taxonID	type	description	language	source
89753977FFCDD27BA1697C93D1E3FCA2.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 7) Type species: Castnia dalmannii Gray, 1838, fixed by original designation by Oiticica (1955).	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFCDD27BA1697C93D1E3FCA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Fore wing brown, with a distinguishable white or diffuse white over-scaled with brown, oblique, postmedian band. Hind wing variable in colour, usually beige or white and orange. Valva aquiline, internal surface with tooth-like projection; penis containing a sclerotized plate with spines. Eighth tergum with lateral margin sinuous in females. Redescription Head, antenna dark brown with 62 – 74 segments. Eye glabrous, with white scales covering posteroventral margin. Clypeus glabrous. Proboscis well-developed and ferruginous. Labial palpi three-segmented and erect. Thoracic segments ferruginous dorsally, yellowish ventrally. Legs brown, tibiae without spines, tibial spurs 0: 2: 4, asymmetrical and well-developed; tarsi with spines randomly distributed on posterior surface, first tarsomere with length equal to the sum of the others, arolium cordate. Fore wing triangular with outer margin straight. Dorsal surface ferruginous brown; oblique, postmedian band from costal margin to inner margin, two dorsal white spots on band: one between R 3 and R 4, the other between R 4 and R 5, the latter not visible in males; whitish spot across the distal end discal cell and between M 1 and M 2, more evident in females. Ventral surface beige, brighter triangular area extends from vertex to anal angle, pattern of spots similar to the dorsal surface, with additional spots between M 3 and CuA 1, CuA 2 and CuP, CuP and 2 A. Colour pattern of dorsal hind wings variable, usually orange at costal and external margin and discal region white or yellowish. Ventral hind wing similar but paler, especially along the outer margin. Wing venation: fore wing with 14 longitudinal veins. Radius with five branches; subcosta separate from R 1 at base, terminating beyond half of the length of the costal margin; discal cell half the length of the costal margin, partially closed, triangular, reduced at end cell; chorda ellipsoidal, extended slightly beyond end discal cell; R 1 and R 2 arising from one-third and two-thirds the length of discal cell respectively, both ending at costal margin; R 3 and R 4 stalked, separated beyond the distal half of the costal margin; R 3 + R 4 and R 5 separate at the distal end of chorda; R 3 ending near apex, R 4 and R 5 ending at outer margin. Origin of M 2 and M 3 proximal at base; M 1, M 2 and M 3 equidistant at distal portion; origin of CuA 1 at three-fourths of the length of the discal cell, and CuA 2 at half the length of the discal cell; CuP arising at the base of discal cell; accessory cell, usually present posterior to discal cell, closed by cross vein m 3 - cua 1. Origin of 2 A and 3 A at the wing base, connected by cross vein 2 a- 3 a; 3 A not reaching the outer margin. Hind wing with nine longitudinal veins. Discal cell open. Vein Sc + R 1 ending before apex; Rs and M 1 stalked slightly less than one-fourth the length of the costal margin; M 2, M 3, CuA 1 and CuA 2 arising near the accessory cell formed by the cross vein m 3 - cua 1; 1 A + 2 A and 3 A not forked at base and ending at outer margin. Abdominal segments yellow or whitish with tergites A 1 – A 3 brown; ventral surface of all segments yellowish, with a prominent scale tuft at the end of abdomen. Male genitalia: tegumen rectangular in dorsal view. Uncus with three lobes, lateral lobes wider than medial one. Gnathos excavate posteriorly, dorsal and ventral arms sclerotized, fused anteriorly. Distal end of valva aquiline, inner surface with tooth-like projection; upper margin convex beyond the costa, lower margin excavate; costa sclerotized. Vinculum rectangular. Subscaphium moderately sclerotized. Sacculus weakly developed, consisting of a fold on the inner surface of the valva, oriented anteriorly. Saccus developed, anterior projections rounded and apically curved. Juxta apparently absent. Penis recurved and contorted; spines located in a sclerotized plate at the distal region; vesica lacking cornuti. Coecum developed, longer than the maximum diameter of the ejaculatory bulb foramen, usually ornamented with ridges. Female genitalia: eighth tergum with anterior margin concave, central band weakly sclerotized, extending beyond the middle portion but never reaching the posterior margin; posterior half subtriangular or sometimes slightly rounded, with lateral margin sinuous. Lamella antevaginalis weakly sclerotized. Lamella postvaginalis absent. Anterior and posterior apophyses well-developed, the former two-fifths the length of the latter. Papillae anales weakly sclerotized and setose. Antrum sclerotized, longer than wide. Ductus bursae with a distinct region spirally twisted near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae with signa symmetrical, circular, slightly indented on one side. Bulla seminalis internally setose, longer than wide. Etymology The name Yagra is an anagram proposed by Oiticica (1955) to replace the generic name Graya used by Houlbert (1918) as a misapplication of Graya Buchecker, [1880], and also a junior homonym of Graya Bonaparte 1856 (Aves). Species included	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFCDD27BA1697C93D1E3FCA2.taxon	discussion	Comments Females generally larger than males, with minor sexual dimorphism both in the fore wing spots and in the hind wing submarginal band. Venation invariable, except for a single specimen of Y. fonscolombe (female of unknown locality) without fore wing accessory cell. The juxta in the male genitalia was not evident for either species; apparently it is absent or completely membranous. In this case, the support of the penis is possibly made by a fold at the posterior margin of the saccus, located in a very similar position to that occupied by the juxta in other species of Castniini.	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFCFD271A1247C96D360FC21.taxon	description	(Figures 1 A – D, 2 A, B, 3, 4, 7 A)	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFCFD271A1247C96D360FC21.taxon	description	Gray (1838) described Castnia dalmannii based on a specimen deposited in the collection of Mr Children (BMNH), type locality Brazil. Boisduval (1875) described Castnia grayi based on an unknown number of specimens collected by Becker. However, only a single male from this collection has been located thus far. This species was named in honour of George Robert Gray. Butler (1877) designated a lectotype for Castnia dalmannii, by explicitly selecting the specimen illustrated. Buchecker (1880: pl. 4) illustrated a figure of Castnia dalmannii Gray, 1838 with the caption of Castnia amazona Buchecker, [1880] – a nomen nudum as stated by Lamas (1995). In plate 7 of the same work, Buchecker added a figure of Lapaeumides zerynthia (Gray, 1838) with the same caption as on plate 4. Houlbert (1918) placed Castnia dalmannii in Graya (nec Buchecker, [1880]). Oiticica (1955) resolved the homonyms and misapplication of names related to Graya Buchecker, [1880], and proposed the name Yagra as a replacement name of Graya, Houlbert 1918. Diagnosis Fore wing with a white oblique postmedian band. Hind wing white in discal cell. Upper margin of valva moderately convex beyond the region of the costa, projection in the inner surface, wider than long. Redescription (male and female) Head, antenna dark brown; vertex with ferruginous iridescent scales. Labial palpi with basal segment and dorsal surface of remaining segments yellowish; ventral surface of median and distal segments beige. Thoracic segments: dorsal brown, ventral ferruginous, including legs. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin rectilinear. Average wing length 50 mm in males and 61 mm in females. Dorsal surface dark ferruginous brown; postmedian band white, extending from costal margin to inner margin with two oval spots on the white band, between R 3 and R 4 and R 4 and R 5; white spot across end discal cell, between M 1 and M 2, more obvious in females. Ventral surface beige on apex and paler brown along outer margin, the remaining regions ferruginous; three oval spots along submarginal region, between M 3 and CuA 1, CuA 2 and CuP, and CuP and 2 A, the two former also visible on the dorsal surface of females. Dorsal hind wing reddish orange on costal and outer margins, discal cell area white with bluish grey scales along posterior margin from M 3 - CuA 1 to inner margin; piliform grey scales on hind wing base; submarginal band comprising blackish brown spots well-marked in males from Sc + R 1 and Rs to CuA 2 and in females from Sc + R 1 and Rs to 2 A; veins Rs to CuA 2 delineated in black beyond submarginal band. Ventral surface similar to dorsal surface, but beige on outer margin and white on discal cell area; diffuse ferruginous angular marking extending from the mid-costa to the discal cell. Wing venation (Figures 2 A, B): typical of the genus. Abdominal segments whitish with tergites A 1 – A 3 brown; ventral surface of all segments yellowish, darker end segments with ferruginous hair tuft at the end of the abdomen. Male genitalia (Figure 3): tegumen rectangular, anterior half wider than the posterior one. Uncus with three lobes, lateral lobes wider than medial one. Gnathos excavate posteriorly, dorsal and ventral arms sclerotized and fused anteriorly. Valva aquiline; C D inner surface with tooth-like projection serrated, wider than long; upper margin moderately convex beyond the costa; inferior margin excavate. Vinculum rectangular. Subscaphium moderately sclerotized. Sacculus weakly developed, consisting of a fold on the inner surface of the valva, oriented anteriorly. Saccus developed, with anterior projections rounded apically and curved. Juxta apparently absent. Penis recurved and contorted; spines located in a sclerotized plate at the distal region; vesica lacking cornuti. Coecum developed, longer than the maximum diameter of the ejaculatory bulb foramen, usually entirely ornamented with ridges. Female genitalia (Figure 4): eighth tergum with anterior margin concave; central band weakly sclerotized, extending beyond the middle portion, but never reaching the posterior margin, posterior half subtriangular, slightly rounded, with lateral margins sinuous. Lamella antevaginalis weakly sclerotized. Lamella postvaginalis absent. Anterior and posterior apophyses well-developed, the former two-fifths the length of the latter. Papillae anales sclerotized and setose. Antrum sclerotized, longer than wide. Ductus bursae with a distinct region spirally twisted near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae with signa symmetrical, nearly circular. Bulla seminalis longer than wide, setose internally. Etology / ecology Barely known. There are some records of individuals flying 10 to 15 m above ground between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. in Alto da Boa Vista, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (O. Mielke pers. comm.). Distribution (Figure 7 A) Restricted to the state of Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. Etymology The specific epithet is attributed to the Swedish doctor and naturalist Johan Wilhelm Dalman, who was recognized for his studies in botany and entomology. Comments The females of Y. dalmannii are very similar to the females of Hista hegemon (Kollar, 1839), but they may be readily distinguished by a postmedian band on the fore wing of Y. dalmannii and by genitalic characters. This species is rare in collections, possibly due to its association with very specific microhabitats that have not been systematically surveyed thus far (O. Mielke pers. comm.). Material examined	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFCFD271A1247C96D360FC21.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Boca do Mato, Serra dos Órgãos, February 1935, one male (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, estrada das Paineiras, January 1919, three males (MNRJ); idem, 29 January 1936, one male (MNRJ); idem, January 1917, 3 males (MNRJ); idem, November 1924, one male (MNRJ); idem, January 1926, one male (MNRJ); idem, January 1927, three males (MNRJ); idem, 31 [no month] 1932, one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one female (MNRJ); idem, 8 January 1946, two males (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, 18 February 1957, one male (DZUP); idem, [no date], four males (MNRJ), three males (MZSP); idem, 500 m, 5 February 1958, two males (DZUP); Floresta da Tijuca, estrada Sumaré, January 1918, one female (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, Mirante Silvestre, [no date], one male (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Gávea, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one male (MGCL); Rio de Janeiro, [no date], one female, one male (MNRJ); idem, January 1939, one male (DZUP); idem, [no date], one male (DZUP); idem, [no date], one female (BMNH); [no locality, no date], two females, one male (MNRJ); idem, no date, one male (USNM).	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFC5D269A2C77B34D023FDD0.taxon	description	(Figures 1 E – H, 2 C, D, 5, 6, 7 B)	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFC5D269A2C77B34D023FDD0.taxon	description	Godart (1824) described Castnia fonscolombe, with the type locality as Brazil. According to the original description, the type series was in the collection of “ M. Latreille ”. Hübner ([1825]) described Athis japyx. The illustrated specimen lacks white dorsal spots on the fore wing, which is typical of the male phenotype. Thon (1829) described Castnia kirstenii and included illustrations of the specimen, venation of fore and hind wings, head and metathoracic legs. Westwood (1877) considered C. kirstenii as a synonym of A. japyx. Strand (1913) treated Castnia walkeri as a synonym of Castnia fonscolombe and attributed the authorship of the former to Buchecker ([1880]); however the only illustration in Buchecker’s work that is similar to the description of C. fonscolombe is subtitled as “ Castnia fonscolombe Latr. ” and not C. walkeri. Therefore, C. walkeri Strand, 1913 is considered a nomen nudum (Lamas 1995). Rothschild (1919) established the priority of the names C. fonscolombe and A. japyx. Miller (1995) placed Castnia fonscolombe in Yagra based on characters of male genitalia and wing venation. Diagnosis Fore wing with a brown, oblique postmedian band, paler or slightly darker than ground colour and with a pale, diffuse, circular spot across end cell. Hind wing pale orange. Upper margin of valva strongly convex beyond the region of the costa. Redescription (male and female) Head dark brown, vertex with ferruginous iridescent scales; antenna ferruginous brown, paler below; labial palpi brown. Thoracic segments, including legs, ferruginous. Fore wing subtriangular, outer margin rectilinear. Average wing length 47 mm in males and 58 mm in females. Dorsal surface ferruginous, duller in female; postmedian band brown with both margins uneven and diffuse, slightly darker than ground colour, extending from costal margin to inner margin; two oval spots on the band, between R 3 and R 5, absent in males; a distinguishable paler spot across end cell between M 1 and M 2, more enlarged and evident in females. Ventral surface with central triangular, brighter orange (reddish fulvous) area with paler buff to beige along the costa, at apex and along the lateral margin; three oval spots submarginally aligned between M 3 and CuA 1, CuA 2 and CuP, and CuP and 2 A, the two former also visible on dorsal surface in females. Dorsal hind wing orange on costal and outer margins, discal cell area yellowish (paler); piliform iridescent grey scales on hind wing base, sometimes greyish brown in females; submarginal band comprising two rows of spots; the inner spot-band with separate ferruginous to black spots, sometimes with black central eye-spot in males between Rs and M 3, in females between Rs and 2 A; the outer band formed by brown-ferruginous spots between Sc + R 1 and 3 A; in females this band may form crescents along the margin. Ventral surface with a similar pattern as dorsal surface but submarginal spot-bands paler. Wing venation (Figures 2 C, D): typical of the genus. Abdominal segments yellowish with tergites A 1 – A 3 brown; ventral surface of all segments yellowish with reddish fulvous scales in tuft at the end of the abdomen. Male genitalia (Figure 5): tegumen rectangular. Uncus with three lobes, lateral lobes rounded, wider than medial one. Gnathos excavate posteriorly, dorsal and ventral arms sclerotized and fused anteriorly. Valva aquiline; inner surface with tooth-like projection serrated, wider than long; upper margin strongly convex beyond the costa; inferior margin excavate. Vinculum rectangular. Subscaphium moderately sclerotized. Sacculus weakly developed, consisting of a fold on the inner surface of the valva, oriented towards posterior – anterior axis. Saccus developed, with anterior projections rounded apically and curved. Juxta apparently absent. Penis hooked and contorted; spines located in a sclerotized plate at the distal region; vesica lacking cornuti. Coecum developed, longer than the maximum diameter of the ejaculatory bulb foramen, usually entirely ornamented with ridges. Female genitalia (Figure 6): eighth tergum with anterior margin concave; central band weakly sclerotized, extending beyond the middle portion, but never reaching the posterior margin, posterior half subtriangular, slightly rounded, with lateral margins sinuous. Lamella antevaginalis weakly sclerotized. Lamella postvaginalis absent. Anterior and posterior apophyses well-developed, the former two-fifths the length of the latter. Papillae anales sclerotized and setose. Antrum sclerotized, longer than wide. Ductus bursae with a distinct region spirally twisted near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae with symmetrical, circular signa indented on one side. Bulla seminalis setose internally, longer than wide. Etology / ecology Barely known. Miller (1986) observed Y. fonscolombe with flight behaviour similar to that of Caligo Hübner (Nymphalidae) and recorded this species flying 7 to 12 m above the ground, along cuts through tropical primary forest in Joinville, in the state of Santa Catarina. In comparison with the flight of Eupalamides Hübner, Telchin Hübner and other Castniidae, the flight (wingbeat) of Y. fonscolombe is considerably weaker. The flight period for this species is midday, generally with overcast skies. Distribution (Figure 7 B) Southern and south-eastern Brazil and Argentina, with records for the states of Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina and the department of Missiones. There is one doubtful record for the north-east of Brazil, in the state of Alagoas. Etymology The specific epithet is described for the French entomologist, Etienne Laurent Joseph Hippolyte Boyer de Fonscolombe, who was noted for his studies with Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Comments Yagra fonscolombe is one of the few species of Castniidae available in long series in collections. The lack of records of this species from the state of São Paulo suggests an allopatric pattern of distribution, with two well-defined populations: one in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the other in southern Brazil in addition to a few records in Argentina. Since castniids require very specialized habitats and there are several localities in the state of São Paulo where the lepidopterous fauna has yet to be sampled, there is still a possibility of finding this species in São Paulo. Material examined	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
89753977FFC5D269A2C77B34D023FDD0.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL. Alagoas: [no date], one male (MNRJ) [dubious record]. Rio de Janeiro: Cachoeiras de Macacu, Boca do Mato, Serra dos Órgãos, [illegible date], one female (MNRJ); Casimiro de Abreu, distrito de Barra de São João, 22 November 1986, one male (ZUEC); idem, 12 December 1986, one male (ZUEC); Itatiaia, February 1925, 700 m, two males (MNRJ); idem, February 1935, one male (MNRJ); idem, February 1929, one female (MNRJ); Petrópolis, December 1940, one female, one male (MNRJ); idem, 20 January 1936, one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one male (MGCL); Guapimirim, February 1940, one male (MNRJ), idem, December 1940, 10 males (MNRJ); idem, November 1941, two males (MNRJ); idem, 25 December, one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], two males (MNRJ); idem, February 1940, two males, one female (MNRJ); idem, 30 November 1940, two males (MNRJ); idem, December 1940, seven males (MNRJ); idem, January 1941, six males (MNRJ); idem, December 1940, two males (MNRJ); Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá, 14 January 1948, one male (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, 3 April 1962, one male (DZUP); idem, 2 February 1937, one male (MNRJ); idem, February 1907, two females (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, 17 February 1935, one male (FIOC); idem, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], two males, two females (MZSP), one female (DZUP); idem, [no date], one male (MGCL); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, estrada Paineiras, January 1919, two males (MNRJ); idem, 22 January 1922, one male (DZUP); idem, January 1931, one male (MNRJ); idem, 7 February 1931, one female (MNRJ); idem, January 1929, one female (MNRJ); idem, January 1926, three males (MNRJ); idem, October 1926, one male (MNRJ); idem, December 1926, one male (MNRJ); idem, January 1927, three males (MNRJ); idem, January 1937, one male (MNRJ); idem, 15 January 1937, one male (DZUP); idem, January 1938, one male, one female (FIOC); idem, January 1938, four males, one female (MNRJ); idem, 26 January 1941, one male B (MNRJ); idem, January 1942, three males (MNRJ); idem, 5 February 1948, one male (MNRJ); idem, 6 February 1948, one male (DZUP); idem, 500 m, 20 January 1949, one male (DZUP); idem, 500 m, 20 January 1956, one female (DZUP); idem, 6 February 1968, one male (DZUP); idem, 23 January 1976, one male (DZUP); idem, [no date], four males, one female (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one female (MNRJ); idem, [no date], three males, one female (MZSP), three males (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá, represa dos Ciganos, 7 January 1948, two males (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá, estrada Três Rios, 2 February 1957, one male (DZUP); idem, 4 January 1963, three males (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, São Clemente, 20 February 1969, one male (MNRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Serra do Tinguá, 500 m, 2 February 1958, one male (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro, Castorina, January 1937, two males (FIOC); Angra dos Reis, Jussaral, January 1933, one male (FIOC); idem, February 1935, one male (MNRJ); [without specific locality], 12 April 1930, one male (USNM); idem, 1878, two males (USNM); idem, [no date], five males, one female (USNM); idem, [no date], two males (MGCL). Paraná: Prainha, 23 January 1949, two males (DZUP). Santa Catarina: Joinville, 11 January 1941, one male (DZUP); idem, 27 October 1942, one male (DZUP); idem 200 m, February 1956, one female (DZUP); idem, February 1972, three males, one female (DZUP), idem, January 1975, one male (DZUP); idem, February 1976, one male (DZUP), idem, January 1982, one female (DZUP); idem, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, [no date], one male (MNRJ); idem, 20 December 1980, one male (MGCL); idem, October 1980, one male (MGCL); idem January 1982, one male (MGCL); idem, February 1982, one male (MGCL); idem, 14 January 1985, two males (MGCL); idem, 4 January 1985, three males (MGCL); idem 28 December 1980, one male (MGCL); idem, 10 January 1985, three males (MGCL); idem, 7 January 1985, three males (MGCL); idem, 6 January 1985, one male (MGCL); idem, 8 January 1985, three males (MGCL); Timbó, February 1950, four males (MZSP); idem, December 1950, five males (MZSP); idem, December 1951, one male (MZSP); idem, [no date], one male (MZSP); [no locality], 14 November 1906, one male (FIOC); 30 January 1925, two males, one female (FIOC); idem, 20 January 1926, one male (FIOC); idem, 30 January 1933, one female (FIOC); idem, January 1942, one female (FIOC); idem, [no date], two males, one female (FIOC), three males (ZUEC), eight males, two females (MNRJ); idem, [no date], two males (USNM). Unknown state: “ Rio Iguazu ” [uncertain locality: possibly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul], 1920, one male (MGCL); idem “ Pameira ”, [no date], one female (MGCL); [unknown locality, no date], two males (MGCL); idem, 1913, one female (MGCL). Conclusions Currently, the Castniidae comprise several small, monotypic genera that were originally proposed on the basis of wing colour patterns. However, the morphological evidence shows that, despite the unusual colour patterns, some genera are quite similar to each other (e. g. male genitalia of Spilopastes Houlbert, 1918 and Geyeria Buchecker, [1880], female genitalia of Feschaeria Oiticica, 1955 and Synpalamides Hübner, [1823]). Some of these smaller genera might possibly be lumped based on geographical distribution and morphological traits. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis is crucial in order to further define the generic relationships and to determine the homology of those phylogenetically informative characters for grouping species. Even though Yagra currently comprises only Y. dalmannii and Y. fonscolombe, some morphological features are not shared with other Castniini and support this monophyletic genus. The male and female genitalia of the genus have very distinct, diagnostic traits. The distal portion of the penis possesses a sclerotized plate with spines, and the pointed valva has a tooth-like projection on its inner surface. The more enlarged subscaphium and the foreshortened and downturned saccus, are also characteristic of this genus. The structure of female genitalia, including the characteristic shape of the eighth tergum, also shows evidence for a close relationship between the two species, but this feature is tenuous when compared with females of other species of Castniini and the unique characters of male genitalia. The overall structures of the male and female genitalia are quite intrinsic for the genus and provide excellent diagnostic characters to be studied in future phylogenetic analyses of the Castniidae.	en	Moraes, Simeão S., Duarte, Marcelo, Miller, Jacqueline Y. (2011): Revision of the Neotropical genus Yagra Oiticica (Lepidoptera: Castniidae). Journal of Natural History 45 (25 - 26): 1511-1531, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.559593, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.559593
