sumatran specimen has not been comprehensively compared to refulgens . Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>. r. refulgens K. Andersen, 1905 - Malay Peninsula and Singapore, along with Tarutao and Tioman Is.</p><p>R. r. cuneatus K.Andersen, 1918 - E Sumatra.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 37-2-51- 1 mm, tail 14-6-22- 4 mm, ear 12-3-17- 8 mm, hindfoot 5-3-7- 9 mm, forearm 36-6—42- 6 mm; weight 4—7- 2 g. Dorsal pelage varies between very dark brown and bright foxy red (hairs with paler tip, giving the fur glossy appearance) whereas ventral pelage is wood brown or drab. Ears are small or mediumsized. Noseleaf has slightly concave lancet and has bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is triangular with rounded tip; sella is narrow and usually parallel-sided or slightly convex; horseshoe is relatively wide and does not cover whole muzzle, has wide median emargination, and secondary leaflets are present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is generally similar to that of Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat (Ä lepidus') but can be distinguished based on broader supraorbital region, with poorly defined supraorbital ridges. C 1 is only slightly higher than P4.</p><p>Habitat. Mainly found in mature lowland and hill rainforest, as well as primary and secondary rainforest in Singapore.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Glossy Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. These bats are maneuverable and able to forage in areas with cluttered vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. In Malaysia, pregnant females were captured in all months except February, June, andJuly. Pregnant females were most commonly reported with a single fetus, but some have two embryos. Lactating females have been reported in May, June, andJuly. These data suggest that the species may breed year-round.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Glossy Horseshoe Bat is generally thought to be nocturnal, but on Tioman Island, Malaysia, the species has been observed foraging throughout both day and night. This atypical diurnal foraging may be attributed to the lack of avian predators hunting under the forest canopy, where the species normally forages. On Tioman Island, individuals were reported roosting in coconut palms, and in Singapore they roosted in caves; they roost in caves and rock crevices on the mainland. Search call shape is a FM/CF/FM with a peak F reported at 98-6-105-2 kHz in males and 100-7-104-1 kHz in females. Peak frequencies in Singapore were reported at 97-8 kHz, with a duration of 28-4 milliseconds.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Glossy Horseshoe Bat roosts in colonies, with up to 300 individuals reported on Tioman Island and 350 in Singapore.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN ed List, where it is included under Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat as Least Concern. The Glossy Horseshoe Bat has a relatively limited distribution, as currently known; within this range it is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction, as it is relatively restricted to mature lowland forests.</p><p>Bibliography. Chua &amp; Aziz (2018), Dejtaradol (2009), Kingston et al. (2006), Leong &amp; Lim (2009), Lim et al. (1999), Pottie et al. (2005), Soisook et al. (2016), Tingga et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEC8A0AF8B7FA74F4D6CB66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFEB8A0DFF50FEFDF47DD0CA.text	885887A2FFEB8A0DFF50FEFDF47DD0CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth 1844	<div><p>74. Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus lepidus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Blyth / German: Blyth-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Blyth</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844,</p><p>“ probably in the vicinity of Calcutta,” West Bengal, India.</p><p>Rhinolophus lepidus is included in the pusillus species group, and appears to be sister to a clade including R. comutus, R. pumilus, R.perditus, R. monticolus, R. shortridgei, R. pusillus, R. refulgens, and R. cf. lepidus from South-east Asia, which makes the species basal to much of the pusillus species group. As currendy defined, R. lepidus probably represents a species complex. The Central Asian specimens originally misidentified as R. hipposideros in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan were mentioned under the new name R. kirgisorum (or variously as R. aff. lepidus) by I. Horaòcek and colleagues in 2000, and were thought probably to represent a new species. There was no description given to the name, so it is a nomen nudum. Subsequent comparison by P. Benda and J. Gaisler in 2015 indicated that the specimens from these regions are similar to specimens in Afghanistan, suggesting that they should be included within the race monticola . Race monticola may represent a species distinct from the South Asian and South-east Asian taxa, pending further genetic and morphological studies. Distributional limits between the subspecies are not well defined. The juvenile type specimen of monticola may have a mismatched skull, as the specimen’s external measurements are within the range of R.pusillus whereas the skull is typical of lepidus . Three subspecies are currently recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>. l. lepidus Blyth, 1844 - most of India and Bangladesh; possibly in Bhutan.</p><p>R..l. feae K. Andersen, 1907 — Myanmar, S China (Yunnan), N Thailand, SW Cambodia, and S Vietnam (possibly more widespread across Vietnam) including Con Son and Phu Quoc Is.</p><p>. l. monticola K Andersen, 1905 - SE Uzbekistan, SW Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan (Faryab, Kabul, Nangarhar, Parwan, and Zabul provinces), N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces), NW India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), and Nepal.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 33- 5—54 mm, tail 13- 3—26 mm, ear 11-20- 6 mm, hindfoot 5-5-10- 5 mm, forearm 37-42- 9 mm; weight 3-7-8- 2 g. Dorsal pelage varies between wood brown and cinnamon (hairs with drab bases with paler tip, giving fur glossy appearance), whereas ventral pelage is wood brown or drab. Ears are small or medium-sized. Noseleaf has strongly concave-sided lancet (may be almost parallel-sided in some individuals) and has either a rounded or pointed tip; connecting process is pointed triangle; sella is narrow and usually parallel-sided; horseshoe is relatively wide (6-8 mm) and does not cover the whole muzzle, has wide median emargination, and secondary leaflets are present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is elongate, with dorsal bend near the basal cone and ventral bend near base, which is deeply bifurcated with depression on the ventral margin; tip is knobbed and wider in dorsal view, and shaft is cylindrical. Skull is small and robust (zygomatic width is usually subequal to, or sometimes slightiy larger than, mastoid width); anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior swellings are relatively inflated; rostral profile is slightly sloped backwards or occasionally nearly straight; sagittal crest is moderately strong but weakened posteriorly; frontal depression is shallow to nearly straight; supraorbital ridges are low. C1 is well developed, usually greatly exceeding height of P4; P2 has distinct and generally well-developed cusp and is within tooth row; P3 is variably within or extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact ifP3 is external. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 (southern India and Kyrgyzstan).</p><p>Habitat. Both dry and moist forest and fringe areas, as well as some desert regions in Central Asia. Recorded at elevations of 100-2338 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat appears to forage among vegetation and has been observed both aerial-hawking and gleaning prey off offoliage. It is a low, maneuverable flier. Known to feed on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera .</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young in early May, in Maharashtra.</p><p>Activity patterns. Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat roosts by day in caves, unused tunnels, old and ruined buildings, and old temples, and forages during the night. Search call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 93-2-96-8 kHz and durations of 16-8-42-4 milliseconds in southern India. Peak frequency was reported as 104—105 kHz in another study in southern India and 103 kHz in South-east Asia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat generally roosts in colonies ranging from a few individuals scattered within the roost or in compact clusters of a dozen or so, to several hundred individuals, some ofwhich may roost solitarily. Males and females roost together in mixed colonies. They reportedly urinate on intruders to deter them from disturbing their roosts.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat is generally widespread and does not seem to have any major threats affecting it as a whole. However, in parts of its Indian range, it is threatened by roost disturbance due to conversion of old forts into hotels as part of tourist-related development activities.</p><p>Bibliography. Abramov eta/. (2007), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Hanak (2011), Bumrungsri, Francis &amp; Csorba (2008), Csorba eta/. (2003), Das (1986a), Dejtaradol (2009), rancis (2008a), Horâcek eta/. (2000), Koublnova eta/. (2010), Kruskop (2013a), Raghuram eta /. (2014), Salim et al. (2017), Shahbaz et al. (2014), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp;XieYan (2008), Soisook eta/. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFEB8A0DFF50FEFDF47DD0CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE98A0FFF6FF0DBF22AD0C8.text	885887A2FFE98A0FFF6FF0DBF22AD0C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus canuti Thomas & Wroughton 1909	<div><p>76. Knud’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus canuti</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Knud /German: Knud-Andersen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Knud</p><p>Other common names: Canut's Horseshoe Bat, Canuti Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus canuti Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1909,</p><p>“ Island ofJava,” Indonesia. Restricted by O. Thomas and R.. Wroughton in 1909 to “Kalipoetjang, Tji-Tandoei River, S.Java .”</p><p>Rhinolophus canuti is included in the euryotis species group and is probably related to . creaghi and R arcuatus, although it has not yet been included in any phylogenetic studies. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>. c. canuti Thomas &amp; Wroughton, 1909 — Java (three localities), and Nusa Barong ail'd Bali Is.</p><p>. c. timorensis R. E. Goodwin, 1979 — Timor I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-62 mm, tail 19-24 mm, ear 21-24- 1 mm, forearm 47-6-51- 2 mm. Fur is long and fine. Dorsal pelage is variable, ranging from dark red to wood brown (hairs paler at base), and ventral pelage varies between wood brown and light drab. Ears are large. Noseleafhas concave sided lancet; connecting process is very low (slightly more developed in timorensis', and curved, and has fringe of hairs along the edge; sella gradually narrows to rounded tip and there is a tuft ofhair between sella and lancet (hairs much less dense than in Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat, R creaghi), which varies in color from reddish brown (timorensis) to straw yellow (canuti); horseshoe is wide (c.ll mm). Skull is heavily built (zygomatic breadth slightly exceeding mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are well inflated and extend posteriorly; lateral swellings are prominent; posterior swellings are relatively reduced; rostral profile is sharply concave; sagittal crest is well developed; frontal depression is well to moderately developed; supraorbital crests have sharp ridges. C 1 is moderately strong and long; P2 is relatively large and within the tooth row, or crowded slighdy out of line; P3 is small and completely extruded, or rarely missing; P9 and P4 are in contact Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus, or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing.</p><p>Habitat. Found almost exclusively in intact forest, although it may occasionally forage over cultivated land. Recorded at 550 m on Timor.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Knud’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves by day.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Knud’s Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in large colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNed List. Knud’s Horseshoe Bat is currendy only known from a few scattered localities. It prefers undisturbed forests, which severely limits its distribution. The species was thought perhaps to be extinct inJava, but recent sampling efforts have shown that it is still present. This species is threatened by deforestation and roost disturbance throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba eta/. (2003), Goodwin (1979), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Csorba (2008), Ikranagara eta/. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE98A0FFF6FF0DBF22AD0C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE98A0FFF53FEFDFE63D66D.text	885887A2FFE98A0FFF53FEFDFE63D66D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus creaghi Thomas 1896	<div><p>75. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus creaghi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Creagh / German: Creagh-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Creagh</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus creaghi Thomas, 1896,</p><p>“ Sandakan, British N[orth]. Borneo [= Borneo], ” Malaysia .</p><p>Rhinolophus creaghi is included in the euryotis species group, along with R. canuti, R. mcintyrei, R. euryotis, R. tatar, R. belligerator, R. proconsulis, R. arcuatus, R. inops, R.subrufus, R.rufus, R affinis, R.andamanensis, R. coelophyllus, R. shameli, R. microglobosus, and R. stheno . The euryotis group is currendy not well defined and includes a number of taxa that have typically been placed in other species groups (particularly the megaphyllus group). The current arrangement is based mainly on genetic data, but further sampling is needed to achieve a better understanding of the relationships of the species within this group. Current genetic data indicate that the euryotis group is probably either close to the pearsonii, trifoliatus, hipposideros, and rouxii groups, or is sister to a clade including the pusillus, megaphyllus, philippinensis, and macrotis groups, but genetic data are still limited. Genetic data have placed. creaghi close to R. affinis, R shameli, R arcuatus, and R subrufus . Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R c. creaghi Thomas, 1896 - Palawan I (Philippines) and N, W &amp; E Borneo (including Banggi I), although it probably occurs more widely in Borneo.</p><p>. c. pilosus K. Andersen, 1918 — Lesser Sunda Is (Madura, Nusa Penida, Flores, Semau, and Roti),</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51 mm (holotype), tail 11- 1-16 mm, ear 18- 8-25 mm, forearm 46-54- 4 mm; weight 10-5—13- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is generally dark brown to olive brown, and ventral pelage is paler. Ears are small to medium-sized. Noseleaf has a relatively long lancet with slightly concave sides; connecting process is virtually absent but there is a distinctive tuft of compact, dense hair at base of the lancet (hairs are long and dark brown, and in pilosus they are modified with their distal halves being flattened into a blade-like structure); sella has constricted base at narial cup and is more or less ellipsoid in outline above; horseshoe is moderately wide (9-8—11- 4 mm) and has poorly developed secondary leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is heavily built (zygomatic breadth is slightly greater than or subequal to mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are high and bulbous; lateral swellings are well developed; posterior compartments are not well developed; rostral profile is distinctly concave; sagittal crest is moderately to well developed; frontal depression is deep; supraorbital crests are prominent and often have sharp ridges. C1 is moderately strong but low; P 2 is well developed and slightly extruded from tooth row; P3 is minute and fully extruded from tooth row or completely absent; P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for genus, or only 30 teeth when lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 (Sabah, northern Borneo).</p><p>Habitat. Mostly primary forest in both lowland and highland regions. On Palawan, common in primary lowland forest from near sea level up to at least 700 m; can occur up to 1500 m elsewhere in its distribution.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Eight pregnant females (out of 135 total females captured) were reported in December on Palawan.</p><p>Activity patterns. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves. A call frequency of 68 kHz was recorded from a hand-held individual in Sabah.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bats often roost in large numbers, with colonies of hundreds or thousands.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 ze IUCN ed List. Creagh’s Horseshoe Bat has a widespread, although somewhat scattered, distribution and is considered locally common in parts of its range. It may be locally threatened by roost disturbance from limestone extraction and guano mining, and by general habitat destruction by deforestation. It is hunted for food on Palawan, although this is not viewed as a substantial threat.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba eta/. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Harada &amp; Kobayashi (1980), Hill (1958, 1959), Hutson, Kingston, Esselstyn &amp; Maryanto (2008), Ketol eta /. (2005), Payne eta /. (1985), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Rahman &amp; Abdullah (2002), Sazali eta/. (2011), Struebig et al. (2012), Suyanto (1998), Yasuma (1994), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE98A0FFF53FEFDFE63D66D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE98A0EF894F5B7FE60DC11.text	885887A2FFE98A0EF894F5B7FE60DC11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus mcintyrei Hill & Schlitter 1982	<div><p>77. McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus mcintyrei</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de McIntyre / German: Mclntyre-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de McIntyre</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus arcuatus mcintyrei Hill &amp; Schütter, 1982,</p><p>“ 4 km ENE Telefomin, W[est] Sepik Province, Papuan New Guinea (05°06’S, 141°41’ E).”</p><p>Rhinolophus mcintyrei is placed within the euryotis group and appears to be sister to a clade that includes R. euryotis, R. tatar, R. arcuatus, and R. inops or. subrufus, based on mitochondrial data. It was originally described as a subspecies of R. arcuatus and has typically been treated thus, but following a recent genetic study by L. E. Patrick and colleagues in 2013, the taxon has been elevated to species status. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. WC &amp; C Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-64 mm, tail 16-23 mm, ear 15-22 mm, hindfoot 8-13 mm, forearm 47- 5-54 mm; weight 9-15 g. McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat is generally similar to the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( R.proconsulis), the Poso Horseshoe Bat (. belligeratar), and the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (. arcuatus) but is separated by its more expanded intemarial region, shorter and wider sella, and more inflated anterior median rostral swellings. Dorsal pelage is slightly reddish brown or dark brown (hairs whitish at base), whereas ventral pelage is paler. Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has straightsided lancet with a pointed tip; connecting process is arcuate, forming a semicircle; sella is broadly ovate and wide basally, being slightly narrower than intemarial cup for much of its length before tapering slightly toward rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (8-7-9- 7 mm), nearly covers the muzzle, and has slight median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively slender; braincase is elongate and slightly inflated; interorbital region is abruptly narrowed; anterior median swellings are well developed and circular in outline; posterior swellings are less pronounced but still defined; rostral profile is distinctly concave in lateral view; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is very shallow; supraorbital crests are slightly developed; canines are relatively slender and slightly curved (smaller and less massive than in the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat). P2 is small and in the tooth row; P 3 is very small and completely extruded from the tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. Typically found in lowland and hill forest habitats, such as primary lowland alluvial and hill forests that exhibit complex four-layered canopies. Recorded at elevations of 270-1600m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat probably forages using a mixture of aerial-hawking and gleaning; it is a slow, maneuverable flier.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal and spends the day roosting in limestone caves and abandoned mines. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 70—72 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bats are known to roost in small groups of at least a dozen.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Although there is only limited information available on this species’ ecology and threats, McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat is likely to be threatened by deforestation and other forms of human disturbance, which are common in the lowland forests it inhabits.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Hill &amp; Schütter (1982), Leary &amp; Pennay (2011), Patrick &amp; Ruedas (2017b), Patrick et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE98A0EF894F5B7FE60DC11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE88A0EFF02FA7CF4A0DB35.text	885887A2FFE88A0EFF02FA7CF4A0DB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus euryotis Temminck 1835	<div><p>78. New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus euryotis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe euryote I German: Neuguinea-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Nueva Guinea</p><p>Other common names: Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat, New Guinea Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus euryotis Tem - minck, 1835,</p><p>Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia.</p><p>Rhinolophus euryotis is placed in the euryotis species group. It appears to be sister to an undescribed species from the central highlands of Sulawesi that is usually considered a population of R. arcuatus . Only populations from mainland New Guinea have been studied genetically; the forms from a number of islands between New Guinea and Sulawesi still need to be tested, including the type locality of R. euryotis; the validity and relationships of the various races is still unclear. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.e. euryotis Temminck, 1835 — C Moluccas Is (Ambon and Seram) and Tanimbar Is.</p><p>R.e. aruensis K. Andersen, 1907 — Aru Is.</p><p>R. e. burius Hinton, 1925 — C Moluccas Is (Buru).</p><p>R. e. praestans K.Andersen, 1905 — Kai Is.</p><p>R. e. timidus K. Andersen, 1905 - N Moluccas Is (Halmahera and Bacan), New Guinea (including Waigeo, Batanta, and Yapen Is), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland), and Trobriand Is (Kiriwina).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-73 mm, tail 16—28 mm, ear 19—26- 5 mm, hindfoot 11—15 mm, forearm 50—60 mm; weight 14-1—27- 5 g. Dorsal pelage is brown (hairs paler drab basally), whereas ventral pelage is lighter brownish or wood brown. Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has more or less straight-sided and densely haired lancet; connecting process is semicircular and hairy; sella is wide but relatively short and almost parallel-sided, with convex outlined tip; horseshoe has longitudinal groove with raised edges extending from median edge to intemarial region, is dark in color with exception of whitish stripe on median longitudinal groove, is very wide (10- 2—13 mm), covers muzzle and even projects slighdy beyond it, and has very shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large but relatively slender in build (zygomatic breadth is only slighdy larger than mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are prominent and bulbous; posterior swellings are reduced; frontal depression extends anteriorly to medium swellings and is elongated and moderately deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not very sharp; sagittal crest is moderately developed. C1 is long and strong; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row or halfway extruded from it; P is small and completely extruded from tooth row, or is sometimes missing entirely; P, and P4 are usually very close to one another or touching. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing.</p><p>Habitat. Known to forage in both primary and secondary rainforest from sea level up to elevations of 2050 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat forages for insects by substrate-gleaning.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females were reported in late August on New Britain, and four pregnant and one lactating females were captured in late October on Batanta Island; based on these data, females probably give birth in late October. Each pregnant female carried only a single embryo.</p><p>Activity patterns. New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves and tunnels. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with peak frequencies of 52-58 kHz recorded in New Guinea.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Sodai organization. Colonies can reach over 1000 individuals (e. g. a maternity colonywith over 1000 bats was reported in November on New Guinea).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat is widespread but is likely to be threatened by roost disturbance, as well as habitat destruction and alteration.</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Aplin (2017h), Bonaccorso (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Leary &amp; Pennay (2011), Patrick et al. (2013), Robson et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE88A0EFF02FA7CF4A0DB35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE88A0EF8B7FD62F247D5CA.text	885887A2FFE88A0EF8B7FD62F247D5CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus tatar Bergmans & Rozendaal 1982	<div><p>79. Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus tatar</p><p>French: Rhinolophe d'Archbold I German: Tate-Archbold-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Archbold</p><p>Other common names: Tatar Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus tatar Bergmans &amp; Rozendaal, 1982,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.68333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.05/lat 0.68333334)">5 m above Moinakom River</a> (00°41’N, 124°3’E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.68333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.05/lat 0.68333334)">Dumoga Nature Reserve</a>, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, altitude 525 m.”</p><p>Rhinolophus tatar is included in the euryotis species group and is sister to the clade that includes. euryotis and the new central Sulawesi species. Rhinolophus tatar was previously included in R. euryotis but was recently elevated to species level by L. E.</p><p>Patrick and coworkers in 2013, based on genetic and morphometric data. The islands in which R. euryotis occurs between Sulawesi and New Guinea have not been tested phylogenetically or morphometrically, and some or all of these populations could potentially refer to R. tatar . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Sulawesi.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-2-61- 6 mm, tail 16-2-21- 6 mm, ear 17-2-22- 3 mm, hindfoot 9-2-12- 4 mm, forearm 47-3-51- 8 mm; weight 9-13 g. Dorsal pelage is dark brown (hairs with whitish base and dark brown shaft), whereas ventral pelage is a litde lighter. Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has more or less straight-sided and densely haired lancet; connecting process is semicircular and is hairy; sella is wide but relatively short and almost parallel-sided with convex outlined tip; horseshoe has longitudinal groove with raised edges extending from median edge to intemarial region, is dark in color with exception of whitish stripe on median longitudinal groove, is wide (9—9- 6 mm), covering muzzle, and has very shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large but slender in build (zygomatic breadth is subequal to mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are prominent and bulbous; posterior swellings are reduced; frontal depression extends anteriorly to medium swellings and is elongated and moderately deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not very sharp; sagittal crest is moderately developed. C1 is long and strong; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P3 is very small and completely extruded from tooth row, or sometimes missing entirely; P and P4 are usually very close to one another or touching. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus, or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded from slightly disturbed lowland rainforest to lower montane forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant female with one embryo was collected in November.</p><p>Activity patterns. Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bats probably roost in trees, or possibly in caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat is relatively widespread but is likely to be threatened by roost disturbance and habitat destruction and alteration.</p><p>Bibliography. Bergmans &amp; Rozendaal (1982), Patrick &amp; Ruedas (2017d), Patrick eta/. (2013), Wiantoro et at (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE88A0EF8B7FD62F247D5CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE88A01F8B0F2B9F98EDFED.text	885887A2FFE88A01F8B0F2B9F98EDFED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus belligerator Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas 2013	<div><p>80. Poso Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus belligerator</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Poso I German: Zentralsulawesi-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Poso</p><p>Other common names: Belligerent Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus belligerator Patrick, McCulloch &amp; Ruedas, 2013,</p><p>“ Permana Cave, near Poso, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia.”</p><p>Rhinolophus belligerator is included in the euryotis species group, although its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain; it was only recently described as separate from R. arcuatus, based on morphometric data from the single known specimen. This locality was traditionally considered to represent a disjunct record of R. arcuatus proconsulis, but that form too is now recognized as a distinct species. There appears to be another new species typically assigned to arcuatus from the central highlands of Sulawesi that still requires an adequate description. Specimens initially attributed to. arcuatus were recendy collected from south-western Sulawesi and are tentatively considered R. belligerator because of their lowland occurrence, but extensive analysis is needed as they could represent the abovementioned undescribed central highlands species. Specimens attributed to R arcuatus from Melanesia probably represent either this species or R. mcintyrei, further study is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; SE Sulawesi.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-1-60- 9 mm, tail 15-4-21- 1 mm, ear 18-5-22- 1 mm, hindfoot 6-4—12- 1 mm, forearm 47-4—51- 8 mm; weight 10-12- 5 g. The Poso Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat ( arcuatus) and the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. proconsulis). It has only recently been defined on craniodental morphometries and a full description is not yet possible, although based on notes on the type specimen, it differs from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat by its slightly wider and more ovate sella, slightly longer rostrum, and somewhat higher median anterior rostral swellings. A more thorough investigation is needed to differentiate this species clearly from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat, the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat, and McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat ( R. mcintyrei).</p><p>Habitat. Recorded in secondary lowland forests in SW Sulawesi. The holotype is known from an area close to sea level.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. No information.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Poso Horseshoe Bat was only known from a single specimen until 2011 when a number of specimens were reported from south-western Sulawesi (Mangolo Nature Recreation Park), although the identification of these specimens still needs to be confirmed, as they may represent the undescribed highland form currently attributed to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat. The Poso Horseshoe Bat may be threatened by habitat destruction. Further sampling is needed to determine this species’ validity and full distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Hill (1988), Patrick &amp; Ruedas (2017a), Patrick et al. (2013), Wiantoro et al. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE88A01F8B0F2B9F98EDFED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE78A01FF64EE1CF3D7C82E.text	885887A2FFE78A01FF64EE1CF3D7C82E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus arcuatus Peters 1871	<div><p>82.</p><p>Arcuate Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus arcuatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe arqué / German: Bogen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura arqueado</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus arcuatus Peters, 1871,</p><p>“ Luzon,” Philippines .</p><p>Rhinolophus arcuatus is included in the euryotis species group and appears to be paraphyletic with. inops and. subrufus . Rhinolophus arcuatus currently represents a species complex within the Philippines, where at least two morphs (large and small) are present that are commonly associated with distinct habitat types within a single island, although there are many divergent genetic lineages and a lot of morphological variation. Rhinolophus mcintyrei, R. belligerator, and. proconsulis were previously considered subspecies of A arcuatus, but genetic and morphometric data support their recognition as distinct species, with the restriction of true. arcuatus mainly to the Philippines; however, several populations were not covered in the study by L. E. Patrick and colleagues in 2013 that split these species; records from Sumatra, Wetar, Buru, and Ambon Islands are tentatively included in. arcuatus but probably either belong to. mcintyrei, R. belligerator, or. proconsulis, or represent a distinct species. There is another undescribed species morphologically similar to. arcuatus from the central highlands of Sulawesi, which is here included in the distribution of. arcuatus . Even within the Philippines, this species probably represents a species complex. Five subspecies tentatively recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R .. arcuatus Peters, 1871 — N Philippines, including Palawan I.</p><p>R .. angustifolius Sanborn, 1939 — Wetar I.</p><p>R .. beccarii K. Andersen, 1907 — W Sumatra.</p><p>. a. exiguus K. Andersen, 1905 - S Philippines S to Tawi-Tawi Is.</p><p>R. a. toxopeusi Hinton, 1925 - Buru and Ambon Is.</p><p>An undescribed taxon (probably representing a separate species) occurs in the C highlands of Sulawesi.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 49-62 mm, tail 15—21 mm, ear 17- 2—22 mm, hindfoot 10—12 mm, forearm 40—50 mm; weight 6—9 g. There are at least two morphs throughout the Philippines: small morph, with mean forearm length of 45- 3 mm and a narrower noseleaf; and large morph, with mean forearm length of 46- 6 mm and a wider noseleaf. Dorsal pelage is slightly reddish brown or dark brown (hairs lighter at the base), whereas ventral pelage is buff to gray brown. Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has straight-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is arcuate, forming semicircle; sella is broadly ovate and wide basally, being slightly narrower than intemarial cup for much of its length before tapering slightly toward the rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (7- 7—10 mm), nearly covers muzzle, and has slight median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively slender (zygomatic width either slightly larger than or subequal to mastoid width); braincase is elongate and slightly inflated; interorbital region is abruptly narrowed; anterior median swellings are well developed and circular in outline; posterior swellings are less pronounced but still defined; rostral profile is distinctly concave in lateral view; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is variably shallow to deep; supraorbital crests vary from slightly to well developed; canines are relatively slender and slightly curved. P2 is small to medium-sized with well-developed cusp and completely within tooth row; P3 is either missing, or small when present, but is completely extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are variably touching or barely separated. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus, or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (large morph from Camarines Sur Province, Philippines).</p><p>Habitat. Found in a variety of habitats, including primary and secondary forests, such as montane and mossy forests on Luzon, being common in most lowland areas. Recorded from sea level up to 2500 m in the Philippines.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Arcuate Horseshoe Bat feeds mainly on a variety of moths but also beetles, flies, other small insects, and spiders on occasion. It probably forages by both aerial-hawking and some gleaning, similarly to other horseshoe bats.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Arcuate Horseshoe Bats roost in caves, crevices, rocky overhangs, and hollow trees during the day. Call shapes are FM/CF/FM, and peak F were reported at 69-8 kHz for the small morph but 66 kHz for the large morph; female calls were at slightly higher frequencies than males, within both morphs in the Philippines.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Arcuate Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in small colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Although the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat is currently considered widespread, the taxonomy of most populations of this species is uncertain, and settling on a conservation status is not possible at this time. The species is widespread through the Philippines but may be threatened by cave disturbance for guano mining, and hunting and general habitat loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba eta /. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Flannery (1995a), Heaney, Balete, Dolar eta/. (1998), Heaney, Balete, Gee eta/. (2005), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Heaney, Gonzales eta/. (11991), Ingle &amp; Heaney (1992), Lepiten (1995), Patrick eta /. (2013), Philip (2008), Rickart, Heaney eta /. (1993), Rickart, Mercier (1999), Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza &amp; Wright (2008), Sedlock eta/. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE78A01FF64EE1CF3D7C82E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE78A01FF69F95CFA44C82D.text	885887A2FFE78A01FF69F95CFA44C82D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus proconsulis Hill 1959	<div><p>81. Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus proconsulis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe proconsul I German: Wollhaarige Borneo-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura lanoso de Borneo</p><p>Other common names: Proconsul's Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus arcuatus proconsulis Hill, 1959,</p><p>“ Bungoh Cave, Bau, 1st. Division, Sarawak,” Borneo, Malaysia.</p><p>Rhinolophus proconsulis is included in the euryotis species group although its phylogenetic affinities are uncertain. Based on morphometries, L. E. Patrick and colleagues in 2013 recently recognized it as distinct from R. arcuatus, as were R. mcintyrei and R. belligerator, thus leaving R. arcuatus with a much smaller range, mainly in the Philippines; however, not all populations were accounted for in this study, including those in Sumatra, which may be closer to R.proconsulis, but are here tentatively retained in R. arcuatus . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Borneo (SW Sarawak); apparently also in Central and East Kalimantan, although the exact locality of records is uncertain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 46-3-48- 3 mm. The Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat is similar overall to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (. arcuatus) and the Poso Horseshoe Bat (. belligerator). Dorsal pelage is dark brown (hairs grayish at base), whereas ventral pelage is pale brown with faint gray tinge. Ears are moderately long. Noseleaf has straight-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is arcuate, forming semicircle; sella is broadly ovate and wide basally, being slightly narrower than intemarial cup for much of its length before tapering slightly toward rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide, nearly covers muzzle, and has slight median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively slender; braincase is elongate and slightly inflated; interorbital region is abruptly narrowed; anterior median swellings are well developed and circular in outline; posterior swellings are less pronounced but still defined; nasal swellings are slightly smaller overall than in the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat; rostral profile is distinctly concave in lateral view; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is very shallow; supraorbital crests are slightly developed; canines are relatively slender and slightly curved (larger and more massive than in McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat (. mcintyrei). P2 is small and in tooth row; P3 is very small and completely extruded from tooth row.</p><p>Habitat. The caves in which the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat has been captured are generally surrounded by remnant forests or various plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat appears to forage for insects in dense vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts in limestone caves.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCNed List. The Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat is currently restricted to nine localities and appears to be rare within its restricted and scattered distribution. It is likely to be threatened by general roost disturbance, along with the deforestation that is rampant in Borneo.</p><p>Bibliography. Azhar et al. (2009), Hill (1959), Jub et al. (2003), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2005), Pàthe et al. (2005), Patrick &amp; Ruedas (2017c), Patrick et al. (2013), Rahman et al. (2011), Struebig et al. (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE78A01FF69F95CFA44C82D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE78A00F895EE1CFAD4D2BF.text	885887A2FFE78A00F895EE1CFAD4D2BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus inops K Andersen 1905	<div><p>83. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus inops</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Mindanao / German: Philippinen-Hufeisennase/ Spanish: Herradura de Mindanao</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus inops K Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Mt. Apo, at Jodaya, Mindanao, 4000 feet [= 1219 m],” Philippines .</p><p>Rhinolophus inops is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. subrufus, it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. subrufus). Rhinolophus inops is rather variable throughout its distribution and may represent a species complex; further studies are needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Samar, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, Biliran, Camiguin, and Mindanao Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 55—70 mm, tail 17-27 mm, ear 21-3-28- 5 mm, hindfoot 11—18- 5 mm, forearm 49-57 mm; weight 10-19- 6 g. Dorsal pelage is deep dark brown or slightly reddish brown, and ventral pelage is usually a litde paler. Ears are medium-sized to large. Noseleaf has moderately high lancet with straight sides; connecting process is strongly arcuate with nearly semicircular outline, and is covered in sparse stiff hairs; sella is approximately ovate in oudine or nearly parallel-sided (the holotype has peculiar and highly modified sella that is shaped into small triangular pouch with downward-turned opening); horseshoe is wide (c. 13 mm), completely covering the muzzle, and has a deep median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively strong (zygomatic breadth is greater than mastoid breadth); anterior median and lateral swellings are well developed; posterior swellings are less developed; sagittal crest is strong to very strong; frontal depression is conspicuous and moderately or very deep (especially proximally); supraorbital crests are well developed, strong, and thick. C1 is moderately developed; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P3 is small to rarely medium-sized, and is external to tooth row; P2 and P4 are usually touching. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (Leyte).</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane forest, including mossy forests, at elevations from sea level up to 2250 m. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats appear to be less abundant at higher elevations and are usually absent from agricultural and heavily disturbed areas, although they have occasionally been found in disturbed forest and orchards.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat feeds on a variety of insects, particularly favoring Lepidoptera and Diptera .</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats appear to roost in caves and perhaps hollow trees. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a mean peak frequency of 55-1 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats form large colonies, occasionally with Arcuate Horseshoe Bats ( R. arcuatus) and Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats (. virgo).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common. The species has probably undergone declines due to habitat destruction, but its overall population still appears to be large.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba et al. (2003), Heaney (1991), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete, Gee et al. (2005), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Ingle &amp; Heaney (1992), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Sedlock et al. (2008), Patrick et al. (2013), Philip (2008), Rickart, Heaney et al. (1993), Rickart, Mercier (1999), Sedlock (2001), Sedlock, Krüger &amp; Clare (2014), Sedlock, Weyandt et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE78A00F895EE1CFAD4D2BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE68A00F8B3F9E8F2BBD69F.text	885887A2FFE68A00F8B3F9E8F2BBD69F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus rufus Eydoux & Gervais 1836	<div><p>85. Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus rufus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe d'Eydoux / German: Grosse Rotbraune Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura rufo grande</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus luctus var. rufa [sic] Eydoux &amp; P. Gervais in Laplace, 1839,</p><p>“ Manille [= Manila],” Luzon, Philippines .</p><p>Rhinolophus rufus is included in the euryotis species group, but its relationships within the group are unclear; further studies are needed. It may be closely related to /?. subrufus and R inops . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Marinduque, Catanduanes, Guimaras, Bohol, Leyte, Camiguin, and Mindanao Is).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 80-97 mm, tail 30-33 mm, ear 33-37 mm, hindfoot 15- 4-21 mm, forearm 68-73 mm; weight 26-34 g. The Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat is a very large species of horseshoe bat, the largest in the Philippines. Dorsal and ventral pelage is typically dark to medium brown, occasionally with red or orange tint. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has moderately long, straight-sided lancet; connecting process is strongly arcuate, and is semicircular; sella has parallel margins or is slightly but gradually narrowed upward, and has widely rounded tip and scarcely expanded base; horseshoe is relatively wide, covering muzzle almost to upper lip, and has lateral leaflets and narrow but deep median emargination. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is enormous and very robust (zygomatic breadth is much wider than mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are large and project strongly; anterior lateral and posterior swellings are less developed; sagittal crest is high to very high; supraorbital ridges are very conspicuous; frontal depression is deep. C1 is strong and moderately long; P2 is small and within tooth row; P3 is very small and partly or completely extruded from tooth row; P, and P, are separated by a small space or barely touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 60 (Catanduanes I).</p><p>Habitat. Recorded from primary and secondary lowland forest, often in association with fairly large, deep caves. The Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat is generally a lowland species, being found at elevations from sea level up to 350 m on Luzon, and up to 600 m elsewhere.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost in caves by day.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on 77 rc IUCN ed List. The Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat is relatively uncommon through its distribution, although it is locally common on Bohol and Polillo. The overall available habitat for this species is declining throughout its distribution due to deforestation. The species is also threatened by roost disturbance from tourism and guano mining. It is also collected for food in some areas: fires are lit in the cave to asphyxiate the bats, which are then collected.</p><p>Bibliography. Cabauatan et al. (2014), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Heaney, Gonzales et al. (1991), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza &amp; Heaney (2008), Rickart et al. (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE68A00F8B3F9E8F2BBD69F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8.text	885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>84. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus subrufus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe roussâtre / German: Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura rufo pequeno</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Manila,” Luzon, Philippines.</p><p>Rhinolophus subrufus is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. inops, it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. inops). Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. s. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippines (Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Negros, Leyte, and Camiguin Is).</p><p>R. s. bunkeri E.. H. Taylor, 1934 - Philippines (Mindanao I).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 60-63 mm, tail 22-29 mm, ear 24-27 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm, forearm 53-57 mm; weight 12-19 g. Pelage has slighdy woolly and crinkled appearance; dorsal pelage is usually reddish or cinnamon rufous, rarely dark brown without trace of red (hairs have an orange rufous base); ventral pelage is similar but slighdy more brownish. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has nearly straight-sided lancet that tapers regularly toward tip and is densely covered in short hairs; connecting process is semicircular and is lined with longer hairs; sella is long and sides narrow very slighdy upward; horseshoe is relatively wide (11-8-13- 3 mm), covers muzzle, has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic breadth is always larger than mastoid width); zygomatic arch is robust and highly flared (especially in bunkeri); anterior median and lateral nasal swellings are bulbous, whereas posterior swellings are less inflated; rostral profile is distincdy concave; sagittal crest is high to very high; frontal depression is distinct and often quite deep { subrufus) or shallow {bunkeri)', supraorbital crests are well developed. P2 is small but within tooth row; P3 is small to medium-sized and extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact or sometimes slighdy separated.</p><p>Habitat. Generally associated with lowland tropical forests, and can be locally common in karst areas. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in caves. A call frequency of 51 kHz has been recorded from this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bats have often been recorded together with Large-eared Horseshoe Bats { philippinensis) and Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats { rufus).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on 77zr&gt; IUCN ed List. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is infrequendy encountered but appears to be locally common in karst areas. Very litde is currendy known regarding the ecology of this species and the threats it faces; further studies are needed. It is probably threatened by the intensive mining and unregulated tourism that occurs in the karst regions of the Philippines.</p><p>Bibliography. Cabauatan et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Ong et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE68A03F84FEFCAF52ADA38.text	885887A2FFE68A03F84FEFCAF52ADA38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield 1823	<div><p>86. Intermediate Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus affinis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Horsfield I German: Mittelgrosse Asiatische Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Horsfield</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823, Java, Indonesia .</p><p>Rhinolophus affinis is here included in the euryotis species group, based on genetic data, although this species and R andamanensis are typically included in the megaphyllus species group. Genetic data seems to indicate that R. affinis is related to at least R. creaghi, R.arcuatus, R.subrufus, R.sitameli, and R stheno, although studies including more species and multiple genes are needed to determine this species’ phylogenetic relationship. R andamanensis wa&amp; recendy recognized by. Srinivasulu and colleagues in 2019 as a distinct species from R affnis based on genetic and morphological data. The proposed subspecies tener is here synonymized with macrurus, and superans is synonymized with the nominate, based on morphological and genetic data. Distributional borders in the three Chinese subspecies hainanus, macrurus, and himalayanus are uncertain, and macrums seems to have originated from a hybrid himalayanus x hainanus, which evolved on Hainan but later recolonized mainland China. Subspecies princeps is currendy the only recognized subspecies that has not been validated using genetic and morphological studies. Six subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. a. afinis Horsfield, 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra, North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java.</p><p>R. a. hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906 - Hainan I, China.</p><p>R. a. himalayanus K Andersen, 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, NE Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and C &amp; S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou).</p><p>R.a. macrurus K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang,Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia.</p><p>R. a. nesites K.Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut, Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is.</p><p>R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba Is.</p><p>A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-68 mm, tail 174- 35 mm, ear 14—25 mm, hindfoot 9- 8-13 mm, forearm 46-57 mm; weight 9- 9-19 g. Dorsal pelage varies from dark to lighter brown, occasionally with an ocherous buff tinge; ventral pelage ranges from brown to creamy buff. Ears are comparatively small. Noseleaf has parallel-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and sparsely haired; sella is slighdy concave and pandurate in shape; horseshoe is relatively broad (8-11- 4 mm) but does not cover whole muzzle and has well-defined median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum has deeply notched ventral margin of the basal cone but is less notched on dorsal margin; it has smaller notches on lateral sides; shaft is roughly circular in cross section, slightly bending toward ventral side (in himalayanus), or is considerably shorter and more bent (in macrurus). Skull is robust (but zygomatic width is smaller than mastoid width) with a moderately long rostrum; anterior median swellings are comparatively less inflated; posterior swellings are well defined; sagittal crest is moderately to strongly developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital crests are conspicuous. P2 is large and only slightly displaced, separating C1 from P 4; Ps is small to very small and generally fully (rarely partially) displaced from tooth row; P 2 and P4 are either touching or almost in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 (China and Vietnam).</p><p>Habitat. The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is found in a wide variety ofhabitats and is very adaptable; it occurs in both primary and secondary forests as well as disturbed habitats, orchards, and other agricultural areas. In China, it can be found both in the wet and more temperate western highlands and in the more tropical eastern lowlands. In Vietnam, the species has been reported from both primary and secondary tropical forests but appears to avoid heavily disturbed landscapes, although it has been observed flying into houses and under tents in campsites. Recorded at elevations of 200-2000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats forage by aerial-hawking and perchhunting. They are frequently observed flying along streams and roads (c. 1-5- 2 m aboveground). They feed on a variety of insects but seem to prefer Coleoptera and Lepidoptera . In Jiangxi, China, this species fed mainly on Coleoptera (61-4% by volume) and Lepidoptera (28-9%), and less on Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Trichoptera; this was a much wider variety than in the sympatric Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (.pearsoni), with which has an extensive trophic niche overlap.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. In Peninsular Malaysia, there appear to be two breeding seasons per year, with pregnant females being collected in April-May and in October. Lactating females have also been captured in June.</p><p>Activity patterns. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats emerge from their roosts at dusk to forage; by day they roost mainly in caves, although they may also use rock crevices or hollow trees. Calls are FM/CF/FM shaped with a peak F recorded at c.90 kHz in Vu Quang and c.78 kHz on the Langbian Plateau, Vietnam; and 71-3 kHz in Thailand (duration of 29-2 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 59-4 milliseconds). InJiangxi, China, the peak F of the first harmonic averaged 42-9 kHz and the second harmonic averaged 85-9 kHz, with a duration of 46-5 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 45-2 milliseconds.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies with up to thousands of individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. Although there do not seem to be any major threats currently affecting this species, limestone extraction in some regions of South Asia may threaten roosting sites.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), rancis (2008a), Harada, Yenbutra, Yosida &amp;Takada (1985), Ith, Bumrungsri, Furey et al. (2015), Ith, Bumrungsri, Thomas et al. (2016), Jiang Tinglei, Feng Jiang et al. (2008), Jiang Tinglei, Lu Guanjun et al. (2013), Kingsada et al. (2011), Kruskop (2013a), Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2000), Mao Xiuguang, NieWenhui et al. (2007), Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjian, Zhang Libiao et al. (2014), Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjin, Zhang Shuyi &amp; Rossiter (2010), Niu Huiling etal. (2007), Phommexay (2009), Sia et al. (2015), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Srinivasulu et al. (2019), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Tingga et al. (2012), Walston et al. (2008a), Wu Yi &amp; Harada (2005),YuYan et al. (2006), Zhang Weidao (1985), Zhou Zhaomin et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE68A03F84FEFCAF52ADA38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE58A03F8ADFC69F798D4E7.text	885887A2FFE58A03F8ADFC69F798D4E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus andamanensis Dobson 1872	<div><p>87. Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus andamanensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Homfray I German: Andamanen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Homfray</p><p>Other common names: Andaman Intermediate Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus affinis andamanensis Dobson, 1872, “ Andaman Islands,” India .</p><p>Rhinolophus andamanensis is included in the euryotis species group and is sister to R affinis . It was only recently recognized as a species distinct from R affinis by. Srinivasulu and coworkers in 2019, based on genetic, morphometric, and acoustic data. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Andaman Is (North Andaman, Interview, Middle Andaman, Baratang, South Andaman, and Little Andaman).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58- 2 mm (average), tail 17- 9—31 mm, ear 18-1-23- 9 mm, hindfoot 9-7—14- 7 mm, forearm 46-7—56- 6 mm. Dorsal pelage is brown to bright orange, with ventral pelage very similar. Ears are small. Noseleaf has parallel-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and sparsely haired; sella is slightly concave and pandurate in shape; horseshoe is relatively broad and covers muzzle, with well-defined median emargination, and distinct lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is 2—3 mm long, has deeply notched ventral margin of basal cone but is less notched on dorsal margin; it has smaller notches on lateral sides; shaft is roughly circular in cross section and bends downward toward tip. Skull is robust; sagittal crest is well developed; interorbital region is broad; anterior median swellings are comparatively less inflated; posterior swellings are well defined; zygomatic arches are robust; canines are robust. P2 is small and within tooth row; P3 is small and extruded from tooth row, allowing P2 and P4 to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Forested habitats across the islands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in limestone caves, forest caves, and sometimes holes and tree hollows. Calls have a FM/CF/FM shape with a peak F recorded at 56-4-58-5 kHz (mean 57-6 kHz).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in large colonies and has been observed roosting with Andaman Horseshoe Bats (. cognatus), Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (Hipposideros diadema), Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bats (H. gentilis), Grand Leaf-nosed Bats (H. grandis), and Horsfield’s Myotis ( Myotis horsfieldii).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on The IUCN ed List, where it is included under the Intermediate Horseshoe Bat ( R. affinis) as Least Concern. Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat has a restricted range, but appears to be relatively common throughout the Andaman Islands. Further studies into the species’ ecology and potential threats are needed.</p><p>Bibliography. Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu, Gopi et al. (2017), Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu &amp; Jones (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE58A03F8ADFC69F798D4E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE58A02F892F252FC75D193.text	885887A2FFE58A02F892F252FC75D193.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters 1867	<div><p>88. Croslet Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus coelophyllus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Peters / German: Thai-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura thai</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867,</p><p>“ Moulmein [= Mawlamyine], Burmah [= Burma = Myanmar] ... Salween valley. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus coelophyllus is included in the euryotis species group. It is considered to be closely related to R. shameli, based on morphology; the two are often confused, and some records of each were previously attributed to the wrong species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NC, C &amp; SE Myanmar, Thailand (including Tarutao I), C Laos, and NW Peninsular Malaysia (including Langkawi I).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 36-50 mm, tail 16-4-23- 9 mm, ear 15- 1-20 mm, hindfoot 7-8-9- 6 mm, forearm 41-6-47- 8 mm; weight 6-2-8- 6 g. There is considerable geographic variation in terms of skull measurements. Dorsal pelage varies from grayish brown to dark brown, with some individuals reddish brown (base of hairs paler); ventral pelage is pale buff brown and can be nearly creamy white in some individuals, or pale orange in reddish individuals. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has very short, thick lancet with convex outline; connecting process is arched and proximally inserted into densely haired vertical fissure in lancet; sella is short, with almost parallel or continuously convergent sides and rounded tip; horseshoe is moderately wide (8-2-10- 4 mm) and has weakly developed lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is moderately built (zygomatic width is slightly greater than mastoid width); sagittal crest is moderately developed; anterior median swellings are inflated and distinctly elevated above posterior swellings; anterior border of rostrum is shorter than in Shamel’s Horsehsoe Bat (. shameli); nasal swelling as whole is smaller than in Shamel’s Horsehsoe Bat; frontal depression is deep and pronounced with well-defined supraorbital ridges, although specimens from central and north Myanmar have less developed depressions and supraorbital ridges; canines are slender. P2 is moderately large and within the tooth row; P3 is small and extruded from tooth row; P and P4 are touching. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62, FN = 64, and FNa = 60 (Thailand).</p><p>Habitat. The Croslet Horseshoe Bat seems to favor limestone karst regions with mixed deciduous forest but can also be found in a variety of other habitats, including deciduous dipterocarp forests, moist evergreen forests, hill evergreen forests, dry evergreen forests, pine forests, rubber plantations, orchards, and extensive agricultural land. Throughout the species’ distribution, it can be found from near sea level up to 1500 m elevation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females were captured in March, and an immature male was captured in October on Tarutao Island.</p><p>Activity patterns. Croslet Horseshoe Bats roost in caves and tunnels by day. Calls are a FM/CF/FM shape with a peak F recorded at 76-1-84-8 kHz across Thailand, 75- 80 kHz in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, 74-5—74-9 kHz in Myanmar, and 76 kHz in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Croslet Horseshoe Bats roost in relatively large colonies, often with c.100-150 individuals. Up to 900 bats have been recorded roosting in a single cave.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Croslet Horseshoe Bat is relatively widespread and common throughout its distribution and does not seem to face any major threats at present.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008 c), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982), Harada, Yenbutra, Yosida &amp;Takada (1985), Hill &amp;Thonglongya (1972), Hood et al. (1988), Ith, Soisook et al. (2011), Patawang et al. (2017), Struebig et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE58A02F892F252FC75D193	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE48A02F8B7FC6AF77CC945.text	885887A2FFE48A02F8B7FC6AF77CC945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus microglobosus Csorba & Jenkins 1998	<div><p>90. Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus microglobosus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe à petit nez I German: Braune Vietnam-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Vietnam</p><p>Other common names: Indochinese Brown Horseshoe Bat, Indochinese Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus stheno microglobosus Csorba &amp;Jenkins, 1998,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.48333/lat 22.516666)">Na Hang Nature Reserve</a>, Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam, between 22°16’ and 22°31’N, 105°22’ and 105°29’E, altitude 100-1082 m.”</p><p>Rhinolophus microglobosus is currently included in the euryotis species group, due to its close relationship with R. stheno . It has typically been treated as a subspecies of R.stheno, but is now recognized as a distinct species on morphological grounds according to P. Soisook and colleagues in 2008. Some recently collected specimens from China most likely represent this species, although their echolocation calls fall within the range of R.stheno; further comparison is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Myanmar, S China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and at least N &amp; C Vietnam; exact distributional limits are uncertain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 39-9-60- 1 mm, tail 14-5—22- 4 mm, ear 12-3-17- 6 mm, hindfoot 6-9- 5 mm, forearm 41-4—46- 3 mm; weight 5-9 g. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown to yellowish brown, and ventral pelage is pale brown. Ears are small to medium in length. Noseleaf has long, straight-sided lancet with cuneate tip and median septum that is wider than middle pockets; connecting process is rounded and covered in scattered long hairs; sella has nearly parallel sides; horseshoe is wide (6-9— 9 mm), covering much of muzzle, and has shallow median emargination and conspicuous secondary leaflets; outer ring of horseshoe is darker than paler area around the nostrils. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is slender with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths (narrower than in Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat, R. stheno)', anterior median rostral swellings are high and abrupdy elevated (their anterior wall is perpendicular to upper tooth row); posterior swellings are reduced rostral profile is posteriorly very concave; sagittal crest is moderately developed (anterior median swellings are less inflated and narrower than in the Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat); frontal depression is deep (shallower than in the Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat); supraorbital crests are high; interorbital region is very narrow. P2 is large, with a distinct cusp, and is within tooth row, which separates C1 and P4; P3 is small and completely displaced, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Karyotype is 2n = 62 (Thailand).</p><p>Habitat. Mainly known from limestone karsts and lowland to hill evergreen forests. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1082 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant female was captured in late February, and a lactating female in May in central Thailand.</p><p>Activity patterns. Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and roost in caves during the day. Torpid individuals have been reported in their day roosts in July. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 87-2 kHz in Yunnan, China, 94-1-100-3 kHz in northern Thailand, 85-95 kHz in western Thailand, 92-97 kHz and 101-5-101-7 kHz in two areas of Myanmar, and 95 kHz in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat roosts in small or large colonies with up to c.1200 individuals reported in one cave in Thailand. Roosts with 10-50 individuals are common.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. There are currently no major threats facing this widespread species, although roost disturbance may locally affect some populations. The Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat is apparendy hunted in north-eastern Thailand, but this probably does not have a significant effect on the population.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba &amp; Jenkins (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), Francis (2008a), Harada et al. (1985), Kruskop (2013a), Soisook (2008, 2017a), Soisook et al. (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2005), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE48A02F8B7FC6AF77CC945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE48A02FF1CF6FEF5E2DA3F.text	885887A2FFE48A02FF1CF6FEF5E2DA3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus shameli Tate 1943	<div><p>89. Shamel’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus shameli</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Shamel / German: Shamel-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Shamel</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus coelophyllus shameli Tate, 1943,</p><p>“ Koh Chang (Island), Gulf of Siam, Siam [= Thailand].”</p><p>Rhinolophus shameli is included in the euryotis species group, and appears to be sister to the rest of the euryotis group or as close to R. stheno, although this is based on limited genetic data. R. shameli appears to be closely related to R. coelophyllus, based on morphology; the two are often confused, and some records of each were previously attributed to the wrong species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E &amp; SE Thailand (including Koh Chang), C &amp; S Laos, S Vietnam (including Phu Quoc I), and Cambodia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-48- 1 mm, tail 17-23 mm, ear 16-1-21- 4 mm, hindfoot 7-5-10- 2 mm, forearm 43- 4-48 mm; weight 7-5-12- 5 g. Dorsal pelage varies from gray or bufiy brown to darker brown or reddish orange brown (base of hairs paler); ventral pelage varies from pale bufiy brown to nearly creamy white in some individuals, or is slighdy paler orange in reddish individuals. Noseleaf has very short and thick lancet with convex outline; connecting process is arched and proximally inserted into densely haired vertical fissure in lancet; sella is short with almost parallel or continuously convergent sides and rounded tip; horseshoe is moderately wide (9-11 - 4 mm) but wider on average than in the Croslet Horseshoe Bat (. coelophyllus), and has weakly developed lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width, sometimes barely); sagittal crest is moderately developed; anterior median and lateral swellings are very well developed; posterior swellings are less developed; entire rostral swelling is larger than that of the Croslet Horseshoe Bat; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are low and not sharp. P2 is moderate in size and within tooth row, separating C1 from P4; P3 is small (occasionally absent) and is extruded from tooth row, and P2 and P4 are usually touching. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus, or only 30 teeth when a lower premolar is missing.</p><p>Habitat. A variety of forest habitats, such as mixed deciduous forests, deciduous and dwarf dipterocarp forests, dry evergreen forests, and lowland evergreen forests. Shamel’s Horseshoe Bat is known from both disturbed and undisturbed habitats and is often associated with lowland regions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females have been captured between December and April in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand, and in February in Cambodia. Two lactating females were collected in July in Vietnam.</p><p>Activity patterns. Shamel’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves and caverns. Calls are a FM/ CF/FM shape with peak F recorded at 67-5-70-8 kHz across Thailand and Cambodia, and 65-68-2 kHz in Vietnam.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Shamel’s Horseshoe Bat is relatively widespread and common throughout its distribution and does not seem to face any major threats at present.</p><p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2007), Bates, Bumrungsri, rancis, Csorba, Walston &amp; Thong Vu Dinh (2008), Csorba et al. (2003), Francis (2008a), Ith et al. (2011), Kruskop (2013a), Phauk et al. (2013), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Thong Vu Dinh et al. (2006), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE48A02FF1CF6FEF5E2DA3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE48A05F8B7EF34F7B0DC81.text	885887A2FFE48A05F8B7EF34F7B0DC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus stheno K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>91. Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus stheno</p><p>French: Rhinolophe sthéno / German: Stheno-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Stheno</p><p>Other common names: Brown Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus stheno K.Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Selangor, Malay Peninsula . ”</p><p>Rhinolophus stheno is currently included in the euryotis group, based on limited genetic data, although its true relationships have yet to be substantiated using taxonomically more inclusive studies. The recently erected species R. microglobosus has typically been included as a subspecies. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; S Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java; distributional limits are still uncertain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-5— 56- 8 mm, tail 12-9-21- 4 mm, ear 15-1- 19- 5 mm, hindfoot 7- 5-10 mm, forearm 43-2-48- 1 mm; weight 6-9— 10 g. Dorsal pelage is reddish cinnamon brown, with a light yellowish-brown base to the hair, or grayish brown; ventral pelage is similar but paler. Ears are small to medium in length. Noseleaf has long, straight-sided lancet with cuneate tip and median septum that is wider than middle pockets; connecting process is rounded and covered in scattered long hairs; sella is narrow with parallel sides or slightly concave sides on middle portion; horseshoe is wide (7-2-10- 4 mm), covering much of muzzle, and has shallow median emargination and conspicuous secondary leaflets; outer ring of horseshoe is darker than paler area around nostrils. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is slender, with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths (wider than in the Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat,. microglobosus); anterior median rostral swellings are high and abrupdy elevated (their anterior wall is perpendicular to upper tooth row); posterior swellings are reduced; and rostral profile is posteriorly very concave; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is deep (deeper than in the Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat); supraorbital crests are high; interorbital region is very narrow. P2 is large, with a distinct cusp, extruding very slightly from tooth row, which separates C1 and P4; P3 is small and completely displaced, allowing P2 and P4 to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Reported in mixed deciduous forests, lowland evergreen forests, agricultural areas, and rubber plantations in Thailand, and in hill forest in Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females have been captured in March in Thailand and in MarchMay in Peninsular Malaysia. Lactating females were captured in May-July in Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, and roosts in caves during the day. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 85-4—88-2 kHz in peninsular Thailand.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat is relatively widespread and does not seem to face any major threats at present. It is apparently locally extinct in Singapore.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008d), Csorba &amp; Jenkins (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), rancis (2008 a), Kruskop (2013a), Lane et al. (2006), Soisook (2008), Soisook et al. (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE48A05F8B7EF34F7B0DC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC.text	885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck 1835	<div><p>92. Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus rouxii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Roux / German: Rotbraune Indien-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Roux</p><p>Other common names: Rufous Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck, 1835,</p><p>“ continent de 1’ India ... Pondichéry [= Puducherry] et à Calcutta .” Rhinolophus rouxii is sister to a clade that includes R.sinicus and R. thomasi; all these species belong to the rouxii species group. The rouxii group may be close to the euryotis species group, but more detailed studies are needed to clarify its relationships with congeners. A sympatrically distributed form from the southern Western Ghats of India, with a higher (c.92 kHz) echolocation frequency, was recently named “ R indorouxii;” however, the paper in which the name was introduced did not provide a proper description, type specimen, or type locality, so the name is a nomen nudum. This form is here included in R rouxii, but it may represent a distinct species, based on limited genetic, morphological, and echolocation data presented by B. Chattopadhyay and colleagues in 2012. More substantial morphological and genetic evidence is needed, using specimens from throughout the distribution of R rouxii, to support its species status (along with a properly introduced name). There appears to be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species and R sinicus in published records. North Indian records that were previously attributed to R rouxii are now considered to refer to R. sinicus, although the record from south-central Myanmar reported here is still considered R.rouxii . Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. r. rouxii Temminck, 1835 — W, E &amp; S India (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal) and S Myanmar; possibly also in S China (Yunnan).</p><p>R.r. rubidus Kelaart, 1850 - Sri Lanka.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 42—66 mm, tail 20- 5—33 mm, ear 14- 5—22 mm, hindfoot 7-2—12- 8 mm, forearm 44-4—52- 3 mm; weight 12-2—14- 8 g. The Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat. It has distinct winter and summer pelage: summer (May—September) pelage is dull brown to grayish brown dorsally (hairs with drab base), with wood brown to light drab ventral pelage; winter (October—April) pelage is bright orange rufous dorsally and ventrally; intermediate forms are known. Ears are small. Noseleaf has hastate lancet that abruptly narrows in middle and is fairly variable in height; connecting process is rounded, but rounded portion does not start at tip of sella, as in euryotis species group; sella is virtually parallel-sided, occasionally with slight middle constriction, and has broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is narrow in relation to muzzle (7-9- 2 mm wide) and small lateral leaflets are usually present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is heavily built (mean of 2-3 mm long) with simple shaft that curves ventrally at rounded tip; basal portion is slightly flattened dorso-ventrally and there is simple ventral emargination that is wider and deeper than dorsal one; tip widens laterally and is rather flat dorso-ventrally, and shaft is somewhat higher than wide. Skull is robust (zygomatic width always much wider than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are small and low; posterior swellings are wide; sagittal crest is strongly or moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not especially sharp. C1 is long and massive; P2 is moderate in size and either within tooth row or occasionally halfway external to it; C1 is more slender than C1; P3 is partly or completely extruded from tooth row, rarely missing; P2 and P4 are usually separate but sometimes in contact. Dental formula is the typical of 32 teeth for the genus or 30 when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 56 and FNa = 60 (FN = 62 in India).</p><p>Habitat. Typically a forest-dwelling species, the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat can be found in moist evergreen and lowland forests. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1370 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats forage by aerial-hawking and flycatching. While foraging, they fly low below the canopy and they tend to fly through areas cluttered with vegetation in the process. It is also suggested that the species may fly higher in the canopy when trees are blooming to capture insects that are attracted to the flowers. In Sri Lanka, each bat foraged over an area of c. 400 m 2 and would exhibit perch-hunting, making short outings to capture prey and come back to eat it. Diet seems to vary, but the species probably feeds mainly on grasshoppers, moths, beetles, termites, mosquitoes, and other flies.</p><p>Breeding. There is a well-defined single breeding season; copulation takes place in the last week of December in Maharashtra and probably months later in Sri Lanka. Large maternity colonies are subsequently formed, composed only of adult females until young are bom. Early development after fertilization is slow and there is delayed implantation of the blastocyst. The fetus is generally carried in the right horn of the uterus. Gestation lasts 150—160 days, births occurring in the last week of May or in earlyJune in southern India, and apparently in October in Sri Lanka. Newborn young weigh 1-8—2- 1 g; there appears to be a skewed birth sex-ratio, with males outnumbering females (this may indicate that males have a higher mortality rate). Young are bom deaf and remain so for the first week (typical of Rhinolophidae, unlike in Hipposideridae), and as they develop their hearing, they also develop their echolocation calls. They first begin to call in their second or third week of life, and their echolocation frequency gradually increases from 53-7—65-7 kHz in the second and third week to 72-4-77-2 kHz in the fifth week, for the second harmonic. This is attributed to the development and fine tuning of the auditory fovea, which develops by the third week. Young are weaned around the first week of August in southern India.</p><p>Activity patterns. Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves, tunnels, tree hollows, unused wells, temples, and rarely other old buildings such as houses and bams; they prefer humid areas. They leave the day roost to forage immediately after sunset in Sri Lanka, foraging by aerial-hawking for the first 30—60 minutes of the night, which is followed by a 1-2-hour resting period. After this rest break, individuals forage through the rest of the night by fly-catching. Calls are shaped FM/CF/FM, with a peak GF of 77-9-84-7 kHz in southern India and 73-79 kHz in Sri Lanka. The proposed new species from the southern Western Ghats of India (named “ indorouxii but invalidly) has a peak F of87-2-94 kHz (mean 92-1 kHz) and durations of 2-2-65-3 milliseconds (mean 24-4 milliseconds), and in an earlier study had 92-9-95-4 kHz (mean 94-94-1 kHz). Many detailed studies have been published on the optical and auditory mechanisms and development as well as sound production of this species in India and Sri Lanka; they are too complex to summarize in the present work, but are referenced in the bibliography.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies often of several hundred individuals, although they can be found in smaller colonies ofjust a few. During the breeding season, females form large maternity colonies of several hundred while males roost alone or in small groups.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List, the form proposed as “ Rhinolophus indorouxii " has been assessed as a separate species and classified as Data Deficient. The Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat is rather widespread and is common throughout much of its distribution in India. It is rare in Myanmar; it may occur in China, where it would probably also be rare. A general population decline is being noticed, although this is not substantial enough to cause recategorization as threatened. The main threats to this species are roost disturbance through cave tourism, and general habitat loss from logging and agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. Andersen (1917), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates,Thi Mar-Mar eta /. (2004), Behrend &amp; Schuller (2000), Behrend et al. (1999), Bhiwgade (1976,1977), Casseday eta/. (1988), Chattopadhyay, Garg eta/. (2012), Chattopadhyay, Schuller et al. (2010), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba eta /. (2003), Eckrich &amp; Neuweiler (1988), Feng &amp; Vater (1985), Firzlaff &amp; Schuller (2001, 2004), Gopalakrishna &amp; Bhiwgade (1974), Gopalakrishna &amp; Ramakrishna (1977), Henson &amp; Rübsamen (1996), Henson eta/. (1985), Kemmer &amp; Vater (2001a, 2001b), Kleiser &amp; Schuller (1995), Kössl (1994a, 1994b), Kuhn &amp; Vater (1995,1996), Leonard eta/. (2004), Melzer (1985), Metzner &amp; Radtke-Schuller (1987), Molur eta/. (2002), Naidu (1985), Neumann &amp; Schuller (1991), Neuweiler eta/. (1987), Pietsch &amp; Schuller (1987), Radtke-Schuller (2001, 2004), Radtke-Schuller et al. (2004), Ramakrishna &amp; Rao (1977), Reimer (1987, 1989, 1991), Roverud (1988), Rübsamen (1987), Rübsamen &amp; Betz (1986), Rübsamen &amp; Schäfer (1990), Schuller, O'Neill &amp; Radtke-Schuller (1991), Schuller, Radtke-Schuller &amp; O'Neill (1988), Schweizer et al. (1981), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), Sun Xinde et al. (1993), Thomas (2000), Vanderelst et al.</p><p>(2011), Vater (1988), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zima eta/. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE18A07FF69FEF9F55ED3BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE18A06F899F4EFF9BFD35B.text	885887A2FFE18A06F899F4EFF9BFD35B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus sinicus K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>93. Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus sinicus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Chine I German: Rotbraune. China-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura rufo de China</p><p>Other common names: Chinese Horseshoe Bat, Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus rouxi [sic] sinicus K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Chin Tah, Anhwei [= Anhui Province], Lower Yangtse [River],” China.</p><p>Rhinolophus sinicus is included in the rouxii species group and appears to be sister to R. thomasi . True R. sinicus is composed of three genetic lineages in the eastern, central, and Hainan portion ofits distribution while R.s. septentrionalis is sister to. thomasi, suggesting that the former is distinct at the species level. Rhinolophus sinicus was previously included in R rouxii, but shows substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological differences. There appears to be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species and R rouxii in published records: north Indian records previously attributed to. rouxii are now considered to refer to R.sinicus . There may also be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species in South-east Asia, as it is often confused with R. thomasi . Validity of races needs to be tested. Two subspecies are currently recognized, although they likely represent two distinct species, pending further revision.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. s. sinicus K.Andersen, 1905 - N India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, N Myanmar,, S &amp; SE China (Xizang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan I), and N &amp; C Vietnam.</p><p>On following pages: 94. Thomas's Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus thomasi); 95. Lesser Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus hipposideros); 96. rancis's Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus trancisi); 97. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus sedulus); 98. Trefoil Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus trifoliatus); 99. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus perniger); 100. Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus luctoides); 101. Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus mono); 102. Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus luctus); 1.03. Beddome's Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus beddomei); 104. Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus formosaë); 105. Thailand Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus thailandensis); 106. Dobson's Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus yunanensis); 107. Chiew Kwee's Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus chiewkweeae); 108. Pearson's Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus pearsonii); 109. Mitred Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus mitratus).</p><p>R.s. septentrionalis Sanborn, 1939 — S China (Yunnan).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-53' 5 mm, tail 21- 5—30 mm, ear 15- 8-20 mm, hindfoot 7- 5-10 mm, forearm 43-56 mm; weight 8-9-10- 9 g. Dorsal pelage is wood brown, occasionally with reddish tint; ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are small. Noseleaf has hastate lancet that constricts before variably long to short tip; connecting process is rounded, as in the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat (. rouxii); sella is virtually parallelsided, and widely rounded off at tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (8-1-8- 2 mm) but does not completely cover muzzle, and there are usually clearly visible and well developed lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is massive and robust (zygomatic width is always much larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are relatively small; posterior swellings are moderately developed; rostral profile is concave; sagittal crest is moderate to high; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are low but visible. C1 is well developed and long; P2 is moderate in size and within tooth row or slightly extruded from it; P3 is medium-sized to small and partly to fully extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are touching or almost touching. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 60 (mainland China and Hainan).</p><p>Habitat. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat is typically a forest species, occurring in montane forests with heavy rainfall. It has been reported from disturbed forests in Nepal and from thick moist tropical forest with some bamboo in Myanmar. Recorded at elevations of 500-2769 m, being commonest at higher altitudes.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat forages for insects by aerialhawking and occasionally perch-hunting.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost in caves, old disused tunnels, temples, houses, wells, and hollows in trees. They leave their roosts just after dusk to forage through the night. In colder portions of their range, they hibernate through the winter. Calls are FM/CF/FM shaped with a peak GF recorded at c.79-87 kHz across China and Hainan, and at 80 kHz in Vietnam.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat roosts singly (usually males) or in colonies varying in size from a few individuals to several hundred. During the breeding season, females form large maternity colonies that can consist of several hundred bats.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat is widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution, and does not seem to be facing any major threats currently. It may be locally threatened by roost disturbance and general habitat loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Ao Lei et al. (2007), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates, Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008a), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Csorba et al. (2003), Francis (2008a), Kruskop (2013a), Mao Xiuguang, Dong Ji et al. (2014), Mao Xiuguang, He Guimei et al. (2013), Mao Xiuguang, Tsagkogeorga et al. (2019), Molur et al. (2002), Smith &amp;XieYan (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Wu Yi &amp; Harada (2005), Wu Yi, Harada &amp; LiYanhong (2004), Wu Yi, Motokawa et al. (2009), Xie Lifen et al. (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zhang Weidao (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE18A06F899F4EFF9BFD35B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE08A06FF07F506F2B4DAA9.text	885887A2FFE08A06FF07F506F2B4DAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus thomasi K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>94. Thomas’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus thomasi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe deThomas /German: Thomas-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Thomas</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus thomasi K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Karin Hills, Burma [= Myanmar]. ”</p><p>Rhinolophus thomasi is included in the rouxii species group and appears to be sister to R. sinicus septentrionalis, which is likely a distinct species pending revision. Two subspecies are sometimes recognized. Here considered to be monotypic until further studies validate the existence of either subspecies.</p><p>Distribution. S China, E Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48—50 mm, tail 18—28 mm, ear 16—24 mm, hindfoot 8—10 mm, forearm 40-48 mm; weight 7—11 g. Dorsal pelage is rich brown with a russet tinge (hairs light yellow basally with medium brown tips); ventral pelage is slightly paler. Ears are small. Noseleaf has a short lancet, with an almost rudimentary tip in some cases; connecting process is rounded, as in the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat ( R.rouxii); sella is virtually parallel-sided with a broadly rounded-off tip; horseshoe is moderately wide (7-2-8- 9 mm) but does not cover the muzzle completely, and welldeveloped lateral leaflets are usually present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is lightly built with double curvature, making an elongated S-shape; basal cone is dorso-ventrally flattened and smaller than in the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat; basal emargination is deeper ventrally than dorsally; shaft is laterally compressed, and its proximal ventral constriction is adjacent to the basal cone. Skull is relatively robust (zygomatic width is much greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are small; posterior swellings are more developed than the anterior ones; rostral profile is clearly sloped rearward; sagittal crest is moderately high; frontal depression is shallow to moderately deep; supraorbital crests are obliterated or well demarcated. C1 is moderately long; P2 is small and partially to completely extruded from the tooth row; C1 and P4 are touching or separated, depending on how extruded P2 is; P3 is small and completely extruded from the tooth row; P2 and P are touching or nearly so.</p><p>Habitat. Often associated with limestone areas, and has been recorded in dry forests and disturbed areas. Reported at elevations of 400-1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant females have been recorded in late March and April, in Vietnam.</p><p>Activity patterns. Thomas’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with peak F reported at 76-77 kHz in males and 83-85-5 kHz in females, in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Horseshoe Bats roost in colonies.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Thomas’s Horseshoe Bat is widespread and does not seem to be facing any major threats, although it may be locally threatened by roost disturbance. Cave destruction in some regions has negatively affected this species, causing local population declines.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008f), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar eta/. (2004), Csorba eta/. (2003), ran ­ cis (2008a), Kruskop (2013a), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Stoffberg eta/. (2010), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE08A06FF07F506F2B4DAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD.text	885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus hipposideros Borkhausen 1797	<div><p>95. Lesser Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus hipposideros</p><p>French: Petit Rhinolophe / German: Kleine Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura pequeno</p><p>Taxonomy. Noctilio hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797,</p><p>“ Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and “An mehreren Orten in Deutschland, z. B. in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in Germany, for example in Thuringia, Hesse].”</p><p>Rhinolophus hipposideros is the sole member of the hipposideros species group. The phylogenetic relationships of R. hipposideros are still uncertain, but it seems to belong in the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus (probably close to the trifoliatus and pearsonii species groups), unlike its European congeners, which are in the Afro-Palearctic clade. There are two karyotype forms in Europe and a third in the Middle East. These karyotypic forms do not fit the current model of subspecific distribution for R. hipposideros and do not exactly match with currently known genetic lineages within the species. A recent phylogenetic study by S. Shahabi and colleagues, in 2019, found a number of divergent clades across the species’ distribution, and cranial morphometries in the same study showed that there are at least two well-distinguishable morphotypes from south and north-western Iran. There appear to be a few major lineages: (1) Central and West Europe and North Africa; (2) South-east Europe and West Asia; (3) North-west Iran to Azerbaijan; (4) North Iran (based on a single specimen); and (5) South and Central-west Iran; a specimen from Tajikistan also appears to form a separate clade, sister to the European and West Asian clades. A revision using substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological data from across the species’ distribution is needed to clarify subspecific distributions, which at present do not reflect karyotypic and genetic data divisions. Six subspecies tentatively recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.h. hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 — continental Europe E to S Ukraine and Romania. R.h. escalerae K. Andersen, 1918 — N Morocco, N Algeria, and N Tunisia.</p><p>R.h. majori K. Andersen, 1918 — Corsica.</p><p>R. h. midas K Andersen, 1905 — SW Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, N Iraq, N, W &amp; S Iran (including Qeshm I), SW Turkmenistan, S Kazakhstan, E Uzbekistan, WKyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N &amp; E Afghanistan, NE Pakistan, and NW India (Kashmir).</p><p>R. h. minimus Heuglin, 1862 - Mediterranean Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to Greece, Turkey, N &amp; W Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, WJordan, NE Egypt (Sinai), and W Saudi Arabia, with isolated records in E Africa, from SW Sudan, C Eritrea, Djibouti, and C Ethiopia; also on a number of Mediterranean Is, including Balearic Is, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, Malta, Ionian Is (Corfu and Kefalonia), Aegean Is (Thasos, Euboea, Skyros, Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Rhodes), Crete, and Cyprus.</p><p>R h. minutus Montagu, 1808 — W Ireland and SW Britain.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 35- 5-48 mm, tail 21-32 mm, ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 6-7- 9 mm, forearm 35-42- 5 mm; weight 4-7- 9 g. Dorsal pelage is light to dark, buffy to gray brown (base of hairs drab), whereas ventral pelage is drab to grayish drab. Ears are small. Noseleaf has long, narrow, cuneate lancet with bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is low and rounded or sometimes very bluntly pointed; sella is long and narrow, with convergent lateral margins and pointed tip that projects downward and forward; horseshoe nearly covers muzzle, is 5-7- 3 mm wide, and has rudimentary lateral leaflets. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is very large for body size; ventral emargination is deeper than dorsal, and always simple; dorsal emargination is not as deep and may have many lobes; broad groove is present on ventral surface of basal cone, and bordered by knob-like protuberances; median and distal portions are bent upward, and tip has a button-like knob. Skull is very delicately built (zygomatic width is very slightly greater than, or subequal to, mastoid width); braincase is relatively narrow; zygomatic arch is unusually shaped for the genus, being very weak and slender, and the anterior one-half runs nearly parallel to the tooth row; rostrum is relatively low; anterior median swellings are moderately inflated; posterior swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is moderately developed but flattened posteriorly; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak. C1 is delicate and moderately long; P2 is proportionally larger than in any other member of the genus, and within the tooth row; P3 is minute and extruded from the tooth row; P, and P4 are either touching or have a small gap between them. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FNa = 62 (Spain and Germany), 2n = 56 and FNa = 62 (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Azerbaijan), or 2n = 58 (Turkey, Syria, and Jordan).</p><p>Habitat. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is the most northerly distributed species of horseshoe bat, occurring up to 52° N. It can be found mainly in broadleaf deciduous woodlands along with other open woodland, parkland, farmland, pasture, and scrub habitats in northern portions of its distribution. In southern portions, it can be found in riparian areas, Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands, thorn scrub, and bushy forests near streams. Recorded from sea level up to over 2100 m, appearing to be more commonly found at higher elevations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats forage mainly by slow hawking but are also known to glean insects off stones, rocks, and vegetation. They typically feed on volant insects, but when gleaning prey, they often pick up non-volant prey including larvae. These bats are often observed flying low and close to vegetation, water, or walls. They are slow but maneuverable fliers that are capable of short bursts of speed and are almost butterfly-like, when flying, because of their fluttering appearance. They are also able to hover for short periods. Throughout Europe, their diet largely consists of small Lepidoptera and Diptera (particularly Nematocera) with smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae, although their diet shifts throughout the year and by region, based on prey availability. Most diet analyses throughout the distribution are dominated by Lepidoptera and Diptera . In Slovakia, fecal analysis showed that they fed mostly on small Lepidoptera (87% by volume) supplemented by nematoceran (10%) and brachyceran (1-2%) Diptera and Neuroptera (1-5%). A similar composition was reported from fecal samples in Algeria, where diet consisted ofDiptera (41-6% by volume; Culicidae, Chironomidae or Ceratopogonidae, and Tipulidae), Lepidoptera (21-1%), Hemiptera (11-7%), and some minor orders, with insects making up 93-5% of their diet. In Azerbaijan, diet consisted mainly of Tipulidae, Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, and Neuroptera; and Lepidoptera comprised the most important food in Turkey. On the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, this species was observed feeding on Formicidae, Homoptera, and Culicidae, and a few fecal samples from Jordan included mostly Homoptera. Diet during the winter in the UK and Ireland consisted mainly of Tipulidae, Sphaeroceridae, and Mycetophilidae in Diptera, and varied in composition across the islands, probably as a result of local habitat differences.</p><p>Breeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry in which mating typically occurs in autumn (September-November) in Europe, or in the hibernacula during winter. Mating starts with chasing, until the female lands and the male hangs behind and over the female; copulation is brief. Sperm is stored in the female’s reproductive tract until March-April when ovulation and fertilization take place. In Europe, births occur in summer, from midJune to early July, and females generally give birth to a single young; however, in Iran, 35% offemales gave birth to twins, which is rare in Europe. After birth, the young grow quickly and linearly for the first 14 days, and in some cases, a loss in weight is observed during days 15-20, which is correlated with when the young first take flight at 18-20 days. Weaning takes place after c.4-5 weeks and young reach sexual maturity in their first year. However, most females do not give birth for the first time until their second year. The oldest recorded individual was 21 years and three months old.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat spends the night foraging and the day roosting in underground spaces, such as caves, tunnels, and mines throughout its southern European, Asiatic, and African distribution, but can typically be found roosting in attics and buildings in the northern portions ofits range in summer. During winter, it can be found hibernating mainly in underground sites including cellars, small caves, and burrows. During summer, it will regularly enter a torpid state throughout the day while roosting to conserve energy. While torpid or hibernating, a bat wraps itself in the wing membranes and bends its legs to get close to the substrate in which it is roosting. Bats seem to choose cool areas for hibernating, and have been reported roosting in hibernacula that are 6—9°C with high humidity in Europe, and in similar conditions in Algeria. They leave their roosts around dusk to forage. On an island in the Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria, Germany, six radio-tracked females foraged for 229 minutes/night, primarily in woodland areas and sometimes in orchards and tree rows but never over water. Echolocation call shape is FM/CF/FM with a greater bandwidth on the terminal FM component, although they emit some F and CF/FM calls while foraging by slow hawking. Females emit higher frequency pulses than males, with males having calls 4 kHz lower than females on average in Ireland;juveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. In Greece, peak F were reported averaging 110-6 kHz, with an average duration of 45-3 milliseconds and an average interpulse interval of 98-2 milliseconds. Similar results were reported throughout Europe (France, Switzerland, and UK), with an average peak frequency of 109-6 kHz and average duration of 42-5 milliseconds. Calls from Morocco had an average frequency of 116-9 kHz with a duration averaging 39-7 kHz and, in another study, frequencies of 111-5-117-5 kHz were reported. In Israel, peak frequencies were recorded at 103-5-109-3 kHz (mean 107-6 kHz), with a duration averaging 42-3 milliseconds; in Iran, peak frequencies were 109-111-1 kHz (mean 110-3 kHz), with durations of47-8-52 milliseconds (mean 49-9 milliseconds) and an interpluse intervals of 36-1-48-7 milliseconds (mean 41-9 milliseconds).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Horseshoe Bats roost either singly or in colonies, generally hanging apart (25-50 cm) from one another, when roosting in colonies. During winter in Europe, they can be found roosting in hibernacula colonies with up to 500 bats, or singly; in summer, females form maternity colonies of 10-1500 individuals, while males roost separately. Maternity colonies consist almost exclusively of females and their young, although some juvenile males may remain in the colonies. Females usually hang separately in maternity colonies, although they will huddle together when heavily pregnant, in cool weather, or when huddling with their young. They are largely sedentary, and both summer roosts and hibernacula are usually within a 5—10 km area. The longest recorded distance for a Lesser Horseshoe Bat migrating for a roost was 152 km. On an island in Lake Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria, six radio-tracked females had home range sizes of 6-8-62-7 ha (mean 25-3 ha) and were active in a central area of 2-8-8-2 ha (mean 5-3 ha). Most of the females stayed on the island to forage, but two of them left (a 1-2-km flight over water) to forage at night in August, after their young had become volant The density of the bats on the island in woodland habitats was calculated at 0-7 ind/ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is generally widespread and common throughout much of its range, but is threatened locally in several regions. IUCN ed List regionally classifies the Lesser Horseshoe Bat as Near Threatened in Europe and the Mediterranean. In Europe, there has been substantial reduction in the northern portion of the range over the last 50 years. The northern border of the distribution has moved since the 1950s, and the species has become extinct in the Netherlands, most of Belgium, and western Germany. This decline continues but has probably decelerated, justifying the Near Threatened status. Distribution has become fragmented in Switzerland and Austria, with colonies remaining only at elevations over 400 m. In Switzerland however, the population has shown signs of a slow recovery, with an increase from 2200 to 2500 adults counted in maternity colonies in the past ten years. The species is generally threatened by roost disturbance and the destruction of underground roosts or attics, but can also be affected by agricultural expansion and intensification, habitat fragmentation, and the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. This is exemplified in Spain by the disappearance of some colonies due to the restoration of old buildings, which often destroys attic roosts. The species is common throughout much of its range in North Africa and West Asia, although it is fairly rare in Central and South Asia, as well as northern East Africa, where it is known from few records. It is protected by national legislation across Europe, and there are international legal obligations for protection through the Bonn Convention (EUROBATS) and Bern Convention. The species is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, which requires Special Areas for Conservation for the species. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites, hibernacula, and foraging habitat; these have been variably implemented in Europe. There are no conservation measures currently being implemented throughout the non-European range. Locally in Spain, incentives have been provided to encourage people to keep colonies living in their houses, which may be a good potential method for securing roosting spots for the species.</p><p>Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim &amp; Moali (2013), Amr (2000), Andreas eta/. (2013), Arlettaz, Godat &amp; Meyer (2000), Arslan &amp; Zima (2014), Aulagnier &amp;Thévenot (1986), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, aizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Georgiakakis eta /. (2008), Benda, Hanâk &amp; Cervenÿ (2011), Benda, Hanak, Horâcek étal. (2007), Benda, Ivanova étal. (2003), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Bontadina, Arlettaz eta /. (2000), Bontadina, Schofield &amp; Naef-Daenzer (2002), Bufka &amp; Cervenÿ (2012), Chytil &amp; Gaisler (2012), Crucitti &amp; Cavalletti (2002), Csorba et al. (2003), Dalhoumi eta/. (2016 a), Disca eta/. (2014), Dool, Puechmaille, Dietz eta/. (2013), Dool, Puechmaille, Kelleher eta/. (2016), Fairon et al. (1982), Gaisler (1963, 1966, 2013c), Gaisler eta/. (2011), Hackett eta/. (2017), Hanâk et al. (2001), Holzhaider et al. (2002), Horâcek (2010), Hutterer étal. (2005), Jones &amp; Rayner (1989), Jones &amp; Siemers (2011), Jones et al. (1992), Karata? et al. (2006), Kelleher (2004), Knight &amp; Jones (2009), Lino eta/. (2014), McAney &amp; Fairley (1988,1989), Motte &amp; Libois (2002), Ohlendorf (1997), Papadatou eta/. (2008 a), Puerma eta/. (2008), Reiter (2004), Reiter et al. (2013), Rushton (1970), Schofield (1996, 1999), Seckerdieck eta /. (2005), Shahabi eta/. (2019), Spitzenberger (2002), Stoffberg étal. (2010), Stutz &amp; Haffner (1984),Taylor (2016g), Urbanczyk (1994), Volleth et al. (2013), Walters et al. (2012), Warren &amp; Witter (2002), Williams et al. (2011), Zahn et al. (2008), Zukal eta/. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFF8A18F894F3EDFACDD152.text	885887A2FFFF8A18F894F3EDFACDD152.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus francisi Soisook 2015	<div><p>96. Francis’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus francisi</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de rancis / German: Francis-Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Francis</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus frantisi Soisook et al, 2015,</p><p>“ Gunung Trus Madi, Sabah, Malaysia (approx. 5°34’N, 116°29’ E), at an elevation of about 1,600 m a.s.l.”</p><p>Rhinolophus frantisi is included in the trifoliatus species group, along with. sedulus,. trifoliatus, R.perniger, R.luctoides, R.mono, R. luctus, R. beddomei, and R formosae . It appears to be sister to the rest of the trifoliatus species group. The trifoliatus group appears to be close to the hipposideros and pearsonii species groups, based on mitochondrial genes; they form a clade that is basal to the rest of the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus or is sister to the rest of hinolophus, based on nuclear genes, although further genetic studies are needed to confirm the respective positions of the species groups within the genus. Specimens ofthis species from Thailand were previously attributed to R.beddomei, in 2010, but proved to represent A frantisi The current distribution of this species is limited to two widely separate areas; the species may also be present in Vietnam, based on genetic evidence that placed three Vietnamese specimens as sister to the nominate race. Race thailandicus may ultimately prove to be a distinct species when more specimens are available for comparison. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R.f. frantisi Soisook et al, 2015 - known only from a few localities in N, SW &amp; S Borneo . R.f. thailandicus Soisook &amp; Bates, 2015 — known only from type locality in SW Thailand. Genetic data suggest that the species may also occur in Vietnam, but this requires more research.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63- 4 mm, tail 29- 9-38 mm, ear 23- 8-27 mm, hindfoot 13-5-15- 5 mm, forearm 52-9-54- 7 mm; weight 16-18 g. Fur is long and woolly; dorsal and ventral pelage has dark grayish brown appearance, each hair being whitish brown basally and grayish brown at the dp. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf is dark brown and the lancet is high and slightly concave in the middle, with a pointed tip; connecting process is long and projects anteriorly; sella is broader basally, abruptly concave in the middle, parallel-sided at top with a rounded off tip, and has two large circular lappets on either side of base; horseshoe is relatively wide (12-2-12- 4 mm) but does not completely cover muzzle, and has a deep median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is robust (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are well inflated and bulbous; posterior swellings are small and uninflated; frontal depression is deep; supraorbital ridges are very conspicuous; sagittal crest is well defined; zygomatics are strong with a distinct triangular dorsal arch at midpoint. C1 is tall; P2 is very small with distinct cusp, and is within the tooth row; P3 is minute and almost completely extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are touching or nearly so.</p><p>Habitat In Borneo, Francis’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat was collected in montane forest and undisturbed evergreen forest in Sabah, and undisturbed and logged evergreen forest in Kalimantan; also, over a seasonal stream surrounded by dense primary evergreen forest in Thailand. It was found at 431 m in Thailand and at 1600 m in Sabah.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of 49-2—50 kHz, durations of 20-2—39-9 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 30-7—126 milliseconds, in Kalimantan and Thailand.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List, due to its recent recognition as a species. Francis’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat is currently known from only six records, two in Sabah and three in Kalimantan, in Borneo, and one in Thailand. It is probably more widely distributed, and should be considered data deficient until more information is available. The species is probably threatened by habitat destruction throughout its range, and perhaps by hunting in some areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Soisook, Niyomwan et al. (2010), Soisook, Struebig et al. (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFF8A18F894F3EDFACDD152	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFE8A18FF08F73CF506DBF0.text	885887A2FFFE8A18FF08F73CF506DBF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus sedulus K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>97. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus sedulus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe diligent / German: Kleine Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura lanoso pequeno</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus sedulus K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Sarawak,” Malaysia .</p><p>Rhinolophus sedulus is included in the trifoliatus species group, and appears to be close to R. trifoliatus . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 47—51 mm, tail 19-30 mm, ear 17-21 mm, hindfoot 10 mm, forearm 37—48 mm; weight 6-8— 11 g. Fur is long and fluffy; dorsal pelage is dark brown or black with a grayish reflection (tips of hairs grayish); ventral pelage is similar but without a grayish reflection. Ears are medium-sized and dark brown to black. Noseleaf is dark brown or black, with a nearly straight-sided lancet; connecting process is moderately low and rounded; sella is nearly parallel-sided above and deflected downward at the tip, and has large circular lateral lappets at the base; horseshoe is c.10- 3 mm wide and has a relatively small median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is small but robust (zygomatic width always greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are moderately inflated and do not reach anteriorly to the border of the rostrum; posterior swellings are less inflated; sagittal crest is less developed than in other species of the trifoliatus group; frontal depression is deeply hollowed; supraorbital crests are prominent with sharp ridges. C 1 is short but not exceptionally strong; P2 is medium-sized to fairly large with a minute cusp, and is within the tooth row; P3 is moderate-sized and extruded from the tooth row to a variable degree; P and P4 are touching or nearly so. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FNa = 52 (Peninsular Malaysia).</p><p>Habitat. Mainly found in primary tropical forest but also known from secondary forest. Recorded from sea level up to 1500 m; most commonly found at lower elevations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat forages for insects in the forest understory.</p><p>Breeding. Unlike most horseshoe bats that are polygynous, Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bats may be monogamous.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat commonly roosts in tree hollows, or occasionally under foliage, rarely roosting in caves and culverts. Call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 66-8 kHz in Peninsular Malaysia, and 62 kHz and 76 kHz in Sabah (two individuals).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bats roost singly or in small groups. They have small home ranges, recorded at a 400-m radius from the roost. This species was reported roosting with the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( Ä luctus) in a culvert in Borneo.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNed List. The Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat is dependent on lowland forests, which have experienced widespread deforestation from logging, forest fires, and agricultural expansion throughout the species’ distribution. It may also be threatened by general roost disturbance. The species already appears to be rare, occurring at low densities throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Blundell (1996), Csorba eta /. (2003), rancis (2008 a), Heller eta/. (1993), Hutson &amp; Kingston (2008a), Kingston (2013), Kingston, rancis eta/. (2003), Kingston, Jones eta/. (2000), Kingston, Lim &amp; Zubaid (2006), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Soisook, Niyomwan eta /. (2010), Soisook, Struebig eta/. (2015), Tingga et al. (2012), Volleth eta/. (2014), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFE8A18FF08F73CF506DBF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFE8A18F8B4FCA2F30BD6BB.text	885887A2FFFE8A18F8B4FCA2F30BD6BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck 1834	<div><p>98.</p><p>Trefoil Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus trifoliatus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe à trèfle / German: Kleeblatt-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de trébol</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, 1834,</p><p>Bantam, Westjava, Indonesia .</p><p>Rhinolophus trifoliatus is placed in the trifoliatus species group. It appears to be close to R.sedulus . Four subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution. R. t. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834 — Sumatra, Belitung I, Borneo, WJava, and Banta I. R. t. edax K. Andersen, 1918 - NE India (two records in West Bengal and Assam), S China (one record in Guizhou), S Myanmar, C &amp; S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. R. t. niasensis K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. R. t. solitarius K Andersen, 1905 - Bangka I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 514- 65 mm, tail 25- 5—38 mm, ear 21- 8—28 mm, hindfoot 8—13 mm, forearm 45—57 mm; weight 10-20 g. Fur is long and woolly; dorsal and ventral pelage is pale buffy brown to brownish gray, appearing almost grayish white in some individuals. Ears are moderately long and yellow or yellowish brown, at base or up to tip. Noseleaf is yellow or yellowish brown, with a long lancet that is slightly emarginateti below the tip; connecting process is low and rounded; sella is narrow and has large circular lateral lappets at base; horseshoe is relatively wide (10-5—12- 4 mm) and has a moderate median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is heavy and robust (zygomatic width is much wider than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are relatively well inflated but do not reach anteriorly to border ofnasal orifice; posterior swellings are reduced; frontal depression is deep to very deep and narrow; supraorbital crests are high with sharp ridges; sagittal crest is very high anteriorly but flattens posteriorly. C1 is massive and short; P2 is small to medium-sized, and within tooth row or occasionally slighdy extruded from it; C1 and P4 are separated; P is small to minute, and extruded to variable extent from tooth row, or sometimes absent; P2 and P4 vary from being in contact to well separated, depending on the position or absence of the P3. Dental formula is typical of 32 teeth or 30 when lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 60 (Peninsular Malaysia).</p><p>Habitat. Typically found in primary and secondary tropical moist forest, generally in lowland areas. Known from dense evergreen forests in southern Myanmar, and can be found in most forest types in Borneo, including mangroves, and is common in heath forest. In Singapore, the species was acoustically recorded only from primary forest, although a female was found roosting in secondary forest Recorded from sea level up to 1800 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Trefoil Horseshoe Bats appear to hunt insects by fly-catching. The low wing loading and aspect ratio of the wings indicate that the species is a slow but maneuverable flier.</p><p>Breeding. The Trefoil Horseshoe Bat is thought to breed once a year, although it may breed at any time of the year. In Krau, Peninsular Malaysia, the species apparently breeds year-round, but most births occur early in the year.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Trefoil Horseshoe Bat roosts under leaves, commonly palm leaves, in the forest understory. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with a peak F frequency of 53-1 kHz and duration of 44-5 milliseconds recorded in Singapore, 50—53-5 kHz from peninsular Thailand, and 53 kHz from Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Trefoil Horseshoe Bats roost singly, and are thought to be solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Trefoil Horseshoe Bat appears to be common where favorable habitat exists. The species is threatened by deforestation resulting from logging and agricultural expansion. Tourism-related activities are also thought to be a significant threat to the species.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Csorba eta/. (2003), rancis (2008 a), Hutson, Kingston, rancis, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008), Kingston (2013), Kingston, rancis et al. (2003), Kingston, Jones et al. (2000), Kingston, Lim &amp; Zubaid (2006), Lane et al. (2006), Molur et al. (2002), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Pottie et al. (2005), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Soisook, Niyomwan et al. (2010), Soisook, Struebig et al. (2015), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Tingga et al. (2012), Volleth et al. (2015), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFE8A18F8B4FCA2F30BD6BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFE8A1BF8B4EFE6FC7FC876.text	885887A2FFFE8A1BF8B4EFE6FC7FC876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus perniger Hodgson 1843	<div><p>99. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus perniger</p><p>French: Rhinolophe noir / German: NördlicheWollhaar-Hufeisennase /Spanish: Herradura lanoso norteno</p><p>Other common names: Chinese Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus perniger Hodgson, 1843,</p><p>“ central region of the Sub-Himalayas,” Nepal.</p><p>Rhinolophus perniger is in the trifoliatus species group. It was included under R luctus but is now recognized as a distinct species based on karyological and morphological data presented by M. Volleth and colleagues in 2017. They compared the karyotype of a specimen from China (considered to be lanosus) to the recently described R. luctoides, proving their distinctiveness. This specimen from China is morphologically similar to specimens assigned to perniger from India, which demonstrates that they are the same species. Volleth and colleagues considered this taxon to be R lanosus, but the name perniger has priority. They did not investigate taxonomic status of other named forms that are included here as subspecies of R.perniger (i.e. perniger, lanosus, and spurcus), so taxonomic status of these three names is still up for debate. See R. luctus, R. luctoides, and R. morio . Specimens in Vietnam presented by Volleth and colleagues in 2017 had an identical karyotype to R. luctoides from Malaysia and were tentatively named R. cf. luctoides . In early study by Volleth and colleagues in 2015, limited genetic data indicated that specimens now identified as R.perniger from Myanmar and China clustered with specimens of R. luctoides, and R. morio was sister to this clade. This suggests that R. luctoides might be not be distinct from. perniger or that some parts of the distribution of. perniger might actually represent. luctoides . Relationships among currently recognized species in the R. luctus complex (R. pemiger, R. morio, R. luctoides, and R. luctus) remain uncertain. There might be undescribed species in what is currently recognized as R.perniger because some specimens throughout its distribution do not match its typical description according to Volleth and colleagues in 2015. Extensive genetic, morphological, and karyological studies are needed to clarify this and relationships among species in the R. luctus complex. Distribution of. perniger relative to R. morio and R. luctoides is uncertain, and distributions given here are tentative. Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. p. perniger Hodgson, 1843 - N, C &amp; SW India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala), C &amp; E Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, S China (Yunnan), N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.</p><p>. p. lanosus K. Andersen, 1905 — C &amp; SE China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Anhui Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong).</p><p>R.p. spurcus G. M. Allen, 1928 - Hainan I, China.</p><p>Possibly also peninsular Thailand, according to recorded calls.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75—99 mm, tail 36-61 mm, ear 28—44 mm, hindfoot 16- 20 mm, forearm 68- 5-81 mm; weight 27-45 g. (Note that some of these ranges, with the exception of the forearm values, probably include data from taxa currendy regarded as separate species.) The Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat is the largest species of horseshoe bat. The basic craniodental features are surprisingly similar in all species in the complex; for general description, see the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. luctus). This species has not yet been compared morphologically to typical Great Woolly Horseshoe Bats from Indonesia. However, it seems that currently available craniodental morphometric data clearly—albeit based on limited dataset—differentiate this species from the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. luctoides). Baculum, as described from Indian specimens, is longer (6-7 mm long) than in the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat and the Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. morio), has wide base with shallow medial bifurcation in dorsal view, and has a somewhat flattened tip that is slightly bulged. A specimen from Vietnam that showed karyotypic similarities to the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat had similar baculum to this species, 6- 1 mm long. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat is a forest-dweller which can also be found in degraded forest (and is apparently somewhat tolerant of human disturbance). In China, most records have been collected in forested areas. Recorded from sea level up to elevations of 923 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bats feed on coleopterans, termites, and other insects. Appears to forage by aerial-hawking and has also been observed perch-hunting.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves, and occasionally tree hollows and man-made structures. They leave their roosts early in the evening. The species hibernates in parts of the Himalayas and in northern Vietnam. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of 33 kHz (the 110 kHz value given in a publication for Vietnam is definitely an error), 32—34 kHz in Laos, and apparently 40 kHz in Thailand (probably from the first harmonic rather than the second).</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. This species roosts solitarily or in pairs, rarely in groups of more than two.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNed List, (included under R luctus, which is listed as Least Concern). The Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat is widespread as currently defined but until its taxonomy is settled, its conservation status cannot be properly assessed.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates eta/. (2004), Csorba eta /. (2003), Francis (2008a), Harada, Yenbutra.Yosida &amp;Takada (1985), Hendrichsen, Bates &amp; Hayes (2001), Kruskop (2013a), Matveev (2005), Molur et a /. (2002), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Thong Vu Dinh (2014 b), Volleth, Loidl eta/. (2015), Volleth, Nguyen Truong Son eta/. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFE8A1BF8B4EFE6FC7FC876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFD8A1BFF66EE25F47BD385.text	885887A2FFFD8A1BFF66EE25F47BD385.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus luctoides Volleth et al. 2015	<div><p>100. Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus luctoides</p><p>French: Rhinolophe du Selangor / German: Selangor-Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Selangor</p><p>Other common names: Luctus-like Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus luctoides Volleth et al., 2015,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.753334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.324722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.753334/lat 3.324722)">vicinity (5 km north-east</a>, approx. 600 m a. s.l.) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.753334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.324722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.753334/lat 3.324722)">of the Ulu Gombak Field Studies Centre</a> (3 ° 19 ’ 29 ” N, 101°45 '12 ” E), Selangor, Malaysia .”</p><p>Rhinolophus luctoides is included in the trifoliatus species group. The species was only recently described, based mainly on karyotypic and limited morphological data. Specimens of this species clustered genetically with specimens from China and Myanmar that are currently placed in R. pemiger, R. morio was sister to this clade. In addition, a specimen from Vietnam had nearly identical karyotype, although a specimen from China had a highly distinctive chromosomal complement. This Vietnamese specimen was designated as R. cf. luctoides, although other specimens from Vietnam are currently included in R pemiger . These data suggest that R. luctoides may have a more substantial distribution, but the karyotypic variation and its systematic implications within this complex are not yet fully understood. The taxonomy of the R luctus complex is very confused (see R.perniger and R. luctus). A possible hybrid of this species and R morio has been found. Much further study is needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Montane regions of Peninsular Malaysia; the exact distribution of this species is uncertain, and it may be more extensive in continental South-east Asia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Forearm 59-65 mm; weight 21-7-32- 2 g. The Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat is smaller than the Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( R. perniger) but similar in size to the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. luctus) and the Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. morio). Compared to the Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat, the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat has a larger baculum (4 mm long) that is more bulbous at the base, with straight shaft; longer lower tooth row; and usually smaller zygomatic width (with the exception of one female specimen with extraordinarily large zygomatic width). For general descriptive notes, see the species account for the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat, as the morphological differences between the two species have not yet been fully clarified. Pelage appears to vary from chocolate brown and grayish brown to gray with a frosted appearance. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. The species has been found in selectively logged dipterocarp rainforest, at elevations above 600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Calls from a handheld female in the Cameron Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia, had a peak F of 42 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNRed List, due to its recent recognition as a species. The taxonomy and distribution of the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat are highly uncertain at present, and much further study is needed before a proper assessment of status and threats can be made.</p><p>Bibliography. Volleth, Loidl eta/. (2015), Volleth, Nguyen Truong Son eta/. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFD8A1BFF66EE25F47BD385	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFD8A1AF895F4F4FAE9DA4A.text	885887A2FFFD8A1AF895F4F4FAE9DA4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus morio J. E. Gray 1842	<div><p>101. Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus morio</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Singapour / German: Malaya-Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Singapur</p><p>Other common names: Jester's Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus morio J. E. Gray, 1842,</p><p>“ Malacca, Singapore .”</p><p>Rhinolophus morio is included in the trifoliatus species group. It was previously included in. luctus but was recendy split, based on karyotypic and limited morphological data. Genetic data place this species as sister to a clade that includes. luctoides, as well as some specimens from China and Myanmar that are currently attributed to. perniger . There is a specimen that probably represents a hybrid between this species and. luctoides . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Lowlands of Malay Peninsula; exact distributional limits are not well established.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-85 mm, tail 40-52 mm, ear 30-35 mm, forearm 60-69 mm; weight 25- 5-41 g. The Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat is smaller than the Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. perniger) but similar in size to the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat ( A luctus) and the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. luctoides). Compared to the Selangor Woolly Horseshoe Bat, the Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat has a smaller baculum (3 mm long) that is less bulbous at the base (having two bulbs jutting outward and a deeper medial bifurcation) with a straight shaft; has a shorter lower tooth row; and usually larger zygomatic width. For general descriptive notes, see the species account for the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat, as the morphological differences between the two species have not yet been fully clarified. Pelage appears to vary from chocolate brown and grayish brown to gray with a frosted appearance. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Echolocation calls of specimens from peninsular Thailand, probably referable to this species, had an average peak F of 40-42 kHz. Calls in Peninsular Malaysia had a range of peak frequencies of 40—42 kHz.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN ed List, as it is included under R luctus, which is listed as Least Concern. The taxonomy and distribution of the Malaysian Woolly Horseshoe Bat are highly uncertain at present, and much further study is needed before a proper assessment of status and threats can be made.</p><p>Bibliography. Volleth, Loidl eta/. (2015), Volleth, Nguyen Truong Son eta/. (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFD8A1AF895F4F4FAE9DA4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFC8A1AF8B1FD56F286D6A0.text	885887A2FFFC8A1AF8B1FD56F286D6A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus beddomei K. Andersen 1905	<div><p>103. Beddome’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus beddomei</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Beddome / German: Beddome-Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Beddome</p><p>Other common names: Bedomme's Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus beddomei K. Andersen, 1905,</p><p>“ Wynaad [= Wayanad], Mysore [= Mysuru], S[outh] . India.”</p><p>Rhinolophus beddomei is included in the trifoliatus species group and appears to be close to R. trifoliatus, R.sedulus, and R. luctus. Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. b. beddomei K. Andersen, 1905 — W &amp; E India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh).</p><p>R.b. sobrinus K Andersen, 1918 - Sri Lanka.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-75 mm, tail 37-48 mm, ear 21-34 mm, hindfoot 12- 1-18 mm, forearm 54-9—64- 3 mm. Fur is long and woolly; dorsal and ventral pelage is dark brown or black (hairs with paler tips). Ears are blackish and of medium length. Noseleaf is dark brown or blackish, and has long and pointed or rounded lancet; connecting process is relatively low and broadly rounded; sella is broad and widely rounded off with large circular lateral lappets on either side of base; horseshoe is very wide (11 mm), covering muzzle, and has wide median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is robust (zygomatic breadth is larger than mastoid breadth); anterior median swellings are elongated but do not expand anteriorly to upper edge of nasal orifice, formed by a protruding bony rim; posterior swellings are more laterally situated; frontal depression is deep and long; supraorbital crests are sharp; sagittal crest is very well developed; canines are strong but relatively short. P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row or slightly displaced; P4 is small to medium-sized and extruded from the tooth row to a variable degree; P2 and P4 are almost in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Mainly found in dense dry and tropical moist forests. Elevational range is from sea level up to elevations of 1070 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Beddome’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat feeds on a variety of insects especially beetles and termites. It flies low over the ground while foraging, and will forage close to vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. A pregnant female with one embryo was collected in mid-January in Sri Lanka. Young have been reported with females in Kerala, India, in mid-May, and in Sri Lanka in mid-March and late April. Females may not breed until two or three years old.</p><p>Activity patterns. Beddome’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts by day in small caves, dilapidated buildings, tree hollows, wells, culverts, and old and unused tunnels, or clings from overhanging rocky outcrops. It emerges late in the evening from its roosts to forage through the night. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 38-5—38-7 kHz and durations of 48-2—58 milliseconds in the Western Ghats of India; another study in the Western Ghats reported peak frequencies of 41-7-43-3 kHz (mean 42-8 kHz) and durations of 1-4-51-5 milliseconds (mean 25-2 milliseconds). A recording inside a cave in Sri Lanka produced peak frequencies of 41—62-5 kHz but this huge range must be an error, perhaps including more than one species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Beddome’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts alone or in pairs, or sometimes in groups of three or four individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TheIUCNRed List. Beddome’s Woolly Horseshoe Bat is relatively widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. However, in Sri Lanka the species is regionally listed as Vulnerable according to the National Red List for the country, and is mostly restricted to old-growth forests with small populations. The species appears to be threatened most by deforestation for logging and agricultural expansion.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Csorba eta /. (2003), Edirisinghe et al. (2016), Koubfnovà et al. (2010), Kusuminda et al. (2013), Molur et al. (2002), Naidu &amp; Gururaj (1984), Raghuram et al. (2014), Rao et al. (2004), Sinha (1973), Soisook, Niyomwan et al. (2010), Soisook, Struebig et al. (2015), Srinivasulu &amp; Molur (2008b), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012),Topàl &amp; Csorba (1992), Volleth et al. (2017), Wordley et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFC8A1AF8B1FD56F286D6A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFC8A1AFF01FC38F526DBEB.text	885887A2FFFC8A1AFF01FC38F526DBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus luctus Temminck 1834	<div><p>102. Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus luctus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe deuil /German: Grosse Wollhaar-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura lanoso grande</p><p>Other common names: Typical Woolly Horseshoe Bat, Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus luctus Temminck, 1834,</p><p>Tapos, Java, Indonesia .</p><p>Rhinolophus luctus is included in the trifoliatus species group. Taxonomic status of true R. luctus is currently uncertain. Based primarily on karyological and limited morphological data, three taxa previously included under R. luctus are now recognized as separate species: R.perniger, R. mono, and the recently described R. luctoides, all considered closely related species of the species complex. The exact distributional limits between these species are uncertain. Tentatively, R. luctus in a strict sense is restricted to the Sunda Islands, R. morio consists of lowland populations on the Malay Peninsula, R. luctoides consists of montane populations on the Malay Peninsula and possibly perhaps further north into the rest of South-east Asia, and R.perniger consists of the rest of the former distribution of this species from northern India to continental South-east Asia. Genetic data thus far has not been implemented across the distribution full of this species complex. However, specimens from China and Myanmar clustered with those of R. luctoides, whereas R. morio appeared as sister to this clade based on limited genetic data. A later study by M. Volleth and colleagues in 2017 involving further karyotypic data showed that specimens from China that morphologically resembled specimens from India had a distinct karyotype from R. luctoides and were recognized as a distinct species named herewith R.perniger . On the other hand, a specimen from Vietnam had a karyotype nearly identical to that of R luctoides and this specimen was dubbed R. cf. luctoides . The Vietnamese populations are tentatively included under R. pemiger here, but they may in fact be best included with R. luctoides with further study. Volleth and colleagues in 2015 discussed the possibility that there are multiple cryptic species within the R. luctus species complex living sympatrically throughout the distribution of the complex since there are a number of records through its distribution that do not match the typical description of R. luctus . This may be the case, but a very substantial review of the current material is needed before any more conclusions can be made. Relationships between various taxa within this clade need to be resolved more adequately and substantially using genetic, karyological, and morphological data. Two subspecies currently recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. l. luctus Temminck, 1834 — Sumatra, Java, and Bali I.</p><p>R. l. foetidus K.Andersen, 1918 - Borneo.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 89 mm, tail 38—52 mm, ear 28- 5—35 mm, hindfoot 19- 5 mm, forearm 63-4—68-5 71 - 4 mm; weight 27-37 g. Pelage is long and woolly; dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown to black with a frosted appearance due to the pale hair tips, while ventral pelage is similar but a more pronounced gray. Ears are moderately long and dull black to dark gray-brown. Noseleaf is dull black to dark gray-brown and has a well-developed and subacutely pointed lancet with a rounded tip; connecting process is broadly rounded and heavily reduced; sella is parallel-sided, and deflected downward and forwards at the tip, with large circular lappets at the base; intemarial cup has upturned edges; horseshoe is wide (12-2—18- 5 mm) and projects in front and on either side beyond the upper lip, and has a distinct and very deep median emargination that separates the horseshoe in two sides. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is very large and robust (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are low or moderately developed and antero-posteriorly elongated, not reaching anteriorly to the upper border of the nasal orifice; posterior swellings are reduced and shifted laterally; frontal depression is very deep and elongated; sagittal crest is exceptionally high and suddenly elevated after the junction of the prominent and blade-like supraorbital crests. C1 is very strong, massive, and short; P2 is large to medium-sized and within the tooth row or slightly extruded from it; P3 is very variable in size and placement, and P2 and P4 can range from separated to touching, based on its position.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded in tropical forest from lowlands up to 1600 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts in rocky outcrops, rock crevices, niches in cliffs, shallow holes in earth banks, tree roots, and hollow trees. Its flight is low,just above the ground.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts solitarily or in pairs, rarely in small groups.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The taxonomy and distribution of the Great Woolly Horseshoe Bat are highly uncertain at present, and much further study is needed before a proper assessment of status and threats can be made.</p><p>Bibliography. Huang, J. C. C. eta /. (2014), Khan eta /. (2007), Miller (1942), Volleth, Loidl eta /. (2015), Volleth, Nguyen Truong Son eta/. (2017), Walston eta/. (2008b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFC8A1AFF01FC38F526DBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFC8A1DF84DEF93FABED367.text	885887A2FFFC8A1DF84DEF93FABED367.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus formosae Sanborn 1939	<div><p>104. Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus formosae</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Formose / German: Formosa-Wollhaar-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de ormosa</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus formosae Sanborn, 1939,</p><p>“ Formosa [= Taiwan].”</p><p>Rhinolophus formosae is, included in the t rifoliatus species group, and seems to be sister to all other members of the trifoliatus species group except. francisi. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Taiwan I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-90 mm, tail 28-41 mm, ear 24- 5-33 mm, hindfoot 16-17 mm, forearm 53-9-62-4 nun; weight 11-9-25- 3 g. Fur is long, silky, and glossy, particularly on the neck and shoulders; dorsal and ventral pelage is dull black. Ears are medium-sized and blackish. Noseleaf isjet black and has a long to very long lancet that is narrow at the tip with straight sides; connecting process is moderately low and runs almost parallel to the sella but is broadly rounded; sella has a pair of large circular lappets at the base; horseshoe is wide (12-3-13- 7 mm) and completely covers the muzzle, with a deep median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is robust and strong (zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are moderately developed and slighdy elongated but their anterior borders do not reach the upper portion of the nasal orifice; lateral swellings are well developed; posterior swellings are less developed and small; frontal depression is narrow, long, and very deep; supraorbital crests are sharp and strong; sagittal crest is moderately strong. C1 is strong and massive, but short; P2 is medium-sized to fairly large and within the tooth row or slightly extruded; P3 is small and extruded from the tooth row or rarely missing; P2 and P4 are almost always touching. Dental formula is the typical of 32 teeth or 30 when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2 n = 52 and FNa = 60.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forests (broadleaf, coniferous, and mixed) at low to moderately high altitudes.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Based on the limited information available, the Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat feeds mainly on coleopterans.</p><p>Breeding. Females give birth to a single young in May orJune.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves, buildings, tunnels, and irrigation conduits. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of 42-43 kHz, and FM portions span at 36-43 kHz. aptured individuals had a peak frequency of 44-4-44-6 kHz and a duration of 36-63 milliseconds. The lappets of the noseleaf are effective in picking up the FM portion of their echolocation calls.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat roosts either alone or in pairs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on 77zr IUCNed List. The Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat is considered rare throughout its limited lowland distribution. Deforestation as a result of the expanding infrastructure of Taiwan and large-scale agricultural expansion threatens the lowlands in which this species lives. The species is regionally Red Listed in China as vulnerable. It is found in a number of protected areas including Renting and Taroko national parks and other protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Ando et al. (1980b), Cheng Hsichi et al. (2017), Csorba et al. (2003), LeeYafu et al. (2012), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), Smith (2008c), Soisook, Struebig et al. (2015), Vanderelst et al. (2013), Volleth et al. (2017), Wang Sung &amp; Xie Yan (2004), Yoshiyuki &amp; Harada (1995), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFC8A1DF84DEF93FABED367	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFB8A1DFF7CF5D2F77FDCC8.text	885887A2FFFB8A1DFF7CF5D2F77FDCC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus thailandensis Wu Yi, Harada & Motokawa 2009	<div><p>105. Thailand Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus thailandensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe deThaïlande / German: Thailand-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Tailandia</p><p>Other common names: Thai Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Taxonomy. hinolophus thailandensis Wu Yi, Harada &amp; Motokawa, 2009,</p><p>“ from a cave, Doi Chang Kiang, Chiang Mai, Thailand, at an altitude of 1,790 m.”</p><p>Rhinolophus thailandensis is included in the pearsonii species group along with R. yunanensis, R. chiewkweeae, and R. pearsonii . The pearsonii group appears to be close to the trifoliatus and hipposideros species groups, although more taxon-inclusive studies are needed to confirm this relationship. It has only recendy been recognized as a species distinct from R.yunanensis . The study in which this species was described included only studied specimens of R.yunanensis from Sichuan and Yunnan, China, and Thailand, identifying each as a distinct species. The rest of the distribution allocated to R.yunanensis has not yet been compared to either taxon, and further studies are needed to identify which populations represent which species. Until then, R. thailandensis is still considered to be restricted to Thailand and probably Cambodia; the rest of the distribution is tentatively attributed to R.yunanensis . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known with certainty only from Chiang Mai Province, NW Thailand, although it is probably the species that occurs in NW, W &amp; SE Thailand, including Tarutao I; specimens from Cambodia, found to be intermediate in size between Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat (. yunanensis) and Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (. pearsonii), are also tentatively included in this species.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63—72 mm, tail 18—24 mm, ear 26- 2—32 mm, hindfoot 11 • 1-15 mm, forearm 56-2-61- 2 mm. Dorsal pelage is buffy to deep brown (hairs whitish or pale at base, with brown tips) and the ventral pelage is a little lighter and grayer (hairs gray based with buffy brown tips). Ears are large. Noseleafhas a long, triangular, straight-sided lancet; connecting process forms a low rounded arch; sella has a wide base that narrows toward the middle, and tapers slighdy toward the dp; horseshoe is wide, covering the whole muzzle, and has a deep and distinct median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is relatively long (4 mm long) and has a relatively strong basal cone (weak compared to that of Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat), and a roughly cylindrical shaft; tip is narrowly rounded off and laterally widened. Skull is large and robust (zygomatic width much greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are longer than wide (width is greater than in Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat); lateral swellings are much larger than the anterior ones; sagittal crest is strong, especially anteriorly; frontal depression is relatively shallow; supraorbital crests are low but well defined. C1 is strong and well developed; P2 is large and in the tooth row; P3 is moderate in size and more or less extruded from the tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60 and FNa = 64 (Thailand).</p><p>Habitat. Tropical forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Dietary components of 31 fecal pellets comprised mostly Coleoptera (43-2% by volume), Hemiptera (32-0%), and Homoptera (12-3%), although small amounts of Diptera (5-5%), Lepidoptera (3-5%), Ephemeroptera (1-9%), Orthoptera (0-6%), Trichoptera (0-5%), and Hymenoptera (0-3%) were also detected.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Thailand Horseshoe Bat roosts in caves. Call shape is FM/CF/ FM with a peak F recorded at 49-50-9 kHz in Thailand, and 53-6 kHz in Cambodia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCNed List. Until the taxonomy of the Thailand Horseshoe Bat is clarified, the species cannot be fully assessed.</p><p>Bibliography. Francis (2008), Harada eta/. (1985), Ith, Csorba et al. (2011), Weterings et al. (2015), Wu Yi, Harada &amp; Motokawa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFB8A1DFF7CF5D2F77FDCC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFB8A1DF8ADF9BBF2A5CB71.text	885887A2FFFB8A1DF8ADF9BBF2A5CB71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson 1872	<div><p>106. Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus yunanensis</p><p>French: Rhinolophe duYunnan / German: Dobson-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Yunnan</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872,</p><p>“ Hotha, Yunan,” China .</p><p>Rhinolophus yunanensis is included in the pearsonii species group. Populations now attributed to thailandensis were previously considered to represent R yunanensis, incorporating specimens from Thailand. The study that described R. thai - landensis only examined specimens of R. yunanensis from Yunnan and Sichuan, China, and Thailand; this leaves some ambiguity regarding the rest of the distribution attributed to R.yunanensis . The paper restricted R.yunanensis to China, but the rest of the distribution is here included tentatively under this species, until a revision incorporating specimens from the whole range is undertaken. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known with certainty only from S China (Sichuan and Yunnan), but populations from NE India (Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram) and N &amp; E Myanmar are tentatively included in this species; a dubious record in Guizhou (S China) and it may occur in Laos.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 52- 4—72 mm, tail 18-28 mm, ear 19- 9—27 mm, hindfoot 10-8-14- 7 mm, forearm 55-5—59- 2 mm; weight 20-22 g. Fur is woolly, glossy, and dense; dorsal pelage is light grayish brown to dark gray (hairs unicolored), while ventral pelage is paler. Ears are medium-sized to large. Noseleaf has a long, triangular, straight-sided lancet; connecting process forms a low, rounded arch; sella has a wide base that narrows toward the middle and tapers slightly toward the tip; horseshoe is wide (12- 5—14 mm), covering the whole muzzle, and has a deep and distinct median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is relatively short but strong (4 mm long) and has a strong basal cone (strong compared to the Thailand Horseshoe Bat,. thailandensis) and a roughly cylindrical shaft; tip is narrowly rounded offand laterally widened. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic width much greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are longer than wide (width is less than in the Thailand Horseshoe Bat); lateral swellings are much larger than the anterior ones; sagittal crest is strong, especially anteriorly; frontal depression is relatively shallow; supraorbital crests are low but well defined. C1 is strong and well developed; P2 is large and in the tooth row; P3 is moderate in size and more or less extruded from the tooth row, or very rarely absent. Dental formula is the typical of 32 teeth or 30 when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FNa = 60 (Sichuan) or 2n = 44 and FNa = 60 (Guizhou, possibly refers to Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat, R.pearsonii).</p><p>Habitat. Commonly found in dense hilly forests among bamboo clumps, and is often recorded around limestone caves. Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat is known from bamboo thickets in China, where it may roost. Typically found at elevations of 600-1300 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat roosts in limestone caves and has been captured in bamboo thickets and thatched roofs. An echolocation call from Sichuan with a peak F of 48 kHz probably represents this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Dobson’s Horseshoe Bat appears to be uncommon throughout much of its distribution. It greatest threat is probably local habitat loss due to commercial logging and agricultural expansion; there do not appear to be any major threats identified at the moment.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates, Bumrungsri, Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008b), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Csorba et al. (2003), Francis (2008a), Gu Xiaoming (2006), Hill (1986 b), Molur et al. (2002), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), WuYi, Harada &amp; Motokawa (2009), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFB8A1DF8ADF9BBF2A5CB71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFA8A1CFF03FEF1FCCAD36A.text	885887A2FFFA8A1CFF03FEF1FCCAD36A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki & Lim 2005	<div><p>107. Chiew Kwee’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus chiewkweeae</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Chiew Kwee / German: Chiew-Kwee-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Chiew Kwee</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki &amp; B. L. Lim, 2005,</p><p>“Gunung Ledang, 2°84’N, 102°57’E, Tangkak, Muar,Johore, a submontane dipterocarp forest approximately 1276 m in elevations, Malaysia.”</p><p>Rhinolophus chiewkweeae is included in the pearsonii species group, and appears to be closely related to R.pearsonii . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula, including Langkawi I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 51-5—65 mm, tail 14- 7-19 mm, ear 20- 1-26 mm, hindfoot 12-14- 4 mm, forearm 51-9- 56- 1 mm. Dorsal pelage is orangish brown, while ventral pelage is lighter. Ears are moderately large. Noseleaf has a broadly triangular, long, and nearly parallel straightsided lancet; connecting process starts at the tip of the sella and is low and arched; sella is broadly rounded at the tip and broader at the base; horseshoe is wide (11- 6 mm) and covers the muzzle, with a distinct median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is similar to that of Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (. pearsonii) and is fairly long (3- 3 mm long), having a deep U-shaped emargination and a thick lateral expansion on the ampulla. Skull is large and robust (zygomatic width greater than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are well developed; lateral swellings are less swollen and the posterior swellings are relatively concave; rostral profile is low; frontal depression appears to be relatively shallow; sagittal and supraorbital crests are well developed. C1 is weak; P2 is relatively large and within the tooth row; P3 is minute and extruded from the tooth row, allowing P2 and P4 to touch.</p><p>Habitat. Typically found in hill and lowland dipterocarp forests, at elevations from around sea level up to 1276 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. Call shape is FM /CF/FM with peak F of 53-6-54-7 kHz, duration of 28-4-63-3 milliseconds, and interpulse interval of 32—289 milliseconds, in eastern Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The overall range of Chiew Kwee’s Horseshoe Bat is quite small. Deforestation is likely to be a major threat to the species. Due to reservoirs for hydroelectric schemes, mercury accumulates at high concentrations in this species, which may well be a localized threat.</p><p>Bibliography. Kumaran, Daud et al. (2013), Morni et al. (2016), Pounsin et al. (2018), Syaripuddin et al. (2014), Yoshiyuki &amp; Lim (2005), Zalipah et al. (2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFA8A1CFF03FEF1FCCAD36A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFA8A1CF84EF5E9F6CDC981.text	885887A2FFFA8A1CF84EF5E9F6CDC981.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus mitratus Blyth 1844	<div><p>109. Mitred Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus mitratus</p><p>French: Rhinolophe mitrò / German: Mitra-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de mitra</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus mitratus Blyth, 1844,</p><p>“ neighbourhood of Chyebassa [= Chaibasa], in Central India.”</p><p>Rhinolophus mitratus is not currently listed in any species group, and is considered incertae sedis. The species, known from the damaged holotype only, has often been included in R.philippinensis but more recent authors have placed the species close to R.pearsonii or within the trifoliatus species group. Its taxonomic status is verdoubtful. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality in Chaibasa, E India.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 70 mm, tail 30 mm, ear c. 25 mm, forearm 57- 1 mm. Fur is described as being rather long and is soft and delicate; dorsal pelage is brown, ventral pelage is light brown. Ears are large. Noseleaf appears to have a broad horseshoe, and intemarial lobes that are abnormally expanded upward, forming a deep cavity; the vertical portion of the sella is short and rounded and the base is not expanded as it is in the Trefoil Horseshoe Bat ( trifoliatus). Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is damaged and thus there is no information available regarding the skull.</p><p>Habitat. Recorded at an elevational range up to of 300 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p><p>Breeding. No information.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Mitred Horseshoe Bat is possibly a cave-roosting species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The JCN ed List because there are no new data about this species since its first description, based on a single specimen.</p><p>Bibliography. Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2016), Csorba, Ujhelyi &amp;Thomas (2003), Molur et al. (2002), Sinha (1973), Tate &amp; Archbold (1939b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFA8A1CF84EF5E9F6CDC981	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
885887A2FFFA8A1CFF01F5D8F291D0BB.text	885887A2FFFA8A1CFF01F5D8F291D0BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield 1851	<div><p>108. Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat</p><p>Rhinolophus pearsonii</p><p>French: Rhinolophe de Pearson / German: Pearson-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Pearson</p><p>Taxonomy. Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield, 1851,</p><p>“ Daijeeling,” West Bengal, India .</p><p>Rhinolophus pearsonii is placed in the pearsonii species group. Distributional limits of races are uncertain. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>R. p. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,, S &amp; SE China (Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.</p><p>R.p. chinensis K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-68 mm, tail 16-29 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm, forearm 47-57 mm; weight 13-20 g. Fur is dense and long with a woolly texture; dorsal pelage is mid-chestnut brown, while ventral pelage is lighter. Ears are large. Noseleaf has a moderately long and generally triangular lancet that is nearly parallel-sided; connecting process originates at the sella tip and forms a low round arch; sella is widened basally, suddenly constricted for the rest, being parallel-sided up to the rounded tip; horseshoe is wide (9-8-12- 8 mm), completely covering the muzzle, and has a deep median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is relatively small; basal cone is large and dorso-proximal margin is deeply notched; ventral incision of the base is shaped like equilateral triangular, with a widely rounded distal portion; dorsal knob of the base is very high; ventral surface of the base has a wide median depression; shaft is dorsoventrally expanded and laterally flattened; tip is nearly rounded. Skull is strong (zygomatic width greater than mastoid width); braincase is wide and short; zygomatics are massive; anterior median swellings are low and longer than wide; lateral swellings are well developed; posterior swellings are small; sagittal crest is high to very high; supraorbital crests are moderately developed; frontal depression is moderately developed. C1 is not exceptionally strong; P2 is small to medium-sized with a small cusp, and is generally within the tooth row but sometimes slightly extruded; P3 is small to very small and extruded to a variable extent from the tooth row, or occasionally missing; P2 and P 4 are touching. Dental formula is the typical of 32 teeth or 30 when a lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 62 (Guizhou), or 2n = 42 and FNa = 64 (Anhui).</p><p>Habitat. Montane forests, bamboo forests, cultivated areas, and limestone areas. Recorded at elevations of 160-3380 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat forages for insects by aerial-hawking and perch-hunting. It appears to feed mainly on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera but has also been reported feeding, in smaller quantities, on Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Megaloptera, and Plecoptera. In Jiangxi, China, during summer, diet consisted of Coleoptera (57-7% by volume), Lepidoptera (24-7%), Hemiptera (15-9%), Hymenoptera (0-35%), Orthoptera (0-39%), Homoptera (0-42%), and unknown arthropod remains (0-46%).</p><p>Breeding. Young have been reported in May and June in China.</p><p>Activity patterns. In South Asia, Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat roosts by day in caves in hilly areas; it appears to be associated with limestone caves. Oddly, this species has been observed torpid or in hibernation while other Rhinolophus species sharing the same cave are active, in Vietnam (in November) and Thailand (in July). Call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 63-9—70 kHz (Anhui, Jiangxi, and Fujian, China), 57-6-61-6 kHz (Guangxi, China), 65 kHz in Thailand, 53-6 kHz in Cambodia, and 56-59 kHz in Laos.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pearson’s Horseshoe Bats roost in small clusters in caves, with up to 35 bats reported in clusters in Thailand. They have been observed roosting with other Rhinolophus .</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The JCN ed List. In South Asia, while Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat is still common and widely distributed, a decline is suspected in the Himalayas because of continuous habitat degradation due to deforestation for timber and firewood, and conversion of the land for agricultural use. It is common in South-east Asia.</p><p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008e), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Chen Min et al. (2004), Chheang et al. (2013), Csorba et al. (2003), Francis (2008a), Hill (1986 b), Jiang Tinglei, Feng Jiang et al. (2008), Jiang Tinglei, Lu Guanjun et al. (2013), Khan (2001), Kruskop (2013a), Lunde et al. (2007), Mao Xiuguang, NieWenhui et al. (2007), Mao Xiuguang, Zhang Shuyi &amp; Rossiter (2016), Molur et al. (2002), Sinha (1973), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Zhang Libiao, Jones et al. (2009), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zhang Weidao (1985), Zhou Jiang et al. (2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFFA8A1CFF01F5D8F291D0BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgin, Connor	Burgin, Connor (2019): Rhinolophidae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russell A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 280-332, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525
