taxonID	type	description	language	source
8B60CE05DF47FFFAFF3DFAC354D47C19.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Habrocestum pullatum Simon, 1876, by original designation.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	description	Figs 1 A – F, 2 A – H, 3 A – D, 6 A – D	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♂ (CATE 10321807 a) from INDIA: Kerala: Kozhikode: Thusharagiri (11 ° 28 ′ 20 ″ N, 76 ° 3 ′ 9 ″ E, 420 m alt.), 04 May 2023, A. Jose leg., from litter, by hand. Paratype: 1 ♀ (CATE 10321807 b), same data as holotype.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of Prof. Suresh P. Benjamin for his remarkable dedication and significant contributions to the field of arachnology. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The males of Habrocestum benjamin sp. nov. can be distinguished from the known congeners by the presence of compound terminal apophysis on the embolus. The palp is similar to H. longispinum Sankaran, Malamel, Joseph & Sebastian, 2019 in the absence of proximal lobe of tegulum and the presence of anterior median tegular lobe. However, the small, roundish, forwardly bent RTA (vs. broad, flat with finger-like projection in H. longispinum) and the long, elongated cymbium (vs. short and triangular in H. longispinum) with an oval, compact tegulum (roundish and saggy in H. longispinum) distinguishes the two species (Figs 3 A – B, 6 A – B vs. figs 3 A – E in Sankaran et al. 2019). Females can be differentiated by the narrow epigynal pockets (vs. broad in H. longispinum), small accessory glands (vs. large in H. longispinum) and large multi chambered spermatheca (vs. small, single chambered in H. longispinum) (Figs 3 C – D, 6 C – D vs. figs 3 G – H in Sankaran et al. 2019).	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype, CATE 10321807 a) (Figs 1 A – C, 2 A – D, 3 A – B, 6 A – B). Measurements: body length 3.88; carapace 2.12 long, 1.72 wide, height at PME 1.20; abdomen 1.76 long, 1.20 wide. Eye sizes and ocular distance: AME 0.53, ALE 0.31, PME 0.06, PLE 0.18; AME – AME 0.03, AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – ALE 0.08, PME – PME 1.25, PME – PLE 0.36, PLE – PLE 1.08, ALE – PME 0.38, ALE – PLE 0.77; Length of chelicerae 0.66. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.21. Length of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.09 (0.80, 0.36, 0.27, 0.66), I 6.94 (2.26, 1.13, 1.80, 1.09, 0.66), II 4.48 (1.48, 0.75, 1.05, 0.76, 0.44), III 4.94 (1.75, 0.59, 1.13, 1.05, 0.42), IV 4.23 (1.29, 0.47, 0.85, 1.25, 0.37). Leg formula: 1324. Leg spination: femur pld 2, II pld 1 rld 2, III do 1 pld 3, IV do 3 pld 1; patella I – II 0, III pl 1 IV do 1; tibia I plv 4 rlv 3, II pl 1 plv 2 rlv 4, III pl 3 plv 1 rl 2 rld 1, IV pl 2 rl 3 rlv 1; metatarsus I plv 2 rlv 2, II pl 2 plv 2 rlv 2, III pl 2 pld 2 plv 2 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 2 rld 3; tarsus I – IV 0. Colouration (in alcohol): carapace orange-brown, adorned with posterolateral white stripes that extend to the dorsum; seven white patches present, one down each PME, one on inner margin of each PME, one down near each PLE, and one down the fovea. Eye field dark, covered with pale golden yellow hairs, intermixed with long black vertical hairs, purfled above AER. Anterior eyes surrounded by orange hairs; clypeus orange-brown, devoid of hairs. Chelicerae chestnut brown provided with sparse black, long hairs; endites, labium and sternum yellow brown. Abdomen hirsute with thin anterior scutum, slightly reddish, marked with nearly cordiform black patch; to the rear a deep black patch present, venter creamy yellow with olive-gray mottling. Anterior and median spinnerets creamy white, posterior spinnerets pale brown. Carapace broad, wide U-shaped, flattish, approximately twice the width of abdomen, with an abruptly truncated base. Fovea small, linear; centrally placed between PMEs. Chelicerae with two closely spaced teeth on the promargin and single bicuspid tooth on the retromargin, with one ramus reduced and blunt; endites marked by sclerotized, smooth anterior edge with reduced scopulae; absent on labium. Leg I dark with distinct long spines on femur and metatarsus; subsequent legs pale with black annulations near joints. Abdomen elliptical, narrower than prosoma. Anterior and median spinnerets are longer than posterior. Pedipalp (Figs 3 A – B, 6 A – B): femur brown at the distal end, other segments creamy yellow, distoprolateraly adorned with white hairs. Cymbium elongated and tri-oval. RTA small, roundish with a significant forward bent (Figs 3 B, 6 B). Bulbus sac-like with an anterior median tegular lobe positioned at tegular cleft; tegular ledge extends conspicuously to embolic base. Embolus short, triangular, emerging at 12 o'clock position; compound terminal apophysis present, broad, twisted dorsally (Figs 3 A, 6 A). Female (paratype) (Figs 1 D – F, 2 E – H, 3 C – D, 6 C – D). Measurements: body length 3.64; carapace 1.74 long, 1.34 wide, 1.01 height; abdomen 1.90 long, 1.19 wide. Eye sizes and ocular distance: AME 0.41, ALE 0.27, PME 0.08, PLE 0.17; AME – AME 0.03, AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – ALE 0.08, PME – PME 0.96, PME – PLE 0.26, PLE – PLE 0.87, ALE – PME 0.21, ALE – PLE 0.54. Length of chelicerae 0.46. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.46 (0.55, 0.22, 0.27, 0.42), I 3.54 (1.16, 0.53, 0.96, 0.47, 0.42), II 2.59 (0.84, 0.45, 0.55, 0.42, 0.33), III 3.44 (1.29, 0.49, 0.60, 0.68, 0.38), IV 3.31 (0.97, 0.52, 0.52, 0.85, 0.45). Leg formula 1342. Spination of legs: femur I 0, II pld 3, III pld 2 rld 1, IV do 2 pld 1; patella I – II 0, III – IV rl 1; tibia I plv 4 rlv 3, II pl 1 plv 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 rl 2 rlv 1, IV 0; metatarsus I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 4 rlv 2, III pl 1 pld 2 plv 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 2, IV plv 2 pl 1 rlv 2; tarsus I – IV 0. Colouration (in alcohol): body form and color same as in male except for the following: carapace not exceeding width of abdomen, lateral margin not apparent in dorsal view, abdomen ovoid with median W-shaped black patch on creamy-white background. Palps pale yellow. Epigyne with a postero-median epigynal pocket. Copulatory openings present at mid-posterior region, positioned above epigynal pockets (Figs 3 C, 6 C). Copulatory ducts narrow, gently bending and moving anteriorly entering spermathecae at mid-lateral region; spermathecae moderately sclerotized, multi-chambered, anterior portion tubular and bent, with thick walls. Accessory glands present laterally. Fertilization ducts originated from anterior portion of tubular part of spermatheca (Figs 3 D, 6 D). Natural history. Habrocestum benjamin sp. nov. was spotted in the damp leaf litter of tropical rainforest, in a slightly shaded area along the forest edge. Several females and juveniles were observed staying within retreats made on small, low-lying leaves, by folding the leaf blade.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF47FFFEFF3DFA5952C67D44.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	description	Figs 1 G – H, 4 A – H, 5 A – D, 7 A – D	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ♂ (CATE 10321853 a) from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Silent Valley National Park (11 ° 5 ′ 40 ″ N, 76 ° 27 ′ 3 ″ E, 980 m alt.), 12 March 2023, A. Jose coll., from litter, by hand. Paratype: 1 ♀ (CATE 10321853 b), same data as for holotype.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym in honor of the late Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the father of Indian green revolution, for his efforts, passion and contributions to the society. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male of Habrocestum swaminathan sp. nov. is mostly similar to H. shendurneyense Asima, Caleb, Babu & Prasad, 2022, with the shared absence of a proximal lobe of tegulum. However, the new species can be easily distinguished by the absence of a retrobasal cymbial extension (vs. present in H. shendurneyense), comparatively long embolus (vs. short in H. shendurneyense), and long RTA with a pointed, slightly curved tip (vs. small RTA with a broad, blunt tip in H. shendurneyense) (Figs 5 A – B, 7 A – B vs. figs 14 – 15 in Asima et al. 2022). Additionally, the palp shares similarities with that of H. gibbosum Wesołowska & van Harten, 2007, particularly in the shape of the RTA and embolus, but can be differentiated by the absence of proximal lobe of tegulum (vs. present in H. gibbosum), relatively shorter embolus with broad base (vs. narrow, long, ribbon-like in H. gibbosum), ventral margin of RTA straight in retrolateral view (vs. curved in H. gibbosum) (Figs 5 A – B, 7 A – B vs. figs 58, 59 in Wesołowska & van Harten 2007). Females are comparable to H. hantaneense Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2016 in the general appearance, but differs by the medially thin epigyne pocket with triangular shallow notch (vs. thin epigynal pocket with notch not triangular in H. hantaneense), the proximal end of spermatheca slender and inwardly folded (vs. broad, not folded in H. hantaneense), closely placed median window (vs. distally placed in H. hantaneense), and the copulatory openings placed along the medial region (vs. mid-lateral region in H. hantaneense) (Figs 5 C – D, 7 C – D vs. figs 5 E – F, 6 C – D in Kanesharatnam & Benjamin 2016).	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	description	Description. Male (Holotype, CATE 10321853 a) (Figs 1 G, 4 A – D, 5 A – B & 7 A – B). Measurements: body length 3.45; carapace 1.89 long, 1.46 wide, 1.09 height; abdomen 1.56 long, 1.29 wide. Eye sizes and ocular distance: AME 0.43, ALE 0.27, PME 0.07, PLE 0.25; AME – AME 0.04, AME – ALE 0.04, PME – PME 1.15, ALE – ALE 1.13, PME – PLE 0.16, PLE – PLE 1.08, ALE – PME 0.34, ALE – PLE 0.57; Length of chelicerae 0.53. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.13. Length of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.74 (0.59, 0.37, 0.20, 0.58), I 3.78 (1.05, 0.53, 1.13, 0.65, 0.42), II 2.78 (0.82, 0.53, 0.65, 0.49, 0.29), III 2.97 (0.97, 0.50, 0.62, 0.65, 0.23), IV 2.99 (0.88, 0.46, 0.60, 0.67, 0.33). Leg formula: 1342. Spination of legs: femur I do 1, II pld 1, III pld 2 do 2, IV do 1; patella I – II 0, III – IV rl 1; tibia I plv 4 rlv 3, II pl 2 plv 2 rlv 3, III pld 2 rld 2, IV pld 2 rld 3; metatarsus I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 4 rlv 2, III – IV pl 2 pld 2 plv 2 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 2; tarsus I – IV 0. Colouration (in alcohol): carapace orange-brown, with sparse black hairs posteriorly; anterolaterally a distinct white stripe extends along lateral midline to posterior dorsum; a faint patch of white hairs present below fovea; eye field black, adorned with pale yellow hairs, intermixed with long black vertical hairs that fringe above AER in lateral view (Fig. 4 B); outer margin defined by flame orange hairs, extends posteriorly to about 3 / 4 th of carapace margin, below white patch; clypeus colour same as carapace, sparsely covered with black long hairs; chelicerae chestnut brown; endites and sternum pale brown. Legs creamy white uniformly. Abdomen brown, hairy, marked with a faint crescent shape frontally and chevron patterns posteriorly, venter creamy white. Carapace longer than abdomen, nearly U-shaped, broadest behind the PMEs, slopes gently toward the front, rear truncated with abrupt posterior slope; eye field short, raised. Fovea small, indistinct. Chelicerae with two closely spaced teeth on promargin and single bicuspid tooth on retromargin, with one ramous reduced and blunt; endites with fewer scopulae, absent on labium. Abdomen oval, narrower than the prosoma; spinnerets elongated. Pedipalp (Figs 5 A – B, 7 A – B): tibia and cymbium tan brown, other legs creamy white; patella dorsum, cymbium and tibia disto-prolaterally covered with long white hairs. Cymbium long, elongated apically. Tegulum oval with a medial tegular cleft, proximal lobe of tegulum absent; tegular ledge present, covers half of tegulum and extends to embolic base. Embolus arises from 9 o'clock position and is directed at 11 o'clock position; RTA small, stout, broad at base, with a beak-like, curved, pointed tip. Female (Paratype) (Figs 1 H, 4 E – H, 5 C – D & 7 C – D). Measurements: body length 4.20; carapace 1.92 long, 1.44 wide, 0.98 height; abdomen 2.28 long, 1.74 wide. Eye sizes and ocular distance: AME 0.44, ALE 0.26, PME 0.08, PLE 0.17; AME – AME 0.02, AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – ALE 1.10, PME – PME 1.07, PME – PLE 0.19, PLE – PLE 1.13, ALE – PME 0.26, ALE – PLE 0.54. Length of chelicerae 0.48. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.09. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.46 (0.55, 0.22, 0.27, 0.42); I 3.23 (1.03, 0.57, 0.78, 0.51, 0.34), II 2.46 (0.82, 0.43, 0.54, 0.41, 0.26), III 3.27 (1.18, 0.50, 0.67, 0.65, 0.27), IV 3.3 (1.1, 0.42, 0.67, 0.75, 0.36). Leg formula 4312. Spination of legs: femur I pld 3, II pld 2 do 2, III do 3 rld 1, IV do 3; patella I – III 0, IV rl 1; tibia I plv 4 rlv 3, II pl 1 plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 2 plv 1 rl 2, IV rl 2; metatarsus I plv 2 rlv 2, II plv 4 rlv 2, III – IV pl 1 pld 2 plv 2 rl 1 rld 2 rlv 2; tarsus I – IV 0. Colouration (in alcohol): body form and colour same as in male, except, carapace and clypeus brown, eye field black with a distinct red patch above AMEs. 3 / 4 th of carapace clothed with pale yellow hairs. Abdomen venter mottled with brown patches. Palp pale yellow. Epigyne with a pair of postero-lateral pockets. Windows large, copulatory openings situated medially (Figs 5 C – D, 7 C – D). Tubular accessory glands seen emerging from below spermathecae and move laterally, which are apparent in ventral view (Figs 5 C, 7 C). Copulatory ducts short. Spermathecae with moderately sclerotized posterior portion, anterior portion tube-like with thick walls, bent like swans facing each other. Fertilization ducts narrow, directed antero-laterally (Figs 5 D, 7 D). Natural history. Habrocestum swaminathan sp. nov. was spotted actively moving on the forest floor which had minimal litter depth, near a stream in the closed evergreen forest. Multiple sightings of this species were recorded during the observation period, indicating its association with the habitat.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF43FFF3FF3DFB4952C67AB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF4CFFF1FF3DFF5855237BFE.taxon	description	Fig. 8	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF4CFFF1FF3DFF5855237BFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. H. emanasakgrensis was recently described from Meghalaya, Northeast India (Kadam, Tripathi & Sudhikumar 2023), based on a male holotype, which clearly resembles Chinattus validus in both somatic and genital features. The swollen tegulum with a slightly elongated lateral proximal lobe, the short and thick embolus apicallydirected at 12 o'clock position, and the robust RTA curving inwards in ventral view indicate that H. emanasakgrensis is identical to Chinattus validus (Fig. 8 A – D, and figs 1, 3, 6, 7 in Jastrzębski & Patoleta 2014). Therefore, H. emanasakgrensis is herein considered as a junior synonym of Chinattus validus.	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
8B60CE05DF4CFFF1FF3DFF5855237BFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Vietnam (Logunov 2021; World Spider Catalog 2024).	en	Jose, Athira, Caleb, John T. D., Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu (2024): On three species of the genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876 (Araneae: Salticidae: Hasariini) from India. Zootaxa 5448 (2): 212-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.2.3
