taxonID	type	description	language	source
847B87A1FF9ECD2543ADF2F9FC21F927.taxon	description	Obozrenie, 80 (1): 99. Type genus: Ornixola Kuznetzov, 1979. Treated as a separate subfamily by Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova (2001), Kawahara et al. (2017), De Prins et al. (2019), Li et al. (2022), Chen et al. (2024) and De Prins & De Prins (2025), see Fig. 636.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF83CD3643ADF163FCDAFCED.taxon	description	(Fig. 10) “ C. [onopomorpha] antimacha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1907. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 58 – 59. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6383137	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF83CD3643ADF163FCDAFCED.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], West [ern] Australia, Geraldton. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1405928, in NHMUK (London). Specimen examined: Holotype ♂: [1] Geraldton / West [ern] Australia / 04 November 1906; [2] Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] antimacha Meyr.; [4] Holotype; [5] Left wing + / Abdomen / missing; [6] Acrocercops / antimacha / 1 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. [7] BMNH (E) 1405928. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Length of forewing ca. 3.0 mm (Fig. 10). Head: covered with rough white scales; light ochreous prolonged patch extends from vertex to occiput; occiput with two small bunches of radially directed piliform scales. Labial palpus, long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, porrect, with upraised apices, a few dark ochreous scales are present on apical part of palpomere II. Antenna almost as long as forewing, dark ochreous, slightly ringed, since each flagellomere is light ochreous at basal half and dark ochreous at apical half. Pedicel slightly thicker than the following flagellomere, unicoloured ochreous; scape short but broad, dark ochreous. Thorax: ochreous, tegula concolourous with thorax, ochreous. Forewing pattern reminds Lithocolletinae: Phyllonorycter; ground colour dark ochreous with four oblique costal strigulae and three dorsal strigulae that do not reach the midline of forewing; costal strigulae are edged with dark brown scales from basal side, while dorsal strigulae are edged from apical side. Apical spot is not perceptible, apical line is only present on tornus. Fringe light ochreous. Hindwing narrow, with sharp apex, light ochreous with yellow shading; fringe dirty white with light ochreous basal part. Legs white, mid leg tarsus light ochreous; hindleg dirty white, slender, without covering of spiniform scales as it is the case in other Ornixolinae genera; hind tarsus is also unicolourous white with slight darker shading on the apex of tarsus III and terminal tarsi IV – V. Abdomen: No data. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: No data. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia (Meyrick 1907: 59).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8DCD3743ADF497FCB3FBA1.taxon	description	(Figs 11, 12) “ C. [onopomorpha] chionochtha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1907. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 59. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6383138	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8DCD3743ADF497FCB3FBA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], South Australia, Quorn. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Conopomorpha chionochtha Meyrick, 1907 the female specimen (Fig. 11) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Quorn / S. [outh] Australia‘ / 23 October 1882 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype’ (printed on white paper with blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ chionochtha Meyr. ’ (handwritten on beige paper), [5] ‘ Acrocercops / chionochtha / 2 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1405880 ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype: 1 specimen: Paralectotype 1 (♀) (Fig. 12), without abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Quorn / S. [outh] Australia‘ / 23 October 1882 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype’ (printed on white paper with a blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ Abdomen / missing’ (printed on blue paper), [5] ‘ Acrocercops / chionochtha / 2 / 2 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1405886 ’, in NHMUK (London). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose of delineating this species-group taxon Conopomorpha chionochtha Meyrick, 1907. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as ‘ 2 / 1 Meyr. ’ in the Insect Collection of the Natural History Museum (London) which is with the abdomen, in good shape and curated by the former curator Dr. Jurate De Prins who provided it with the unique QR Code BMNH (E) 1405880 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOCHIC (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen with the label data of the type locality and the QR Code BMNH (E) 1405886 is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.2 mm. Wing span ca. 7.5 mm (Figs 11, 12). Head: covered with smooth snowy white, long piliform scales, directed anteriorly, light beige shading is present on the mid sector of vertex; occiput white, with two lateral bunches of very short piliform scale. Antenna just slightly longer than the length of forewing, thin, consisting of dark brown unicoloured flagellomeres, without annulation; pedicel short, dark brown, scape thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, snowy white. Thorax: snowy, unicolourous white; tegula dark brown with lighter apical parts, strongly contrastive from the colour of thorax. Forewing rather broad in comparison with the forewing width of the type species, equally wide from base to apex; the shape is more compact than that of the type species; the ground colour is dark brown with snowy white prolonged spot at apex, and dirty white irregular longitudinal stripe on dorsal margin, with tiny triangular insertions at mid and at the subapical part of the dorsal margin; apical spot not perceptible, absent; fringe line absent; fringe long, light beige with the longest scale at mid part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, shorter than the forewing, light beige; fringe long, on both sides of hindwing, concolourous with hindwing; the longest scales are at mid of dorsal margin. Hind femur light beige, hind tibia light beige with a dirty white apical half with quite some erect, piliform scales, hind tarsi are dirty white with grey apices. Abdomen: dark beige with lighter shading on the top of tergites, anterior genital segment dirty white with strong yellowish shading. The lateral sides of abdominal segments dark beige. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: South Australia (Meyrick 1907: 59).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8CCD3543ADF35BFDACFF49.taxon	description	(Figs 13, 22, 26) “ Gracilaria Cramerella Snellen i. l. nov. sp. ” — In: van Deventer, W., 1904. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 46 (1903) (2): 84 – 86, footnote; pl. 10, figs 2 a – b. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10876502	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8CCD3543ADF35BFDACFF49.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Indonesia], Java, Salatiga. Type specimens: 11 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in RMNH (Bradley 1986: 44) (1 syntype specimen from the type locality Java: Salatiga is found in RMNH (Leiden). This specimen bears an abdomen). Specimens examined: Syntype 1: [1] ‘ Java / Salatiga / Zehntn. 2 ’, [2] ‘ SYNTYPE / Gracilaria / cramerella / Snellen, 1904 ’, [3] ‘ RMNH. INS. / 27246 ’, in RMNH (Leiden). Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Gracilaria [sic] cramerella Snellen, 1904 the only syntype specimen, found in the collection Naturalis BC (Leiden, the Netherlands) with abdomen, representing the species belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Java / Salatiga / [unreadable] 2 ’ (handwritten on light beige paper), [2] ‘ SYNTYPE / Gracilaria / cramerella / Snellen, 1904 ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a red paper), [3] ‘ RMNH. INS / 27246 ’ [printed on white hard paper], in RMNH (Leiden). Other examined specimens: Specimen 1: Malaysia: East Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Sepilok, Sandakan, e. l. Theobroma cacao, 17. ix. 1988, leg. T. Kumata, EIHU (Sapporo). Specimen 2: BMNH (E) 1055741. Specimen 3: BMNH (E) 1055740. Specimen 4: BMNH (E) 1324972, NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 6.0 mm. Wing span ca. 12 mm (Fig. 13). Head: covered with smooth dirty white or brown scales, occiput with lateral bunches of very short piliform scales. Labial palpus, long, straight, directed anteriorly, covered with patches of dark brown scales from the outer side and dirty white from the inner side. Antenna very long, about 1 / 4 longer than the length of forewing, thin, consisting of light brown unicoloured flagellomeres, without annulation; pedicel short with light dorsal side, scape thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, light brown. Thorax: brown with lighter posterior part; tegula concolourous with thorax, also lighter at anterior part. Forewing long narrow, equally wide along its entire length, with gently rounded apex, dark brown; wing pattern complex but geometrical: costal margin with a basal short white stripe, two strigulae on sub-base of costal margin that meet with the opposite strigulae on dorsal margin and form two narrow angulated fascia; a trapezoid line in mid of forewing; apical part of forewing spectacularly decorated: sub-apex and apex with a big, bright yellow patch, that is preceded by a silvery shining curved line, costal margin of preapical sector is with five tiny stripes-spots, the preterminal spot has a silvery shining connection with dorsal margin; apical spot clear, black round, apical line, thick, black, continuous; fringe line thick, clear, angulated at tornus; fringe very long, dark beige with the longest scale at mid part of dorsum. Hindwing very narrow, ca. 1 / 5 shorter than the forewing, dark brown; fringe long, on both sides of hindwing, slightly darker on costal side and lighter on dorsal margin; the longest scales are at the base of dorsum. Fore tibia dark brown with two white patches: one at the base, the other at mid part of tibia; fore tarsomere I with white basal half and dark brown apical half, tarsomeres II and III with dark brown basal halves and white apical halves, terminal tarsomeres IV and V brown; hind tibia thickened with some erect scale, dark brown; hind tarsomere I slender, though some erected piliform scales are present on lateral sides, unicolourous brown, hind tarsomeres II – IV white with grey apical part, terminal tarsomere V white, tip of hind leg light grey. Abdomen: Terga I and II light brown with golden shine, terga III – V dark brown, terminal segments are dark, almost black. The lateral sides of abdominal segments are grey or even light grey. Male genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 45, Figs 9, 10) (Fig. 22): tegumen narrow, truncate at apex; valva 1 / 3 longer than tegumen, equally broad along its length, with rectangular cucullus; subapical and apical part of ventral margin with lighter sclerotised structure, mid part of subapical sector with a row of very dense setae of different length; sacculus with a strongly sclerotised prolonged fold, that is setose at mid part; supportive transverse bow on dorsal side taking the role of transtilla is present; vinculum trapezoid shaped, much broader than tegumen, with clearly visible mid suture; saccus very short, broadly round. Aedeagus thick, long, straight, almost twice as long as the length of valva, vesica arrow-shaped, with two spiniform strong cornuti, pre-coecum surface with one long oblique, slender cornutus. Female genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 49, Fig. 17) (Fig. 26): papillae anales flattened anteriorly and fused by their lateral sides, basal margin of anterior segment is sclerotised; apophyses posteriores short, with broad basal parts, entering with their apices mid of segment VIII; segment VIII well melanised; apophyses anteriores initiate at the posterior margin of segment VII, about twice as long as apophyses posteriores, approaching each other with their apices. Sterigmatic sclerotisation conical; ostium bursae opens at subanterior sector of segment VII with finely edged opening; antrum at anterior half bulbed with sclerotised scobination; ductus bursae broad, but the differentiation between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is very clear; corpus bursae drop-shaped with striped signum at mid of the wall of the corpus bursae; ductus seminalis entering ductus bursae at the joint of corpus with ductus bursae. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorpha + cramerella & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Conopomorpha + cramerella Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: No data. For bionomics in other parts of the world see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOCRAM Distribution: Australia: Northern Territory (Meyrick 1912 b: 18 (footnote, as C. hierocosma); in the rest of the world see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOCRAM Note: The economic impact of this pest on cacao-dependent countries is enormous (https: // en. wikipedia. org / wiki / Conopomorpha _ cramerella). The Type specimens is represented by a unique syntype from the type locality, that is with abdomen and in good shape, and here designated as the lectotype. This specimen is labelled as syntype and carries original label of the type locality (kind correspondence of the Lepidoptera collection manager of Naturalis BC Rob de Vos, on 15 January 2024). It is very desirable to obtain the full mitogenomic data and genitalia preparation of this particular syntype specimen.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ECD3243ADF673FCDAFEAD.taxon	description	(Fig. 14) “ C. [onopomorpha] habrodes, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1907. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 47 – 150. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6383136	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ECD3243ADF673FCDAFEAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], West [ern] Australia, Geraldton. Type specimens: 5 syntypes (♂ and ♀) (2 syntypes BMNH (E) 1405834 and BMNH (E) 1406171, both syntypes with abdomens, were found in the collection of NHMUK (London) in June 2023). Specimens examined: (Fig. 14) Syntype 1: [1] Geraldton / W. Australia / 3 November 1886; [2] Meyrick Coll. B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] Syntype; [4] Acrocercops / habrodes / 5 / 3 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll; [5] BMNH (E) 1405834. Syntype 2: [1] Geraldton / W. Australia / 13 November 1886; [2] Meyrick Coll. B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] Syntype; [4] Acrocercops / habrodes / 5 / 4 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll.; [5] BMNH (E) 1406171, in NHMUK (London). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Conopomorpha habrodes Meyrick, 1907 the male specimen (Fig. 14) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Geraldton / W. Australia / 13 November 1886 ’ (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype’ (printed on white paper with a blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ Acrocercops / habrodes / 5 / 4 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406171 ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype: 1 specimen: Paralectotype 1 (♂), with abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Geraldton / W. Australia / 3 November 1886 ’ (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype’ (printed on white paper with a blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ Acrocercops / habrodes / 5 / 3 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1405834 ’, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.4 mm. Wing span ca. 6.3 – 7.1 mm (Fig. 14). Head: covered with smooth snowy white, long, pressed piliform scales, occiput with lateral bunches of very short snowy piliform scales. Labial palpus, long, straight, slender, white with brown base of terminal palpomere. Antenna very long, about 1 / 4 longer than the length of forewing, thin, light beige, unicoloured, without annulation; pedicel short, slightly bigger than the following flagellomere, scape thicker than pedicel and the rest of the flagellomeres, white with light beige shading. Thorax: light beige; tegula concolourous with thorax. Forewing long narrow, equally wide along its entire length, with gently rounded apex, ground colour light beige with yellow shading, with five costal and three dorsal strigulae which are hardly distinguishable from the background colour, both costal and dorsal strigulae are edged with dark brown scales that do not form a linear edging; in apical part of forewing one short white strigula is on the apex and a broader white stripe along termen; apical spot absent, apical line consists of just few dark brown scales on tornus; in general forewing pattern slightly reminds that of Lithocolletinae species; fringe very long, fringe of different length, white with light yellow patches, the longest fringe is at the mid of dorsum of forewing. Hindwing very narrow, just slightly shorter than the forewing, sharply narrowing towards apex, light beige; fringe long, extremely long on dorsum reaching the abdominal segment VI and even VII, white with yellowish basal 2 / 3. Legs white with a brown patch on basal hind tarsomere. Abdomen: Tergites light ochreous, except on the last two anterior segments that are white with yellowish shading. The lateral sides of abdominal segments are whitish. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: No data. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia (Meyrick 1907: 57).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF89CD3143ADF657FD3EFAC9.taxon	description	(Figs 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 32) “ Conopomorpha litchiella sp. n. ” — Bradley, J. D., 1986. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76 (1): 48 – 49, figs 7 – 8, 15 – 16, 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530001525 X	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF89CD3143ADF657FD3EFAC9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: West Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London); Paratypes 12 ♂ and 14 ♀, genitalia slide Grc 2409 ♂, in NHMUK (London), HUM (Sapporo). Note: Holotype BMNH (E) 1412090 ♂ and Paratype BMNH (E) 1412067 ♀, abdomen missing, were found in the collection of NHMUK (London) in June 2023. Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: [1] ‘ West Malaysia / Selangor / Serdang; [2] Mardi M 9315 / 28 March 1983 / Hanifah col.; [3] Type; [4] B. M. ♂ / Genitalia slide / No 22302; [5] BMNH (E) 1412090; [6] C. I. A. COLL. / A. 14980; [7] Pres by / Comm. Inst. Ent. / B. M. 1983 - 1; [8] Conopomorpha / litchiella sp. nov. / det. J. D. Bradley, 1984, NHMUK (London). Paratype 1 (♀): [1] [India] Pusa / Bihar / TBI Lab 12.20 [December 1920]; [2] Abdomen / Missing; [3] Paratype; [4] Acrocercops / cramerella / 4 / 5 Snellen / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick coll.; [5] Conopomorpha / litchiella / det. J. D. Bradley, 1984; [6] BMNH (E) 1412067, NHMUK (London). Paratype 2 (♂): [1] India / W. B. / Bot. Gard. / Calcutta / 04 November 1978 / JAP-IND CO TR; [2] Paratype; [3] Conopomorpha / litchiella Bradl. / det. J. D. Bradley, 1985; [4] Host Ind. Euphoria / longana [= Dimocarpus longan Lour.]; [5] ♂ Genitalia on slide / No Grc- 2409 / T. Kumata, 1979, HUM (Sapporo). Paratype 3 (♀): female genitalia slide: [1] Conopomorpha / litchiella / Bradley / India / Paratype; [2] ♀ 22197 / i. 1982 J. D. B. Euparal; [3] NHMUK 015359539, NHMUK (London). Paratype 4 (♂): wing venation slide: [1] Conopomorpha / litchiella / Bradley / India / Paratype; [2] ♂ 22211 / i. 1982 J. D. B. Wings, abdomen missing; [3] NHMUK 015359540, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: similar externally to C. cramerella, but very clearly and undoubtfully distinguishable by genitalia diagnostic morphological characters of male and female genitalia as presented below. Length of forewing ca. 3.3 – 3.6 mm. Wing span ca. 8.0 – 8.4 mm (Figs 15, 16, 19). Head: covered with smooth, solid beige with light fuscous shading, piliform scales, occiput with two thick bunches of beige piliform scales directed towards the mid line of head. Labial palpus, long, directed anteriorly, light beige, upraised with their apices, basal and apical palpomere dark beige. Antenna long, slightly longer than the length of forewing, thin, consisting of unicoloured beige-brown flagellomeres, without annulation; pedicel short with light dorsal surface and dark brown lateral sides, scape thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, light brown dorsally and dark brown on lateral sides. Thorax: light beige, concolourous with occiput; tegula dark brown anteriorly and light beige posteriorly. Forewing long, narrow, equally wide along its entire length, with gently rounded apex, dark brown at costal half and ground colour beige at basal and mid sectors of dorsal half; wing pattern complex but geometrical: costal margin with an oblique strigula at base, two narrow fasciae at pre-mid part, curved irregular light brown fascia at post-mid part of costa, shining bright white, with three oblique strigulae, of which the middle one is the longest, at sub-apex of costa; dorsal margin bears a sinuate double curve with two peaks: one at mid part of the dorsum, the other at tornus, the sub-basal part is mottled with irregularly shaped white and light beige stripes and spots, apical part conspicuously yellow with a dark brown vertical apical stripe, fringe line very short, present only on tornus; fringe light brown in males and light beige in females; hindwing very narrow, about ¼ shorter in length than the forewing, dark fuscous brown in males and light beige in females; fringe colouration of hindwing is a sexually dimorphic character: dark brownish fuscous in males and beige with slightly darker fuscous shading on costal margin and light beige with yellowish shading on dorsal margin in females. The wing venation is almost identical to the type species C. cyanospila (see Vári 1961: Pl. 31, Fig. 5), except that R 2 in C. litchiella is not forked. Forewing with nine apical veins: Sc is very short at costa, R 1 strong, ends beyond the mid of costa, R 2 is not forked, R 3 is forked to R 4 + R 5; median veins are simple M 1 and M 2; CuA is forked to CuA 1 and CuA 2; CuP is weak except the distal part which is forked into two short but strong veins CuP 1 and CuP 2. Anal vein is curved at the base and rudimental in the mid part except for the strong trace of A 1 + 2 at the dorsal margin. Hindwing with Sc very short and strong, Rs long and strong, ending at subapical part; dorsal margin with forked M 1 and M 2, M 3 is traceable; CuA is well visible. Legs unicoloured beige with brownish shading on hind tibia, hind tarsomeres beige with snowy white apices. Abdomen (Fig. 32). Abdominal opening trapezoid with strongly sclerotised lateral margins, ventral crossing joint narrow, but strongly sclerotised, complete; sternal apodemes not perceptible; tergal apodemes with enlarged basal part, distal part is only traceable in the preparation NHMUK 015359539 (NHMUK, London); no other sclerotisations on the cuticle of female abdomen; cuticle rather smooth; intersegmental joints are well distinguishable. Male genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 48, Figs 15, 16 and Kuroko & Lewvanich 1983: 3 (as C. hierocosma )) (Figs 23, 24): tegumen narrow, truncate at apex, subscaphium triangular, less than half the height of the length of tegumen; valva slightly longer than tegumen, broad, equally broad along its length, with broadly rounded apical part; basal valval apophyses very long, reaching and even crossing each other, forming a transverse support of genital capsule, ventral inner surface of valvae setose, apical part of valva covered with long, dense, radially directed setae; ventral margin of cucullus with very strong thick longer hook and smaller thick spine, attached to the base of the subapical hook (a strongly diagnostic character for this species); transtilla not perceptible; vinculum rather narrow, gently semi-round, with clearly visible mid suture which is bifurcated distally; saccus very short and narrow bow attached to the distal part of vinculum. Aedeagus long, curved, with gently tapering vesica carrying two cornuti: one long straight and the other short, bent, horn-shaped. Female genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 49, Fig. 20 and Kuroko & Lewvanich 1983: 6 (as C. hierocosma) and examined slide NHMUK 015359539, London) (Figs 27, 28): papillae anales fused with lateral sides and rather sharp triangular at their anterior part; apophyses posteriores and anteriores short, almost of the same length with slightly enlarged bases, the apices of apophyses posteriores reach the posterior margin of sterigma on sternum VII; segment VII, melanised, trapezoid, with M-shaped sterigmatic suture on sternum VII; ostium bursae opens at subanterior sector of segment VII with finely edged opening and strongly sclerotised antrum; colliculum sclerotised, almost reaching corpus bursae; ductus bursae broad, the differentiation between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is very clear; corpus bursae sac-shaped with patch-shaped signum situated at subanterior part of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae just prior to the joint of ductus with corpus bursae. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorpha + litchiella & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Conopomorpha + litchiella Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: No data. Note: for the bionomical information in other parts of the world please see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOLITC Distribution: Australia (Kuroko & Lewvanich 1983: 4 (as C. hierocosma )). For the rest of the world see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOLITC Note: Conopomorpha litchiella is one of the most important pests of shoots of litchi and longan; it develops five or six generations a year and overwinters with larvae in shoots and leaves of litchi and longan trees (see Huang et al. 1995: https: // europepmc. org / article / cba / 526104)	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	description	(Figs 17, 18, 25, 29, 30, 33)	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: New Hebrides [Vanuatu], Aneityum [Anatum], Red Crest, 1200 ft. 3 m [miles] NE of Anelgauhat. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, gen. slide 21153 ♂, in NHMUK (London); Paratypes 9 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: [1] New Hebrides / Aneityum / Red Crest, 1200 ft / 3 m [iles] NE of Anelgauhat / March 1955; [2] L. E. Cheesman / B. M. 1955 - 217; [3] Type; [4] B. M. ♂ / Genitalia slide / No. 21153 [not examined]; [5] Conopomorpha / oceanica sp. nov. / det. J. D. Bradley, 1984; [6] BMNH (E) 1412184, in NHMUK (London). Paratype 1 (♀): [1] Fiji / Viti Levu / Suva / October 1974; [2] H. S. Robinson / B. M. 1975 - 4; [3] Paratype; [4] B. M. ♀ / Genitalia slide / No. 22334, NHMUK 015359541; [5] Conopomorpha / oceanica sp. nov. / det. J. D. Bradley, 1984; [6] BMNH (E) 1412157. Paratype 2 (♀), with abdomen: [1] New Hebrides / Aneityum / Red Crest, 1200 ft / 3 m [iles] NE of Anelgauhat / April 1955; [2] L. E. Cheesman / B. M. 1955 - 217; [3] Paratype; [4] Conopomorpha / oceanica sp. nov. / det. J. D. Bradley, 1984; [5] BMNH (E) 1412165, in NHMUK (London). Paratype 3 (♀): female genitalia slide: [1] ‘ Conopomorpha / oceanica / Bradley / NEW HEBRIDES / PARATYPE’; [2] ‘ ♀ 22338 / VI. 84 JDB EUPARAL’; [3] ‘ NHMUK 015359542, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Externally very similar to C. litchiella and C. cramerella. Externally, C. oceanica is slightly lighter that the latter two species; two broad bright subapical oblique strigulae in pre tornal sector can serve as a diagnostic external character. In C. oceanica the second reversed V ornament on the apical 1 / 3 of the forewing, and two broad, white, oblique parallel stripes directed towards the apex might assist species diagnosis based on external characters. Sexual dimorphism in external characters, differently from C. litchiella, is not expressed in C. oceanica. Based on bionomical data there are no differences in host plant use between C. oceanica and C. cramerella, while C. litchiella and C. cramerella share many species of host plants, including the ones of economic importance such as cacao and litchi. Conopomorpha oceanica and C. cramerella feed on the same host plant Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Three species C. cramerella, C. litchiella and C. oceanica form a closely related species group. The undoubtful diagnostic differences between these three species are found in genitalia morphological characters of male and female genitalia. Length of forewing ca. 5.3 mm. Wing span ca. 11.5 mm (Figs 17, 18). Head: covered with beige erect piliform scales with a shade of brown basally, occiput with two thick bunches of brown with beige apical parts, short, thick, piliform scales directed posteriorly. Labial palpus, long, directed anteriorly, with straight apices, white, terminal palpomere with brown base and dark brown apex. Antenna long, slightly longer than forewing, thin, composed of beige unicoloured flagellomeres, shading to white towards apex, no annulation; pedicel short, thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, brown; scape enlarged, brown, lighter dorsally. Thorax: patched beige; tegula concolourous with thorax, lighter posteriorly. Forewing long, narrow, equally wide along its entire length, with gently rounded apex, with dark brown, dark beige, beige and whitish irregular patches, with clear geometrical pattern of two reversed V-shaped ornaments, surrounded by irregular small spots; the first reversed V ornament on the basal 1 / 3 of the forewing, the second reversed V ornament on the apical 1 / 3 of forewing, two broad, white, oblique parallel stripes directed towards apex are present on subapical part of dorsal margin of forewing; costal margin without special markings, mottled, except subapical oblique strigula, and four comma-shaped apical stripes; apical part of forewing very decorative with two oval, very big, brightly yellow patches; apical spot small, but very clear, black, round; fringe line dark brown, gently running around termen to tornus; fringe dense, brownish beige; hindwing very narrow, about ¼ shorter in length than the forewing, dark beige; fringe slightly lighter in shading than forewing, dense, long with the longest piliform scales at the base of hindwing. Mid femur beige, mid tibia beige at basal half and brown at apical half, tibial spurs very long, reaching subapical part of tarsomere I, mid tarsomeres dark brown with beige apical parts; hind tibia with a row of long hanging beige, filiform scales, apical spurs white, hind tarsomeres brown, lighter shading than mid tarsus, with white apical parts. Abdomen (Fig. 33): mottled dark beige, anterior genital segment white with yellowish shading. Abdominal opening arc-shaped with strongly sclerotised lateral margins, ventral crossing joint doubled by the anterior margin of sternal plate, strongly sclerotised, complete, slightly concave; the function of sternal apodemes is taken by the lateral margins of sternal plate that are strongly sclerotised; tergal apodemes slender, slightly bent, running until mid of sternum II, a small appendix is present on the basal part of tergal apodemes; no other sclerotisations on the cuticle of female abdomen; cuticle with tiny dots; intersegmental joints are well distinguishable. Male genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 45, Figs 11, 12) (Fig. 25): tegumen narrow, rectangular, truncate at apex, subscaphium long, following the shape of tegumen, covered with tiny spicules; valva slightly longer than tegumen, broad, equally broad along its length, more or less rectangular at apical part, with tiny protrusion at the ventral apical part; the inner ventral surface of valva complex, rich of characters with strongly developed sacculus; subcostal sector of valva covered with long dense setae, mid part of inner surface of valva with a strong sclerotisation that ends with a bulb-shaped protrusion, a prolonged weaker sclerotised island is present in the central part of valval sclerotisation; saccular part broadly edged, prolonged, strongly setose band; anellus developed, conical; transtilla absent; vinculum very broad, trapezoid, with a clearly visible net of 7 – 8 sutures; saccus short, broadly rounded anteriorly. Aedeagus long, curved, with a blunt vesica that carries long, curved cornutus that stretches along the entire body of the aedeagus. Female genitalia (following Bradley 1986: 49, Fig. 18 and preparations NHMUK 015359541 and NHMUK 015359542, London) (Figs 29, 30): papillae anales fused with their anterior parts, densely setose; apophyses posteriores long, entering the posterior part of segment VII, slightly bent, narrowing at apices; apophyses anteriores short, hardly visible sterigma a small bow as lamella post-vaginalis; segment VII, melanised, more or less cylindrical; ostium bursae opens at subposterior sector of segment VII, antrum strongly sclerotised; colliculum very well developed, with complex pattern of sclerotisation and bulbed side appendage; ductus bursae broad, long, ca. 2.5 × longer than segment VII, the wall of ductus bursae finely wrinkled; corpus bursae small, just pear-shaped enlargement with squamous, and roughly wrinkled basal part that can be considered as signal area. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae just prior the joint of ductus with corpus bursae. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australian region: Malvaceae: Theobroma cacao L. (Robinson et al. 2023). Distribution in Australian region: Fiji, Vanuatu: Anatum (Bradley 1986: 47). 08. Conopomorphina Vári, 1961	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	description	“ Conopomorphina gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xvii (key), 106. Type species: Conopomorphina ochnivora Vári, 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 107 – 108, by original designation. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorphina & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Ochnaceae: Ochna pulchra Hook. (Conopomorphina ochnivora Vári, 1961).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa: Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal; Zimbabwe. Species richness: World: 3 species; Australian Region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Conopomorphina ochnivora Vári, 1961 “ Conopomorphina ochnivora spec. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 107 – 108, pl. 12, fig. 4; pl. 32, fig. 1; pl. 57, fig. 8; pl. 91, fig. 2; pl. 108, fig. 11; pl. 112, fig. 1.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality and collecting data: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria, 10. xii. 1948, leg. L. Vári. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide G 7151, in TMSA (Pretoria); Allotype [recte Paratype] ♀, genitalia slide G 7152, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratypes 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, genitalia slides G 6745, G 6746, in TMSA (Pretoria), ZMHB (Berlin). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorphina + ochnivora & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Ochnaceae: Ochna pulchra Hook. (Vári 1961: 108). Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa: Gauteng (Vári 1961: 108). 09. Crotona De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	description	“ Crotona De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Crotona kakadu De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov., by present designation and monotypy. Diagnosis: This new genus is sister to the genus Stomphastis, described by Meyrick in 1912, with its Oriental type species Stomphastis thraustica Author that is distributed in South America, Africa, China, South East Asia and recently imported as a biocontrol agent to Australia (De Prins et al. 2023). Species of both sister genera feed on Euphorbiaceae plants. The wing pattern of both genera is rather complex, dorsum more ornamented with white stripes and spots than the costal margin. This character is more or less common to many genera of Ornixolinae. With both bionomic and external morphology characters their similarities end. Wing pattern of Crotona gen. n. with dorsal white irregular non-edged stripes, while the costal margin is marked with dirty white and brown stripes not extending beyond the midline of the forewing. In Stomphastis the wing pattern especially the costal margin is more unicoloured, less ornamented. Abdomen of males is very characteristic of the new genus by carrying two short androconial brushes of coremata on sternum VII, consisting of short, broad, lamellar, dark brown scales. The easily recognisable character of this genus is the sickle-shaped concave thin, but strongly sclerotised joint connecting the sublateral parts of tergum I, an initiating point of tergal apodemes. In male genitalia, the shape of valvae is strongly diagnostic. In Stomphastis they are broad, sacculus is extremely enlarged, while in Crotona gen. n. they are narrow, slightly lifted and the saccular area is even lightly folded. Aedeagus of both genera is strongly diagnostic: in Stomphastis it carries a fold at the base of vesica, while in Crotona gen. n. this fold is absent, but the vesica is much longer and narrower. Interestingly, in Crotona gen. n. the coecum is two-forked and has prolonged sclerotisations. Description: Wingspan less than 6 mm; length of the forewing less than 3 mm (Fig. 34). Head: vertex smooth, occiput white covered by with two small lateral tufts of short piliform scales projecting posteriorly. Maxillary palpus short ca. as long as basal labial palpomere, proboscis glabrous, rolled. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, slightly curved and porrect; terminal palpomere without hanging piliform scales. Antenna with thin intermedial lines between flagellomeres, scape with a few short pecten. Thorax: Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is ochreous-fuscous at basal 2 / 3 of forewing, with complex speckled ornamentation consisting of white stripes, dashes and spots on a fuscous and ochreous background; apical line very fine and narrow. The fringe line consists of bright with, black-tipped prolonged scales, gently following the apical margin of forewing; fringe long, light grey, with light golden shine, shorter at distal part, the longest at median part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light ochreous-fuscous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. Hind tibia with a row of relatively long, sharp pointed spines along the tibia, apical spurs short. Abdomen: light ochreous on terga II – IV with fuscous shading on top of tergites on T 5 - T 6, creamy white with light ochreous shading on anterior tergites, lateral sides of abdomen creamy white (tergites and sternites) with four oblique dark brown stripes. Abdomen of males with two short androconial brushes of coremata on sternum VII, consisting of short, broad, lamellar, dark brown scales. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle with semi-round sclerotised joint connecting the bases of tergal apodemes; ventral crossing joint is narrowly sclerotised, and very slightly convex anteriorly; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are weakly developed, hardly distinguishable from the lateral sides of sclerotised plate on sternum II, short, just reaching the mid of sternum II, slightly angled, with sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of abdominal opening at the corners of concave tergal joint, with a short, angulated appendage at the base; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating subposterior part of segment II, slightly bent at apical part. No sclerotisations on the anterior margin of other segments, except segment VII in males. Segment VII in males with two strongly sclerotised narrow semi-rings, opposite each other and connecting two androconial brushes of coremata. Male genitalia: Tegumen very narrowly triangular, valvae narrow, setose, slightly lifted, with a gently rounded apex; costal margin of valvae folded with a very clearly visible, rather broad longitudinal suture, sacculus part slightly folded; transtilla incomplete, juxta reversed U shaped, with narrow but very strongly sclerotised arms; vinculum with mid suture, saccus rudimental. Aedeagus with narrow arrow-tipped vesica with strongly sclerotised broad cornuti; coecum carries two prolonged and forked sclerotisations. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: Croton arnhemicus Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (Fig. 42) (C. kakadu sp. nov.). Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Northern Territory. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: Crotona gen. n. is very strongly to maximally supported as sister to Stomphastis (Figs 636 – 639) in all analyses, with a remarkably long shared branch leading up to the two genetically very distinct genera. Etymology. The genus name derives from the generic name of the host plant Croton. It is a noun in apposition. Gender feminine. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF8ACD0943ADF2F3FEB9FA07.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Crotona kakadu De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. (Figs 34 – 42, 638) Type locality: Australia: Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park. Type specimen: Holotype (♂): [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.35 S 132.54 E / 10 km N of Jabiru / Kakadu NP [National Park] em. [erged] / 15 Feb. [February] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 5871 / Croton / arnhemicus, DNA sample NULT 025512, genitalia slide ANIC 6200, ANIC Acc. no 31 085520, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: From general appearance this species slightly resembles Stomphastis thraustica feeding on Euphorbiaceae but both species can be separated just from the external morphology. The ground colour of Crotona kakadu sp. nov. is brighter, costal strigulae are margined from both sides, it possesses more white ornamental spots than S. thraustica. In S. thraustica costal basal half of forewing is without ornamentation, while in Crotona kakadu sp. nov. both dorsal and costal margins, including the basal part are richly decorated with numerous shining white spots and stripes. The micromorphology of internal genital characters in males is also very clearly diagnostic, especially in the shape of valvae, tegumen and aedeagus. Bionomics is also a good diagnostic indicator: S. thraustica feeds mainly on Jatropha curcas (L.) and J. gossypiifolia (L.) (De Prins et al. 2023), while C. kakadu sp. nov. feeds on Croton arnhemicus Müll. Arg. Both species mentioned above feed on host plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Mitogenomics that includes analyses of longer DNA sequences diagnoses this new species without any doubt. Despite the fact that this C. kakadu sp. nov. is described from the holotype only, all three independent datasets indicate the novelty: morphology, bionomics and mitogenomics. Description: Wingspan of the holotype 5.5 mm; length of the forewing 2.7 mm (Figs 34 – 38). Head (Figs 35, 36): vertex smooth, white at lateral sides with dark ochreous narrow stripe stretching along central part of vertex surrounded by light ochreous, occiput white covered by with two small lateral tufts of short piliform scales projecting posteriorly. Frons shining white with slightly darker shading at the intermedial area between vertex and frons as well as at the bases of antennae. Maxillary palpus short ca. as long as basal labial palpomere, dirty white, basal palpomere with light ochreous basis; proboscis glabrous, rolled, light beige. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, slightly curved and porrect, white from inner side and with a dark ochreous-white pattern from outer side; labial palpomere I white with dark ochreous basis, palpomere II dark ochreous with white apex, and with a tuft of long as long as labial palpomere II, hanging white piliform scales intermixed with white tipped dark ochreous piliform scales, terminal palpomere without hanging piliform scales, but decorative with smaller dark ochreous patch at sub-basis and bigger irregular dark ochreous patch at sub-apex, apex sharp, white tipped. Antenna dark fuscous with silvery shining thin intermedial lines between flagellomeres, flagellomeres with thin fuscous longitudinal lines, ventrally uniformly ochreous beige, pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the second flagellomere, with dark almost black spot dorsally and white posteriorly, scape dirty white at basal half and dark ochreous at apical half, ventrally dirty white, scape with a few short dirty white pecten. Thorax (Figs 34, 38): dirty white, tegula light fuscous ochreous with apices of lighter shading. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is ochreous-fuscous at basal 2 / 3 of forewing, with complex speckled ornamentation consisting of white stripes, dashes and spots on fuscous and ochreous background; costal margin ornamentation consists of two white round spots at base, a group of four irregular white spots at 1 / 3 of costa, single white oblique stripe at 1 / 2 of costa, another oblique white stripe at apical 1 / 3, white spot edged with black at sub-apex, apical spot is bicoloured — smaller white spot from costal side bigger clear black dot from the dorsal side of forewing; basal part of the dorsal margin carries two short straight thick white stripes, followed by two oblique irregular stripes, not reaching the mid of forewing, white prolonged stripe on dorsal margin at 1 / 2 of forewing, comma-shaped oblique stripe meeting with its tip the costal oblique stripe at apical 1 / 3, followed by bright white unedged white spot at sub-tornus; apical line very fine and narrow. The fringe line consists of bright white with black apical parts prolonged scales, gently following the apical margin of forewing; fringe long, light grey, with light golden shine, shorter at distal part, the longest at median part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light ochreous-fuscous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur fuscous, fore tibia fuscous with four dirty white spots, fore tarsomeres fuscous with dirty white apices, the tip of fore tarsus dark grey; mid femur light grey with darker shading at apical 1 / 3 with two dark grey spots at the base and at median part, mid tibia is light grey with two oblique irregular dark grey stripes at sub-basal and sub-apical parts, tibial spurs short dark grey, tarsomeres light grey, concolourous with tibia, with dark grey apices, tip of mid tarsus light grey; hind femur grey ochreous, hind tibia light grey, darker at apical part, with a row of relatively long, sharp-pointed spines along of tibia, apical spurs short shiny white, tarsomeres fuscous with dirty white apices, tip of hind tarsus dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 37, 41): light ochreous on terga II – IV, with fuscous shading on top of tergites on T 5 – T 6, creamy white with light ochreous shading on anterior tergites, lateral sides of abdomen creamy white (tergites and sternites) with four oblique dark brown stripes, internal surface of genital segments bright yellow. Abdomen of the male holotype with two short androconial brushes of coremata on sternum VII, consisting of short, broad, lamellar, dark brown scales. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle with semi-round sclerotised joint connecting the bases of tergal apodemes; ventral crossing joint is narrowly sclerotised, very slightly convex anteriorly; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are weakly developed, hardly distinguishable from the lateral sides of sclerotised plate on sternum II, short, just reaching the mid of sternum II, slightly angled, with sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of abdominal opening at the corners of concave tergal joint, with a short, angulated appendage at the base; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating sub posterior part of sternum II, slightly bent at apical part. No sclerotisations on anterior margin of other segments, except segment VII. Segment VII with two strongly sclerotised narrow semi-rings, situated opposite each other and connecting two androconial brushes of coremata with sclerotised lines. Male genitalia (Figs 39, 40): Tegumen very narrow triangular, ca. twice shorter than valva, tuba analis significantly, ca. 1 / 2 length of tegumen, protrudes the tegumen, teguminal arms narrow, but strongly sclerotised; valvae narrow, setose, angled at midden at about 45 °, slightly lifted, with gently rounded apex; costal margin of valvae folded with very clearly visible rather broad longitudinal suture, sacculus part slightly folded with basal parts enringing the arms of juxta; transtilla incomplete, vinculum folded into the genital cavity, fusing with its edges to the reversed U shaped juxta, with narrow, strongly sclerotised arms; vinculum broadly U-shaped, strongly sclerotised, with suture in the middle, clearly dividing vinculum into the right and left parts, saccus rudimental, just tiny semi-round appendage at the anterior part of vinculum. Aedeagus broad and short with long, ca. twice as long as the main part of aedeagus, narrow arrow-tipped vesica with strongly sclerotised, broad cornuti; coecum carries two prolonged sclerotisations forked at their tips. Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: The species is described from the holotype only. Bionomics: The primary type specimen was reared from Croton arnhemicus Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (Fig. 42). Mining period in early February. Adults are active from mid of February. Mitogenomic data: Only the holotype was successfully sequenced. This sequence is strongly to maximally supported as a sister to the genus Stomphastis (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park. Etymology: The species epithet derives from the name of the type locality — Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory, Australia. A noun in nominative case in apposition. 10. Cuphodes Meyrick, 1897 “ Cuphodes, n. g. ” — Meyrick, E., 1897. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 22: 299 (key), 314. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3344951 Type species: Cuphodes thysanota Meyrick, 1897. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 22: 314, by monotypy.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFB2CD0643ADF13EFB0EFEAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Gracilaria [sic] pyrochroma Turner, 1894, by original designation. BOLD data: Cyphosticha | Taxonomy Browser | BOLDSYSTEMS GenBank data: Cyphosticha - Nucleotide - NCBI (nih. gov) Synonymisation Act. Herewith, we synonymize the genus Cyphosticha Meyrick, 1907 syn. n. with the genus Cuphodes Meyrick, 1897 following the morphological and phylogenetic evidence, which is based on detailed micromorphology and on full mitogenomic data as presented in this revisionary work. We propose to consider the Cuphodes genus-group taxon as a monophyletic clade. The Cyphosticha subclade and its type species Gracilaria [sic] pyrochroma Turner, 1894 nests between two other subclades of Cuphodes (Fig. 637). The Principle of Priority (Art. 23.3) requires that a genus-group taxon formed by bringing together into a single taxon of the same genus-rank two previously established genera Cuphodes Meyrick, 1897 and Cyphosticha Meyrick, 1907 takes the valid name following the Principle of Priority (Art. 23.1) and Purpose (Art. 23.2). Following the Principle of Priority (Art. 23.1) the valid name applied in this case is Cuphodes Meyrick, 1897. Under the objectives of the Code, the Principle of Priority is used in this particular case to promote the stability of nomenclature (Art. 23.2). This synonymisation act of two genus-group taxa will affect the nomenclature of the following species-group taxa:	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBDCD0643ADF657FD14FDCA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Ceylon [Sri Lanka], Maskeliya. Type specimens: Syntypes 3 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Distribution: Sri Lanka (Meyrick 1908 a: 826).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBDCD0643ADF5F2FB5EFBAA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], North Australia [Northern Territory], Moreton Bay. Type specimen: Holotype (gender unknown), thorax broken, abdomen missing, coll. Stainton (Meyrick 1880: 166), in NHMUK (London). Distribution: Australia: Northern Territory (Stainton 1862: 294), Queensland (Turner 1894: 120).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBDCD0643ADF352FC96FAC7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, coll. Walsingham nr. 19430, BMNH (E) 1055777, in NHMUK (London). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1920: 293).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBDCD0643ADF2F0FC82F943.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: Holotype (gender unknown), ANIC Acc. no 31 010800, in ANIC (Canberra). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1894: 128).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBDCD0743ADF07CFC82FF49.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Stradbroke Island. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010801, genitalia slide ANIC 6231, in ANIC (Canberra). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 187).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0743ADF673FD65FDE6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [India, Karnataka], N. [orth] Coorg, 3500 ft. Type specimens: Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Distribution: India: Karnataka (Meyrick 1914 b: 122).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: 5 syntypes (gender unknown), in ANIC (Canberra). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1894: 129), New South Wales (Turner 1940: 54). Diagnosis of the genus Cuphodes: Externally, Cuphodes is very different from other Ornixolinae genera, due to a unique shining-white background (it is common in Phyllocnistinae and in some species groups in Lithocolletinae, but not common in Ornixolinae), with a subtle yellow ochreous pattern on the forewing. Moreover, the genus Cuphodes in particular is characterized by exceptionally pilose hind legs, equipped with erected sharply pointed spiniform scales. Generic diagnostic characters in micromorphology are as follows: in males (i) subscaphium + gnathos is strongly developed, (ii) costa of valva very strongly sclerotised, (iii) subapical part of valva with a hanging semi-round flap or other sclerotisations of different sizes and shapes, (iv) transtilla complete, in case of absence the function of transtilla is taken by very long basal apodemes of valvae or sclerotised basal bow of vinculum; in female genitalia (i) apophyses anteriores either absent or rather short, (ii) papillae anales strongly fused and deeply nested in the cuticle of segment VIII, (iii) antrum / colliculum sclerotised, (iv) signa small, (v) bulla seminalis usually situated at anterior margin of segment VII or in segment VII, small with convoluted ductus seminalis. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 370259 GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Cuphodes Mitogenomic data: All our analyses of the mitochondrial data very strongly supported the monophyly of the Australian members of the genus Cuphodes. All analyses also placed the Australian Cuphodes species consistently as sister to Toowoomba gen. n. + (Parectopa + Polysoma), albeit with low to moderate statistical support. In contrast, the single and two Japanese representatives of Cuphodes included in the studies of Kawahara et al. (2017) and Li et al. (2022), respectively, were placed as sister to all other Ornixolinae, while Parectopa was placed very distantly (Kawahara et al. 2017: single species) or was strongly polyphyletic (Li et al. 2022: four species). We cannot rule out that the consistent placement of the Australian Cuphodes species in our study is incorrect, but it is also possible that the Japanese Cuphodes species included in Kawahara et al. (2017) and Li et al. (2022) are not congeneric with the Australian type species of Cuphodes. Bionomics: Caesalpiniaceae: Caesalpinia sp. (Cuphodes plexigrapha (Meyrick, 1916 a).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Afrotropical Region: Namibia, Seychelles: Silhouette, South Africa: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape. Australian Region: Australia: Queensland, New South Wales (as Cyphosticha), Northern Territory (as Cyphosticha). Neotropical Region: Guyana. Oriental Region: India: Bihar: Tamilnadu, Karnataka (as Cyphosticha), Sri Lanka (as Cyphosticha). Palaearctic Region: Japan: Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku, Pakistan. Species richness: World: 29 species; Australian Region: 18 species. Australian species Based on mitogenomic data three monophyletic clades within the Australian species belonging to the genus Cuphodes are delineated: 1) Cuphodes niphadias clade; 2) C. pyrochrom a clade; 3) C. maculosa clade. Six Australian species are included into the C. niphadias clade:	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	description	C. drypette sp. nov.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	description	Note 2. We are not in the possession of sufficient molecular data to group the following species: C. didymosticha Turner, 1940, C. lechriotoma (Turner, 1913), C. lithographa (Meyrick, 1912 b), C. microta (Turner, 1894), C. profluens (Meyrick, 1916 a), C. zophopasta (Turner, 1913).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Cuphodes thysanota Meyrick, 1897 (Fig. 43) “ C. [uphodes] thysanota, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1897. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 22: 314. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3344951	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFBCCD0343ADF59EFC96FD8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Rosewood. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide 4542 ♀, BMNH (E) 1055696, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀: [1] ‘ [Australia], Rosewood / Queensland / 30 / 9 / [18] 79 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Holotype’; [4] ‘ B. M. ♀ / Genitalia slide / No. 4542 ’; [4] ‘ Right wings / missing’; [5] ‘ Phrixosceles Meyr. / thysanota Meyr. ’; [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1055696 ’; [7] ‘ Phrixosceles / thysanota / 1 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll., in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Length of the forewing ca. 3.2 mm. (Fig. 43). Head: vertex with a tuft of shining snowy white, smooth piliform scales. Antenna slightly (ca. 1 / 5 ×) longer light ochreous dorsally, scape shining white. Thorax (Fig. 43): snowy white, tegula white with golden ochreous bases. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, forewing slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour white with faint small, hardly visible, golden markings at the sub-basal sector of the dorsal margin of the forewing. The fringe line is not defined. Fringe ochreous, matte, without shine, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part absent at the sub-dorsal sector of the forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark ochreous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, concolourous with the colour of hindwing, the longest scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing that are ca. 5 × longer than the broadest part of hindwing. Hind femur white, hind tibia covered with long shiny white spiniform scales of different lengths; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, apical spurs slightly short, tarsus with ochreous tarsomeres with white sub-apices / apices. Abdomen: No data. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: B. M. Genitalia slide ♀ 4542. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1897: 314).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFB8CD1E43ADF5B7FB5EFE39.taxon	description	(Figs 44, 45, 84 – 87, 102, 115, 123, 133, 637) “ Gracilaria albo-marginata, n. sp. ” — Stainton, H. T., 1862. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (3) 1 (3): 294; pl. 10, fig. 3. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 32121248	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFB8CD1E43ADF5B7FB5EFE39.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], North Australia [Northern Territory], Moreton Bay. Type specimen: Holotype (gender unknown), thorax broken, abdomen missing, coll. Stainton (Meyrick 1880: 166), in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined. Specimens in Australia: Queensland: Specimen 1 (♂): Yeppoon, 2 miles S, 23.1335 ° S 150.7374 ° E, 20 - 09 - 1954, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16258, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 258 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., ID: 31 053593. Specimen 2 (♂): Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 14 - 03 - 1948, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16259, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 259 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., ID: 31 053594. Specimen 3 (♀): Rockhampton, The Caves, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 01 - 04 - 1948, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16260, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 260 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., ID: 31 053595. Specimen 4 (♂) (Figs 44, 86, 87): Rockhampton, The Caves, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 01 - 04 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 022782, genitalia slide ANIC 6298, ANIC Acc. no 31 085630. Specimen 5 (♂) (Figs 84, 85) Yeppoon, 23.1335 ° S 150.7374 ° E, 03 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 022904, genitalia slide ANIC 6299, ANIC Acc. no 31 085631. Specimen 6 (♀): Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 22 - 03 - 1948, Common I. F. B. Specimen 7 (♀) (Fig. 45): Rockhampton, The Caves, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 01 - 04 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023028, genitalia slide ANIC 6300, ANIC Acc. no 31 085644. Specimen 8 (♂): Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 01 - 03 - 1910, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 9 (♀): Coolangatta, 28.1703 ° S 153.5305 ° E, 04 - 09 - 1913, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation (Figs 44, 45): Wingspan 5.5 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 – 3.4 mm. Head: vertex smooth, white with some ochreous infusion at lateral sides of vertex, occiput covered with two lateral tufts of piliform scales, ochreous fuscous at base and white at apex, frons white with rounded fuscous ochreous dots at dorsal margin — a diagnostic character clearly separating C. albomarginata from its congenerous species; labial palpus thin, long ca. 2 × length of the diameter of eye, similar in length like other Cuphodes species, however slightly thicker than labial palpus in C. callimacha and C. pandoxa. A diagnostic character distinguishing C. albomarginata from other Australian Cuphodes species that labial palpus with two strongly contrastive ochreous fuscous bands: the first one at the apical margin of palpomere I and the second at the apical margin of palpomere II; antenna slightly longer than forewing fuscous ochreous dorsally, light ochreous ventrally, scape long with thickened apical part, ochreous dorsally, shining white ventrally. Thorax: white, forewing pattern is strongly diagnostic character separating C. albomarginata from other Cuphodes species: there is no any geometrical pattern. The forewing ground colour of C. albomarginata is unicolourous fuscous ochreous with narrow white line on costal margin with numerous very short oblique stripes toward apex; dorsal margin with numerous longer more or less straight or oblique stripes of different length but not reaching the mid of forewing. Mid legs with thick tibiae and tarsi richly covered by hanging long filiform scales, mid legs ochreous fuscous with white apical parts (tarsomeres III – V); hind tibia and hind tarsus also richly covered by hanging filiform scales that are longer, softer, than in C. callimacha and C. pandoxa. Legs in C. albomarginata are clearly bicoloured: ochreous fuscous and shining snowy white — a character easily noticeable that allows to clearly diagnose C. albomarginata from C. callimacha and C. pandoxa. Abdomen (Figs 115, 123): dorsally tergites dark fuscous, ventrally sternites shining white, genital terminal segments white. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint trapezoid sclerotised with slight curve at the mid part, narrowly but strongly sclerotised; corners of abdominal opening gently rounded with very narrow hook-shaped bases of sternal apodemes; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, curved with very narrow sharp apices, distancing from each other, reaching almost the mid of the segment II, terminating slightly anteriad than tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I with narrow short appendages at the base; tergal apodemes rather thick, enter into the sub-posterior area of segment II apices sharp, directed towards each other. A M-shaped sclerotisation is present at the mid part of anterior area of sternum II in both sexes; a thick melanised band stretches across all segments in females, the anterior sclerotisation is like a thin short line (Fig. 115), in males all sterna except the first one are with very clear M-shaped sclerotisation that initiates two brushes of androconial piliform coremata that are under the abdominal cuticle. The anterior sternum VII in males with a parabola-shaped bow. Two blunt conical sclerotisations that are covered with tiny tubercules and short setae are present at the anterior part of sternum VII, tergum VII terminates with broad triangular appendage. In females, terminal sclerotisations are absent but the anterior margins of all sterna are clearly and rather strongly sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 84 – 87): Tegumen broad, rather short with broadly rounded apex, sub-scaphium is strongly developed, broad more or less triangular-shaped with rounded apex, richly setose with long radially-directed setae; anal tube not perceptible; gnathos very big and strongly sclerotised with two horn-shaped with sharp and bent apices socii; valvae about ¼ longer than tegumen, complex, consisting of strongly protruded cucullus with trapezoid, flap-like appendage, covered with setose tubercules, sacculus folded at basal 2 / 3 and with free prolonged thick digitiform appendage at anterior part; ventral internal sector of valvae densely covered with long, thin, setae; except the sub-basal and basal parts that are almost setae free; basal valval apodemes are very long, forming a strong transverse support and probably act as transtilla; vinculum strongly developed, equally broad at anterior and lateral sides with partly developed central suture; saccus well developed, of median length, gently and gradually narrowing anteriorly. Aedeagus slightly shorter than valva, tubular with blunt vesica; an area with tiny scobinations is present on distant part of the aedeagus body and basal part of vesica; one long broad cornutus extends upon the along the anterior 2 / 3 of aedeagus, coecum not sclerotised, irregular-shaped. Female genitalia (Fig. 102). Papillae anales flattened, strongly fused. Segment VIII, short reduced, strongly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores rather thick, short with broader bases and blunt, slightly bent apices, reaching the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores initiate at segment VIII with broad sclerotised basal semi-ring, anterior part narrow with curved sharp apices that reach posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII; the sclerotisation degree of segment VII is medial, the posterior half is stronger sclerotised than the anterior half; sterigma simple, with lightly sclerotised folds; ostium bursae opens at the ultimate posterior edge of segment VII which is partly covered by segment VI; antrum as very broad funnel-shaped and strongly sclerotised; it has a melanised ring at the posterior margin of segment VII and a strongly sclerotised ring at the joint with ductus bursae; ductus bursae very broad, broadening towards corpus bursae; though ductus bursae is broad but the transition of ductus bursae to corpus bursae is very well detectable. Corpus bursae prolonged bulb-shaped with two signa: one boomerang-shaped signum at the basal part of corpus bursae, just beyond the joint of ductus bursae, the second signum as a short furshaped sclerotisation at mid of the wall of corpus bursae; bulla seminalis at sub-posterior part of segment VII, ductus seminalis long with numerous convolutions that overlap each other. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Cyphosticha % 20 albomargi nata % 22 [tax] GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Cyphosticha + albomarginata Mitogenomic data: Comprising part of the big clade Cuphodes; sister lineage of Cuphodes leucoptera sp. nov. (Fig. 637). Bionomics: Cocoon is oval with thickly vowed margins and more or less transparent upper surface; some bubbles of different sizes are scattered on the upper surface of cocoon. Exuvia of bright ochreous colour is protruding until the tips of appendages of the prothoracic legs, frontoclypeus, semi-rounded, strongly sclerotised, dark brown (Fig. 133). Distribution: Australia: Northern Territory (Stainton 1862: 294), Queensland (Turner 1894: 120).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA5CD1F43ADF6E3FC96FC31.taxon	description	(Figs 46, 88, 89, 116, 637) “ Acrocercops callimacha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1920. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2 (10): 293. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9808699	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA5CD1F43ADF6E3FC96FC31.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, coll. Walsingham nr. 19430, BMNH (E) 1055777, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane, BMNH (E) 1055777, in NHMUK (London) (see illustration on https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CYPHCALL). Specimens in Australia: Specimen 1: Queensland, Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 E, 11 - 04 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., without abdomen, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16257, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 257 - 11, ID: 31 053592. Specimen 2: ditto label data, 28 - 03 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., without abdomen, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 1625, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 256 - 11, ID: 31 053591. Specimen 3: ditto label data, leg. Common I. F. B., 11 - 04 - 1948, without abdomen, ID: 31 075740. Specimen 4 (♂): ditto, 14 - 03 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 024726, genitalia slide ANIC 6228, ANIC Acc. no 31 085599. Specimen 5 (♂): ditto label data, 07 - 03 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 024841, genitalia slide ANIC 6229, ANIC Acc. no 31 085600, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation (Fig. 46): Wingspan 8.0 – 8.6 mm; length of the forewing ca. 4 mm. Head: vertex smooth, labial palpus shining white as long as ca. 3 × diameter of eye, very slender, antenna very long, ca. 1.5 × longer than the forewing length, scape thick white, partly covering eye. Thorax (Fig. 46): white yellow with fuscous tegula; forewing with dark fuscous and yellow or whitish strictly defined ornamental pattern, costal margin with a very narrow stripe broadening at apex, dorsal margin with very broad yellow or white dentate band with two sub-basal triangular markings exceed well beyond the midline of forewing with their apices. Apical spot present, but almost indistinct on fuscous brown ground colour, apical line absent, fringe line very fine, short and interrupted. Hind tibia carries a characteristic row of long and sharp spines as observed in other genera of Ornixolinae. Abdomen (Fig. 116): Abdomen of male is spindle-shaped with enlarged part at segments III and IV. Dorsally, tergum II light brown, the rest of tergites dark brown, anterior genital segment light ochreous. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint very slightly bent towards the inner part of abdominal cavity, narrowly but strongly sclerotised; corners of abdominal opening angulated with narrow hook-shaped bases of sternal apodemes; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are short, slender, slightly curved at sub-basal part with very narrow sharp apices, reaching 1 / 3 of the segment II, terminating slightly anteriad from tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I with a single narrow short appendage at the base; tergal apodemes rather thick, melanised, slightly concave at mid part, with their sharp apices reaching almost the mid of segment II, distancing from each other at the apical part. Sternum VII in males bears two pairs of androconial brushes of coremata consisting of long piliform scales; anterior part of sternum VII in males ends with semi-oval melanised plate with two rows of tubercules at the anterior margin and a triangular androconial plate consisting of long, flat lamellar scales. Male genitalia (Fig. 88, 89): Tegumen broad, conical with narrowing apex, that is gently rounded; sub-scaphium is strongly developed, broad bulb-shaped with enlarged and rounded apex, richly setose with long radially-directed setae; anal tube not clearly perceptible; valvae broad, more or less equally broad along its entire length, with prolonged and protruded narrow cucullus that becomes a narrow costal appendix; cucullus covered by short thin setae; ventral surface and especially sub-apical sector of ventral part of valva is covered by long, thin setae, cucullus of valva carries a bunch of short stout thick setae-like sclerotisations arranged in a broad band; sacculus without any fold; basal valval apodemes are very long, almost reaching each other when valvae are completely open; transtilla present and shaped as a bow, far going into the teguminal cavity, equally narrow along its length; vinculum developed as a fully sclerotised plate, without vincular cavity, with hardly visible sutures of lateral arms, and very faint, almost undetectable mid vincular suture; saccus present as a short and delicate appendage, anteriorly bluntly rounded. Aedeagus ca. as long as the genital capsule, tubular, narrow in girth, with blunt vesica covered with small sharp denticules; one broad and sclerotised cornutus stretches along the main body of aedeagus + vesica; coecum weakly sclerotised, long sac-shaped, slightly broader in girth than the main body of aedeagus. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Cuphodes % 20 callimacha % 22 [tax] GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore / 529401710 Note: in BOLD and GenBank databases this species is presented as Cuphodes callimacha. Since BOLD and GenBank online databases are not considered as Code-compliant publications that are eligible to publish taxonomic / nomenclatural acts, we present Cuphodes callimacha, comb. n. in a Code-compliant manner. Mitogenomic data: The two C. callimacha specimens are weakly recovered as sister to C. pyrochroma, forming a strongly supported monophylum with C. pandoxa (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1920: 293).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA4CD1D43ADF4EBFD31FC79.taxon	description	(Figs 47, 67, 68, 76, 77, 103, 124, 134, 637) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimen: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.25 S 130.49 E / East Point NR [National Reserve] / Darwin em. [emerged] / 12 Feb. [February] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5819 / Diospyros / calycantha, DNA sample NULT 024948, genitalia slide ANIC 6215, ANIC Acc. no 31 085521, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional 3 specimens not included in the type series: Specimen 1 (♂): same collecting data, except the date 15 February 1998. Specimen 2 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 13 February 1998. Specimen 3 (♂): same collecting data, in ANIC. Note: Three externally cryptic species C. calycanthae sp. nov., C. drypette sp. nov. and C. niphadias (Turner, 1913) are involved in the series of 10 specimens collected in the same locality, in the same time period, and reared from the same host Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae). All three species can be easily diagnosed by internal morphology (female genitalia characters) and mitogenomics. Wing pattern ornamentation might vary and depend upon the freshness of specimens. Therefore, the correct identification can be performed only by dissection of specimens and / or studying their DNA. Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally this species is similar to Cuphodes drypette sp. nov. and C. niphadias. This group of three species as a whole in general can be easily diagnosed by external morphological characters (wing pattern) and bionomics, but species cannot be identified based only on external characters. For the complete species diagnosis internal micromorphological characters and / or molecular data are obligatory. It might help for the diagnostic characterisation that in C. calycanthae sp. nov. basal ornamentation is small, rudimental, the ornament in the mid of forewing consists of an assemblage of small, thin, irregularly turning lines, while in C. drypette sp. nov. these central ornaments are shaped as more or less irregular ornamental figures. Cuphodes niphadias wing pattern is characterised by short bright golden lines forming more or less rectangular figures. The biggest difference is in mid-costal pattern: in C. calycanthae it is an irregular broad fascia, in C. drypette the mid-costal ornament is an irregular costal spot, reaching the midline of the forewing with its posterior margin and in C. niphadias this ornament is as two parallel short narrow golden irregular lines. Tropical Gracillariidae species are known for their monophagous or strictly oligophagous biology and their trophical associations with closely related plant species belonging to the same genus or at least to the same family of plants. In this case, the host plant of both diagnosed species is known: C. drypette sp. nov. feeds on Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. (Putranjivaceae) and Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz, while C. calycanthae sp. nov. feeds only on the host Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz, which is native to Western Australia, and belongs to the persimmon plant family Ebenaceae. Further diagnostic characters can be found in the internal morphology and mitogenomics. The female genitalia characters are highly diagnostic: ductus bursae and the basal part of corpus bursae are packed into a sclerotised frame with huge, covering half of corpus bursae melanised irregular patch; star-shaped signum at the sub-anterior part of corpus bursae. In C. drypette sp. nov., the ductus is a non-sclerotised canal with a very strong distinction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae. Following the internal micromorphology of genital characters both species can be easily identified and cannot be confused. Cuphodes calycanthae sp. nov. is the sister species of C. holoteles. Both species share a simplified sterigmatic design and broad ductus bursae smoothly transiting to corpus bursae. However, the presence of the sclerotised framework, melanised patch and star-shaped signum on corpus bursae in C. calycanthae sp. nov., while signum and any sclerotisations are absent on corpus bursae in C. holoteles, undoubtfully diagnose both sister species. Description: Wingspan ca. 4.4 mm; length of the forewing 2.0 mm (Fig. 47). Head (Figs 67, 68, 77): vertex with a tuft of shining snowy white, lifted, brushed, piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two fused tufts of snowy white scales directed posteriorly. Frons concolourous with vertex, shiny white, smooth, slightly darker ochreous tint on labrum. Maxillary palpus very short, hardly perceptible, white. Labial palpus glabrous, thin, long, ca. as long as 2.5 × diameter of the eye, shining white, with slightly curved, sharply pointed apex. Proboscis light yellow. Antenna slightly (ca. 1,2 ×) longer than forewing, dirty white anteriorly and light ochreous posteriorly, ventrally of the same shading as dorsally, dirty white anteriorly and light ochreous posteriorly; pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, with a tiny spot of dark grey scales at posterior lateral side; scape shining white, dilated at margin with a small ochreous spot on posterior lateral side, a few long shing white pecten present. Thorax (Fig. 47): snowy white, tegula white with golden ochreous bases. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, forewing slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour white with faint golden, light ochreous and yellow markings. Three short abrupted golden ochreous costal and dorsal stripes form the basal group of ornaments, thin, curved, irregularly shaped lines form the distinct group of ornaments at the mid of forewing, a distinctive yellow apical patch with oblique basal margin with a narrow m-shaped white stripe crossing this sub-apical patch is the most eye catching; apical line not perceptible. The fringe line is not defined. Fringe grey ochreous, matte, without shine, with the darkest shade at tornal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour fuscous with dark ochreous shading, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of the hindwing base, concolourous with the colour of hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur white, fore tibia dirty white with ochreous fuscous epiphysis, tarsomeres unicoloured ochreous fuscous; mid femur and tibia white with golden shine, mid tibia rather thick covered with lose scales with long sharp thin spiculose apices, tarsus rather thick, white, also covered with lose scales, long thin hanging spiculose piliform scales continue on tarsomere I, tip of mid leg dark ochreous; hind femur white, hind tibia thinner than mid tibia, white, covered with long shiny white spiculose scales of different lengths; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, white with a black spot at sub-apex, apical spurs slightly shorter than tarsomere I, white, tarsomere I white, with dark ochreous sub-apical spot, covered with loose, thin, piliform scales, placed in two tufts of radially directed spiculose scales; tarsomere II dirty white with ochreous apical half, tarsomere III dirty white, tarsomeres IV – V dark fuscous, the tip of hind tarsus dark fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 76, 124): tergites fuscous or dark grey, except genital segments that are dirty white. Sternites light grey or white with a very strong silver shine. No lateral stripes are present. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised, corners of abdominal opening sharply angulated, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, as two spines approaching each other, reaching 1 / 3 part of segment II, terminating slightly anteriad than tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I; tergal apodemes are angulated and interrupted at the mid part, enter the mid of segment II with their sharp anterior apices. A melanised, slightly bent fold is present on sternum III. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 103). Papillae anales flattened, fused at lateral sides and immersed into the segment VIII. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broad bases and sharp, slightly bent apices, reaching the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores are not visible, the sclerotisation degree of segment VII is medial, sterigma simple, with lightly melanised trapezoidal lateral margins; the impressive, strong huge collicular sclerotisation is on antrum that continues as a frame along ductus bursae occupying more than a half of corpus bursae; ostium bursae opens at posterior margin of sternum VII; ductus bursae broad, only slightly narrower than corpus bursae, corpus bursae prolonged sac-shaped; the transition between corpus bursae and ductus bursae gradual, there is no distinction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae; a small star-shaped signum is present on sub-anterior part of corpus bursae; bulla seminalis and ductus seminalis are not perceptible. Individual variation: the species shows a rather expressive variation in forewing pattern: the colour of ornaments may vary from light ochreous, beige to dark grey. Also, the shape of ornaments is variable from more or less geometrical triangles till irregular patches or broad irregularly shaped stripes. Bionomics: This species feeds on Dyospyros calycantha O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae), a new host plant record for Gracillariidae (Fig. 134). The mining period is expected about the first decade of February. The flight period starts in the second decade of February. Mitogenomic data. The single sequence from the holotype of C. calycanthae sp. nov. is distinct from all other Cuphodes sequences and strongly supported as sister to C. drypette sp. nov. + C. niphadias (Fig. 637) in the non-synonymous data analyses DEGEN and AA, while recovered in the same position with weak statistical support in the CODON analysis. Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Northern Territory, Darwin. Etymology: The species name derives from the name of the host plant Dyospyros calycantha. It is a noun of the first declension in the genitive case, gender feminine.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA6CD1A43ADF323FD70FB85.taxon	description	(Fig. 48) “ Cuphodes didymosticha n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 53. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41572669	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA6CD1A43ADF323FD70FB85.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], North Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Cuphodes didymosticha Turner, 1940 the specimen (Fig. 48) without abdomen, but otherwise fully representing the species, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Cairns dist. / F. P. Dodd‘ (locality and collector’s name printed on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Phrixosceles / didymosticha / TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / C uphodes / didymosticha Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [5] SYNTYPE / no holotype designated / in original description / det. T. Pleines 2023 (printed on white paper), [6] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087189 ’ (printed on white paper), DNA sample (one leg) NULT 023347 (not successful), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype: 1 specimen: Paralectotype specimen 1, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Kuranda / F. P. Dodd‘ (locality and collector’s name printed on dark beige paper), [2] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes didymosticha / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087190 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Cuphodes didymosticha Turner, 1940. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as the ‘ Holotype’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitised by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen with the label data of the type locality is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Following the external characters this species belongs to the same species group with C. maculosa due to its beige ochreous with golden shine wing pattern without any particular ornamental decoration. Wingspan 4.0 – 4.7 mm; length of the forewing 1.8 – 2.1 mm. Head: vertex smooth, white with slight golden shine, occiput short, light ochreous, frons snowy white, shining, maxillary palpus short, porrect, with sharp apex; labial palpus rather long, ca. 2 × of the diameter of eye, slender, apices slightly upcurved, palpomeres distancing from each other; antenna slightly longer than forewing, bronzy shining, scape enlarged, dirty white with light ochreous spots with a couple of thin rather long pecten. Thorax: light ochreous with some yellow ochreous patches, tegula concolourous with thorax; ground colour of forewing yellow ochreous, the ornaments without any defined geometrical markings, with some irregular patches, and a row of short straight stripes at mid of dorsum; apical part of C. didymosticha is highly diagnostic: apical area is oval bordered with narrow but distinct interrupted transverse fascia with thin, long, ochreous horizontal apical stripe; apical area, termen and tornus margined by thick apical line; fringe line is not perceptible; hindwing in males is diagnostic since it is covered by dark fuscous scales. The combination of characters on apical part of forewing and dark fuscous hindwing in males makes this species diagnosable from many related Cuphode s species but not from C. lithographa, which is known only from two females and has very similar forewing ornamentation including almost identical apical pattern. Legs light ochreous with golden shine, without any particular markings or annulation. Note: the species might be sexually dimorphic, since the hindwings of male type specimens are light fuscous, and not light beige as usual for closely related species. Females of C. didymosticha are not discovered yet up to now. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: Only two male specimens belonging to this species are known. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1940: 53).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA1CD1943ADF3BFFE98FABD.taxon	description	(Figs 49, 50, 69, 70, 78 – 81, 90, 91, 104, 117, 125, 134, 637) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.21 ° S 130.52 ° E / Casuarina CR [Crescent] / Darwin em. [emerged] / 5 Feb. [February] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5758 / Drypetes / deplanchei, DNA sample NULT 024823, genitalia slide ANIC 6214, ANIC Acc. no 31 085582, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype 1 (♂): Australia N. T. [Northern Territory], 12.25 ° S 130.49 ° E, East Point NR [National Reserve], Darwin em. [emerged], 17 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5819, Diospyros calycantha, DNA sample NULT 022825, genitalia slide ANIC 6245, ANIC Acc. no 31 085581. Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This new species can be diagnosed by three character sets: ● Bionomics: Cuphodes drypette sp. nov. feeds on the host plant belonging to the family Putranjivaceae which is a new host plant family for Gracillariidae moths. The host plant genus Drypetes is also a new host plant genus for Gracillariidae moths. The host plant Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. of the new species Cuphodes drypette sp. nov. is an evergreen Australian native plant growing only in Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Western Australia), New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. However, it also feeds on another host, Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae), that is a host plant for two other Australian Cuphodes species: C. calycanthae sp. nov. and C. niphadias, so only the host Drypetes deplanchei can be diagnostic for the species C. drypette sp. nov. ● Mitogenomics: the two DNA sequences from the holotype and paratype are identical and maximally supported as sister to C. niphadias (Fig. 637), yet clearly distinct (more than 7 % uncorrected pairwise distance). ● Micromorphology of the last abdominal segments. Male and female genitalia of this new species are highly diagnostic. Uncus is highly setose like a big brush, valvae are complex with strongly protruded cucullus area and big semi-round sub-apical flaps. Transtilla broad and complete, saccus short, tongshaped. Females are highly diagnostic due to wrinkled, oval, semi-round sterigma; the oval corpus bursae with one ring-like signum helps to diagnose C. drypette sp. nov. easily from other congeneric species. In C. calycanthae colliculum is a frame shaped, signum on corpus bursae is small star-like with multi-radial rays situated on anterior part of corpus bursae; in C. niphadias signum is situated in the posterior part of the corpus bursae, a pear-shaped perimetral figure with sclerotised anterior appendage. Description: Wingspan ca. 4.1 mm; length of the forewing 1.9 mm (Figs 49, 50). Head (Figs 69, 70): vertex with a tuft of shining snowy white, lifted, brushed, piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two tufts of snowy white scales directed posteriorly. Frons concolourous with vertex, shiny smooth, consisting of thin, strongly pressed filiform scales; labrum is of the same shading and shining as frons. Maxillary palpus very short, hardly perceptible, white, with a very gentle golden shine. Labial palpus glabrous (without hanging piliform scales), thin, long, ca. as long as 2.5 × diameter of the eye, shining white, with slightly curved, sharply pointed apex. Proboscis light yellow. Antenna slightly longer (ca. 1 / 5 ×) than forewing, dirty white due to the intermixture of light ochreous longitudinal lines on each flagellomere, ventrally of the same shading as dorsally; pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, with a tiny spot of dark grey scales at posterior lateral side; scape shining white, dilated at margin with a ochreous spot on posterior lateral side, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 49, 50, 80, 81): snowy white, tegula white with golden ochreous bases. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, forewing slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour white with faint golden, light ochreous and yellow markings. The markings on the forewing can be divided into four groups: i) faint, broad, spot-like, without defined markings sub-basal fascia, ii) two more or less triangular-shaped ornaments on dorsal and costal margin meeting each other with their sides at mid of wing, iii) faint ochreous, short, strait, comma-shaped four stripes and a dot on costal margin at sub-dorsal area, iv) distinctive yellow apical patch with oblique basal margin, a narrow oblique, white, m-shaped stripe edged by black scales at tornal area crosses yellow patch; apical line not perceptible. The fringe line is not defined either, just a few black based scales are present on the apical part of the forewing. Fringe grey ochreous, matte, without shine, with the darkest shade at tornal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour fuscous with dark ochreous shading, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, concolourous with the colour of hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur white, fore tibia dirty white with two faint ochreous patches at sub-apical and apical areas, tarsomere I dirty white with light ochreous apex, tarsomere II dirty white with light ochreous base, tarsomeres III – V light ochreous, tip of leg light ochreous; mid femur white, mid tibia rather thick in comparison with other genera of Ornixolinae, white, covered with lose scales with long sharp thin spine like apices, tarsus rather thick, white, also covered with lose scales, long thin hanging spiculose scales continue on tarsomere I; hind femur white, hind tibia thinner than mid tibia, white, covered with long shiny white spiculose scales of different lengths; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, white with a line of black spots on inner margin, apical spurs slightly shorter than tarsomere I, white, tarsomere I white, with light ochreous apex, covered with lose, thin, piliform scales, radially directed and more dense on apical part of tarsomere I, tarsomeres II – IV white with light ochreous bases, covered less densely with lose shorter piliform scales hanging from apices of tarsomeres, terminal tarsomere with fuscous apex, tip of hind tarsus ochreous. Abdomen (Figs 78, 79, 117, 125): fuscous dorsally, tergites I – VI only top is fuscous, while lateral sides and sternites ventrally white. No stripes or any other markings are present on the lateral sides of tergites and sternites. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised, corners of abdominal opening gently rounded, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, reaching almost the mid part of segment II, terminating slightly anteriad than tergal apodemes, straight, slightly distancing from each other; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I with slightly broader bases that are sharply narrowing towards anterior part; tergal apodemes are slightly angulated / curved at the mid part, enter the mid of segment II; apical part of tergal apodemes sharp. A melanised slightly bent fold is present on sternum III in males and in females, anterior margin of sternum VI is melanised in males. In males two long bunches of androconial piliform scales, that stretch well beyond segment VII, initiate at sternum VI as two round openings; sternum VII with two broad folds that hold androconial bunches of piliform coremata. Segment VI in females is simple, without any specific markings, posterior margin of sternum VI in females is slightly stronger melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 90, 91): Tegumen narrow with strongly developed uncus which is a broad, strongly setose band, especially densely setose tip of uncus + tegumen; anal tube not perceptible; valvae complex, consisting of strongly protruded cucullus, covered with setose corona, and the semi-round, flap hanging at apical ventral margin of valvae; ventral margin of valvae covered with strong spiculose setae, except the sub-basal part that is setae free; a bunch of very strong but short setae is present at the basis of ventral margin of valvae; transtilla broad, complete with two forked lateral arms; vinculum strongly developed, V-shaped, with broad lateral sides that become narrower at central suture; saccus short but well developed, broad squared, with rounded anterior part. Aedeagus short, ca. twice shorter than valva with one broad strongly sclerotised cornutus running along almost the entire length of aedeagus with two short teeth at vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 104): Papillae anales flattened, fused and deeply immersed into segment VIII. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broad bases and blunt apices, entering the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores not perceptible; segment VII strongly sclerotised with oval, wrinkled and with broad lateral sides sterigma on central part of sternum VII; ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior part of sternum VII; surrounded by sterigmatic oval lamellae with very strongly short and bent lamella ante-vaginalis. Ductus bursae long, narrow, thread-like, melanised without any additional sclerotisations or markings; distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae, an oval ball-shaped, is very strong; corpus bursae with thick squamous walls; signum single, situated at basal 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, strongly sclerotised ring-shaped; bulla spermathecae small situated close to anterior margin of segment VII, ductus spermathecae very narrow, convoluted, enters ductus bursae just beyond the antrum. Individual variation: This species belongs to the complex of three closely related species newly discovered in Australia, that show slight variation in spots of wing pattern. This slight variation is considered intra-specific. The mitogenomic data define the boundaries for species as separate taxonomic units. Bionomics (Fig. 134): This species feeds on a native tree of eastern and northern Australia Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. (Putranjivaceae) new host plant record and new host plant family for Gracillariidae occurring in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island (see Taxon Profile of Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. | Florabase (dbca. wa. gov. au), Drypetes deplanchei | Flora of Australia (ala. org. au), and Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae). The latter host plant is a tropical rain forest plant, native to Western Australia (Taxon Profile of Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz | Florabase (dbca. wa. gov. au) and occurs in Western Australia and Northern territory (Diospyros calycantha (lucidcentral. org). Mining period from early until mid-February. Flight period of the moth species starts about the first week of February. Mitogenomic data: See diagnosis above. Distribution: Known from two localities in Australia: Northern Territory, in the surroundings of Darwin. Etymology: The species epithet refers to the name of the genus of the host plant Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris). In Greek it means ripened on the tree, from the word ‘ drys’ δρῦς (a tree, or strictly, an oak) adding a diminutive suffice - ette in feminine gender. The moth species name drypette is a noun in apposition, gender feminine, which is in accordance following the generic name Cuphodes, a noun of the fifth declension, gender feminine (Art. 31.2 of the ICZN).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA2CD1743ADF267FD70FCED.taxon	description	(Figs 51, 71, 92, 93, 105, 118, 126, 637) Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. “ Cuphodes habrophanes n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 54. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41572670	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA2CD1743ADF267FD70FCED.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: 9 syntypes (♂ and ♀), (3 syntypes in ANIC (Canberra )). The six remaining syntypes are probably overseas. We have no data about their location. Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Cuphodes habrophanes Turner, 1940 the female specimen (Fig. 51) of which the full mitochondrial genome is available, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 25 - 6 - 24 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ’ Phrixosceles / habrophanes / TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / C uphodes / habrophanes Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 075714 ’ (printed on white paper), DNA sample NULT 023587, genitalia slide ANIC 6277, in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotypes 2 specimens: Paralectotype specimen 1, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 29 - 9 - 28 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher specimen / Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC- 16250 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 250 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes habrophanes / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053585 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 2 (Fig. 71), without abdomen: [1] ‘ Brisbane / Q. [Queensland] 14 - 9 - 12 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher specimen / Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC- 16249 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 249 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes habrophanes / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053584 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Additional specimen examined: Specimen 1 (♂): Queensland, Rockhampton, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 04 January 1948, leg. I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 023462, genitalia slide ANIC 6276, ANIC Acc. no 31 075715, in ANIC (Canberra) (Figs 92, 93). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: This species is a sister species to Cuphodes maculosa. Wingspan 7.4 – 7.6 mm; length of the forewing 3.3 – 3.5 mm (Fig. 51). Head (Fig. 71): vertex covered with short, piliform, tightly pressed scales, occiput with two lateral tufts of white, short, pressed piliform scales directed towards the mid of occiput; maxillary palpus short, slightly shorter that the basal palpomere of labial palpus, stout, shining white with sharp apex; labial palpus slender, distancing from each other, white, with sharp apices; antenna light beige, ca. 1 / 4 longer than the length of forewing, pedicel is ca. 2 × larger than the following flagellomere, scape is enlarged basally and apically, partly covering eyes, white with lemon yellowish base, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Fig. 51): white with light yellowish shading, tegula snowy white. Forewing shape slightly narrowing at sub-apex; forewing ground colour whitish creamy with golden shine, tiny ochreous spots, and dashes sprinkled all over the forewing without any geometrical pattern, a dark stripe is present on tornus; apical line short, very clearly defined, present only at termen; fringe line not perceptible. Hindwing very narrow, ochreous greyish, with bronze shine, apex sharp; mid legs very densely covered with long hanging or erect scales — species group diagnostic character; hind tibia and especially hind tarsomere I, covered with stout dense, sharply pointed spiculose scales — a diagnostic character for species-group; base of hind tarsus with dark ochreous ring — species-linked diagnostic character. Abdomen (Figs 118, 126): yellowish beige dorsally, tergites I – VI only top is pale yellow, while lateral sides and sternites ventrally white. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised, slightly concave, corners of abdominal opening angled, heavily sclerotised, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, reaching almost the mid part of segment II, straight, slightly distancing from each other, with sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I with broader bases, a short appendix is present at the basal part of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes are slightly angulated / curved at the mid part, terminate beyond the mid of segment II with sharp apices. A melanised slightly bent fold is present on sternum III in males and in females; in males, sternum VII with a long narrow curved sclerotised bow, tergum VII with an area covered with tiny spiculae. Segment VI in females simple, without any specific markings, posterior margin of sternum VI in females with a narrow slightly stronger sclerotised margin. Male genitalia (Figs 92, 93). Tegumen narrow with glabrous but strongly developed uncus, forming a strongly sclerotised structure tegumen + uncus, that is longer than valva; anal tube clearly visible, blunt with tiny tuberculate sclerotisations; valvae rather simple, both margins costal and ventral run parallel each other, apex broadly rounded, ventral margin of valva with a broad, strong fold, covered with tubercules and strong, straight, erect, spiculose setae, the sub-apical part of ventral fold carries two rows short, thick, arrow-tip-like sclerotisations / appendages, the same type of sclerotisations / appendages are present at sub-apical ventral surface of the valva, valval basal apodemes long, reaching each other and even crossing each other, making a strong support of transvalval cavity; transtilla broad, complete as a bow with enlarged anterior part; another supportive trans- bow originates from joints of valva with vinculum that supports the dorsal part of male genital capsule; vinculum strongly developed, V-shaped, with broad lateral sides that become narrower at central suture; saccus short but well developed, as narrow short, digitiform appendage. Aedeagus long, ca. as long as valva, tubular with gently narrowing vesica, coecum as prolonged bulbed appendix, cornutus very broad, running along the entire length of vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 105). Papillae anales flattened, fused by their internal lateral sides. Segment VIII very short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broader that abruptly changes to smoothly narrowing apical part of apophyses posteriores; apices of apophyses posteriores reach the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores almost 1.5 × as long as apophyses posteriores, repeat in shape the apophyses posteriores, with broader basal part that abruptly changes to narrow apical part; segment VII strongly sclerotised with lighter trapezoid part at mid of sternum VII; ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior part of sternum VII; a short postvaginal suture present at sternum VII behind the antrum; antrum funnel-shaped, sclerotised. Ductus bursae long, of mid girth, melanised without any additional sclerotisations or markings. The distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae, which is oval, is strong; an irregular shaped narrow sclerotisation is present on the joint between corpus bursae and ductus bursae; corpus bursae with thick squamous wall; signum single, situated at mid part of corpus bursae, broad sclerotised oval patch in the mid of tuberculate area of corpus bursae wall; ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae at the joint of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Cuphodes + habrophanes & sea rchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The DNA sequences of the lectotype and an additional specimen don’t differ, despite the specimens having been collected about 300 km apart. Cuphodes habrophanes is very strongly supported as sister to C. maculosa (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1940: 54).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFACCD1443ADF497FC82F9C5.taxon	description	(Figs 52, 53, 94, 95, 106, 119, 127, 637) “ Phrixosceles holoteles, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 185 – 186. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407214	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFACCD1443ADF497FC82F9C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Eumundi, near Nambour. Type specimens: Holotype, 7 paratypes (♂ and ♀), coll. Turner, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype: abdomen missing: [1] Eumundi / Q. [Queensland] / Mar. [arch]. [2] ANIC Database / 31 010796. [3] Cyphosticha / holoteles. Turn. TYPE. [4] HOLOTYPE / Cuphodes / holoteles Turn. Drypetes / deplanchei, DNA sample (two legs) NULT 023578 (not successful), in ANIC (Canberra) (Fig. 52). Paratypes 5 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): Queensland, Eumundi, March, DNA sample NULT 022746, genitalia slide ANIC 6273, ANIC Acc. no 31 075716. Paratype 2 (♂): same data, DNA sample NULT 022861, genitalia slide ANIC 6274, ANIC Acc. no 31 085617, in ANIC (Canberra) (Fig. 53). Paratype 3: same data, ANIC Acc. no 31 075814, Barcode of Life, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16243, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 243 - 11. Paratype 4: same data, ANIC Acc. no 31 053815, Barcode of Life, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16244, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 244 - 11. Paratype 5: same data, ANIC Acc. no 31 053816, Barcode of Life, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16245, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 245 - 11, in ANIC (Canberra). Diagnostic notes: Cuphodes holoteles like other Australian Cuphodes species is characterised by contrastive oblique fasciae at the sub-apical margin of the forewing. Differently from C. drypette sp. nov., C. holoteles has a much darker colouration, predominantly dark ochreous brown, that makes this species easily diagnosable. The male genitalia are diagnosed by a spinulose band on the ventral margin of the valva. Female genitalia are diagnostic by a simplified sterigma, thick ductus bursae and sac-shaped corpus bursae without signum. This character set easily separates C. holoteles from other Cuphodes lineages nested in the mitogenomic tree (Fig. 637). The sister taxon of C. holoteles is C. calycanthae sp. nov. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Highly externally distinctive species due to peculiar wing pattern as described below, that makes this species easily recognisable. Wingspan 5.0 – 5.6 mm; length of the forewing 2.3 – 2.5 mm (Figs 52, 53). Head: vertex light ochreous, occiput ochreous, frons shining white, maxillary palpus short, stout, with sharp apices, white; labial palpus slender, white, distancing from each other with curved and upraised apical parts; antenna light ochreous with strong silver shine, scape slightly flattened, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 52, 53): light ochreous, tegula concolourous with thorax, forewing ground colour white, with oblique (variable) interchanging in width and colouration fasciae. Ground colour of basal half of forewing white with ochreous transverse fasciae of different width; apical half with very broad transverse ochreous fascia variable in shape and thickness in different specimens, apical area bears fine horizontal lines — a character diagnostic for the genus Cuphodes. Apical spot is not perceptible except a short vertical white stripe on the ultimate apex of forewing, apical line absent, fringe line is absent, but the hanging fringe piliform scales at apex and tornus are darker. Legs bicolourous ochrous-white, light grey with strong metal shine; hind tibia and basal segments of tarsus thickly covered with erected, stout, spiculose scales. Abdomen (Figs 119, 127): fuscous dorsally, tergites dark brown with orange shading. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised with broader unsclerotised margin abdominal plate, corners of abdominal opening sharply angulated, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are short, reduced, with sharp apices, hardly visible; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, with bent concavely at the mid part, terminating with sharp apices just beyond the mid of segment II. In males the anterior S 8 is modified to triangular plate with gently rounded posterior part, androconial markings of two short brushes of piliform coremata and sclerotised semirings situated at the lateral sides of androconial anterior plate terminate the androconial sclerotisations. A bent melanised fold is present on sternum III in both sexes. Anterior margins of sterna IV – VI in females are slightly stronger melanised than the posterior ones. Male genitalia (Figs 94, 95). Tegumen narrow, as prolonged plate shaped with gently rounded anterior part, uncus developed as big bifolded plate shorter than tegumen, valvae sinoid, gently narrowing towards apex, with strongly sclerotised costa with gently rounded cucullus, cucullus is strongly setose, a small, but clearly visible lobe is present on apical ventral margin of valva, ventral margin especially the sub-ventral area covered with a row of thick strong setae of different length, transtilla complete, bow-shaped; vinculum strongly developed, V-shaped, with broad lateral folds, saccus short, with upraised sharp apex. Aedeagus long ca. as long as valva, with slightly narrower vesica, coecum small, smaller that the diameter of the aedeagus. Female genitalia (Fig. 106). Papillae anales flattened, fused and deeply immersed into segment VIII. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broad bases and blunt apices, entering the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII; apophyses anteriores rather long bent, initiating at the posterior margin of segment VII and almost reaching the anterior margin of segment VII; the sclerotisation degree of segment VII is medial, sterigma consists of narrow bow-shaped lamella post-vaginalis, lamella ante-vaginalis is a narrow sclerotised bow on the posterior margin of ostium bursae; ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior sector of sternum VII, antrum long, slightly sclerotised; the transition between corpus bursae and ductus bursae smooth; ductus bursae rather broad, widening towards corpus bursae, corpus bursae prolonged sac-shaped, signum absent; bulla seminalis small situated close the mid part of ductus bursae, ductus spermathecae very narrow, convoluted, enters ductus bursae just beyond the opening of ostium bursae. BOLD data: Record List | Public Data Portal | BOLDSYSTEMS GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The single sequence of a paratype is weakly supported as sister to C. calycanthae sp. nov. + (C. drypette sp. nov. + C. niphadias) (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 186).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFAFCD1543ADF180FC82FBA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 54) “ Phrixosceles lechriotoma, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 185. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407214	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFAFCD1543ADF180FC82FBA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], N. [orth] Q. [ueensland], Cardwell. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, coll. Turner, DNA sample NULT 022986, ANIC Acc. no 31 010797, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen examined: Holotype ♀, without abdomen: [labels verbatim] [1] Cardwell / 1900 Aug [ust]. [2] ANIC Database No / 31 010797. [3] Cyphosticha TYPE / lechriotoma. Turn. [4] HOLOTYPE / Cuphodes / lechriotoma Turn., in ANIC (Canberra) (Fig. 54). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.9 mm. This species is externally similar to C. holoteles. Both species share the white background colour at basal half of forewing, ochreous fasciate pattern at apical half of forewing (Fig. 54). Head: vertex and frons white, maxillary palpus short, stout, with sharp apices, white; labial palpus slender, white, distancing from each other with curved and upraised apical parts; antenna dark ochreous, scape slightly flattened, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Fig. 54): light ochreous, tegula concolourous with thorax, forewing with oblique (variable) interchanging in width and colouration fasciae, stripes and spots. Basal half of forewing white with ochreous narrow, consisting of one or two rows transverse fasciae, dorsal margin with short tiny stripes of different length and differently oriented; apical half is bordered by distinct oblique fascia, that very clearly separates basal and apical ornamentation markings; a diagnostic long horizontal yellow line runs from mid fascia to apex, apical spot absent, fringe line is represented by several darker short fringe scales present at termen of forewing. Mid legs and hind legs white with ochreous rings, clearly diagnosing C. lechriotoma from C. holoteles; hind tibiae and basal tarsi heavily covered with long hanging scales — an easily noticeable diagnostic character on sub-family level. Abdomen: No data. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 185).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFAECD1343ADF35BFE65FBE9.taxon	description	(Figs 55, 107, 128, 637) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Red Island Point, Cape York. Type specimen: Holotype ♀ (Fig. 55): [labels verbatim] [1] Red Is. [land] Point, / Cape York, Q. [Queensland] / 29 Mar [March] 1964 / I. F. B. Common / & M. S. Upton, DNA sample NULT 022870, genitalia slide ANIC 6278, ANIC Acc. no 31 085619, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis (Fig. 55): externally very similar to C. habrophanes due to the white forewing without any pattern, narrowing apical part of forewing, and thickly pilose mid legs. Both species C. leucoptera sp. nov. and C. habrophanes belong to the same species group. The diagnostic differences between both species are tiny, but noticeable as described below. Wingspan 5.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.6 mm. Based on mitogenomic characters C. leucoptera sp. nov. is the sister species to C. albomarginata. Head: vertex shiny white, occiput light ochrous at mid part, frons snowy white, with very strong silver lustre; maxillary palpus tiny, triangular, ca. 2 × smaller than basal labial palpomere; labial palpus slender, rather long, ca. 2 × as long as the diameter of eye, apical palpomere with sharp apex; antenna as long as forewing or slightly longer (it is broken in the examined specimen), snowy white, concolourous with vertex, with strong silver shine, pedicel slightly thickened but no longer as the following flagellomere; scape long, as long as ca. 3 – 4 regular flagellomeres, snowy white, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Fig. 55): snowy white, tegula white, concolourous with thorax and vertex; forewing shape with narrowed apical part, ground colour of forewing snowy white with several tiny irregular light ochreous spots speckled around the mid line of forewing; apical spot absent, apical line not perceptible; hindwing dirty white with very strong silver lustre, narrow, strongly sharpening towards apex. Fore legs with tiny dark ochreous spots at outer lateral side — a species linked diagnostic character; mid and hind legs white, without any specific markings, but heavily covered with piliform scales, especially mid legs, hind tibia thinner than mid tibia, with longer erected and stout scales, continuing on hind tarsomere I. Abdomen (Fig. 128): dirty white with silver shine; last abdominal segments with light fuscous shading. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is broadly melanised, corners of abdominal opening sharply angulated, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are long, ending slightly anteriorly of tergal apodemes, with sharp apices, well visible; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, with short, erect, digitiform appendix at basal part, slightly bent concavely at the mid part, terminating with sharp apices just beyond the mid of segment II. In females the posterior margin of sternum II strongly melanised; additional melanised fold is present in sub-posterior part of sternum II. Anterior margins of sterna III – VI in females are slightly stronger sclerotised than the posterior ones. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 107): Papillae anales flattened, fused and pressed anteriorly. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broad bases and blunt apices, entering the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores rather long, initiating at the posterior margin and almost reaching anterior margin of segment VII; the sclerotisation degree of segment VII is medial, sterigma consists of a trapezoid-shaped lamella post-vaginalis; ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior sector of sternum VII, antrum long, slightly sclerotised, funnel shaped at the initial part and ends with a strongly sclerotised ring encircling ductus bursae; the transition between corpus bursae and ductus bursae smooth; ductus bursae rather broad, widening towards corpus bursae, corpus bursae bulb-shaped; two signa in the form of prolonged sclerotised stripes are present: the first signum long, curved situated just anteriad the joint of ductus bursae to corpus bursae, the second signum short, straight, situated at sub-posterior sector, close to midline of corpus bursae, ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae just posteriad the ring on ductus bursae. Mitogenomic data: The single sequence of the holotype is very strongly supported by all analyses as a distinct but relatively close sister to C. albomarginata (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: Queensland, Red Island Point, Cape York. Etymology: The specific name is a compound word consisting of two Greek words ‘ λευκός (leukós) ’ meaning white and — ‘ πτερόν’ meaning wing. The name refers to the white forewings of this new species. It is a noun of the feminine gender in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA8CD1043ADF393FC1FFCA5.taxon	description	(Fig. 56) “ Phrixosceles lithographa, nov. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1912 b. Lepidoptera Heterocera (Tineae). Fam. Gracilariadae. In: Wytsman, P. (ed.): Genera Insectorum. Fascicule 128. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Imprimeurs-Éditeurs, 13. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 53165716	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFA8CD1043ADF393FC1FFCA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Cairns. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♀, BMNH (E) 1055698, 1406572, in NHMUK (London). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Phrixosceles lithographa Meyrick, 1912 the female specimen (Fig. 56) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [labels verbatim]: [1] Cairns / Queensland / F. P. D. 10.06. [2] Syntype. [3] litographa Meyr. [4] BMNH (E) ♯ 1055698. [5] Phrixosceles / lithographa / 2 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll., in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype (♀): without abdomen [labels verbatim]: [1] Cairns / Queensland / F. P. D. 10.06. [2] Syntype. [3] Phrixosceles / lithographa / 2 / 2 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. [4] BMNH (E) 1406572, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: externally very similar to C. didymosticha due to the white forewing with beige transverse narrow lines without any particular ornamentation. The most peculiar and diagnostic character is the apical part of the forewing: in both species the apex of forewing carries an oval spot with a narrow stripe in the middle; the oval spot is surrounded by brownish-beige scales. Both species C. lithographa and C. didymosticha belong to the same species group and it is not excluded that C. didymosticha even might be a subjective synonym of C. lithographa. Unfortunately, both character sets — genitalia and DNA characters of both species remain unknown. Both syntype specimens of C. lithographa are with abdomens. We look forward to the detailed internal and molecular investigation of this species. Wingspan ca. 7.2 mm; length of the forewing ca. 3.2 mm (Fig. 56). Head: vertex smooth, white with slight golden shine, occiput short, light ochreous, frons snowy white, shining, maxillary palpus short, porrect, with sharp apex; labial palpus rather long, ca. 2 × of the diameter of eye, slender, apices slightly upcurved, palpomeres distancing from each other; antenna slightly longer than forewing, bronzy shining, scape enlarged, dirty white. Thorax (Fig. 56): Thorax cannot be examined due to thick pin; ground colour of forewing light ochreous, the ornaments without any defined geometrical markings, with some irregular patches, lines; apical part of C. lithographa is highly diagnostic from all Cuphodes species except C. didymosticha: apical area is oval with narrow but distinct horizontal apical stripe; apical area, termen and tornus margined by thick apical line; fringe line is not perceptible; hindwing of the same shading as forewing. Legs light ochreous with golden shine, without any particular markings or annulation. Abdomen: pale beige dorsally with anterior terga VI – VIII dirty white. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Individual variation. Only two female specimens belonging to this species are known. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1912 b: 13 (footnote )).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFABCD6E43ADF45FFD70FA55.taxon	description	(Figs 57, 58, 72, 96, 97, 108, 120, 129, 637) “ Cuphodes maculosa n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 53.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFABCD6E43ADF45FFD70FA55.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens: 9 syntypes (♂ and ♀) (8 syntypes, in ANIC (Canberra )). Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Cuphodes maculosa Turner, 1940 the specimen (Fig. 57) without abdomen, but otherwise fully representing the species, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 24 - 6 - 24 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ’ Phrixosceles / maculosa / TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / C uphodes / maculosa Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [5] SYNTYPE / no holotype designated / in original description / det. T. Pleines 2023 (printed on white paper), [6] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087220 ’ (printed on white paper), DNA sample (one leg) NULT 022995 (not successful), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotypes 7 specimens: Paralectotype specimen 1, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 29 - 9 - 28 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher specimen / Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC- 16247 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 247 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053582 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 2, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 21 - 8 - 26 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher specimen / Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC- 16248 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 248 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053583 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 3, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 24 - 6 - 24 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087221 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 4, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 24 - 6 - 24 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087222 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 5, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 21 - 8 - 26 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087223 ’ (printed on white paper), DNA sample NULT 023116, genitalia slide ANIC 6279, in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 6 (Fig. 72), without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 20 - 8 - 26 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes maculosa / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 087224 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 7, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Bundaberg / Q. [Queensland] 20 - 8 - 26 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, Q. [ueensland] and date handwritten with black Indian ink), in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Cuphodes maculosa Turner, 1940. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as the ‘ Holotype’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimens with the same label data as of the lectotype are designated as the paralectotypes (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Other specimens examined that do not belong to the Type specimens: Specimen 1 (♀): Queensland, 26.1836 ° S 152.6624 ° E, Gympie, 22 km SE, Skyring Creek, 17 October 1975, leg. I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 022977, genitalia slide ANIC 6268, ANIC Acc. no 31 085614. Specimen 2 (♀): Queensland, 26.1836 ° S 152.6624 ° E, Gympie, 22 km SE, Skyring Creek, 17 October 1975, leg. I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 022737, genitalia slide ANIC 6266, ANIC Acc. no 31 085612 (Fig. 58). Specimen 3 (♂): 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 07 March 1948, leg. I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 022852, genitalia slide ANIC 6267, ANIC Acc. no 31 085613 (Fig. 57). Specimen 4: 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 07 March 1948, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16246, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 246 - 11, ANIC Acc. no 31 053581, leg. I. F. B. Common, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. This species might share the same species group with C. habrophanes, but the wing pattern of C. maculosa as described below is diagnostic. This species can be identified based on external characters, especially these of the forewing pattern, the presence of dark brown, almost black apex of tibia is a highly diagnostic character too; however, a better and more reliable character set for identification and diagnosis is found in micromorphology of genitalia (males and females) and mitogenomic data. Wingspan 5.5 – 6.1 mm; length of the forewing 2.6 – 2.9 mm (Figs 57, 58, 72, 96, 97). Head (Fig. 72): vertex smooth, white with slight golden shine, a lateral tuft of bright yellow erect scales above the eye, occiput dirty white with two tufts of dark brown scales directed posteriorly, frons smooth, shining white, scales are pressed in more or less rectangular shape; maxillary palpus super tiny, triangular, with slightly uplifted apex; labial palpus slender, gently curved upwards, with sharp apex. Antenna ca. 1 / 3 longer than forewing, light beige with golden shine, flagellomeres with slightly darker almost ochreous apices; apex of scape and base of pedicel black, the character, that makes this species easily diagnosable, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 57, 58): light ochreous, tegula light ochreous with white apices; ground colour of forewing yellow ochreous, the ornaments without any defined geometrical markings, but prolonged patches and stripes of different thickness and length and of lighter shading than the ground colour of forewing, sub-basal area of dorsal margin with irroration of black tiny dots; sub-apical are of forewing is marked by thin lack lines, the longest on costa; apical spot is a short stripe consisting of 2 – 3 vertical rows of black scales; apical line gently running around termen and tornus, fringe line only at tornus, a darker shaded short fringe is present at apex; all three pairs of legs and especially forelegs are thick, with rows of long hanging piliform scales, hind tibia with characteristic for Ornixolinae spiculose scales; black apices of hind tarsomeres is a species diagnostic character. Abdomen (Figs 120, 129): chestnut brown dorsally with strong ochreous shine of terga II – IV. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint concave, very narrowly sclerotised with broader dorsal and ventral parts of the joint; corners of abdominal opening gently rounded, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are strongly sclerotised with broader bases and sharply pointed apices almost reaching the mid of sternum II; tergal apodemes initiate at the sides of the margin on tergum I, very broad all along their length with sharped and hooked apical parts; terminating beyond the mid of segment II. In males, the anterior margin of sternum VI is narrowly but visibly sclerotised with a long, sclerotised, digitiform appendix at the midline of sternum VI, two bunches of long curved, piliform androconial brushes of coremata are present on sternum VII in males with an anterior conical androconial plate. Anterior segments of females without sclerotised markings. In both sexes anterior margin of sternum III with a slightly bent melanised band. Male genitalia (Figs 96, 97). Tegumen broad triangular with narrowly but strongly sclerotised margins; uncus and sub-scaphium well developed with small but clearly present gnathos carrying two narrow spiculose socii, valvae with very long curved and strong apodemes, transtilla is absent but the role of transverse support is taken by a very broad and sclerotised basal joint of tegumen; valvae equally broad along entire length, with short and blunt appendix at sacculus, apices of valvae gently rounded; ventral surface of valvae densely covered with long, thin setae, especially at ventral margin, cucullus is with narrow but visible flap, a bunch of strong, long spines is present at bases of valvae; vinculum narrow, U-shaped, with a mid-suture, clearly symmetrically dividing vinculum into equal parts, saccus developed, ca. as long as vinculum, narrow, straight with blunt anterior part. Aedeagus is very long, longer than the genital capsule, with prolonged coecum, and elongated sharply pointed vesica with single long cornutus, extending along the length of vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 108). Papillae anales flattened, fused mainly with their apical parts, immersed into segment VIII, and densely setose, especially lateral sides. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with slightly broader bases, short and narrow, apophyses anteriores with forked bases and thin, sharp, narrow apical parts, entering the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII; sterigmatic sclerotisation plate at posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII, with sclerotised semi-round lamella post-vaginalis, and slightly enlarged with two melanised folds lamella ante-vaginalis; ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior part of sternum VII, ductus bursae with funnel-shaped, melanised antrum, and strongly sclerotised ductus bursae, with two long invaginations; the distinction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae is clear and abrupt; corpus bursae sac-shaped with a relatively thin wall, carrying a long loop-shaped signum with tiny dental appendages; bulla spermathecae situated at the edge of segment VII; ductus spermathecae with three convolutions. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Cuphodes + maculosa & search Tax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data. The mitochondrial genomes of the four sampled specimens show no significant variation and are very strongly supported as a monophylum by all analyses. The species is strongly supported as sister to C. habrophanes (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1940: 53).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD5CD6F43ADF10FFC82FBA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 59) “ Grac. [ilaria] [sic] microta, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1894. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 18: 128. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16141966	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD5CD6F43ADF10FFC82FBA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: 1 specimen (gender unknown), ANIC Acc. no 31 010800, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype (abdomen missing, gender not determined) (Fig. 59): [1] ‘ Brisbane’ (printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Cyphosticha / microta Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Image’, [4] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Cyphosticha microta Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 010800 ’ [printed on white hard paper], DNA sample (two legs) NULT 022764 (not successful), in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation (Fig. 59): Highly diagnostic species due to complexity of wing pattern that is unique for Cuphodes species. Wingspan 6.7 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 mm. Head: vertex brown, labial palpus long as in other Cuphodes species, distancing from each other, light beige with dark ochreous marking at the apical part of palpomere II, outer margin of terminal palpomere is also dark; antenna long, ca. 25 % longer than forewing, dark brown dorsally, scape ochreous with darker basal part. Thorax (Fig. 59): ochreous, tegula concolourous with thorax. Wing pattern is complex and highly diagnostic for this species: ground colour ochreous brown with complex ornamental pattern consisting of chestnut brown longitudinal, oblique, curved stripes and lines of different thickness and orange spots and triangular markings; costal area is marked by numerous small orange dots, separated by dark brown dots and stripes, mid sector of forewing is marked by a thick, rather long, dark brown stripe, dorsal basal sector is marked by two irregular orange spots edged with dark brown scales, the first triangular dorsal orange marking is just before mid of forewing, with top corner reaching beyond the midline of the forewing, the second dorsal triangular marking is just beyond the mid of forewing, with its top not reaching the midline of the forewing; apical sector is more intense orange, a curved shining line initiates at costal sub-apical area and terminates at sub-termen, connecting with bright whitish rather thick line that ends at apex of forewing, apical spot is not perceptible, likewise apical line (the ultimate tip of forewing is slightly damaged). Mid legs pilose, mid tibia orange covered by thick hanging filiform scales, mid tarsus diagnostic with chess positioned dark brown and orange colours on tarsomeres: dark brown basal halves and brightly orange apical halves. Hind leg brown, hind tibia carries a bunch of heavily hanging dark brown scales that might serve as a diagnostic character of this species. BOLD data: No data GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1894: 128).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD4CD6D43ADF36CFB50FC5D.taxon	description	(Figs 60, 73, 74, 82, 109, 110, 130, 134, 637) “ Phrixosceles niphadias, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 186. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407215	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD4CD6D43ADF36CFB50FC5D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], N. [orth] Q. [ueensland], Cairns. Type specimens: Holotype, 2 paratypes (♂ and ♀), coll. Turner; in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype: without abdomen (labels verbatim) [1] Cairns / 1900 Oct. [ober] [2] ANIC Database No. / 31 010798. [3] Cyphosticha TYPE / niphadias Turn. [4] HOLOTYPE / Cuphodes / niphadias Turn., DNA sample (one leg) NULT 023222, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional specimens examined: Specimen 1 (♀): Queensland: Cairns dist., F. P. Dodd, DNA sample NULT 023107, genitalia slide ANIC 6275, ANIC Acc. no 31 085618, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen 2 (♀): Australia N. T. [Northern Territory], 12.25 ° S 130.49 ° E, East Point NR [National Reserve], Darwin em. [emerged], 14 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5819, Diospyros calycantha, DNA sample NULT 023064, ANIC 6247, ANIC Acc. no 31 085591 (Figs 60, 73, 74, 82). Specimen 3 (♀): same collecting data except the date 15 February 1998. Host 5819. Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae), DNA sample NULT 022940, genitalia slide ANIC 6246, ANIC Acc. no 31 085592. 4 specimens: same collecting data. Specimen 8: same collecting data, except the date 17 February 1998. Specimen 9: same collecting data, except the date 16 February 1998. Specimen 10: same collecting data, except the date 15 February 1998, in ANIC (Canberra). Note: Three externally cryptic species C. calycanthae sp. nov., C. drypette sp. nov. and C. niphadias are involved in the series of 10 specimens collected in the same locality, in the same time period, and reared from the same host Diospyros calycanthae O. Schwarz (Ebenaceae). All three species can be easily diagnosed by internal morphology (female genitalia characters) and mitogenomics. Wing pattern ornamentation might vary and depend upon the freshness of specimens. Therefore, the correct identification can be performed only by dissection of specimens and / or studying their DNA. Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis. Cuphodes niphadias is similar externally to Cuphodes drypette sp. nov. and C. calycanthae sp. nov. All these three species cannot be identified based exclusively on external characters. For specific diagnosis micromorphology and / or mitogenomic DNA data are obligatory, since all three externally cryptic species occur in the same locality, mine or active as adults at the same time and feed on the same host plant Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz. (Ebenaceae). Following the female genital morphology C. niphadias and C. drypette sp. nov. share simplified sterigma on sternum VII, long narrow flexible ductus bursae with very clear distinction between ductus and corpus bursae, and thick squamous wall of corpus bursae. The diagnostic differences between both species are as follows: the position of ostium bursae: in C. niphadias it is situated on anterior margin of sternum VII, while in C. drypette sp. nov. it is situated in sub-posterior sector of sternum VII; sterigma is very simplified in C. niphadias, while in C. drypette sp. nov. it is an invagination with many melanised wrinkles. The biggest difference is in the shape of signum: in C. drypette sp. nov. is a small ring with slightly enlarged anterior side while in C. niphadias is a huge pyriform sclerotised structure occupying more than half of posterior sector of corpus bursae with large funnel-shaped anterior margin. Following the mitogenomic data Cuphodes niphadia s is the sister species of C. drypette sp. nov. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 4.4 – 6.1 mm; length of the forewing 2.0 – 2.9 mm (Figs 60, 73, 74). Head (Figs 73, 74): vertex with a tuft of shining snowy white, lifted, brushed, piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two fused tufts of snowy white scales directed posteriorly. Frons concolourous with vertex, shiny white, smooth, slightly darker ochreous tint on labrum. Maxillary palpus very short, hardly perceptible, white. Labial palpus glabrous, thin, long, ca. as long as 2.5 × diameter of the eye, shining white, with slightly curved, sharply pointed apex. Proboscis light yellow. Antenna slightly (ca. 1 / 5 ×) longer than forewing, dirty white anteriorly and light ochreous posteriorly, ventrally of the same shading as dorsally, dirty white anteriorly and light ochreous posteriorly; pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, with a tiny spot of dark grey scales at posterior lateral side; scape shining white, dilated at margin with a small ochreous spot on posterior lateral side, a few long shining white pecten present. Thorax (Fig. 60, 83): snowy white, tegula white with golden ochreous bases. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, forewing slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour white with faint golden, light ochreous and yellow markings. Three short abrupted golden ochreous costal and dorsal stripes form the basal group of ornaments, thin, curved, irregularly shaped lines form the distinct group of ornaments at the mid of forewing, a distinctive yellow apical patch with oblique basal margin with a narrow m-shaped white stripe crossing this sub-apical patch is the most eye catching: apical line not perceptible. The fringe line is not defined. Fringe grey ochreous, matte, without shine, with the darkest shade at tornal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour fuscous with dark ochreous shading, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, concolourous with the colour of hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur white, fore tibia dirty white with ochreous fuscous epiphysis, tarsomeres unicoloured ochreous fuscous; mid femur and tibia white with golden shine, mid tibia rather thick covered with lose scales with long sharp thin spiculose apices, tarsus rather thick, white, also covered with lose scales, long thin hanging spiculose scales continue on tarsomere I, tip of mid leg dark ochreous; hind femur white, hind tibia thinner than mid tibia, white, covered with long shiny white spiculose scales of different lengths; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, white with a black spot at sub-apex, apical spurs slightly shorter than tarsomere I, white, tarsomere I white, with dark ochreous sub-apical spot, covered with loose, thin, piliform scales, placed in two tufts of radially directed spiculose scales; tarsomere II dirty white with ochreous apical half, tarsomere III dirty white, tarsomeres IV – V dark fuscous, the tip of hind tarsus dark fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 82, 130): tergites fuscous or dark grey, except genital segments that are dirty white. Sternites light grey or white with a very strong silver shine. No lateral stripes are present. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, opening itself is triangular, ventral crossing joint very slightly concave, very narrowly sclerotised; corners of abdominal opening gently rounded, with tiny triangular appendages, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are sclerotised, thin, short, with very sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at the sides of the margin on tergum I, slender, strongly bent at midden part, entering the posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; a horizontal mid fold is present on tergum I and tergum II. Sternum VI in females without any sclerotisations. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 109, 110): Papillae anales flattened, fused with their ventral surfaces? and deeply immersed into segment VIII. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with broad bases sharply narrowing towards slightly bent apices, that enter the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores not perceptible; segment VII weakly sclerotised with open broad semiring along posterior margin of sternum VII, mid part of sternum VII open without any sterigmatic sclerotisations; ostium bursae opens at anterior margin of sternum VII, proceeded by short, strongly sclerotised funnel-shaped antrum; ductus bursae, narrow and flexible channel. Corpus bursae plum-shaped with thick melanised and tuberculose wall, signum is huge, occupying about half of the ventral surface of corpus bursae — pyriform with strongly sclerotised margins and enlarged, triangular anterior part. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae at the conjunction of ductus and corpus bursae. Individual variation: the species shows a rather wide variation in forewing pattern: the colour of ornaments may vary from light ochreous, beige to fuscous. Also, the shape of ornaments is variable from more or less geometrical triangles till irregular patchers or broad irregularly shaped stripes. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial genomes of the sequenced specimens show large intraspecific genetic differences of approximately 4 % uncorrected pairwise distance, which reflects the large geographic distance of approximately 1,700 km between the collecting sites (NT, Darwin and QLD, Cairns). While the monophyly of the species as here considered is maximally supported by all analyses, additional specimens need to be sequenced to determine if the present specimens belong to a single or two species. The species as here considered is sister to C. drypette sp. nov., maximally supported in all analyses (Fig. 637). Bionomics. Cuphodes niphadias feeds on Diospyros calycantha (Fig. 134), new record. The mining period is expected about the first decade of February. The flight period starts in the second decade of February. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 186); Northern Territory, Darwin, new record.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD6CD6B43ADF307FC82F951.taxon	description	(Figs 61, 62, 98, 99, 111, 112, 121, 131, 637) “ Cyphosticha pandoxa, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 186 – 187. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407215	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD6CD6B43ADF307FC82F951.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Stradbroke Island. Type specimen: Type ♀, coll. Turner, ANIC Acc. no 31 010801, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀ (Fig. 62), Australia, Queensland, Stradbroke Island, 27.5323 ° S 153.4626 ° E, 30 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil, DNA sample NULT 025080, genitalia slide ANIC 6231, ANIC Acc. no 31 010801, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional specimens: Specimen 1 (♂): Queensland: Rockhampton, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 27 - 08 - 1948, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16253, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 253 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., ID: 31 053588. Specimen 2 (♂) (Fig. 61): Rockhampton, Frenchville, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 21 - 08 - 1973, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16254, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 254 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 024966, genitalia slide ANIC 6230, ANIC Acc. no 31 053589. Specimen 3 (♀): Byfield, 22.8299 ° S 150.6382 ° E, 09 - 03 - 1948, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16255, BOLD Proc; ID: ANICY 255 - 11, leg. Common I. F. B., ID: 31 053590. Specimen 4 (♂): Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 14 - 03 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B, DNA sample NULT 025202, genitalia slide ANIC 6232, ANIC Acc. no 31 085601. Specimen 5 (♀): ditto label data, 03 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.4 – 7.0 mm; forewing length 3.1 – 3.4 mm (Figs 61, 62, 98, 99). Externally and following molecular mitogenomic data C. pandoxa is closely related to C. callimacha. Head: vertex smooth with lemon yellow shading towards occiput; occiput with two lateral tufts of filiform scales directed radially; frons smooth, snowy shining white, labial palpomere very long, ca. 3 × longer than the diameter of eye, bent laterally, with sharply pointed apices; antenna very long, ca. 1.5 × longer than the forewing, scape thick, brown, partly with tiny appendix at ventral side. Thorax (Figs 61, 62): lemon yellow; a narrow stripe on costal margin of forewing is absent in C. pandoxa, while it is present in C. callimacha, the ornamental markings on the dorsal margin are of intense lemon yellow colour, while in C. callimacha those markings are white or with very light yellow shading; the markings in C. pandoxa are with gently rounded anterior edges, the markings in C. pandoxa are not as one band like in C. callimacha but are strictly divided into two, which are separated by intermediate brightly ochreous spot; the second marking in C. pandoxa is terminated by brightly ochreous triangular spot which is edged with black scales and situated on dorsal margin at tornal area, such spot is absent in C. callimacha. The apical part is diagnostic also: in C. pandoxa is brightly ochreous with a clearly distinctive round black apical spot, in C. callimacha the costal edge of the apical part is white and the apical area is dark brown. Hindwing brownish ochreous with long, as long as hind tibia at the base of dorsal margin fringe of the same colour as the hindwing. Legs in C. pandoxa are ochreous, mid tibia with a tuft of black hanging piliform scales, hind tibia light ochreous with a ridge of spiculose scales; legs in C. callimacha are dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 121, 131): dark ochreous dorsally with brown lateral sides. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, opening itself is broadly triangular, ventral crossing joint concave, very narrowly sclerotised; corners of abdominal opening gently rounded, with tiny triangular appendages, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are sclerotised, thin, entering almost mid of sternum II, with very sharp apices; sternal apodemes border the sternal plate from lateral sides; tergal apodemes initiate at the sides of the margin on tergum I, slender, slightly bent, at mid part approaching each other, extending beyond the sternal plate, entering the posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; a horizontal mid fold is present on tergum I and tergum II. In males, sternum VII with transverse curved sclerotised line and anterior part carries a pair of androconial lateral triangular puffed protrusions. Two pairs of androconial brushes of long beige brown piliform coremata are present on the lateral sides of sternum VII. The anterior part of sternum VII carries a semi-oval anterior plate with irregularly dentated margins. Dorsally, this plate is covered by a triangular plate of tightly pressed lamellar scales. Sternum VI in females without any sclerotisations. Male genitalia (Figs 98, 99): Tegumen broad triangular with sclerotised margins and sharp ending uncus carrying two socii; each of them ends with a long sharp, thin spiculose seta; sub-scaphium well developed, forked at base, and with narrowly fused apex; sub-scaphium densely setose with short stout setae directed radially; basal half of tegumen is also covered with scobination of tiny setae; valvae rather straight, costal and ventral margins run parallel to each other; basal apodemes long, do not meet each other; anterior parts of valvae are biforked with very deep indentation; sub-apical costal part and cucullus are setose, cucullus covered with short erect setae and subapical part of costal valval margin carries a brush of long setae that are directed toward the base of valva; ventral surface of valva is setose, on sub-apical ventral margin of valva, just before the split a second brush of strong long setae that are directed toward the base of valva is present; transtilla absent but the transverse support of the genital capsule is taken by the basal transverse joint of vinculum; vinculum strongly developed, V-shaped with broad lateral sides; vinculum consists of two clear symmetrical parts with strong mid suture; saccus very short, a small digitiform appendage. Aedeagus ca. as long as valva, with a very clear distinction between main body, vesica and coecum; anellus small, narrow, encircles base of vesica; vesica blunt, tuberculose; main body narrowing towards coecum, cornute absent; coecum wrinkled, irregular, without any particular shape. Female genitalia (Figs 111, 112): papillae anales fused and deeply inserted into segment VIII; anterior surface of papillae anales covered with long setae; apophyses posteriores mid-sized, with broad bases and blunt apices reaching the mid of segment VIII; apophyses anteriores ca. twice shorter than apophyses posteriores, with broad ringed bases and blunt digitiform apical part that just enters the posterior margin of segment VII. Segment VII trapezoid shaped, without sterigmatic sclerotisations but with deep indentation at anterior margin of sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens at anterior margin of sternum VII without surrounding sterigmatic sclerotisations; antrum moderately melanised. The peculiarity of this species is that ductus seminalis has a strong sclerotised holster that keeps also ductus bursae at anterior half and joint with corpus bursae; corpus bursae bulla-shaped, with thin, transparent wall without signum. BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Cyphosticha % 20 pandoxa % 22 [tax] GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = pandoxa Mitogenomic data. The mitochondrial genomes of the holotype from QLD, Stradbroke Island and of the two specimens from QLD, Rockhamption show no significant genetic divergence, despite the geographic distance of approximately 600 km. The species is very strongly supported as sister to the clade C. callimacha + C. pyrochroma (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 187).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD0CD6843ADF00BFC0AFB59.taxon	description	(Fig. 63) “ Phrixosceles profluens, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1916 a. Exotic Microlepidoptera, Marlborough 1 (20): 623 – 624. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10440551	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD0CD6843ADF00BFC0AFB59.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [India], Bengal [recte Bihar], Pusa. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1406664, genitalia slide 22238 ♂, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Pusa / Bengal / TBF 3.09. [2] Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290. [3] Holotype (Fig. 63). [4] profluens Meyr. / B. M. ♂ / Genitalia slide / No. 22238. [5] Phrixosceles / profluens / 1 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. [6] BMNH (E) 1406664, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Length of the forewing ca. 3.5 mm, wing span ca. 7.7 mm. (Fig. 63) Head: vertex with a tuft of shining snowy white, brushed, piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two snowy white fused tufts directed posteriorly. Frons white with intermixture of ochreous scales. Labial palpus glabrous, rather thick, long, ca. as long as 2.5 × diameter of the eye, white with a couple of ochreous spots on inner and outer sides lateral sides, with slightly curved, with blunt apex. Antenna broken; scape ochreous. Thorax (Fig. 63): creamy white, tegula dark ochreous, with darker shading proximately. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, forewing slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour ochreous of different shading and some irregular spots. Dorsal margin white with irregular anterior part; apical patch / stripe absent, apical line very narrow, but distinctive. The fringe line is very clearly defined. Fringe grey ochreous, matte, without shine, with the darkest shade at tornal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour ochreous with dark ochreous shade at the base, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, significantly lighter than the colour of hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. One mid-leg is present which is light fuscous in shading and snowy white at terminal tarsomeres. Abdomen: No data. Male genitalia: Genitalia slide 22238 ♂, NHMUK (London). Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: Fabaceae: Vachellia nilotica (L.) P. J. H. Hurter & Mabb. (Robinson et al. 2001: 131) Note: Vachellia nilotica is a naturalised weed of national significance and an invasive species in Australia (Flora of Australia see https: // profiles. ala. org. au / opus / foa / profile / Vachellia % 20 nilotica). It occurs in Western Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, and Queensland. Distribution: Australia (Nielsen & Kumata 1996: 48 (introduced )).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD3CD6443ADF203FB26FBE9.taxon	description	(Figs 64, 65, 75, 100, 101, 113, 114, 122, 132, 637) “ Grac. [ilaria] pyrochroma, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1894. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 18: 129. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16141967	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFD3CD6443ADF203FB26FBE9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia: Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: 5 syntypes (gender unknown), of which 2 (♂ and ♀) are in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Syntype 1 (Fig. 64): Australia, Queensland, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, No date, leg. Nihil, DNA sample NULT 025567, genitalia slide ANIC 6235, ANIC Acc. no 31 087225. Syntype 2: ditto label data, leg. Nihil, DNA sample NULT 025442, genitalia slide ANIC 6234, ANIC Acc. no 31 087226, in ANIC (Canberra). Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Gracillaria pyrochroma Turner, 1894 the male specimen (Fig. 64) in good condition, fully representing the species, of which the full mitochondrial genome is available, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Brisbane‘ (printed on light beige paper), [2] ’ Gracilaria [sic] pyrochroma TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE Gracilaria [sic] pyrochroma Turn. 1894 ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper); NULT 025567, genitalia slide ANIC 6235, ANIC Acc. no 31 087225, in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype: a female specimen from the syntype series in moderate condition carrying the following label: ‘ Brisbane’; NULT 025442, genitalia slide ANIC 6234, ANIC Acc. no 31 087226, in ANIC Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose to delineate this species-group taxon, and to delineate the genus-group taxon, because Cuphodes pyrochroma (Turner, 1894), comb. n. is the type species of the genus Cyphosticha Meyrick, 1907, syn. n. (= Cuphodes Meyrick, 1897). This designation will preserve the stability in the nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the male specimen indicated as the ‘ Holotype’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D), and the full mitochondrial genome of this particular specimen is studied (Fig. 64). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen with the same label data as of the lectotype is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Other examined specimens in Australia: Queensland: Specimen 1 (♂): Coolangatta, 28.1703 ° S 153.5305 ° E, 03 - 10 - 1915, leg. Nihil. Specimen 2 (♀): Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 31 - 08 - 1904, gen. prep. H 3, H 4, leg. Nihil (Fig. 75). Specimen 3 (♀) (Fig. 65): National Park, Low level, 27.828735 ° S 150.083771 ° E, 12 - 11 - 1925, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16251, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 251 - 11, leg. Nihil, DNA sample NULT 025327, genitalia slide ANIC 6233, ANIC Acc. no 31 053586, in ANIC (Canberra). New South Wales: Specimen 4: Rous, Richmond River, 28.8612 ° S 153.4095 ° E, 11 - 03 - 1923, without abdomen, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16252, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 252 - 11, leg. Robinson V. J., ID: 31 053587, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.5 – 7.3 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 – 3.4 mm (Figs 64, 65, 75, 100, 101). Head: vertex smooth, with yellow shading at occiput, occiput yellow, consisting of long yellow filiform scales, a tuft of dark brown short piliform scales at bases of antenna, frons snowy white with dark brown horizontal stripes initiating at the highest margin of the eye; such stripes are absent in C. callimacha and C. pandoxa; labial palpus slender, curved distally like other Cuphodes species, but in C. pyrochroma the inner side of terminal labial palpomere is marked with two dark brown spots. Antenna very long, ca. 1.5 × longer than the forewing, dirty white with silver shine, unicolourous, without any ringed markings, scape thick, yellow dorsally, with a narrow dark brown line crossing the scape at frontal view, this character is highly diagnostic for C. pyrochroma. Thorax (Figs 64, 65, 75): brightly yellow; wing venation of forewing with very strong R 2, followed by weak R 3, R 4, M 2, M 3, CuA 1 strong, but very thin, followed by weak CuA 2, and CuA 3, and CuP rudimentary, A 1 + 2 are well expressed; wing venation of hindwing with R 5 reaching almost the tip and with branched medial veins M 1, M 2, and M 3, CuA is well visible, but sclerotised weakly (Fig. 75); costal margin of forewing dark brown with a series of interchangeable dark brown and light fuscous spots, dorsal margin marked with a gently decreasing waving ornamentation, consisting of four waves — a distinctive diagnostic character for this species, forewing with sharply narrowing apex, apical spot present, but not perceptible since it is on a dark background (Figs 64, 65); hind tibia dirty white, with contrasting dark brown apex, an easily recognisable diagnostic character; hind tibia carries a row of short sharp spines — a character common to many Cuphodes species. Hind tibia with spines and erect piliform scales. Abdomen (Fig. 122): dirty ochreous on terga II – III, brownish fuscous on anterior segments; tips genital segments with light yellowish shading. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II narrowly but strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is narrow, slightly concave, corners of abdominal opening sharply angulated, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are short, ca. as long as 1 / 5 of the length of the tergal apodemes, spiculose, clearly visible, with sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, with erect, very short and thin digitiform appendix at basal part, slightly bent concavely at the mid part, terminating with sinusoid apices at sub-posterior part segment II. In males, anterior segment VII carries two pairs of long piliform androconial coremata on lateral sides, the mid part of sternum VII bears a transverse suture with parabola bent at central part; anterior part of segment VII with a tiny semi-oval flap which is finely margined and bears multiple tiny sclerotised tubercules. In females, any anterior sclerotisations are absent. Mid part of sterna in both sexes are slightly more densely melanised; the lateral sides of abdominal segments are speckled with tiny scobination. Male genitalia (Figs 100, 101, 132): Tegumen broad triangular with sclerotised margins; uncus and sub-scaphium well developed with forked at base and narrowly fused at apex gnathos carrying one spiculose socius; sub-scaphium densely setose with short stout setae directed radially; valvae with very long curved and strong basal apodemes, that form transverse support; transtilla is present connecting bases of valvae as a narrow horizontal bar with broadened ends; the role of transverse support is also taken by a very broad and sclerotised basal joint of tegumen; valvae equally broad along entire length, biforked at cucullus; sacculus is a very broad fold covering almost entire ventral surface of valva; ventral surface of valvae and especially costal sub-apical and ventral margins are densely covered with thin setae of different lengths, especially at ventral sub-costal and sub-saccular areas are densely setose; a group of thick, dentate digitiform, thick and strong setae is present on valval fold just before the split of apical fork; sacculus is with small but visible folded flap; vinculum V-shaped with broad lateral sides, that are folded into the genital capsule; without a mid-suture, saccus developed, but small — a tiny appendage with sharp apex. Aedeagus of mid length, thick, tubular, with wrinkled vesica; a sub-vesical area covered with tiny arrowhead-shaped sclerotisations; coecum is not distinctive from the body of aedeagus. Female genitalia (Figs 113, 114): Papillae anales fused with strongly sclerotised basal ring, apophyses posteriores initiate at the posterior margin of segment IX + X, with very broad basal part, angulated, sinuating entering the posterior ¼ of segment VIII; segment VIII strongly sclerotised, it is melanised more intense than segment VII, segment VIII carries very short bent apophyses anteriores that are “ hidden ” by the posterior part of sternum VII. Segment VII with a pair of lateral sterigmatic folds. The opening of ductus bursae at sub-posterior margin of segment VII, lamella post-vaginalis as tiny indentation on sternum VII; antrum widened, melanised, ductus bursae very narrow, thin at the initial part and gradually widens towards corpus bursae; no clear distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is present in shape except the termination of sclerotised sheath that encircles and keeps ductus bursae; sac-shaped, widening at anterior margin, without particular sclerotisations or signa on anterior part. Ductus spermathecae very narrow, with three convolutions, enters ductus bursae at anterior margin of segment VII. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Cyphosticha + pyrochroma & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The species is only weakly supported as sister to C. callimacha, with these two species and C. pandoxa forming a very strongly supported monophylum (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales (Turner 1940: 54), Queensland (Turner 1894: 129).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFDFCD7443ADF393FEA6FC15.taxon	description	(Fig. 66) “ Phrixosceles zophopasta, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 185. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407214	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFDFCD7443ADF393FEA6FC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Brisbane. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, coll. Turner, ANIC Acc. no 31 010799, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: without abdomen [labels verbatim] [1] Brisbane / 21 - 9 - 07. [2] ANIC Database No. / 31 010799. [3] Cyphosticha TYPE / zophopasta Turn. [4] HOLOTYPE / Cyphosticha / zophopasta Turn., DNA sample (one leg) NULT 022755 (not successful), in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Length of the forewing ca. 1.6 mm (Fig. 66). Head: vertex snowy white, smooth, brushed. Antenna as long as forewing, light ochreous. Thorax (Fig. 66): tegula dark ochreous, with darker shading proximately. Forewing narrowly elongated, the costal and dorsal margins run parallel, slightly narrowing at apex, ground colour is white with irroration of many irregular ochreous spots of different size; the dorsal margin is richer with spots that are bigger than on the costal and sub-costal areas. Apical patch / stripe absent, apical line not perceptible. The fringe line is not defined. Fringe ochreous, matte, without shine, with the darkest shade at the tornal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at the sub-apical part of the dorsal margin and again shortening towards the base of the forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour ochreous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, concolourous with the colour of the hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum. Mid legs with thick tibiae and tarsi with a brown patch at the sub-apical part of tibia, tarsus snowy white. Hind femur ochrous, rather slender, hind tibia with long erect piliform scales, tarsomere I white, tarsi white with narrow brown apical rings. Abdomen: No data. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: Known from the holotype only. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 185). 11. Diphtheroptila Vári, 1961	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFDFCD7443ADF393FEA6FC15.taxon	description	“ Diphtheroptila gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xix (key), 110. Type species: Acrocercops oxyloga Meyrick, 1928 a. Exotic Microlepidoptera 3: 408. By original designation. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Externally well recognised to the characteristic wing pattern of this genus consisting of oblique strigulae and fasciae. There is an exception: D. glochidiella sp. nov. resembles by the wing pattern of some species of Cuphodes, but it feeds on Glochidium sp. like many other Diphtheroptila species. Micromorphology reliably diagnoses closely related Diphtheroptila species. Wingspan ca. 5.8 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing ca. 2.6 – 3.4 mm. Head: Vertex smooth, two dark ochreous fuscous tufts of short piliform scales, directed radially or anteriorly on occiput; frons smooth. Maxillary palpus short, ca. as long as scape, erect labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, curved and slightly erect, basal palpomeres carry an exceptionally long tuft of piliform scales. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, not ringed, pedicel short, slightly smaller than the following flagellomere; scape with a bunch of rather short light ochreous pecten of different lengths. Thorax: Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour fuscous ochreous with ornamental pattern of dorsal stripes, strigulae or fasciae, forming a complex of typical ornamental design within the genus Diphtheroptila; apical spot rather small distinct, apical line very thin, black, continuous. Fringe shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. Hind tibia with a row of long erect impressive spines along tibia; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, apical spurs short. Abdomen: Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, especially the lateral sides, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised, corners of abdominal opening sharply angled, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, reaching almost half of segment II, terminating slightly anteriad of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at the end of lateral sclerotised margin on tergum I. Anterior segment VII in males with androconial characters. Male genitalia: Tegumen of medium size, gnathos well developed; valvae well developed, often with a hanging flap-like sclerotisation; transtilla usually incomplete; the posterior margin of vinculum fold often acts as juxta; vinculum broad and strongly sclerotised, consisting of two symmetrical parts that are fused; mid suture is very clearly visible; saccus well developed. Aedeagus almost as long as valva, thick; vesica usually bears a broad and strongly sclerotised cornutus. Female genitalia: Papillae anales flattened and fused, covered with short, stout and dense setae; apophyses posteriores short, rather thick, often with hooked apices; segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised but carries a broad basal semi-ring of apophyses anteriores. Segment VII is moderately sclerotised; sternum VII almost completely covered with lamellar sterigmatic sclerotisations often with well-developed lamella ante-vaginalis. Ductus bursae short or of medium length, broad, very often fully and strongly sclerotised; corpus bursae oval often with squamous or tuberculated wall all over the corpus bursae with one or two signa; ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae just before the joint with corpus bursae. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Diphtheroptila & searchTax = S earch + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Diphtheroptila Mitogenomic data: This genus is part of a moderately well-supported clade that’s recovered in all analyses and comprises additionally Polydema, Stomphastis and Crotona gen. n. Its position within this clade differs between analyses and is never strongly supported, being either sister to Stomphastis + Crotona gen. n. or additionally Polydema. The monophyly of this well-sampled genus is maximally supported by all phylogenetic analyses, but most relationships between its species are poorly supported, in line with the short internal branches that might indicate a recent, rapid radiation (Fig. 638). The genus is part of a moderately well supported clade that’s recovered in all analyses and comprises additionally Polydema, Stomphastis and Crotona gen. n. (Fig. 639), but its exact position within the group is uncertain (see diagnosis above). Bionomics: Phyllanthaceae: Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll, new record, B. sp., new record (D. breynella sp. nov.), Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (D. brideliae Vári, 1961), B. sp. (D. oxyloga (Meyrick, 1928 a )), Fluegge virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (D. breynella sp. nov., D. virosae sp. nov.), new record, Glochidion ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) F. M. Bailey (D. ochridorsellum (Meyrick, 1880 )), G. philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob, new record (D. glochidia sp. nov.), and G. sp. (D. cairna sp. nov., D. cornuta sp. nov., D. crotonella sp. nov., D. glochidia sp. nov., D. glochidiella sp. nov., D. virosae sp. nov.). Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa, Limpopo, Zimbabwe. Australian Region: Australia: Queensland, new record, New South Wales, Northern Territory, new record. Species richness: World: 13 species; Australian Region: 12 species. Australian species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFDFCD7443ADF393FEA6FC15.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Diphtheroptila oxyloga (Meyrick, 1928) (Figs 135, 136, 153, 154, 181, 182, 209, 210, 230, 232, 252, 262, 272, 638) “ Acrocercops oxyloga, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1928 a. Transvaal Museum Memoir 3 (13): 408. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 60297768	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFDFCD7443ADF393FEA6FC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality and collecting data: South Africa, Transvaal [Limpopo], Soutpansberg District, Louis Trichardt. Type specimen: Holotype ♀: Louis Trichardt, genitalia slide G 3383 ♀, wing preparation 3185, 28 January 1925, leg. A. J. T. Janse, in TMSA (Pretoria) (examined, see Vari 1961: pl. 12: Fig. 7, pl. 16: Fig. 2, pl. 32: Fig. 3, 4, pl. 58: Fig. 3, pl. 91: Fig. 3, pl. 108: Fig. 12, pl. 112: Fig. 4). Examined specimens: Specimen 2: South Africa: Limpopo, Louis Trichardt, 23.0462 ° S 29.9047 ° E Type No 349, 313, 28 January 1925, leg. A. J. T. Janse, in TMSA (Pretoria). KwaZulu-Natal. 3 Specimens: Margate, 30.8459 ° S, 30.3724 ° E, Ack. No. 2577, 20 January 1964, leg. L. Vári, genitalia preparations 9945, 9946. 3 specimens, same locality, Ac. No. 2577, Wing preparation 3749, 16 January 1964, leg. L. Vári. 3 specimens, same locality, Ac. No. 2577, 15 January 1964, leg. L. Vári, in TMSA (Pretoria). Zimbabwe: 3 specimens: Manicaland, Mount Selinda, 20 ° 27 ’ 3 ” S 32 ° 42 48 ” E, Ac. no. 1781, wing preparations 3105, 3161, 09 April 1956, leg. L. Vári, TMSA (Pretoria). Specimen (♂): same locality data, Ac. no: 1781, genitalia slide 7446 ♂, 20. iv. 1956, leg. L. Vári, in TMSA (Pretoria) (see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / DIPHOXYL). Examined specimens in Australia: Queensland: Specimen 1 (♂): 16.05 S 145.29 E, Cape Tribulation, Daintree Nat Pk [National Park], emg. [emerged] 21. January 1997, leg. T. & M. Kumata, Host 5590, DNA sample NULT 024939, genitalia slide ANIC 6207, ANIC Acc. no 31 085576. Specimen 2: head, left forewing and abdomen are missing, the exuvium of pupa present, Australia, Queensland, 16.05 S 145.29 E, Cape Tribulation, Daintree National Park, emerged 21 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5590. Specimen 3: antennae and abdomen are missing, same collecting data, except the date 22 January 1997. Specimen 4: abdomen is missing, same collecting data, except the date 23 January 1997. Specimen 5 (♂): same collecting data, except the date 24 January 1997. Specimen 6 (♂): same collecting data, except the date 21 January 1997, and the host 5589, DNA sample NULT 025053, genitalia slide ANIC 6208, ANIC Acc. no 31 085577. Specimen 7: without abdomen, same collecting and host plant data. Specimen 8 (♀): same collecting and host plant data. Specimen 9 (♀): same collecting and host plant data, except the date 20 January 1997. Specimen 10 (♀): same collecting and host plant data, except the date 23 January 1997, DNA sample NULT 025178, genitalia slide ANIC 6209, 31 085578, in ANIC. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: This species is externally the closest to Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov., D. crotonella sp. nov. and D. nix sp. nov., they can easily be confused even when the specimens belonging to those four species are put together. Very slight differences can be observed in dorsal markings: they are finer, more oblique, more contrasting on dorsal part in Diphtheroptila oxyloga; some slight differences are observed in ornamentation in apical / tornal area; in D. crotonella sp. nov. preapical fascia is semi-round, preceded by small tornal light beige round or semi-round spot, while in D. oxyloga the tornal area is marked by two narrow vertical irregular stripes preceded by small, short and narrow horizontal stripes. Two dark brown lines seen only from the frontal view are present on the scape. Bionomics might assist in species diagnosis. However, a more detailed study is still needed since the above-mentioned species are not monophagous or feed on host plants that still need to be identified. The distinguishing characters separating this group of species should be looked at in the internal micromorphology and mitogenomics. The female genitalia of D. oxyloga are strongly diagnostic: the joint of ductus and corpus bursae is marked by a heart-shaped swelling, corpus bursae bears two narrow short comma-shaped signa — unique characters for this species group. The male genitalia are also diagnostic with two horn-shaped gnathos and hanging flap-like sacculus. Redescription: Wingspan ca. 5.8 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.6 – 3.4 mm (Figs 135, 136). Head (Figs 153, 154): vertex smooth, fuscous ochreous, lightly dotted with darker irregular spots (seen at> 30 × magnification), two dark ochreous fuscous tufts of short piliform scales, directed radially or anteriorly on occiput. Frons light ochreous golden, a tuft of supressed, piliform, light ochreous piliform scales directed towards vertical mid line of frons, a dark brown line is continuing from antenna to scape, two dark brown lines, seen only from the frontal view of head, are present on scape; two dark ochreous lateral tufts of supressed piliform scales directed from lateral sides to the mid of frons situated below antennae next to eyes. Maxillary palpus short, ca. as long as scape, erect, dark ochreous at basal and white at apical halves. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, curved and slightly erect, basal palpomeres carry an exceptionally long tuft of ochreous, golden, fuscous and dirty white of piliform scales of different lengths with longest situated at the basal part of palpomere II, apical palpomere covered with rather loose but short, thin, dirty white with some grey shading scales; proboscis light yellow. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, fuscous brown, with very narrow shining golden apices, not ringed, ventrally ochreous brown with narrow longitudinal stripes on each flagellomere, pedicel short, slightly smaller than the following flagellomere, concolourous with flagellum, scape light ochreous golden posteriorly, light ochreous anteriorly; scape with a bunch of rather short light ochreous pecten of different lengths. Thorax (Figs 135, 136, 181, 182): thorax and tegula dark ochreous with golden shine. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour fuscous ochreous with indistinct ornamental pattern on costal half and clearly defined, but not contrasted ornamental pattern on dorsal half. First dorsal stripe indistinct at base of forewing, followed by a group of three stripes at sub-base, the last stripe is continued by mirror costal stripe forming a fascia with distinct dorsal part and indistinct costal part; the same pattern is repeated with the following group of stripes situated at the mid of forewing, in this group two apical stripes are met by the mirroring costal ornamentation forming a mid-fascia, with indistinct costal and distinct dorsal parts, the third group of stripes situated at sub-apical part of the forewing, they are met by a very thin costal angulated stripe, forming an angulated sub-apical fascia; the last group of small spots / stripes at tornal area, finishing the complex forewing pattern which generally follows the typical ornamental design of forewing within the genus Diphtheroptila; apical spot rather small distinct, surrounded by dark ochreous with golden shine background, apical line very thin, black, continuous. The fringe line is tripled, consisting of dirty white prolonged scales of different length with dark bases, black sub-apices and fuscous apices. Fringe shining grey shorter at tornus the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour grey with golden shine, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum. Forefemur is white with dark brown, oblique sub-basal stripe, foretibia fuscous, carrying dark ochreous epiphysis, tarsomere I is concolourous with tibia, while the rest of tarsomeres are concolourous with femur; mid femur fuscous at base and light fuscous ochreous at apical half, mid tibia light ochreous fuscous at base, mid tarsomeres grey fuscous with light ochreous apices, tibial spurs short, slightly shorter than tarsomere I, fuscous with grey apex; hind femur grey, hind tibia fuscous with a row of long erect impressive spines along tibia; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, grey, apical spurs short, grey, tarsomeres fuscous with golden ochreous apices, tip of hind tarsus dark grey. Abdomen (Figs 181, 182, 252, 262): fuscous dorsally, tergites I – III with lighter grey shading, sternites ventrally dirty white, four oblique dark brown stripes are present on lateral side of abdomen, genital segments are dirty grey. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, especially lateral sides, ventral crossing joint is very narrowly sclerotised, corners of abdominal opening sharply angled, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, reaching almost half of segment II, terminating slightly anteriad than tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at the end of lateral sclerotised margin on tergum I; each tergal apodeme with two thin sharp-ending appendages: one short one and the other twice longer than the first one tergal apodemes very lightly bent at sub-apical part, enter the mid of segment II; apical part of tergal apodemes sharp and hooked. Anterior segment VII in males with two narrow, sclerotised semi-rings which are the androconial characters. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females and III – VII in males narrowly and finely sclerotised. Posterior margin of segment VI in females also finely sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 209, 210): Tegumen of medium size, slightly shorter than valva, with lateral sides running parallel until sub-apical part, apex strongly triangular, gnathos well developed an strongly sclerotised with two gently bent but sharp ending horns; anal tube strongly protruding beyond the apex of tegumen; valvae very broad at basal part and sharply narrowing from mid part of valva to cucullus; costal margin of valva almost straight, with very few seldom planted setae, followed by strongly sclerotised suture on the internal surface of valvae; ventral margin with hanging flap-like sacculus, setae free except one tuft at base which consists of long, thin, laterally oriented setae; mid ventral margin and apical part of valvae densely setose; ventral valval suture extends till the end of saccular flap; transtilla incomplete; vinculum broad and strongly sclerotised, consisting of two symmetrical parts that are fused with broader parts and with two lateral folded parts; mid suture is very clearly visible; saccus short but well developed V-shaped, crossed by mid-suture with an extended narrow pointed anterior part. Aedeagus is ca. as long as valva, thick, well developed, with slightly narrowing vesica that ends with a digitiform appendix; vesica bears broad and strongly sclerotised spinulose area; coecum narrow, cylindrical. Female genitalia (Figs 230, 232): Papillae anales flattened and fused, covered with short, stout and dense setae; apophyses posteriores short, rather thick with hooked apices; segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised but carries a broad basal semi-ring of apophyses anteriores; the apical narrow part of apophyses anteriores is short, ca. as long as of apophyses posteriores, with sharp apices terminating in the posterior margin of segment VII. Segment VII is moderately sclerotised; posterior part of tergum VII is very strongly sclerotised; sternum VII almost completely covered with lamellar sterigmatic plate with enlarged midden part; ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior margin of sternum VII; lamella ante-vaginalis is funnel-shaped with gently rounded cup-shaped anterior part, while two lateral broad strongly sclerotised irregular margins with short appendices form the posterior part of sterigmatic structure. Ductus bursae of medium length, broad, fully and strongly sclerotised, with enlarged heart-shaped anterior part; corpus bursae oval with tuberculated wall all over the corpus bursae; two narrow, comma shaped signa of equal length are present; one at sub-anterior part of corpus bursae and the second at sub-posterior part bulla seminalis ca. 4 x smaller than corpus bursae, sac-shaped, melanised especially anterior part; ductus seminalis sclerotised, enters ductus bursae just before the joint with ductus bursae. Individual variation: there is a slight individual variation in the shape and obliqueness of forewing ornaments. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: D. oxyloga is robustly supported as sister to D. virosae sp. nov. + (D. nix sp. nov. + D. crotonella sp. nov.) (Fig. 638). Bionomics: Phyllanthaceae: Bridelia sp. (Vári 1961: 112). Bionomics in Australia (Fig. 272): Two recorded host plants of this species remain unidentified. Following the rearing data present in the ANIC collection, D. oxyloga is not monophagous, but from the general observation pattern, we conclude that it probably feeds on host plants belonging to the same genus of the family Phyllanthaceae. Mining period about mid of January. Adults are active in the last decade of January. Pupa: length including the body and antennae ca. 4.2 mm; pupal body length ca. 2.8 mm, length of metathoracic leg appendages 3.7 mm. Pupa shining light bronze, cocoon cutter is triangular with sharp standing appendage, galea, antenna, meso- and metathoracic legs and fore wing appendages with strong bronze shine, the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen moves freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case. Cocoon is transparent, oval, smooth at the posterior part and with tiny lateral wrinkles at the anterior part. Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa: Limpopo (Meyrick 1928 a: 408), KwaZulu-Natal, new record, Zimbabwe (Vári 1961: 112). Australian Region, new record: Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation. Note. The species was collected in Cape Tribulation in Queensland, Australia. Captain Cook named the area ‘ Cape Tribulation, ’ as this area “ began all our troubles. ” Undoubtedly there were ship travels and possible unintentional introduction of leaf-mining moths between Africa and Australia in the mid of the 18 th century. Cape Tribulation is in the oldest rainforest in the world, the Daintree. While described from South Africa, Diphtheroptila oxyloga is part of a rapid radiation of species in the rainforests of northern Queensland showing very short internal branches, morphologically hard to distinguish. It is very likely that D. oxyloga is native to Australia and was introduced to South Africa.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFCFCD7543ADF4CFFC08F951.taxon	description	(Figs 137, 211, 212, 253) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [1] ‘ Kuranda / 1900 Oct. [ober] ‘; [2] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053789 ’, [3] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16218 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 218 - 11 ’, DNA sample NULT 022728, genitalia slide ANIC 6259, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis. Many species belonging to Diphtheroptila cannot be diagnosed by external characters, neither by host plants. The external characters of this species remind of those of D. cairna sp. nov., D. glochidia sp. nov., D. nix sp. nov., D. oxyloga, and D. virosae sp. nov. The DNA sequencing of this tiny specimen of 123 years old was not successful. The very clear diagnostic characters should be searched in the internal morphological structures of male genitalia. Following the shape of valva and the general appearance of male genital capsule D. auris sp. nov. is most similar to the type species D. oxyloga. The major diagnostic differences between those two Diphtheroptila species are as follows: ● In D. auris sp. nov. tegumen is oval shaped, teguminal arms bent, narrowly sclerotised, approaching each other without sclerotised horn-shaped appendages; in D. oxyloga tegumen is broad rectangular-shaped with a triangular anterior part, teguminal arms straight, strongly sclerotised, running parallel to each other with sclerotised horn-shaped appendage. ● In D. auris sp. nov. sacculus with broad sclerotised fold; in D. oxyloga sacculus is shaped as a rectangular hanging flap. ● Vinculum in D. auris sp. nov. is broadly triangular V-shaped with a smooth transition to saccus; vinculum in D. oxyloga is broadly U-shaped with an abrupt distinction between vinculum and saccus. ● Aedeagus in D. auris sp. nov. is tubular shaped, midsized, ca. 8 × longer than broad; aedeagus in D. oxyloga is short, thick bulb-shaped, ca. 2.5 × longer than the broadest girth at coecum. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.8 mm; length of the forewing 3.2 mm (Fig. 137). Head: vertex white with light ochreous shading, occiput covered with stout, thin, piliform, light ochreous scales directed upward, frons white covered three V-shaped levels pressed piliform scales, labral covering semi-round. Maxillary palpus very small, porrect, terminal labial palpomere covered with small but loosely attached piliform scales. Labial palpus rather thick, as long as ca. 1.5 × diameter of the eye, white with fuscous patches on the apical sector of basal palpomere, small fuscous ochreous spot on the outer margin of mid palpomere, and an ochreous fuscous band on sub-apex of terminal palpomere; basal palpomere carries a tuft of long hanging piliform scales; scape of antenna with a spectacular row of hanging pecten. Thorax (Fig. 137): posterior part dirty white, tegula ochreous anteriorly and dirty white posteriorly, ground colour of forewing ochreous with complex irregular dirty white fasciae, stripes and patches, that resemble the forewing ornamentation of Diphtheroptila species, feeding on Phyllanthaceae plants; apical area of forewing semi-round, bright yellow ochreous with black apical stripe surrounded by dark brown scales, edged with fine apical line consisting on a row of black scales; fringe line broad, brownish fuscous, gently running round the apical margin, termen, and tornus, consisting of light ochreous piliform scales with broad brown apical part. Hindwing narrow with sharply pointed apex, fringe concolourous with hindwing, long, ca. 5 × longer than the width of forewing at base, gently increasing in length toward the base of hindwing. Mid femur light ochreous, mid tibia light beige with three fuscous markings, mid tarsus unicolourous, light grey, tibial spurs grey, ¼ shorter than tarsomere I; hind tibia ochreous grey with a characteristic row of stout spiculose scales running down on tarsomere I; medial spurs light ochreous, long, slightly shorter than hind tibia, apical spurs short, fuscous with blunt apices, hind tarsomeres dark fuscous with dirty white apices. Abdomen (Fig. 253): bronze-beige on tergites I – II, lighter shading on terga III – VI, anterior genital segment dirty white. The abdominal opening long, triangularly shaped, the margins of the abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, the ventral crossing joint is finely sclerotised, thin, twinned by the anterior margin of the sternal plate; the lateral sides of the sternal plate act as sternal apodemes; a lightly melanised joint connecting the lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I is present, which is an initiating point of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes sharply hooked at bases, thin, rather long, reaching sub-posterior part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes hooked. Anterior segment VII in males with one narrow, sclerotised semi-ring, and irregularly shaped anterior plate and invagination on sternum VI. The anterior margin of sternum VI is finely sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 211, 212). Teguminal arms bent, narrow sclerotised, approaching each other but not meeting each other; sub-scaphium strongly developed, protruding as a narrow blunt teguminal apical part; teguminal plate is oval, densely covered by tiny tubercules. Valvae gently appraised at cucullus, apical part gently rounded, a strongly sclerotised suture follows the costal margin, mid part of ventral surface is enlarged, covered with long slender setae, sacculus as strongly sclerotised prolonged fold, bases of which meets in the cavity of male genitalia forming the support of juxta; basal apodemes of costal valval margin long, meet each other in the genital cavity replacing the support function of transtilla; vinculum is well developed, broad, fully sclerotised, lateral sides folded; saccus short but well developed, V-shaped, broadly triangular. Aedeagus is slightly shorter than valva, mid-sized in girth, almost equally thick along its entire length, with one strongly sclerotised, thick cornutus, occupying the vesica almost entirely. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: (sic as Epicephala epimicta) https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 2 2 Epicephala % 20 epimicta % 22 [tax] GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: the specific name derives from the Latin word auris, meaning ear. The species’ name is formed by the resemblance of the shape of valva to the shape of the ear of a kangaroo. The species name is a noun in apposition of the feminine gender of the third declension in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFCECD7043ADF00BFCC9FB75.taxon	description	(Figs 138, 139, 155, 156, 183 – 187, 213, 214, 231, 233, 254, 263, 273, 279, 280, 638) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Berry Springs. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.42 S 130.59 E / Berry Springs em. [erged] / 2 Feb [February] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5792 / Breynia / cernua, DNA sample NULT 025123, genitalia slide ANIC 6174, ANIC Acc. no 31 085528, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 7 specimens (6 ♂, 1 ♀): Northern Territory: Paratype 1 (♀): same locality data as for the holotype, 08 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5798, DNA sample NULT 024683, genitalia slide ANIC 6201, ANIC Acc. no 31 085558, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Paratype 2 (♂): Queensland, 16.05 S 145.29 E, Cape Tribulation, Daintree NP, em. [erged] 22 March 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 6012, Breynia sp. (Phyllanthaceae). DNA sample NULT 025248, genitalia slide ANIC 6175, ANIC Acc. no 31 085554. Paratype 3 (♂): 17.26 S 145.58 E, Eubenangee Swamp, Nat [National] Pk [Park], em. [erged] 23 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5664 Breynia sp., DNA sample NULT 024674, genitalia slide ANIC 6193, ANIC Acc. no 31 085556. Paratype 4 (♂): same data, DNA sample NULT 024799, genitalia slide ANIC 6194, ANIC Acc. no 31 085557. Paratype 5 (♂): same data, DNA sample NULT 025503, genitalia slide ANIC 6192, ANIC Acc. no 31 085555. Paratype 6 (♂): same data, except the date 26 January 1997. Paratype 7 (♂): same data, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: All species belonging to the genus Diphtheroptila externally are very similar. Moreover, following mitogenomic data the very short branches show close affinities among the congeneric species. To facilitate the diagnosis and identification we compare the new species D. breynella sp. nov. with the two most resembling species D. cornuta sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov. Despite the fact that general ornaments resemble the pattern in D. breynella sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov., however stripes and patches in D. breynella sp. nov. are snowy white strongly contrasting with beige-grey ground colour. Furthermore, the ornamental dorsal stripes, lines and patches are shorter and thicker than in new D. virosae sp. nov. The white colour of vertex and thorax can be a good diagnostic character separating the new species from D. virosae sp. nov. though both species belong to the same species group. Hindwing colour is also beige in D. breynella sp. nov. and not grey as it is in D. virosae sp. nov. In general, the D. breynella sp. nov. is lighter, more beige than grey, with strikingly contrasting white dorsal stripes and patches. Wing pattern and ornaments within this group are variable. In D. breynella sp. nov. tegumen is rectangular, apices of valvae broadly round, saccular sclerotisation narrow and short, transtilla bent rectangular tape-like, saccus short and broadly round. In D. virosae sp. nov., species that feeds on the same host plant Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle, these micromorphological characters separate those two species. In D. virosae sp. nov. tegumen is clearly triangular, valvae with narrowing apices, saccular sclerotisation with a long narrow fold, transtilla with rounded lateral parts, saccus short but clearly triangular. Aedeagus is also diagnostic: in D. breynella sp. nov. the cornutus is biforked and a short digitiform appendix is present on vesica, in D. virosae sp. nov. aedeagus with a rod-like cornutus and appendix on vesica is absent. Female genitalia are diagnostic also especially in shape and number of signa: in D. breynella sp. nov. corpus bursae with one huge conus-shaped signum and in D. virosae sp. nov. two signa are present: one small comma-shaped and the other bigger more or less round with appendage. There are diagnostic differences in sclerotisations of ductus bursae and sterigma (see Figs 231, 233). Bionomics cannot serve for reliable diagnosis either, only it can assist partly. Both species D. breynella sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov. feed on the host plant belonging to the same plant species Flueggea virosa (Phyllanthaceae). The external diagnostic characters of D. breynella sp. nov. separating it from the closely resembling species D. cornuta sp. nov. are as follows: ● Two oblique stripes at basis of dorsal margin are present in D. cornuta sp. nov., such stripes are absent in D. breynella sp. nov. ● The ornaments in D. breynella sp. nov. are bright white, thicker, clearly defined, while in D. cornuta sp. nov. they are dirty white with blurred edges. ● Vertex in D. breynella sp. nov. is shiningly white while in D. cornuta sp. nov. it is light ochreous with darker midden part. The species-level diagnostic characters can be found only in the set of internal genital morphology and mitogenomics. Description: Wingspan 5.5 – 6.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.0 mm (Figs 138, 139). Head (Figs 155, 156): Vertex shiny snowy white with erect piliform scale projecting radially to all directions, occiput with two tufts of short white piliform scales, projecting posteriorly. Frons of the same colour as vertex, snowy white, covered with a bunch of suppressed scales, partly covering even eyes. Maxillary palpus white, slightly shorter than the first labial palpomere, with pointed apex. Labial palpus relatively long, drooping, with long white, some with greyish tips piliform scales of different length, hanging along the second palpomere, second palpomere widening in thickness with broader apical part, dirty white along outer lateral sides, terminal palpomere snowy white with sharply pointed apex, labial palpus ca. 2, 5 × longer than the eye. Antenna bright beige with light fuscous, consisting of fuscous piliform narrow scales forming longitudinal thin lines and lighter apices, ventrally uniformly light shining ochreous, pedicel short, approximately twice shorter than the second flagellomere, slightly darker in colour; scape dorsally white with brownish apex, ventrally almost white with 5 – 6 short, thick, white pecten. Thorax (Figs 138, 139, 183 – 187): white with ochreous anterior part, tegula ochreous at base, apical half white. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is bicoloured, grey-fuscous at costal part, and ochreous at dorsal part, wing ornamentation is also divided into costal and dorsal; on costa: basal part without any ornamentation, bright white spot at 1 / 2 of forewing followed by a row of seven spots of different shading of white and of different size; dorsal margin heavily decorated with shining white, short, reaching half of the forewing, broad, not edged stripes grouped by three as following: a basal spot on the basis of the dorsum, two groups consisting of three stripes follow the dorsal margin until the mid of forewing, a group of shorter irregular stripes not reaching the midline of the forewing, a group of tornal spots consisting of two bigger and two smaller spots, apical spot indistinct but present. The fringe line is dark fuscous and present only in tornal area; fringe long, at the distal part of dorsum, light grey, with light silver shine, and shorter at median part of the dorsum of the forewing, shading a little bit more ochreous towards the tornus of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light ochreous-fuscous, fringe short at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur is dark beige at the basis and light beige at apical part, fore tibia dirty white at the median part and ochreous fuscous in the apical part, tarsomeres light grey with darker apices; mid-femur light ochreous with light fuscous basal half, mid tibia ochreous with fuscous median part, mid tibia with a row of short stout brown spines stretching along the length of tibia, tibial spurs about as long as the first tarsomere, of the same colour as tibia and tarsus, tarsus dark fuscous with dirty white apices, not ringed, tip of tarsus ochreous; hind femur fuscous, hind tibia fuscous ochreous with short, stout, sharp, spines in a row at the inner side of tibia decreasing in size and even continuing on the first tarsomere, medial spurs dirty white, almost as long as hind tibia, apical spurs shorter than medial spurs, ca. 1 / 3 of the length of tarsomere I, tarsomeres light fuscous with dirty white apices, tip is dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 183 – 186, 254, 263): grey, terminal tergites and last genital segments of lighter colouration, sternites light ochreous; four broad, dark ochreous oblique stripes present on lateral sides of the abdomen. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, lateral sides sharply distancing towards posterior ends, ventral crossing joint very narrow, strongly sclerotised with hardly visible liftings at lateral sides; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, narrow, thin, bent; a lightly melanised joint connecting lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I is present, that is an initiating point of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes sharply hooked at bases, thin, straight, rather long, reaching midden part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes round. Anterior segment VI in females without sclerotisations; anterior segment VII in males with two narrow, sclerotised semi-rings which are the androconial characters. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females and III – VII as well as posterior margin of segment VII in males narrowly and finely melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 213, 214): Teguminal arms form more or less rectangular figure, uncus flexible, sclerotised only in the central part, tegumen with strongly sclerotised margins and central joint that is clearly visible; valvae slightly wider at central part and slightly narrower at cucullus, apices broadly and gently rounded; very strongly setose at mid and sub-apical margins with long, stout setae, basal part of sacculus carries a small but very obvious prolonged, dentate sclerotisation, transtilla incomplete, juxta as prolonged rectangular tape, vinculum well developed, consisting of two fused parts with a clearly visible and strongly sclerotised suture that ends with an arrow-shaped small projection; saccus small but present as a broadly sickle-shaped projection. Aedeagus short, thick, vesica triangular, with a gently rounded apex, carries a biforked cornutus and a digitiform projection; the distinction between vesica and coecum is very clear: vesica large, broad, triangular, coecum small with gently rounded anterior part. Female genitalia: Papillae anales flattened and fused, setose with stout thin setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, rather thick with blunt apices; segment VIII carries a very broad sclerotised basal semi-ringed sclerotisation of apophyses anteriores, anterior part of apophyses anteriores short, shorter than of apophyses posteriores, slender, sharpening anteriorly, terminating at posterior margin of segment VII; segment VII strongly melanised, sternum VII with tiny tubercle sclerotisations; ostium bursae opens at anterior part of sternum VII as a cup-like melanised opening, antrum and ductus bursae rather broad, colliculum strongly sclerotised entirely, with peculiar spiracle sclerotisation at mid of ductus bursae; transition between ductus bursae and corpus bursae without distinction, with strongly melanised, thin and long folds, anterior part of the wall of corpus bursae with visible scales, corpus bursae carries one very big conus-shaped and strongly sclerotised signum; ductus seminalis joins ductus bursae anteriorly sterigmatic spiracle sclerotisation. Individual variation: The Type specimens shows a slight variation in colour shading of ochreous and fuscous. Also, the colouration and patches on legs slightly differ in paratype specimens from ochreous grey to darker fuscous colouration. The ornamental pattern of the forewing is also variable from shorter thicker white stripes in the holotype to longer thinner stripes in the paratypes. However, the general ornamental design is the same in all specimens belonging to the Type specimens. In this treatment, we take a broader species concept accepting the fact that a broad intraspecific variation might exist in tropical Gracillariidae species and within Ornixolinae subfamily in particular (see implicit indication in De Prins et al. 2023). The variation is observed even in the internal morphology: valvae in type specimens can be of slightly different length and thickness, especially variable is the thickness of the vinculum. However, the general characteristics as described above are attributed to all type specimens that are presented in this study. Bionomics (Figs 273, 279, 280): The larva is not a monophagous leaf miner feeder, type specimens are reared from the genus Breynia (Phyllanthaceae) plant hosts; the holotype was reared from Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll. Arg. and the paratypes from an unidentified other Breynia species as well as from Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae) (Figs 279, 280). The mining period of this species can be long depending upon the geographical location and microclimate. The difference of emergence specimens is 46 days. Such a long mining period is rarely known from biological data records of tropical and even Palaearctic Gracillariidae species. Mitogenomic data: Although sampled extensively across its geographic distribution, the mitochondrial genomes of the Northern Territory and Queensland populations differ very little (about 1 % uncorrected pairwise distance), yet the differences to the closest relatives are substantial (about 8 % uncorrected pairwise distance), resulting in the monophyly of the species being maximally supported by all analyses. Relationships between most Diphtheroptila species are only poorly supported, including the sister relationship between D. breynella sp. nov. and the clade comprising D. glochidia sp. nov., D. oxyloga, D. virosae sp. nov., D. nix sp. nov. and D. crotonella sp. nov. (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known from two administrative regions in Australia: Northern Territory and Queensland. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the genus name of the host plant Breynia cernua (Poir.) Müll. It is an adjective in feminine gender with the diminutive suffix - ella.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFCBCD4F43ADF22FFED5F846.taxon	description	(Figs 140, 141, 157, 158, 188, 189, 215, 216, 234 – 236, 255, 264, 281, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype: ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 S 145.38 E / Kuranda / em. [erged] 16 Mar. [March] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 6030 / Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025275, genitalia slide ANIC 6198, ANIC Acc. no 31 085522, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 4 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): Australia, Queensland, 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E, Kuranda, emerged 17 March 1998, leg. T. & M. Kumata, Host 6030 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025390, genitalia slide ANIC 6199, ANIC Acc. no 31 085573. Paratype 2 (♂): Queensland, 16.92 ° S 145.77 ° E, Kuranda, Cairns, emerged 03 April 1991, leg. T. Kumata. Host 4215 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025150, genitalia slide ANIC 6197, ANIC Acc. no 31 085572. Paratype 3 (♂): same collecting data, emerged 02 April 1991, genitalia slide No Grc- 5693, T. Kumata, 1991, ANIC image, ANIC Acc. no 31 081107. Paratype 4 (♀): same collecting data, emerged 19 December 1999, leg. T. Kumata, larva feeds on Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 023277, genitalia slide ANIC 6309, ANIC Acc. no 31 085645, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional specimens not included in the type series: 4 specimens: Specimen 1 (♂): Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, emerged 03 April 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4215 Glochidion sp., Diphtheroptila det. T. Kumata 1999. Specimen 2: without abdomen, same data, except the date 21 March 1991, ANIC image, DNA sample, ANIC Acc. no 31 075734. Specimen 3: without abdomen, same collecting data, except the date 02 April 1991, ANIC image, DNA sample, ANIC Acc. no 31 075733. Specimen 4 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 03 April 1991. Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This is one of the four Diphtheroptila species belonging to the complex of Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae) feeding species sampled and reared in the area of Kuranda, Queensland. The host family Phyllanthaceae is the most common hostplant family for Ornixolinae and within this plant family the genera Glochidion and Phyllanthus serve as the most common host plants for Diphtheroptila species. This genus was represented only by one species in Australia before this study. Based on the specimens, prepared and preserved in the ANIC collection, we firmly can state that the gracillariid genus Diphtheroptila is species-rich in Australia and mostly feeds on Glochidion plants. The diagnosis based on external characters of species within this complex is difficult and cannot be performed referring only on one set of independent characters. Bionomics and the chronology of inter (intra-) specific biological activity plays the major role within the process of co-existence of several species feeding on the same genus of host plant and in the same area. Diphtheroptila cairna sp. nov. is very similar to the other three Glochidion feeding Diphtheroptila species but can be diagnosed rather easily by its paler brighter ground colour, thicker and clearly white irregular oblique stripes forming a median fascia, presence of a clear bent white stripe on tornus. However, these external morphological characters are not so well observable depending upon the condition of a specimen. The reliable diagnostic characters can be found in internal morphology of genitalia and mitogenomics. Male genitalia are strongly diagnostic for this species and due to complexity of folds and flaps as described below cannot be confused with other species. According to the female genitalia D. cairna sp. nov. mostly reminds the genital structure of D. glochidia sp. nov. In both species the ostium bursae broadly opens and it is situated on the sub-anterior part of sternum VII within an enringed cup of funnel-shaped sterigma. However, both species can be easily diagnosed by the shape of lamellae ante- and post-vaginalis. In D. cairna sp. nov. sterigma is funnel-shaped, with broad grooved lamella post-vaginalis, the lamella ante-vaginalis is clearly triangular, while in D. glochidia sp. nov. the posterior margin of lamella post-vaginalis is narrowing and lamella ante-vaginalis has a round cup-shaped sterigmatic sclerotisation. Description: Wingspan of the holotype 5.9 mm; length of the forewing 3.0 mm (Figs 140, 141). Head (Figs 157, 158): vertex grey beige, smooth, filiform scales of different length, occiput with two small lateral tufts of short grey beige, concolourous with vertex piliform scales, projecting posteriad. Frons light grey beige concolourous with vertex with golden shine, with clearly visible suture separating frons and labrum. Maxillary palpus short ca. as long as basal labial palpomere, dirty white. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, both palpus distancing from each other, with slightly erected apices, basal palpomere dark brown, median palpomere dirty white internally and greyish brown externally with long thin dirty white intermixed with ochreous hanging piliform scales, apical palpomere shining white, glabrous without a bunch of hanging piliform scales. Antenna light ochreous, flagellomeres with thin fuscous longitudinal lines with darker apices, ventrally uniformly light ochreous, pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the second flagellomere, concolourous with the following flagellomeres, scape light ochreous, with 9 longer and 5 – 6 shorter light ochreous pecten with a golden shine. Thorax (Figs 140, 141, 188, 189): tegula concolourous with vertex, light grey beige. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is ochreous-fuscous, with very clearly expressed prolonged apical spot enringed by triangular white spot at apex, and a long, thin white stripe following the tornal margin; wing ornamentation white contrasted from the ground colour with dorsal stripes almost crossing the forewing forming irregular curving or oblique fascia of different width; basal 1 / 3 of dorsum with a group of thick short white stripes, median part carries a group of three stripes, of which the longest is in the midden and forms an irregular fascia almost reaching the costal margin, sub-apical part consists of curved and oblique stripe followed by two sinusoid fasciae, apical line think but very clear forming a semi-round ornament with apical spot in the middle. The fringe line is black, gently following the apical margin, best seen at tornus; fringe long, unicoloured light grey, with light silver shine, shorter at distal part, the longest at median part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light ochreous-fuscous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur and fore tibia grey ochreous, fore tarsomere I ochreous with white median part, tarsomeres II – IV with ochreous basal and white apical parts, terminal tarsomere ochreous, tip of fore leg ochreous; mid femur ochreous, mid tibia ochreous with three white stripes sub-basal, sub-median and apical, tarsomeres fuscous, tip of mid tibia dark grey, median spurs short, less than half of length of first tarsomere, light grey; hind femur dirty white with light ochreous oblique sub-basal stripe, hind tibia light fuscous with short, stout, sharp, spines arranged in a row at inner side of tibia, medial spurs light grey, slightly shorter than hind tibia, apical spurs shorter than medial spurs, ca. 1 / 3 of the length of tarsomere I, fuscous, tarsomeres fuscous with dark grey apices, tip is light grey. Abdomen (Figs 188, 189, 255, 264): Tergites ochreous, lateral sides of abdomen (tergites and sternites) are dirty white with five oblique dark-ochreous stripes. Abdominal opening as an equilateral triangle, margins of abdominal opening on tergum I strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint with very narrow sclerotised anterior margin; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, straight, thin, entering beyond the anterior 1 / 3 of segment II; a lightly melanised sickle-shaped joint connects lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I, which is an initiating point of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes sharply hooked at bases, slender, with sharp spiculose appendage directed toward the inner cavity of abdominal opening; straight, rather long, reaching sub-posterior 1 / 3 part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes is blunt. The posterior margin of segment VI in females is finely marked by a narrow sclerotised line. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females and III – VII in males narrowly and finely melanised, intersegmental joins are broad and weakly melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 215, 216): Tegumen is shaped as an equilateral triangle with strongly sclerotised arms at the basal half and a clearly visible mid teguminal suture; two bulb-shaped swellings that can represent a tiny uncus are present at the sub-apical part of tegumen; anal tube strongly protruding, almost as long as tegumen itself, weaker sclerotised than teguminal arms, with triangular or blunt apex; basal half of valvae broader than the apical half of valvae with gentle sinuating transition; costal margin of apical half carries a row of thin, stout, rarely planted setae, that go round and become shorter on cucullus, more dense on the tuberculated sub-apical ventral margin of valvae; sub-apical part of valvae is covered by trapezoid internal fold, basal part of which carries 2 – 3 rows of very strong, thick, spiculose long setae, apical part of the fold borders prolonged sclerotisation that is situated at the sub-basal part of the inner surface of valvae; saccular part of valvae is with light fold and weakly sclerotised clavus; transtilla very weakly developed and in the illustrated paratype (Fig. 215) it is hardly perceptible; vinculum is well-developed, more or less V-shaped, with very broad lateral sides and gently rounded apical part, saccus short but clearly present, more or less broadly triangular, with strongly sclerotised two-forked anterior protrusion. Aedeagus short, broad, bottle-shaped, with two areas of cornuti: one cornutus as digitiform appendage, protruding the apical part of the aedeagus, the other at sub-apical part, more or less T-shaped with a spiculose horizontal sclerotisation that carries two sharp, dentiform spines. Female genitalia (Figs 234 – 236): Papillae anales fused and very strongly flattened, in two paratype specimens even immersed into the anterior part of segment VIII. Apophyses posteriores short, thick, blunt, with a small swelling at the mid part, entering the anterior part of segment VIII; apophyses anteriores with very broad laminate bases, that are relatively weakly sclerotised and sharply narrowing short, anterior part of apophyses anteriores that reach the posterior margin of segment VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised with gloving margin of sternum VII. Posterior margin of sternum VII with dense scobination. Ostium bursae opens in sub-anterior margin of sternum VII within a broad and deep funnel-shaped sterigmatic sclerotisation that occupies almost entirely central part of sternum VII; lamella post-vaginalis with two narrow but clearly observable furrows at the central part of sterigmatic sclerotisation. Colliculum + ductus bursae are strongly sclerotised, rather broad, with very clear distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae, which is marked by an oval strongly sclerotised plate; corpus bursae prolonged, sac-shaped with posterior part relatively smooth, marked by linear wrinkles, while in central and anterior part the wall of corpus bursae is covered with tiny squamous melanisations. A single signum is present as a small sclerotised spot at sub-anterior part of ductus bursae with sharply pointed triangular dentiform appendage. Bulla seminalis smaller than corpus bursae, ductus seminalis lightly sclerotised with longitudinal lines, enters ductus bursae just posterior the joint of ductus and corpus bursae. Individual variation: One female paratype emerged as a crippled specimen. The diagnosis and description above is based on the holotype and four paratypes. The additional four specimens are not included in the present species delineation. Bionomics (Fig. 281): A series of specimens is reared from the same host plant Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae) in the same locality, Kuranda. The mining period of D. cairna sp. nov. is about early or mid March to early April. Emerging time is from mid-March till early April. One female paratype specimen emerged mid-December in the same locality in Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns. This fact might indicate a possible second generation of this species. Mitogenomic data: The species is relatively closely related to D. djabu sp. nov., with very strong support for their sister relationship in all analyses (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known from the type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the locality of occurrence — Cairns — situated in tropical Far North Queensland. It is a noun in the nominative case, in feminine gender. The specific name is a noun in apposition to the generic name.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFF7CD4A43ADF7AEFC52F9B9.taxon	description	(Figs 142, 143, 159, 160, 190, 191, 217, 218, 237, 256, 265, 274, 282 – 284, 638) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.21 S 130.52 E / Darwin / Casuarina C. R. em. [erged] / 5 Feb 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5812 / Glochidion / sp., DNA sample NULT 025266, genitalia slide ANIC 6190, ANIC Acc. no 31 085527, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 5 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀) same locality data except the date 10 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5812, Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 025381, genitalia slide ANIC 6191, ANIC Acc. no 31 085567. Paratype 2: without abdomen, same data, except the date 8 February, 1998. Host 5756 Glochidion sp. Paratype 3 (♀): Northern Territory, 12.42 S 130.59 E, Berry Springs, em. [erged] 09 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5791 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025141, genitalia slide ANIC 6189, ANIC Acc. no 31 085569. Paratype 4 (♂) same locality data except the date 07 February 1998, Host 5791 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025026, genitalia slide ANIC 6188, ANIC Acc. no 31 085570, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Paratype 5 (♂): Kuranda, 16.49 S 145.38 E, em. [erged] 05 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5708 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 024665, genitalia slide ANIC 6185, ANIC Acc. no 31 085565, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species belongs to the same natural species group within the genus Diphtheroptila, feeding on Phyllanthaceae. It mostly reminds of D. breynella sp. nov., feeding on Breynia sp., due to contrasting forewing ornamentation. However, following the mitogenomic characteristics and internal morphology, it is the sister species of D. ochridorsellum (Meyrick, 1880). Though the general wing pattern of D. cornuta sp. nov. and D. breynella sp. nov. resembles each other, the diagnostic differences are detectable easily: transverse fasciae in D. cornuta sp. nov. are not interrupted, stripes and fascia are grouped together. In D. breynella sp. nov. the predominant forewing pattern is as follows: short, not reaching midline, parallelly oblique dorsal strigulae, arranged in a row on dorsum; fasciae in D. breynella sp. nov. are absent, or consisting of interrupted costal and dorsal strigulae which meet at the midline of the forewing. Vertex can serve for diagnosis as well: in D. cornuta sp. nov. it is smooth, with an intermixture of ochreous scales on occiput, while in D. breynella sp. nov. it is white, rough, piliform scales radially projecting. The most reliable diagnostic characters between both species are in two independent data sets: molecular and bionomics — D. cornuta sp. nov. feeds on Glochidion sp. while D. breynella sp. nov. feeds on Breynia sp. However, bionomics will not diagnose D. cornuta sp. nov. from other Diphtheroptila new species feeding on Glochidion spp. such as D. glochidia sp. nov., D. virosae sp. nov., and D. glochidiella sp. nov. Despite the fact that the wing pattern is variable, nevertheless it can serve to separate D. cornuta sp. nov. from related species feeding on the closely related plants belonging to the same genus Glochidion, due to its contrasting white fasciae and ornamental stripes. The unique specific diagnostic characters should be searched in the internal genital morphology, bionomics and mitogenomics. It is interesting to mention that D. cornuta sp. nov. from external characters resembles other Glochidion feeding Diphtheroptila species; however, from internal morphology it mostly resembles D. ochridorsellum. In male genitalia, both species possess a reduced tegumen, curved with straight and flat apices valvae, extremely well-developed sacculus and horn-shaped clavus. The diagnostic differences in internal male morphology between these two species are as follows: ● In D. ochridorsellum the clavus is a short thick bent appendage with blunt apex. In D. cornuta sp. nov. the clavus is long, bent, double, narrow horn-like appendages with sharp apices that reach the cucullus area. ● In D. ochridorsellum peniculus is ampulla-shaped with rounded anterior part; in D. cornuta sp. nov. it is arrow-shaped with sharp anterior part. ● In D. ochridorsellum vinculum is narrow, semi-round, saccus very narrow sickle-shaped, while in D. cornuta sp. nov. vinculum is rather broad, saccus is more or less triangular-shaped with a rounded anterior part. Females are more diagnostic than males separating these two sister species in the mitogenomic cladogram: ● In D. ochridorsellum lamella ante-vaginalis is U-shaped with broad posterior parts, while in D. cornuta sp. nov. lamella ante-vaginalis is bell-shaped, clearly rounded with broader anterior part. ● Sterigma is also diagnostic: in D. ochridorsellum sterigma is only in central part of sternum VII and it is bow-shaped, while in D. cornuta sp. nov. sterigma occupies almost entirely sternum VII with strongly sclerotised posterior margin which is W-shaped. ● Antrum / colliculum in D. ochridorsellum is covered by a fully sclerotised prolonged plate, while antrum / colliculum in D. cornuta sp. nov. only margins at the anterior part of the antral plate are strongly sclerotised. Description: Wingspan ca. 6.0 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing ca. 2.8 – 3.0 mm (Figs 142, 143). Head (Figs 159, 160): Vertex light ochreous smooth, with intermixture of ochreous fuscous piliform scales, initiating at occiput and radiating on vertex toward antenna; occiput with two tufts of piliform scales projecting to two directions: laterad and posteriorly. Frons white with some ochreous shading between the central part of the eyes. Maxillary palpus small, as long as about 2 / 3 the eye diameter, projecting anteriorly, bicoloured, basic palpomere dark brown and apical palpomere white, no hanging bunches or tufts of scales are visible. Labial palpus relatively long, as long as ca. 2 × of eye diameter, palpus gently distancing from each other, lightly lifted at apices, palpomere I and palpomere II equipped with long, hanging, dark ochreous scales from outwards and white drooping piliform scales from inner side, apical palpomere glabrous with sharp apex. Antenna ochreous with dirty white intermixed with dark ochreous prolonged scales forming tiny longitudinal lines, apices of flagellomeres light, flagellum not ringed, ventrally antenna light ochreous basally and darker ochreous, the same colour and shading as dorsal side, pedicel as long as the second flagellomere, dirty white dorsally with dark ochreous scales from anterior and posterior sides, slightly thicker at basis; scape dorsally and laterally white with intermixture of some ochreous scales at apical with 10 – 12 light ochreous pecten of different length. Thorax (Figs 142, 143, 190, 191): dirty white with intermixture of light ochreous, tegula ochreous with apical part. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour ochreous fuscous with lighter dorsal part, wing ornamentation might be variable not only among the specimens but also between right and left forewing. Forewing with two indistinct oblique light ochreous stripes at base of dorsum, complete or interrupted fascia with irregular edging at 1 / 3 of forewing, broader, oblique, transverse and irregular fascia just beyond of mid of forewing, two strigulae, dorsal and costal separated by an area of fuscous scales at distal 1 / 3 of forewing, bright white, semi-round apical spot on costal margin at apex, apical fuscous spot fused with fuscous sub-apical patch forming dark irregular, prolonged dark patch, four broader ochreous spots separated by irregular, thin ochreous lines and stripes on light dorsal margin; apex of forewing is edged by very thin fuscous line. The fringe line is dark fuscous, gently surrounding apex, termen and tornus; fringe long, at the sub-distal part of dorsum, light grey, with light silver shine, and shorter at median part of the dorsum of the forewing, unicoloured. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light ochreous-fuscous, fringe short at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur is dark ochreous, fore tibia dark ochreous dorsally and dirty white ventrally, tarsomere I fuscous ochreous with light median part, tarsomere II dirty white at basal part and fuscous at apical part, tarsomeres III – V fuscous at base and dirty white at apical part, tip of tarsus dark grey; mid-femur and tibia fuscous with prolonged light ochreous patches, apical spurs short, about 1 / 2 length of tarsomere I, light fuscous, tarsomere I grey with lighter basal and apical areas, terminal tarsomeres grey; hind femur three-coloured: white at basal and median areas, dark brown at sub-basal area, ochreous fuscous at apical area, hind tibia fuscous ochreous with short, stout, sharp, spines in a row at inner side of tibia decreasing in size and even continuing on the first tarsomere, medial spurs fuscous, almost as long as hind tibia, apical spurs short, ca. 1 / 3 of the length of tarsomere I, light grey, tarsomeres light fuscous with brushes of porrect short piliform scales at apices, tip is dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 190, 191, 256, 265): tergites dark ochreous, median part of sternites ochreous-white, lateral sides of abdomen (tergites and sternites) are dirty white with four oblique bronze-ochreous stripes. Abdominal opening as equilateral triangle, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint with very narrow sclerotised anterior margin; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, slightly bent, thin, entering anterior 1 / 3 of segment II; a lightly melanised sickle-shaped joint connects lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I, which is an initiating point of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes sharply hooked at bases, slender, straight, rather long, reaching sub-posterior 1 / 3 part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes is blunt. Anterior segment VI in females without sclerotisations; anterior segment VII in males with two narrow, sclerotised semi-rings. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females and III – VII in males narrowly and finely sclerotised, intersegmental joins are broad and weakly melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 217, 218): Tegumen short, but extremely strongly developed and sclerotised; teguminal arms are as very broad plates with curved inner margin; anal tube strongly protruding, extending as long as ca. 1 / 2 of valvae with narrow pyramidal apex; costal margin of valvae gently sinuating, cucullus gently round, corona with straightly cut margin making apices of valvae prolonged narrow plates when they are in closed position; ventral margin of valvae more or less straight, sub-apical and apical area very densely covered with long, stout, sharp, spiculose setae; basal part of valvae slightly folded; a strongly sclerotised claval appendage initiates at sub-basal part of ventral surface of valvae, the clavus is shaped as a pair (double), strongly sclerotised, bent, horn-shaped with sharp apices appendages; sacculus area extremely well-developed as broad folded plate with narrowing anterior part that reaches the setose margin of valvae; transtilla incomplete; basal parts of saccular appendages form juxta; peniculi as semi-oval plates with a pair of stout setae; vinculum is well-developed, U-shaped, anterior part broader, the anterior suture of vincular joint is very well observable, crossing the central part of vinculum; saccus short but well developed, more or less triangular with equal lateral margins, crossed by mid-suture with protruding digitiform appendage at the anterior part. Aedeagus is slightly longer that 1 / 2 of valva, broad, thick, well developed with extremely peculiar cornutus, consisting of one lateral digitiform appendage and a crest with a lot of branched and forked protuberances. Female genitalia (Fig. 237): Papillae anales fused and flattened, covered with long, thin, setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, broad, flattened with sharply hooked apices, terminating at posterior margin of segment VIII, segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised; apophyses anteriores initiate at segment VII at the posterior edge of sterigma on sternum VII, very short digitiform appendages, ca. 2 × shorter than posterior apophyses; segment VII moderately sclerotised, with folded broad sterigma occupying almost entirely sternum VII; the posterior margin of sterigma W-shaped, with broad intermediate joint, and with very strongly sclerotised broad posterior margin; ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior margin of sternum VII, enringed by fused circular lamella with very strongly sclerotised broad internal surface; antrum surrounded by a sclerotised collicular plate with open ended anterior part. Ductus bursae very short, gently transforming into long sac-shaped corpus bursae, with one triangular-shaped signum at sub-anterior anterior part; signum bears one short pointed projection; wall of corpus bursae with squamous melanised covering. Bulla seminalis significantly shorter and smaller than corpus bursae, ductus seminalis lightly sclerotised with longitudinal lines, enters ductus bursae at the joint of ductus and corpus bursae. Individual variation: Wing pattern is exceptionally variable among the specimens of the Type specimens, with irregular stripes, lines and patches. Despite the observed variation, it falls within the general description presented above. Bionomics (Figs 274, 282 – 284): The larvae were reared from four unidentified species of host plants belonging to the same plant genus Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae). The mining period is in early February. The flight period and adult activity start in the second decade of February. Mitogenomic data: The species is closely related to and maximally supported as sister of D. ochridorsellum (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known from three localities: two localities in the same administrative region of Australia: Northern Territory, and one locality in Queensland. Etymology: The specific name cornuta derives from the Latin word cornus, meaning horn. The name points to the horn-shaped clavus in male genitalia. It is an adjective in feminine gender.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFF1CD4843ADF163FC25F846.taxon	description	(Figs 144, 145, 161 – 163, 192 – 195, 219 – 221, 238 – 240, 257, 266, 275, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia Q [Queensland] / Kuranda / nr. Cairns / em. [emerged] 12. V. [May] 2005 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 6089 / Croton sp., DNA sample NULT 025062, genitalia slide ANIC 6216, ANIC Acc. no 31 085544, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 13 specimens, with 2 lose separate abdomens: Paratype 1: without abdomen, same collecting data as for the holotype, except the date 07 May 2005. Host 6089 Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae). Paratype 2 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 09 May 2005. Paratype 3 (♀): same collecting data. Paratype 4: without abdomen, same collecting data, except the date 08 May 2005. Paratype 5: without abdomen, same collecting data, except the date 06 May 2005. Paratype 6: without abdomen, same collecting data. Paratype 7 (♀): same collecting data. Paratype 8 (♂): same collecting data, except the date 06 May 2005, DNA sample NULT 025309, genitalia slide ANIC 6218, ANIC Acc. no 31 085583. Paratype 9 (♀): right antenna broken, same collecting data, except the date 09 May 2005, DNA sample NULT 025187, genitalia slide ANIC 6217, ANIC Acc. no 31 085584. Paratype 10 (♀): Queensland, 16.49 S 145.38 E, Kuranda em. [erged] 05 March 1998, leg. T. & M. Kumata, Host 5963, DNA sample NULT 025521, genitalia slide ANIC 6206, ANIC Acc. no 31 085575. Paratype 11: without abdomen, same data. Paratype 12 (♀): Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, em. [emerged] 23 December 1999, leg. T. Kumata, Host 6215 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025293, genitalia slide ANIC 6210, ANIC Acc. no 31 085579. Paratype 13 (♂): same collecting data, except the date 22 December 1999, DNA sample NULT 025415, genitalia slide ANIC 6211, ANIC Acc. no 31 085580, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen not included in the type series: without abdomen, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, em. [emerged] 22 December 1999, leg. T. Kumata, Host 6215 Glochidion sp., in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species is the closest to Diphtheroptila nix sp. nov. externally, by bionomics and by mitogenomics, and forms a complex of closely genetically, morphologically and biologically related species. In general, Diphtheroptila crotonella sp. nov. shows more variability in specimen size than D. nix sp. nov., however, it should be kept in mind that a longer series of type specimens is available for D. crotonella sp. nov. and D. nix sp. nov. type specimens were collected at the same spot, in the same period of the year, under the same micro climatic conditions. For tiny diagnostic differences in external morphology see the diagnosis and description of D. nix sp. nov. Internal morphology is highly diagnostic: shape of valvae, sclerotisation of ventral margin of valvae and especially the presence of eye catching angulated sclerotised structure on costal margin of valvae in D. crotonella sp. nov. leave no doubt about the distinctiveness of these two new species occurring simultaneously and feeding on the same host plant. Mitogenomic data visualize the close relationship of both species but leaves no doubt that two separate species-group taxa are involved. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.0 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.2 – 3.3 mm (Figs 144, 145). Head (Figs 161 – 163): vertex smooth, unicolourous, ochreous beige, covered with long piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two lateral tufts of radially directed piliform scales, concolourous with vertex. Frons ground colour concolourous with vertex, ochreous beige, speckled by small narrow stripes, two long brushes hang at lateral side of frons, next to eyes. Maxillary palpus very short, porrect, ochreous with ochreous fuscous apex. Labial palpus as long as ca. 2.5 × diameter of the eye, ochreous, with impressive tuft of hanging dark fuscous piliform scales of different lengths, terminal palpomere glabrous, fuscous from outer side, light ochreous from inner side. Proboscis ochreous, strongly rolled. Antenna slightly (ca. 1 / 4) longer than forewing, chocolate brown dorsally ochreous posteriorly, consisting of numerous tightly pressed, tiny, thin, piliform scales with light apices, ventrally ochreous beige; pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, dark ochreous; scape ochreous with two dark chocolate ochreous stripes observed from the anterior view, these stripes are prolongations of antennal pattern which from anterior view looks dark chocolate brown with bright light ochrous line running along antennal length; a few light beige pecten of different lengths hang at the base of pecten. Thorax (Figs 144, 145, 192 – 195): and tegula ochreous fuscous, concolourous with the ground colour of vertex. Forewing narrowly elongated, costal and dorsal margins run parallel, apex gently rounded, ground colour dark fuscous ochreous, shading is even darker at dorsal half of forewing, forewing with light ochreous narrow but distinct linear markings. Four groups of linear markings consisting of three except the apical one are present on the forewing: i) three short oblique stripes toward apex are present on the sub-basal part of the dorsal margin with a facing clear spot on the coastal margin; ii) three oblique complete or interrupted non-contrastive linear fascia at mid of forewing; iii) the group of angulated linear fascia at sub-apical part of forewing followed by iv) a group of two arched lines finalizing the pre-apical ornamental part of forewing; apical spot round, black, distinctly preceded by a narrow short ochreous stripe neighbouring the black apical spot; apical line narrow, fine with small interruptions. The fringe line is double, most expressed at tornal area, consisting of prolonged scales with dark fuscous bases and black apices. Fringe ochreous grey, with golden shine, with the darkest shade at sub-basal area, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour fuscous with dark ochreous shading, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, significantly lighter in shading than the colour of hindwing with bright golden shine, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur and fore tibia fuscous dorsally and light fuscous ventrally, tarsomere I dark fuscous, almost black, the rest of the tarsomeres light fuscous ochreous with dark bases and apices, tip of fore leg dark fuscous; mid femur and tibia ochreous fuscous with three prolonged oblique dirty ochreous stripes, tarsomeres dirty ochreous with dark fuscous bases and apices, tip of mid leg fuscous ochreous; hind femur ochreous, hind tibia fuscous, covered with mid-sized spines of similar length; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, light grey, apical spurs slightly shorter than tarsomere I, fuscous at base and dirty ochreous at apical 2 / 3, tarsomeres dark fuscous, with light grey or ochreous apices, the tip of hind tarsus light grey. Abdomen (Figs 192 – 195, 257, 266): Tergites I – III ochreous with golden shine, the rest of tergites ochreous grey, sternites light grey, with obvious five oblique dark brown stripes on lateral sides of abdomen. Abdominal opening broadly triangular with gently rounded posterior corners, lateral margins of abdominal opening strongly sclerotised, double lined, ventral crossing joint with narrowly sclerotised anterior margin that borders ventral sclerotised plate; sternal apodemes initiating at the round corners of abdominal opening are of mid length, thin, slightly bent, approaching each other with their apical parts, entering anterior 1 / 3 of segment II, tergal lateral sclerotisations of the abdominal opening at a distance from each other, forming two supportive lateral triangular sclerotisations, that are very characteristic for this species. Tergal connection between left and right mirroring sides is the anterior margin of melanised plate; the initiating point of tergal apodemes is the sub-anterior joint on tergum I, tergal apodemes have two short appendages at bases, and form an arrow-shaped basal sclerotised structure; tergal apodemes thin, straight, slightly approaching each other, rather long, reaching beyond the mid part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes sharp. Anterior margins of segments III – VII in males narrowly and finely melanised, segment VII with two ring-like androconial sclerotisations, posterior margin of segment VI in females with broad, diffuse but clearly observable sclerotisation. Male genitalia (Figs 219 – 221): Tegumen short, blunt with triangular uncus, short arms of uncus are fusing at the top; anal tube strongly protruding; valvae broad, the mid sector is the broadest part, gently tapering towards apex with broad round cucullus, ventral sub-apical margin densely setose, costal margin at sub-base with angulated, rather complex appendage; a narrow but sclerotised suture follows the costal margin of valvae; sacculus with narrow, but strongly sclerotised fold covered with tiny spiculae. Transtilla incomplete; the vincular lateral folds act as support; vinculum is strongly developed, U-shaped, consisting of two symmetrical rectangular plates with very clear suture in the mid of vinculum; saccus short but well developed, more or less triangular with equal lateral margins, crossed by mid-suture with protruding digitiform appendage with nicely rounded anterior part. Aedeagus ca. as long as valva, cylindrical, with gently rounded vesica, one curved cornutus at the main body of aedeagus, coecum semi round with one irregular small marking. Female genitalia (Figs 238 – 240): Papillae anales fused and strongly flattened, covered with long, thin, setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, of mid thickness with sharp apices, terminating at posterior margin of segment VIII, segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised; apophyses anteriores initiate at the posterior edge of segment VII, short, sharp, thin, with broad triangular apices; segment VII moderately sclerotised with two lobed or fused semicircular lamellae post-vaginalis and strongly sclerotised in several concentrical wrinkles lamella ante-vaginalis; ostium bursae opens at mid part of sternum VII, with conical antrum. Ductus bursae long broad, strongly sclerotised, of equal length along its main part, slightly puffed at the joint ductus bursae and corpus bursae with three sharp spines; corpus bursae long sac-shaped with wrinkled and melanised wall, a single sub-triangular signum with spiniform anterior part. Bulla seminalis rather big but about 3 × smaller than corpus bursae with lightly but visibly sclerotised ductus seminalis that enters the enlarged part of ductus bursae. Individual variation: the species is described based on rather long series of type specimens. A rather significant individual variation is observed in forewing pattern in shape, thickness and contrast of ornamental markings, especially linear markings can be interrupted, or in some parts only traceable. Bionomics (Fig. 275): This species feeds on an unidentified Croton species (Euphorbiaceae). This is the first confirmed record of a Diphtheroptila moth species feeding on plant family Euphorbiaceae. Diphtheroptila crotonella sp. nov. is not monophagous. It also feeds on Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae), a usual host for Diphtheroptila species, and on an unidentified Euphorbiaceae plant. Herbarium number 5963. The mining period is at the end of December, early March and the beginning of May. Most probably D. crotonella sp. nov. has several generations per season. Mitogenomic data: The species is maximally supported as sister to D. nix sp. nov. in all analyses (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific name derives from the generic name of the host plant of the holotype of this species with a diminutive suffix - ella. It is a noun of feminine gender in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFF2CD4643ADF7AEFB84F86D.taxon	description	(Figs 146, 164, 165, 196, 197, 241, 242, 267, 285, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 S 145.38 E / Kuranda / em. [emerged] 8 Mar. [March] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 5954, DNA sample NULT 024708, genitalia slide ANIC 6213, ANIC Acc. no 31 085523, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype 1 specimen: without abdomen, Australia, Queensland, 16.49 S 145.38 E, Kuranda, 5 March 1998, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5954, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species belongs to the complex of Diphtheroptila species that cannot easily be diagnosed based on external characters. Internal morphology, based on genitalia morphological characters, bionomics and mitogenomics are the character sets that serve to distinguish the species within the genus Diphtheroptila. In this particular case we diagnose D. djabu sp. nov. based on female genitalia characters, mitogenomics and with supportive information from bionomics. Nevertheless, despite the similarity in external characters and observed variability in wing pattern within the Diphtheroptila species, the absence of mid fascia of forewing might helps to diagnose the D. djabu sp. nov. from the similar-looking other Diphtheroptila species. The presence of a black spot on the frons is a unique character attributed only to D. djabu sp. nov. within this complex and assists a lot to separate this species from other ones within the complex. The forewing ornamentation within this new species is concentrated on the dorsal half of the forewing, while the costal half is without clearly defined ornaments. The evidence-based diagnostic characters within this D. djabu sp. nov. should be looked in internal morphology (differences in genitalia characters), and mitogenomics (genetic distances based on analysis of longer sequences). Following internal micromorphology of females D. djabu sp. nov. is the closest to D. cairna sp. nov. Both species possess a semi-round sclerotisation connecting ductus bursae and corpus bursae. However, sterigmatic pattern of sternum VII is different and diagnostic for each of the compared species. Sterigma (lamella post-vaginalis) of D. djabu sp. nov. reminds mostly the one of D. crotonella sp. nov. Both species possess fused semi-round sclerotisations on sternum VII, however the combination of other characters of female internal morphology, as described in the present article, diagnose both species easily. Herewith we present a short diagnosis based on the female genitalia diagnosing D. djabu sp. nov., D. cairna sp. nov. and D. crotonella sp. nov. All three species have a similar-looking spot-shaped signum, situated at the anterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, crossed with a sclerotised triangular dentate projection. All three species have strongly developed colliculum. A semi-round plate is present on the connection between ductus bursae and corpus bursae in D. djabu sp. nov. and D. cairna sp. nov. Such plate is absent in D. crotonella sp. nov. Posterior margin of sterigma is indented in D. djabu sp. nov. and D. crotonella sp. nov. Posterior margin of sterigma in D. cairna sp. nov. is almost straight and covered with curled mini spicules. In D. djabu sp. nov. ostium bursae is open, without developed lamella ante-vaginalis, while in D. cairna sp. nov. lamella ante-vaginalis is triangular, funnel-shaped; in D. crotonella sp. nov. lamella ante-vaginalis is concave with several (4 – 5) sclerotised tiny lines. Mitogenomic data place D. djabu sp. nov. as the sister species to D. cairna sp. nov. and micromorphology partly agree with this systematic placement. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.9 – 6.0 mm; length of the forewing ca. 2.9 mm (Fig. 146). Head (Figs 164, 165): vertex covered with a tuft of light beige long piliform scales directed anteriorly; occiput with two tufts of concolourous with vertex short piliform scales positioned radially. Frons of slightly lighter shading than vertex, shining with smaller (in the holotype) or larger (in the paratype) black spot; a black line, visible only from the frontal view, connecting antennae, going through scape and then continuing along the other side of head is characteristic for this complex; a brush of standing, short, slightly darker shading than frons, piliform, scales of different lengths is present at inner side of eye; labrum is of the same shading as frons. Maxillary palpus short, ca. as long as scape, directed forward with sharp apex, covered with lose short piliform scales, snowy white with light grey shading at base. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, slightly curved, palpus distancing from each other, basal palpomeres dark fuscous, mid palpomere ochreous fuscous, carrying long piliform, light and dark ochreous piliform scales of different lengths, apical palpomere snowy white with sharp apex. Proboscis light beige. Antenna about ¼ longer than the forewing, light fuscous dorsally, flagellomeres with narrow golden shining apices; ventrally antenna light beige; pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the rest of flagellomeres; scape light ochreous beige with slightly darker ochreous part, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 146, 197): thorax and tegula ochreous fuscous. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour dark ochreous beige with ornamental pattern on dorsal half of forewing. First dorsal at base of forewing, oblique, reaching the midline of forewing with its tip, followed by a group of three slightly oblique strigulae strictly cut at the midline of forewing, the second group of three strigulae at mid of forewing, slightly oblique, reaching the midline of forewing with their costal ends, a small, curved, comma-shaped strigula at 3 / 4 of dorsal margin, the last group of longer, narrow, irregularly shaped strigulae at sub-apical part of dorsal margin, apical part is bordered by arc-shaped, fine, light ochreous white, with fuscous ochreous apical edging fascia, apical spot is curved comma shaped, with neighbouring two white strigulae at costal margin; costal half of forewing with traces of ornaments with fuscous patches in sub-apical part; apical line very thin, shining black, distinct. The fringe line not sharply defined consisting of prolonged scales with dark fuscous bases and apices. Fringe grey with silver shine, with the darkest shade at mid of forewing, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour fuscous with dark ochreous shading, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Foreleg ochreous fuscous, having more or less concolourous colour of tibia and tarsus with slight different level of shine and shading, fore tibia with bronze shine, tarsus matte; mid tibia and tarsomere I with interchangeable noncontrastive pattern of darker and lighter grey, fuscous, tarsomeres II – V light grey with darker bases, tip of tarsus light fuscous grey, tibial spurs short, slightly shorter than tarsomere I, ochreous; hind femur ochreous grey, hind tibia fuscous ochreous with a row of long erect impressive spines along tibia; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, light ochreous fuscous, apical spurs short, ochreous fuscous, tarsomeres fuscous with golden ochreous apices, tip of hind tarsus light ochreous. Abdomen (Figs 196, 267): Tergites I – VII ochreous fuscous, sternites white ochreous with obvious five oblique dark brown stripes on lateral sides of abdomen. Abdominal opening triangular, lateral margins of abdominal opening strongly sclerotised, double lined, ventral crossing joint with narrowly sclerotised anterior margin; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are of mid length, and mid-size, straight, entering anterior 1 / 3 of segment II, tergal lateral sclerotisations of the abdominal opening at a distance from each other. The initiating point of tergal apodemes is the anterior end of lateral tergal sclerotisations on tergum I, tergal apodemes have a short appendage at the base; tergal apodemes thin, straight, slightly approaching each other, rather long, reaching posterior part of segment 2; apical part of tergal apodemes sharp. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females narrowly and finely sclerotised, anterior margin of segment VII and the joint between segment VI and VII in females with strong melanisation. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 241, 242): Papillae anales fused and strongly flattened, covered with long, thin, setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, slightly bent at apical part, terminating at posterior margin of segment VIII, segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised; apophyses anteriores initiate at the posterior edge of segment VII, with very broad bases and strongly sharpening towards apices; segment VII moderately sclerotised with two lobed or fused semicircular lamellae post-vaginalis that form m-shaped pattern on sub-posterior part of sternum VII; ostium bursae opens anterior part of sternum VII as gently rounded opening; antrum + ductus bursae short, thick in diameter. Ductus bursae short, broad, strongly sclerotised, of equal length along its main part, with a semi-round plate on the connection between ductus bursae and corpus bursae; corpus bursae long, sac-shaped with strongly squamous wall; a single signum is located on the anterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, signum is spot shaped with a triangular dentiform projection. Bulla seminalis rather big but about 5 × smaller than corpus bursae with lightly but visibly sclerotised ductus seminalis that enters the joint between ductus and corpus bursae. Individual variation: the species is described from two specimens. There is no variation observed, significant enough to be mentioned. Bionomics (Fig. 285): This species is feeding on an unidentified species of host plant (Fig. 285), most probably belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Mining period probably the last week of February. Flight period starts during the first week or decade of March. Mitogenomic data: The species is relatively closely related to D. cairna sp. nov., with very strong support for their sister relationship in all analyses (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific name derives from the name of the tribe of Aboriginal people ‘ Dja-bu-guy’ who live in the Kuranda region, the type locality of this new species. It is a noun in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFFCCD4343ADF7AEFCDBF9E1.taxon	description	(Figs 147, 148, 166 – 169, 198 – 201; 222 – 225, 243, 244, 258, 268, 276, 286, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 S 145.38 E / Kuranda em. [erged] / 10 Feb 1997 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5692 / Glochidion / philippicum, DNA sample NULT 025132, genitalia slide ANIC 6182, ANIC Acc. no 31 085524, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 15 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, 16.49 S 145.38 E, 10 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5692, Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 025257, genitalia slide ANIC 6183, ANIC Acc. no 31 085568. Paratype 2 (abdomen lost): same data, DNA sample NULT 025372. Paratype 3 (♂): same locality data, 08 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5720, Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 024656, genitalia slide ANIC 6178, ANIC Acc. no 31 085560. Paratype 4 (♂): same locality data, 08 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5720, Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 024771, genitalia slide ANIC 6179, ANIC Acc. no 31 085561. Paratype 5 (♂): same data. Paratype 6: without abdomen, same data, except the date, 06 February 1997. Paratype 7 (♂): same data. Paratype 8 (♂): same data, except the date, 05 February 1997. Paratype 9 (♂): same data, except the date 07 February 1998, DNA sample NULT 024896, genitalia slide ANIC 6180, ANIC Acc. no 31 085562. Paratype 10 (♂): same data, except the date 08 February 1997. Paratype 11 (♀): same data. Paratype 12 (♂): same data, except the date, 07 February 1997, DNA sample NULT 025017, genitalia slide ANIC 6181, ANIC Acc. no 31 085563. Paratype 13 (♀): Kuranda, Cairns, emerged 01 April 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4215, Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 024911, genitalia slide ANIC 6195, ANIC Acc. no 31 085571. Paratype 14 (♀): same collecting data, except the date, 02 April 1991, ANIC image, ANIC Acc. no 31 075735, DNA sample NULT 025035, genitalia slide ANIC 6196, ANIC Acc. no 31 075735. Paratype 15 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 04 April 1991, genitalia slide No Grc- 5694, T. Kumata 1991, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species is grouped with Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov., the species that is reared from the same host genus Glochidion of the plant family Phyllanthaceae. The diagnosis from external characters is not advisable. Both species D. glochidia sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov. following the external characters are almost indistinguishable, however strongly different from D. glochidiella sp. nov. which has snowy white horizontal or oblique stripes on dorsum. The fact is that the wing pattern in this species group might be slightly variable and cannot be considered for diagnosis on species level. It characterises well this species group. The complex dorsal stripe / patches ornamentation of the forewing as well as the apical pattern can slightly vary, the present spots and stripes are not edged, not contrasting. Geographical data are not helpful either for diagnosis since D. virosae sp. nov. is also reared from Glochidion sp. in the same locality — Queensland, Kuranda. To diagnose the Diphtheroptila species feeding on Glochidion in Australia one should take a combination of characters. The most reliable diagnostic characters to separate these species are in the internal morphology and in the mitogenomics. In many Ornixolinae species genitalia morphological characters are complex and suit well for diagnosis. Wing pattern of Diphtheroptila species feeding on Glochidion spp. have a similar ornamentation, dirty white non contrasting striae mixing into an ochreous fuscous background. The specific differences can be observed in the basal and median sectors of the forewing: in Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov. the ornamentation of irregularly shaped curving fascia is lighter, while in D. glochidia sp. nov. the ornamentation is dominated by oblique stripes and striae, never crossing the full width of forewing; costal half of the forewing without any ornamentation in Diphtheroptila glochidia sp. nov., while this fascia crosses the forewing in Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov. In general, Diphtheroptila glochidia sp. nov. is more fuscous grey in colouration and shading, while D. virosae sp. nov. is more ochreous with more contrasted lines. Male and female genitalia are strongly diagnostic. In D. virosae sp. nov. the valvae are broad with strongly narrowing apices, and with a fold on the basal costal margin, while in D. glochidia sp. nov. the valvae are narrow, gradually narrowing towards the base. The most obvious differential character is the double layer of ventral surface of valvae in D. glochidia sp. nov., while in the closely related species the ventral surface of valvae consists of one layer. Aedeagus strongly diagnostic: in D. virosae sp. nov. aedeagus with one, rod-like cornutus, while the aedeagus in D. glochidia sp. nov. has two sharply dentate prolonged cornuti and one digitiform projection. Female genitalia are also diagnostic. Sterigma, similar general pattern in D. glochidia sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov. However, the shape of ostium bursae and lamella ante-vaginalis clearly separate those two species: in D. virosae sp. nov. ostium bursae is round, directly connected with antrum, in D. glochidia sp. nov. ostium bursae is funnel-shaped, with a big cup-like lamella ante-vaginalis. Corpus bursae is also diagnostic: in D. virosae sp. nov. corpus bursae with two signa, in D. glochidia sp. nov. corpus bursae with one signum only. Description: Wingspan 5.5 – 6.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.0 mm (Figs 147, 148). Head (Figs 166 – 169): Vertex light fuscous beige consisting of one bunch of tightly supressed piliform, long scales, unicoloured, occiput covered by shorter scales of the same colour directed posteriorly. Frons of a little bit lighter shading than vertex, thickly covered with long piliform supressed scales that are directed to the midline of frons. Maxillary palpus short, rather small, also with hanging longer scales, similar to labial palpus, ochreous at base with several stout dark brown scales, dirty white, at apical part, apex of terminal palpomere shining white. Labial palpus developed, drooping, covered by bunches of long piliform scales, shining ochreous long piliform scales as long as the length of two palpomeres hang from the inner side of palpomere II; labial palpus fuscous ochreous at the outer side, white at inner side, palpomere III white with some ochreous shading at tip, labial palpus ca. 2,5 × longer than the eye. Antenna light fuscous along its entire length with slight silvery shine, ventrally uniformly light ochreous, pedicel short, slightly thicker than the following flagellomere, light fuscous; scape dorsally light ochreous with a narrow white longitudinal stripe, ventrally light ochreous, pecten very short. Thorax (Figs 147, 148, 199, 201): ochreous, intermixed with darker beige spots, tegula of the same colouration as thorax, ochreous darker at base. Forewing narrowly elongated, slightly narrower at apex, apex gently rounded, ground colour beige ochreous with darker ochreous spots at sub-dorsum and fuscous spot and fuscous ornamentation in apical area; distinct wing markings only on dorsal margin of the forewing; ten short oblique, directed toward apex stripes grouped by three with seventh stripe as an intermediate between two groups of stripes with ochreous fuscous irregular patches between the groups; basal, sub-basal and median part of costal margin without any ornamentation, only in sub-apical area two indistinct dirty white stripes are present followed by a fuscous patch and arched ochreous white line crossing the sub-apex of forewing, followed by a fuscous line and costal third stripe just before apex; apical area consists of irregular apical patch surrounded by dirty white circle, apical line dark fuscous. The fringe line is dark fuscous, gently surrounding termen and tornus, doubled at tornus, since long fringe scales are dark at bases and at apices; fringe long, the longest piliform scales at dorsum in sub-tornal area, light grey, with light silver shine at tips, shading a little bit darker towards the base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur ochreous fuscous, with prolonged fuscous patch dorsally and light grey ventrally, tarsomeres I – IV fuscous with dirty white apices, tarsomere V uniformly fuscous, tip of fore leg fuscous; mid femur and mid tibia fuscous, mid tibia with sub-apical dirty white spot, tarsus fuscous, tarsomeres I – IV with dirty white apices, terminal tarsomere fuscous; hind femur ochreous beige, hind tibia slightly darker, light fuscous with stout 12 – 15 spines aligned in a row along tibia, median spurs very long, almost as long as tibia, apical spurs shorter, ca. half the length of tarsomere I, tarsomeres I – III fuscous with dirty white apices, tarsomeres IV – V fully fuscous, tip of the hind leg dark fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 198 – 200, 258, 268): bronze-beige on top of tergites, shiny bronze on top of sternites, lateral sides of abdomen (tergites and sternites) are dirty white with four oblique dark brown stripes. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an equilateral triangle, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, especially ventral crossing joint which is ca. double as thick as lateral sides, ventral crossing joint slightly convex anteriorly; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, as long as ca. 1 / 3 of segment II, straight, slender, with sharp apices; a lightly melanised sickle-shaped joint connects lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior lateral sides of this joint with a short, but stout appendage; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating at mid of segment II, with blunt apices. The anterior margin of segments IV, V, VI and VII are very finely and narrowly sclerotised, abdominal cuticle with dense scobination of small tiny spicules. Segment VI in females is not additionally sclerotised. Abdomens of males and females are indistinguishable. Male genitalia (Figs 222 – 225): Tegumen short, reduced, teguminal arms are weakly sclerotised, anal tube strongly protruding, extending as long as ca. 1 / 2 of valvae; valvae gently narrowing towards gently rounded apex, costal margin equally straight, ventral margin straight at base until 1 / 2 of valva, then straight ventral margins turn into the curved and tuberculated sub-apical margin, covered with setae. The most peculiar character of this species is that the ventral surface of valvae are double layered, there is an internal valvae as clavus with strongly sclerotised both dorsal and ventral margins gently following the outer valval margins; sacculus with sclerotisations that can vary in shape and form, costal bases of valvae sharp, triangular meeting each other at teguminal cavity, forming an incomplete transtilla, the inner ventral margin of valvae with long, sharp, thick, spiculose setae; juxta as two broad band sclerotisations with narrow apices that meet at vincular cavity; vinculum is well-developed with big, broad, with folded lateral sides and appendages that extend towards apical part of tegumen, anterior vincular suture is clearly visible, crossing the central part of vinculum; saccus short but well developed, more or less triangular with curved and unequal lateral margins crossed by mid-suture with an arrow-shaped pointed anterior part. Aedeagus is slightly shorter than valva, broad, thick, well developed with gently narrowing and rounded vesica, that carries a rather long, straight, weakly sclerotised cornutus, and the second cornutus with two dentiform sharp processes. Female genitalia (Figs 243, 244): Papillae anales flattened and fused, covered with long, thin, setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, with broad bases, slightly bent with blunt apices, terminating at anterior margin of segment VIII; segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised; apophyses anteriores initiate with broad, separate, not fused into semi-ring bases; both apophyses posteriores and anteriores are approximately of the same length, apophyses anteriores enter ¼ of posterior margin of segment VII with their sharp apices; segment VII moderately sclerotised, with broad sterigma occupying almost entirely sternum VII; the posterior margin of sterigma with light concave indentation; at the central part of the sterigmatic sclerotisation ostium bursae opening with broad, prolonged and strongly sclerotised margins forming a cup-like lamella ante-vaginalis at anterior margin of segment VII; the posterior margin of sterigma with two-lined tubercules, carrying a row of long, nicely arranged setae. Antrum / colliculum and ductus bursae very strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae caries a double-folded sclerotisation, ductus bursae ca. ¼ longer than segment VII; corpus bursae sac-shaped, with one patch-like signum crossed by horizontal thin needle-like suture, situated at central part of the wall of corpus bursae. Posterior part of corpus bursae with many lines of melanised folds, anterior part of the wall with squamous melanised covering. Bulla seminalis big, sac-shaped, slightly smaller than corpus bursae with narrow but sclerotised ductus seminalis entering ductus bursae just posterior the joint of ductus bursae with corpus bursae. Individual variation: There is a slight variation in dorsal ornamentation of forewing in shape, length, thickness of stripes and ochreous patches. In male genitalia the vinculum can slightly vary in thickness, broadness of lateral folds. Valvae can slightly vary in the shape of internal clavus, and saccular projection. Aedeagus can show slight variation in the size and shape of the second cornutus with two dentiform projections (Figs 223 – 225). Female genitalia can very slightly vary in the sclerotisation degree of ductus bursae, size and deepness of cup-like lamella ante-vaginalis. Bionomics (Figs 276, 286): The larva feeds on three Glochidion species: G. philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob., Glochidion sp. Host plant no. 5720, and Glochidion sp. Host plant no. 4215 (Fig. 286) (Phyllanthaceae). The mining period of this species is from the first decade of February until early April. Adult moths were collected from the second decade of February till mid of April. Mitogenomic data: The species is placed as sister to the clade comprising D. oxyloga, D. virosae sp. nov., D. nix sp. nov., and D. crotonella sp. nov., but the molecular support for its placement within the genus is too low to be confident of it (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the species name of the host plant Glochidion sp. It is a noun in apposition, in the feminine gender and in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFF8CD5E43ADF19BFD70FA55.taxon	description	(Figs 149, 170, 171, 202, 203, 245 – 247, 259, 269, 277, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E / Kuranda em. [erged] / 3 Feb 1997 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5708 / Glochidion / sp., DNA sample NULT 024780, genitalia slide ANIC 6186, ANIC Acc. no 31 085534, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype ♀: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, 16.49 S 145.38 E, 08 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5708, Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 024902, genitalia slide ANIC 6187, ANIC Acc. no 31 085566, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Despite the fact, that this species feeds on the same hostplant Glochidion sp. (Herbarium number 5708) as D. cornuta sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov., nevertheless, Diphtheroptila glochidiella sp. nov. is placed as a sister to all other Diphtheroptila species in the codon analyses. However, this placement lacks statistical support and should be considered unresolved (Fig. 638). Moreover, morphological characters in external habitus as described below and internal micromorphology of female genitalia separates D. glochidiella sp. nov. from the rest of species belonging to the genus Diphtheroptila. The ground colour is brown, without any ornamentation except sub-apical and apical parts, with a very clear, contrasting dorsal marginal band of irregular shape. Apical spot is very clearly visible. The decorative scales hanging from the second palpomere of labial palpus are very long, longer than the labial palpus itself. Hind tibia covered with rough ochreous scales, also a row of erected spines along tibia is present as in the complex of Diphtheroptila species feeding on the same host plant. This character clearly indicates that this new species belongs to Ornixolinae. Diagnosis of this species might not be supported by bionomic data and biology, because Diphtheroptila glochidiella sp. nov. feeds on the same host plant, at the same time period and in the same locality as other species belonging to the Diphtheroptila species complex: D. glochidia sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov. The reliable data sets for diagnosis are found in internal morphology and mitogenomics (Fig. 638). In female genitalia, the following characters diagnose Diphtheroptila glochidiella sp. nov. from the sister Diphtheroptila species: ● Apophyses anteriores are present in many Diphtheroptila spp., but absent in D. glochidiella sp. nov. ● Ostium bursae in D. glochidiella sp. nov. opens in central part, more situated to posterior part of segment VII, while in many other Diphtheroptila ostium bursae opens at anterior part of segment VII. ● Ductus bursae is partly sclerotised or placed in a sclerotised fold in other Diphtheroptila species, walls of ductus bursae are fully and entirely sclerotised in D. glochidiella sp. nov. The very different and diagnostic wing pattern with snowy white broad horizontal stripes on dorsal margin in D. glochidiella sp. nov. and oblique narrow, dirty white-ochreous, indistinctive fasciae, crossing the forewing in D. glochidia sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov., as well as general habitus of adult and the set of mitogenomic characters separate D. glochidiella sp. nov. easily from D. glochidia sp. nov., D. virosae sp. nov. that feed on the same host plant, at the same time period and in the same locality. The reliable data sets for diagnosis are found in the external morphology of habitus and wing pattern, internal morphology (female genitalia) as described below and mitogenomics. Description: Wingspan 5.5 – 5.9 mm; length of the forewing ca. 2.6 – 2.9 mm (Fig. 149). Head (Figs 170, 171): Vertex snowy white with just a few ochreous scales forming a very thin line from occiput to the top of vertex, occiput covered with two tufts of short piliform scales initiating at base of eyes and radiating to all directions. Frons is shiningly white, of the same colour and shading as vertex. Maxillary palpus small, thin, white, not easily detectable, basal palpomere with some ochreous shading, second palpomere has a pencil of white long, piliform scales, directed upwards, proboscis glabrous, light ochreous. Labial palpus porrect, curved upwards, ca. as long as 2 × diameter of eye, with impressively long piliform scales, dark brown from outside and snowy white from inside, terminal palpomere glabrous, snowy white, with blunt apex. Antenna light fuscous ochreous, flagellomeres with fuscous longitudinal lines and shining golden apices, not ringed, ventrally light ochreous, pedicel as long as the following flagellomere, darker ochreous; scape is significantly longer, than the following flagellomeres, ca. as long as two following flagellomeres, dirty white dorsally and ventrally, with dark brown thin lateral line anteriorly. Thorax (Figs 149, 203): White of the same colour as vertex; tegula light ochreous, dirty white at lateral half, neighbouring thorax (Fig. 149). Forewing narrowly elongated along all its length, apex gently rounded, ground colour brown with dark brown median and costal sub-apical parts of the forewing; dorsal margin white, broader at basal half and narrower at apical half of the forewing irregularly margined with dark brown stripes and patches; apical half of dorsal white stripe is interrupted at sub-apex by irregular reverse y-shaped patch which is connected with a transverse interrupted fascia that consists of a row of light ochreous dots; apical part of this species is well decorated, two oblique stripes, one shorter and one longer at costal margin followed by a dark fuscous triangular patch, thick black transverse line crosses apex; apical spot distinct, round, black, bordered by a clear white spot at costa and white thick stripe at tornus, apical line dark brown, repeated by double fringe line, since fringe scales at tornus are dark fuscous at bases and apices, with median part white. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour ochreous grey, fringe shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur ochreous, fore tibia ochreous fuscous, tarsomere I brown at basal half and white at apical half, tarsomere II white with brown basis, tarsomere III dark brown at basal half and white at apical half, tarsomeres IV – V dark grey; mid femur and mid tibia ochreous with long fuscous patches, median spurs long, slightly longer than tarsomere I; tarsomere I dirty white with fuscous apex, tarsomeres II – V fuscous with white apical halves, tip of mid tarsus dark grey; hind femur light ochreous, hind tibia ochreous with a row of stout, erect spines arranged in a row along tibia, smaller spines continue on tarsomere 1, median spurs long, 2 / 3 of tibial length, dark ochreous, apical spurs short, ca. 1 / 3 of length of tarsomere I, dark ochreous at basal half and light ochreous in apical half, tarsomere I fuscous with lighter apex, tarsomere II ochreous with fuscous basal half, terminal tarsomeres light ochreous with slighter darker tip. Abdomen (Figs 202, 269): light ochreous with fuscous shading on top of tergites, shiny white with ochreous shading on anterior sternites, lateral sides of abdomen (tergites and sternites) with four oblique dark brown stripes. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle with longer lateral sides, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint is narrowly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint almost straight, very slightly convex anteriorly; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, rather long, slightly shorter than 1 / 3 of segment II, very slightly bent, slender, with sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of abdominal opening with a short, angulated appendage; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating at mid of segment II, with blunt apices. No sclerotisations on anterior margin of other segments, except the posterior margin of segment VI. Segment VI is not additionally sclerotised. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 245 – 247): Papillae anales flat, fused, pressed, covered with thin setae of different lengths; apophyses posteriores short, broad at bases, sharply narrowing towards apices, slightly bent with blunt apices, terminating at posterior margin of segment VIII, segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised; apophyses anteriores absent; segment VII strongly sclerotised, with indentate sterigmatic sclerotisations at the posterior margin of sterigma; ostium bursae opening at the central part of segment VII, like broad and open hole with melanised margins; lamella ante-vaginalis bilobed, thick sclerotisation, semi-surrounding the broad opening of ductus; antrum + ductus bursae broad, tubular, strongly sclerotised, with the very clear distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae regularly oval, with a clearly divided wall structure into two parts: posterior part with linear melanisations of different lengths, while anterior part is tuberculose, i. e. densely covered with tiny, semi-raised tubercules; a single signum, in the form of a short, bent, sharp spine, situated at the anterior 1 / 3 part of abdominal wall, at the border between two structuring coverings of the wall of ductus bursae. Ductus seminalis broad, sclerotised, but in a much lower degree than ductus bursae, entering ductus bursae at anterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae. Bionomics (Fig. 277): This species is reared from an unidentified Glochidion sp. plant (Phyllanthaceae) (herbarium number: host plant 5708) in early February. So, the mining period of this species coincides with the complex of Diphtheroptila species feeding on the same host plant, in the same locality and at the same time which is the first week of February. Adult moths are on the wing in early February. Pupation in a transparent cocoon, which is oval shaped, one side attached to the leaf surface; exuvium protrudes 2 / 3 of pupal length, at the anterior ¼ of pupal cocoon. Mitogenomic data: While the codon model analysis places this species as sister to all other Diphtheroptila species, from the molecular point of view, this placement lacks statistical support and should be considered unresolved (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The species name derives from the genus name of the host plant Glochidion with the diminutive suffix - ella. It is a noun of the feminine gender in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFE5CD5D43ADF10FFBBEFCA5.taxon	description	(Figs 150, 172, 173, 204, 205, 226, 227, 259, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia Q. [Queensland] / Kuranda / nr. Cairns / em. [emerged] 22. xii. [December] 1999 / T. Kumata leg. [2] Host 6215 / Glochidion / sp., DNA sample NULT 025530, genitalia slide ANIC 6212, ANIC Acc. no 31 085525, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species is externally, by micromorphology and mitogenomics the closest to Diphtheroptila crotonella sp. nov. The holotype of Diphtheroptila nix sp. nov. was reared at the same spot, from the same host plant and at the same time of the year, under the same micro climatic conditions, even the day of emergence is the same. Diphtheroptila nix sp. nov. can be externally diagnosed from D. crotonella sp. nov. only by the shining white smooth frons characterizing D. nix sp. nov. while in D. crotonella sp. nov. the frons is light beige. External morphology, especially based on worn specimens is not diagnostic for this species clearly belonging to the rather compact Glochidion - feeding species group. Bionomics is not diagnostic either. This species was reared from the same Host (Herbarium number 6089) Glochidion sp. as D. crotonella sp. nov. The most reliable diagnostic characters are in the internal morphology (male genitalia) and in mitogenomics. The obvious diagnostic difference is in the shape of valvae. In D. nix sp. nov. they are more or less narrow, of equal width along their entire length, while in D. crotonella sp. nov. valvae are very broad especially in their mid-part and rather short. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.7 mm; length of the forewing 3.2 mm (Fig. 150). Head (Figs 172, 173): vertex covered with light beige ochreous smooth scales, directed anteriorly; occiput with two bunches of light beige short scales directed posteriorly. Frons shining white, covered by equally suppressed, long piliform scales, a dark fuscous line stretching on anterior margin of antennae and then continuing along both scapes is seen only from the frontal view; a tuft of dark fuscous long piliform scales just below antenna, next to the margin of eye, directed anteriorly. Maxillary palpus slightly longer than scape, straight, apical palpomere snowy white. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, straight, basal palpomeres carry a long tuft of light ochreous long piliform scales of different lengths with longest situated at the basal part of palpomere II, apical palpomere with blunt apex, snowy white; proboscis dirty white. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, light ochreous, with silver metal apices, not ringed, ventrally creamy white, pedicel short, slightly smaller than the following flagellomere, concolourous with the following flagellomere, scape dirty white anteriorly and light fuscous posteriorly, pecten short, dirty white, arranged in a compact row. Thorax (Figs 150, 205): thorax and tegula light beige. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour fuscous golden beige with ornamental pattern. First dorsal patch at base of forewing, followed by a group of three stripes at sub-base, the second group of dorsal markings, situated at the mid of forewing consists of two curved, irregularly shaped, narrow, but distinct fasciae; the following group of markings at sub-apex mirror the mid fasciae, beyond the midline of forewing meet an oblique costal stripe and form an angulate fascia, with a double lined base; the final marking is a narrow curved line just before the apex repeating the path of sub-apical fascia; black apical spot rather small but distinct; apical line very thin, dark fuscous, almost black, distinct. The fringe line smoothly follows apical part of forewing, stopping at tornal area; tornal area with short dirty white bunch of scales, which follow the fringe line. Fringe shining ochreous shorter at tornus the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour light beige with silver shine, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Foretibia dark fuscous with two light spots one at mid and the other at apical part; tarsomere I dark fuscous with white sub-apex, tarsomeres II – IV dirty white with fuscous apices, tarsomere V light grey with fuscous apex, tip of fore tarsus fuscous; mid femur light beige, mid tibia fuscous with irregular shaped dirty white patches, tibial spurs short, slightly shorter than tarsomere I, dark fuscous-dirty white patches; mid tarsomeres with fuscous bases and dirty white mid parts; hind femur pale beige, hind tibia light grey with golden shine and with a row of long erect impressive spines along tibia; median spurs long, as long as about 1 / 3 of tibia length, silver shining, apical spurs short, dirty white, tarsomeres dark fuscous with contrastive white apices, tip of hind tarsus dark fuscous. Abdomen (Fig. 204, 259): fuscous dorsally, genital segments fuscous with ochreous shading, sternites ventrally white with golden shine, four oblique dark brown stripes are present on lateral side of abdomen. Abdomen rather long and slender in comparing with other genera. Lateral margins of abdominal opening very strongly sclerotised, ventral crossing joint with narrowly sclerotised anterior margin that borders ventral sclerotised plate; sternal apodemes initiating at the sharp corners of abdominal opening are short, thin, hardly visible, act as tiny prolongations of lateral sclerotisations of abdominal opening, lightly bent, tergal lateral sides of the opening semi-round, there is no directly observable connection between left and right mirroring sides, each lateral side on tergum I is the initiating point of tergal apodemes, that have two short appendages at bases, and form an arrow-shaped sclerotised structure; tergal apodemes thin, straight, slightly approaching each other, rather long, reaching mid part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes sharp. Anterior margins of segments III – VII narrowly and finely melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 226, 227): Tegumen broken, one left arm is present which is slightly shorter than valva; valvae symmetrical, comparatively narrow, of equal width along their entire length, with broadly rounded and heavily setose apices; costal margin of valvae broad and strongly sclerotised; sacculus with a marked sclerotisation; transtilla incomplete; vinculum is short but well developed, broad U-shaped, consisting of two fused symmetrical rectangular plates with clearly visible suture, saccus short but well developed V-shaped with narrow digitiform appendage. Aedeagus is ca. 1 / 3 shorter than valva, broad, thick, well developed with narrowing and pointed digitiform vesica, that carries two thick, sharp, situated at the angle 90 ° cornuti, body of aedeagus with broad irregular sclerotised band; coecum with irregular, rather big sclerotisation. Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: Described from the holotype only. Bionomics: Following the rearing data present in the ANIC collection this species is monophagous, feeding on an unidentified species of the plant genus Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae). Mining period presumably from mid till late December. Adults are active from late December. Mitogenomic data: The species is maximally supported as sister to D. crotonella sp. nov. in all analyses (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific name nix, meaning snow, white piliform scales, refers to the snowy white and tightly pressed frons. It is a noun of the feminine gender in nominative case in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFE6CD5643ADF45FFCEBFA71.taxon	description	(Figs 151, 174 – 176, 180, 248, 249 260, 270, 638) “ Cor. [iscium] ochridorsellum, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 132 – 182, 204 – 271. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6455831	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFE6CD5643ADF45FFCEBFA71.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], Sydney. Type specimens: 12 Syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: 4 syntypes: Syntype 1: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 30 January 1880 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 7 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406455. Syntype 2: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 15 December 1877 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ ochridorsella Meyr’; [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406200. Syntype 3: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 15 December 1877 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 3 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406327. Syntype 4: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 9 December 1877 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 4 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406235, in NHMUK (London, June 2024). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Coriscium ochridorsellum Meyrick, 1880 the female specimen with the abdomen, right antenna broken, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney / N. S. [New South] Wales‘ / 15 December 1877 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype‘ (round label outlined blue solid line), [4] ‘ ochridorsella Meyr‘ (handwritten with black Indian ink on beige paper’, [5] Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406200 ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotypes: 3 specimens: Paralectotype 1 (♂), with abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney / N. S. [New South] Wales‘ / 30 January 1880 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Syntype‘ (round label outlined blue solid line), [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 7 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406455 ’, Paralectotype 2: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 15 December 1877 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 3 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406327. Paralectotype 3: [1] ‘ Sydney / N [new] S [outh] Wales / 9 December 1877 ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / ochridorsella / 12 / 4 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406235, in NHMUK (London, June 2024). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Coriscium ochridorsellum Meyrick, 1880. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the female specimen indicated as ‘ 12 / 1 Meyr. ’ with a handwritten label ‘ ochridorsella ’ by E. Meyrick, present in the Insect Collection of the Natural History Museum (London) (data from June 2024), and curated by the former curator Dr. Jurate De Prins who provided it with the unique QR Code BMNH (E) 1406200 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / DIPHOCHR (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). Examined specimens in Australia: New South Wales: Specimen 1 (♂): Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 15 - 11 - 1932, male wing on slide 5676 T. Kumata 1991, male genitalia on slide 5676 T. Kumata 1991, ANIC slides: wings 11438; gen. 11439, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 2: the same locality data, 04 - 01 - 1933, without abdomen, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16231, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 231 - 11, leg. Goldfinch G. M., ID: 31 053802. Specimen 3: the same locality data, 16 - 11 - 1932, without abdomen, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16233, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 233 - 11, leg. Goldfinch G. M., ID: 31 053804. Specimen 4: the same locality data, 30 - 11 - 1932, without abdomen, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 5 (♀): the same locality data, 25 - 11 - 1932, female wing on slide 5675 T. Kumata 1991, female genitalia on slide 5675 T. Kumata 1991, ANIC slides: wings 11440; gen. 11441, leg. Goldfinch G. M., ID: 31 081113. Specimen 6 (♀): the same locality data, 15 - 11 - 1932, Barcode of Life DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 1632, leg. Goldfinch G. M., ID: 31 053803, DNA sample NULT 023000, genitalia slide 6284, ANIC Acc. no 31 053803. Specimen 7 (♀) (Figs 151): National Park, NSW, 34.0736 ° S 151.0575 ° E, 17 - 02 - 1928, Goldfinch G. M., DNA sample NULT 023125, genitalia slide 6285, ANIC Acc. no 31 085623, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.4 – 7.4 mm; length of the forewing 3.0 – 3.63 mm (Fig. 151). Though Diphtheroptila ochridorsellum shares the general pattern of Diphtheroptila species like ochreous coloured dorsal sector with multiple oblique strigulae, curved or angulated fascia in sub-apical sector, nevertheless it is highly distinctive among other Diphtheroptila species, and especially those feeding on Glochidion plants (Phyllanthaceae). Internal structures of male and female genitalia as described below are highly diagnostic and linked specifically to Diphtheroptila ochridorsellum. Head (Figs 174 – 176): vertex shining white with ochreous intermixture on occiput, base of occiput dark ochreous, while erected and radially directed filiform scales of occiput tuft are dirty white; frons shining white, rather triangular in shape, maxillary and labial palpus shining white, the basal two labial palpomeres carry bunch of very long thickly hanging piliform scales — a characteristic feature for all Diphtheroptila species. In the case of D. ochridorsellum long brown hanging piliform scales strongly contrast from snowy white background colour of labial palpus; proboscis light ochreous and strongly rolled. Thorax (Figs 151, 180): white with light ochreous shading, tegula fuscous at basal half and dirty white, concolourous colour with thorax at apical half. Forewing slender narrow, equally broad along all its length — a characteristic trait for all Diphtheroptila species, but the wing pattern is diagnostic for Diphtheroptila ochridorsellum species: strigulae on dorsal margin rather thick, not grouped in groups of three as is the case for other Glochidion feeding Diphtheroptila species, they are fewer: four short strigulae in sub-basal sector of dorsal margin, two oblique longer strigulae meeting with coastal strigulae and forming either continuous or interrupted angulated fasciae, sub-apical margin is marked by a white thin edged with black scales fascia; a big, oval, very distinct apical spot present occupying a midpart of forewing apex, apical line fine, but distinct, black, as well as fringe line, gently running along the apical margin of the forewing, hindwing very narrow sharply pointed. Forewing with strongly sclerotised R 2, mid cell closed, R 3, R 4 well stalked with R 3, M 1 and M 2 are weak but clearly seen on apical margin, CuA 1 is rather strongly sclerotised, but weaker than R 2, CuA 2 not detectable in this Australian species, CuP rudimentary, however the apical part is strongly sclerotised; in hindwing in males all veins are weak, hardly traceable, rudimentary except the very strong, long well and well sclerotised CuA. In females Sc is weak, Rs very strong and long terminating at sub-apical part of the hindwing, M 1 + M 2 forked, CuA very strong (Fig. 180). Hind tibia with a row of short but sharp and erect small spines running along hind tibia and hind tarsomere I; hindleg uniformly fuscous dorsally, medial spurs exceptionally long, almost reaching the joint between tibia and tarsus with their tips. Abdomen (Figs 260, 270): The sclerotised margination of the abdomen is open. The margin of tergum II straight, apodemes on tergum II fine, long, slender, bases stronger sclerotised, distally very fine, straight, terminating at mid sector of tergum II; apodemes on sternum II short, almost 2 × shorter when tergal apodemes, with pointed and sclerotised bases, straight, slender, distally, terminating with sharply pointed ends at posterior 1 / 4 of sternum II. Sternum VII in males with two narrow androconial sclerotised rings. Posterior margin of segment VI in females with broad, slightly diffuse sclerotisation. Male genitalia (following the slide Grc 5676 in ANIC (Canberra )): tegumen rather strongly sclerotised, triangular with broad apical margins, pointed posteriorly, tuba analis moderate, membranous, well protruding, valvae complex consisting of two equally large parts, costal margin of valva sinuate, apical part dilating to more or less round cucullus very richly covered with long thin setae, saccular part well developed as a broad lobe with broad and truncate apical part, almost as long as valva; the distinctive diagnostic character is a strong hook-shaped sclerotisation which keeps both valval parts attached to each other; vinculum thick, semi-round with very short, protruding tubular saccus; aedeagus very short, broad, exceptionally strongly sclerotised, with a long suture like, stretching along almost the entire length of aedeagus cornutus, coecum weakly sclerotised, almost round, vesica with hook-like sclerotisation ending with sharp pointed arrow-like protrusion. Female genitalia (Figs 248, 249): papillae anales, moderate, oblong, united, covered with short setae, rather well sclerotised; apophyses posteriores and anteriores very short; apophyses posteriores just reach the posterior margin of segment VII, apophyses anteriores that initiate at the posterior margin of segment VII reach only posterior 1 / 3 part of segment VII; ostium bursae opening is situated at anterior margin of segment VII. The strongly diagnostic character is sterigma which consists of broad band on mid of segment VII, with two broadening posteriad sclerotised lobes surrounding the opening of ostium bursae; ductus bursae very short entirely covered by long lamellar strongly sclerotised colliculum, ductus seminalis initiates just beyond antrum, very narrow with rather broad, oval bulla seminalis, situated at about mid part of corpus bursae; corpus bursae very long, closed tubular, stronger sclerotised at posterior part carrying thin, prolonged, radially directed lines; signum small, but strongly sclerotised rhombusshaped, crossed with thin needle-like line at the middle. Individual variation: There is a slight variation in the anterior posterior part of sterigmatic lobes, surrounding ostium bursae, they can be broader or narrower, also partly covered by melanised cuticula of sternum VII, hanging sinusoid-shaped lamella ante-vaginalis might slightly differ in shape, as well as sclerotisation on colliculum, though the general design of sclerotisation on colliculum follows the same pattern. The shape of signum and its position might slightly differ depending on how full the ductus bursae is with spermatophores. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Diphtheroptila + ochridorsellu m & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy Mitogenomic data: The species is closely related to and maximally supported as the sister of D. cornuta sp. nov. (Fig. 638). GenBank data: No data. Bionomics: Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) F. M. Bailey Distribution: Australia: New South Wales (Meyrick 1880: 167).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFEDCDA043ADF12BFCF6FC15.taxon	description	(Figs 152, 177 – 179, 206 – 208, 228, 229, 250, 251, 261, 271, 278, 287, 638) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.21 S 130.52 E / Casuarina C. R. / Darwin em. [erged] / 1 Feb 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5744 / Flueggea / virosa, DNA sample NULT 024887, genitalia slide ANIC 6172, ANIC Acc. no 31 085526, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 15 specimens (4 ♂, 9 ♀, 2 specimens): Paratype 1 (♀): Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin, Casuarina C. R., 12.21 S 130.52 E, 31 January 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5744, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 2 (♂): same data, except the date, 2 January 1998. Paratype 3 (♂): same data, except the date, 31 January 1998. Paratype 4 (♀): same data, except the date, 1 February 1998. Paratype 5 (♀): same data, except the date, 4 February 1998. Paratype 6 (♀): same data except the date 2 February 1998. Host 5745, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 024762, genitalia slide ANIC 6171, ANIC Acc. no 31 085551. Paratype 7 (♀): same data except the date 2 February 1998, DNA sample NULT 025008, genitalia slide ANIC 6173, ANIC Acc. no 31 085552. Paratype 8: without abdomen; same data. Paratype 9 (♀): same data, except the date, 2 January 1998. Host 5744, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 10 (♀): same data, except the date, 2 February 1998. Host 5745, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 11 (♂): same data, except the date, 2 February 1998. Paratype 12 (♀): same data, except the date, 31 January 1998, Host 5744, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 13: without abdomen, same data, except the date, 1 February 1998. Host 5744, Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 14 (♀): left forewing, left hindwing absent, same data, except the date, 2 January, 1998, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Paratype 15 (♀): Kuranda, 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E, em. [erged] 7 February 1997, leg. T. & M. Kumata, Host 5708 Glochidion sp., DNA sample NULT 025497, genitalia slide ANIC 6184, ANIC Acc. no 31 085553, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: The main diagnostic feature of Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov. is a peculiar pattern of the forewing consisting of an intermix of transverse dirty white-grey irregular fasciae / dorsal stripes, usually coupled or grouped in three with some black spots and patches that are mainly concentrated in the sub-apical costal area. Species belonging to Diphtheroptila cannot be diagnosed by external characters, difficult to diagnose by host plants, since the majority of Diphtheroptila species feed on Glochidion spp. The most reliable, clear and undoubtful diagnostic character set is in genitalia micromorphology. As we see from the type specimens presented above Diphtheroptila virosae sp. nov. feeds on two different host plants belonging to the same host plant family — Phyllanthaceae — Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle and Glochidion sp. Two new species of the genus Diphtheroptila, D. breynella sp. nov. and D. virosae sp. nov., presented in this monograph feed on the same host — Flueggea virosa. Externally D. virosae sp. nov. can be separated from D. breynella sp. nov. due to indistinct, dirty white, hardly traceable oblique fasciae, which is very typical forewing pattern of Diphtheroptila species feeding on Glochidion spp. plants, while in D. breynella sp. nov. dorsal markings of forewing are bright white, short, thick, oblique dorsal strigulae are grouped per three. In the male genitalia of D. virosae sp. nov. the apomorphic character set is found in the shape and structure of valvae. In D. virosae sp. nov. the apical part of valva is more or less triangular, with a sharply pointed cucullus, while in other Diphtheroptila species the apical part of valva is more or less gently rounded. The saccular sclerotised dactyliform appendage, present only in D. virosae sp. nov., is a species-linked apomorphic character and highly diagnostic. In the female genitalia, round ostium bursae with narrow sclerotised marginal ring and two signa, present on corpus bursae (smaller in the posterior part and bigger rhomboid in the anterior part), are diagnostic apomorphies for D. virosae sp. nov. Another diagnostic character set is represented by mitogenomics. Description: Wingspan 5.1 – 5.6 mm; length of the forewing 2.4 – 2.6 mm (Fig. 152). Head (Figs 177 – 179): Vertex light fuscous grey consisting of one bunch of tightly supressed piliform scales, gently rounded around base of antenna and on occiput, unicoloured. Frons of the same colour as vertex, thickly covered with piliform supressed scales. Maxillary palpus dirty white, slightly shorter than the first labial palpomere. Labial palpus impressively developed, drooping, with long brown scales, intermixed with white piliform scales, hanging on the second palpomere, second palpomere dilating with broader apical part, dirty white base and brown apex and lateral sides, terminal palpomere snowy white with sharply pointed apex, labial palpus ca. 2, 5 × longer than the eye. Antenna beige with fuscous longitudinal lines with intermixed fuscous, consisting of piliform narrow scales forming longitudinal thin lines and lighter apices, ventrally uniformly light ochreous, pedicel short, light grey; scape dorsally light grey, ventrally almost white, 9 – 12 pecten short, stout, almost white. Thorax (Figs 152, 207, 208): lightly beige, intermixed with lighter beige spots, tegula fuscous-grey. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along its entire length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour beige with fuscous spots, wing markings sometimes could be divided into three sectors: base, median and apical; at base slightly arched dirty white fascia cross the forewing, irregularly bordered with dark fuscous scales, sub-dorsal area of base heavily marked with dark fuscous scales, white sub-costal are is irrorated with light fuscous spots, median part consists of irregularly shaped fascia with shorter stripes or fasciae running parallel to major marking, interrupted by two rows or irregular shorter fuscous stripes (variable), two fuscous spots, variable in shape even on the same specimen left or right forewing, one on sub-dorsal and the other on sub-costal area follow the median fascia; sub-apical area is marked by three oblique dirty white sub-dorsal tripes not reaching the midden of the forewing, followed by a big prolonged dirty white spot situated at tornus of the forewing, apical area and apical spot is marked as irregularly shaped dark fuscous spot, surrounded by two-three short, stripes, three short stripes, the middle is the longest are present in the sub-apical area of forewing. The fringe line is dark fuscous and present only in tornal area; fringe long, at distal part of dorsum, light grey, with light silver shine, and shorter at median part of dorsum of forewing, shading a little bit darker towards the base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. The fore femur is light beige, the fore tibia is fuscous with white median patch and lighter base, tarsomere I dark fuscous, tarsomeres II – IV fuscous with dirty white apical halves, terminal tarsomere is light grey with darker tip; mid-femur light ochreous-fuscous, mid tibia fuscous with two dirty white prolonged oblique stripes, tibial spurs light beige as long as tarsomere I, tarsomere I fuscous with dirty white sub-basal and apex, tarsomere II – IV fuscous with dirty apices, terminal tarsomere light grey with darker tip; hind femur ochreous beige, hind tibia fuscous with 15 – 17 stout spines stretching in a row from median to sub-apical part, median spurs very long, almost as long as tibia, hind tarsomeres dark fuscous with dirty white apices, hind tarsomere I with a row of shorter spines, tip is dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 206, 261, 271): bronze-beige on tergites I – II, dark fuscous stripe stretches along the median part of the rest of tergites, median part of sternites ochreous-white, lateral sides of abdomen (tergites and sternites) are dirty white with four oblique bronze-ochreous stripes. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II strongly sclerotised, especially ventral crossing joint which is ca. double as thick as lateral sides, sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, clearly observable, straight, thin, ca. 4 × shorter than tergal apodemes; a lightly melanised joint connecting lateral sides of abdominal opening on tergum I is present, which is an initiating point of tergal apodemes; tergal apodemes sharply hooked at bases, thin, slightly bent, rather long, reaching sub-posterior part of tergum II; apical part of tergal apodemes blunt. Anterior segment VI in females without sclerotisations; anterior segment VII in males with two narrow, sclerotised semi-rings which are the androconial characters. Anterior margins of segments III – VI in females and III – VII in males narrowly and finely sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 228, 229): Tegumen short, reduced, teguminal arms are non-sclerotised, anal tube strongly protruding; valvae sharply narrowing from the midden part with narrow, but gently rounded apex; costal margin folded at basal and sub-basal parts till the mid of valvae, basal part of valvae carries paired appendages (on both valvae) that are zigzagging and angulated 2 ×, ending on saccular part of valva with a prolonged, more or less rectangular shaped, sclerotised tuberculated and enlarged appendage. Valvae symmetrical, rather short, slightly longer than vinculum, heavily setose from mid till apical part, especially ventral area is covered with long, strong, spiculose setae; ventral margin strongly narrowing (ca. 30 °) from mid part of valva, ending in a narrow but gently rounded apex; transtilla incomplete; juxta as two round sclerotisations touching each other with tiny narrow appendices; vinculum is short but well developed, vincular internal sclerotisation W-shaped at anterior part, consisting of two fused parts with clearly visible suture, proximately narrow but strongly sclerotised bow reaching the base of tegumen; saccus short but well developed V-shaped, crossed by mid-suture with an arrow-shaped pointed anterior part. Aedeagus is ca. as long as valva, thick, well developed with narrowing and pointed vesica, that carries rather long, oblique strongly sclerotised one cornutus. Female genitalia (Figs 250, 251): Papillae anales flattened and fused, covered with short, erect and dense setae; apophyses posteriores short, rather thick with blunt apices; segment VIII is short, weakly sclerotised but carries a broad basal semi-ring of apophyses anteriores; the apical narrow part of apophyses anteriores is ca. as long as of apophyses posteriores with sharp apices terminating in the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised and sternum VII is almost completely covered by two-part folded sterigma with V-shaped indentation at the central part of posterior margin of sternum VII; sterigma gently surrounds the ostium bursae, as circular ring opens at anterior margin of sternum VII; margins of ostium bursae are strongly sclerotised, lateral margins of lamella ante-vaginalis are covered with numerous lamellar, flat, nicely arranged brushes of scales that are tightly attached to the borders of sterigmatic sclerotisations. Ductus bursae in corpore is protected by antral, strongly sclerotised, supporting fold; ductus spermathecae short, ca. 1 / 3 length of segment VII, spiralled into tight six convolutions, bulla small, indistinguishable from the anterior part of ductus spermathecae; ductus seminalis enters the anterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae, curved, slightly sinuating, lightly sclerotised, bulla seminalis ca. as long as corpus bursae, sac-shaped, but very weakly melanised; the wall of corpus bursae with visible scales, corpus bursae sac-shaped, without evident distinction between corpus bursae and ductus bursae, except antral sclerotised supporting fold, with two signa of different shapes and size: a smaller signum at posterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, strongly sclerotised small - horn shaped, the bigger signum at anterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, shaped as a sclerotised triangular plate with sharp bigger horn-like process. Individual variation: There is quite significant variation in the pattern of forewing for interchangeable stripes, dots and small fuscous spots, the ornamental variation can be observed even in the same specimen on right and left forewing. However, the principal pattern of sub-basal arched fascia, median fascia interrupted with fuscous lines / stripes, oblique dirty white dorsal stripes and fuscous sub-costal patches remain stable. Bionomics (Figs 278, 287): The larva is a monophagous leaf miner found feeding on Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Fig. 287) and Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae). The peak of mining period is in the second half of January till the first decade of February. The flight period of adults is the end of January up to mid of February. Mitogenomic data: Despite having been sampled across its geographical range, the mitochondrial genomes of the populations in the Northern Territory and Queensland do not differ significantly, and the monophyly of the species is maximally supported in all analyses. The species is very strongly supported as sister to D. nix sp. nov. + D. crotonella sp. nov. (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known from two localities: the type locality in Australia: Northern Territory, Darwin, and Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the species name of host plant Flueggea virosa. It is an adjective in feminine gender in genitive case. The adjective virosa in Latin means having unpleasant strong taste or smell. 12. Dysectopa Vári, 1961 “ Dysectopa gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xviii (key), 57. Type species: Dysectopa scalifera Vári, 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 57 – 58, by original designation. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Afrotropical Region: Namibia. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFEDCDA043ADF12BFCF6FC15.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Dysectopa scalifera Vári, 1961 “ Dysectopa scalifera spec. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 57 – 58, pl. 20, fig. 5; pl. 43, fig. 1; pl. 70, fig. 3; pl. 107, fig. 15. Type locality: South-West Africa [Namibia], Otjiwarongo District, Abachaus. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7697, in TMSA (Pretoria). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Afrotropical Region: Namibia. 13. Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 “ Epicephala gen. nov. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 137 (key), 168. Type species: Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5: 169, by monotypy. Synonyms: Iraina Diakonoff, 1955 — Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie der Wetenschappen (2) 50 (3): 84 (key), 92 – 93. Type species: Iraina periplecta Diakonoff, 1955, by original designation, synonymised by Vári (1961: xii, 42). Leiocephala Kuznetzov et Baryshnikova, 2001 — Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Rossijskaya Akademija Nauk 291: 32 – 33. Type species: Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880, by original designation. Leiocephala was established to denote a subgenus of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880, synonymised by De Prins & De Prins (2005: 177). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. Wingspan 6 – 11 mm; length of the forewing 3 – 5 mm. Head: Vertex smoothly covered by long piliform scales projected anteriorly, occiput with two lateral tufts of short piliform scales directed radially, frons more or less triangularly shaped with a loose bunch of piliform scales on labrum, maxillary palpus short with blunt apices, labial palpus slightly longer than the eye, with sharp apices, basal palpomeres covered with short loosely attached scales, a diagnostic character for Epicephala species; antenna slightly longer than forewing, scape carries pecten. Thorax: Forewing rather broad in comparison with other genera of Gracillariidae, equally wide along its entire length, with a white ornamental pattern on dorsal margin; costal margin from mid of forewing is decorated with very narrow, hardly visible oblique stripes and tiny spots; sub-apical costal margin is marked by three oblique narrow stripes abruptly terminating at sub-apical area; apical spot small, oval, but clearly visible, apical line narrow, distinct, black, continuous; fringe line very short and present only at apex. The wing ornamentation is variable in thickness, edging, and obliqueness of stripes. Hindwings are very narrow, with sharply pointed apices, a character shared by all Epicephala species. Mid legs without pilose covering, which is a supportive character to separate Epicephala species from those of Cuphodes. In Epicephala hind tibia bear a row a sharply pointed, spiculose scales, a characteristic trait for Australian Ornixolinae genera. Abdomen: Tergal apodemes in segment II with transverse joint, that might be strongly or weakly sclerotised, a diagnostic characteristic for Epicephala. Exception: E. breyniphaga sp. nov. where the anterior margin of sternal plate is strongly sclerotised and plays the function of transverse support. Male genitalia: With very strongly developed sacculus. Female genitalia: papillae anales and segment VIII fused into ovipositor, apophyses posteriores and anteriores thick, long, very strong. Fused apophyses posteriores have a piercing function. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Epicephala & searchTax = Sear ch + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Epicephala Mitogenomic data: Epicephala is a species-rich and reasonably well-sampled genus, with relationships between species being robustly to maximally supported (Fig. 637). Its monophyly is maximally supported by all analyses, while its placement as sister to all other Ornixolinae is recovered by NT, CODON and AA analyses with moderate to strong support, as compared to DEGEN placing the genus without statistical support one node deeper inside Ornixolinae (Fig. 639). Bionomics: Mainly fruit piercing and mining. Fabaceae: Bauhinia purpurea L., Bauhinia sp., B. variegata L. (E. orientale Stainton, 1856), Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (E. vermiformis Meyrick, 1936). Phyllanthaceae: Breynia fruticosa (L.) Müll. Arg. (E. lativalvaris Li, Wang & Zhang in Zhang et al. (2012), E. mirivalvata Li, Wang & Zhangin Zhang et al. (2012 )), B. oblongifolia (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., new record (E. trigonophora (Turner, 1900), E. breyniphaga sp. nov.), B. rostrata Merr. (E. lativalvaris, E. mirivalvata, B. vitisidaea (Burm. f.) C. E. C. Fisch (E. sphenitis Meyrick, 1931, E. vitisidaea Li, Wang & Zhang, 2012), Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill. (E. relictella Kuznetzov, 1979), Glochidion daltonii (Müll. Arg.) Kurz (E. daltonii Li, 2016, E duoplantaria Li, 2016), G. ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) F. M. Bailey (E. colymbetella), G. philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. new record (E. philippa sp. nov.), Glochidion sp. (E. ancylopa Meyrick, 1918, E. frenata Meyrick, 1908 a), G. sphaerogynum (Müll. Arg.) Kurz (E. angustisaccula Li, 2015, E. camurella Li, 2015, E. domina Li, 2015, E. impolliniferens Li, 2015), G. zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss. (E. bipollenella Li, Wang & Hu in Zhang et al. (2012 )), G. zeylanicum var. tomentosum (Dalzell) Trimen (E. bipollenella), G. xerocarpus O. Schwarz, new record (E. xerocarpa sp. nov.), Phyllanthus assamicus Müll. Arg. (E. assamica Li, 2016), P. eriocarpus (Champ. Ex Benth.) Müll. Arg. (E. eriocarpa Li, Wang & Zhang, 2012), P. lanceolarius (Roxb.) Müll. Arg. (E. lanceolaria Li, Wang & Zhang, 2012, E. lanceolatella Kawakita & Kato, 2016, E. perplexa Kawakita & Kato, 2016), P. lutescens (Blume) Müll. Arg. (E. duoplantaria Li, 2016), P. meghalayensis Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. (E. anthophilia Kawakita & Kato, 2016), P. microcarpus (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (E. laeviclada Li, 2015, E. macrocarpa Li, 2015, E. tertiaria Li, 2015), P. niruri L. (E. albifrons (Stainton, 1859 )), P. sieboldianus T. Kuros (E. corruptrix Kawakita & Kato, 2016, E. obovatella Kawakita & Kato, 2016), Phyllanthus sp. (E. albifrons (Stainton, 1859), E. scythropis Meyrick, 1930), P. subscandens var. subscandens (E. corruptrix Kawakita & Kato, 2016, E. jianfenglingina Li, 2016, E. obovatella Kawakita & Kato, 2016, P. urinaria subsp. Urinaria (E. parasitica Kawakita & Kato, 2016), P. ussuriensis Rupr. & Maxim (E. nudilingua Kawakita & Kato, 2016), P. wrightii (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (E. angustisaccula Li, 2015, E. camurella Li, 2015). Distribution: Afrotropical Region: Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa: Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga; Zimbabwe. Australian Region: Australia: Queensland, New South Wales; French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands, Papua New Guinea. Oriental Region: China: Fujian, Guangu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan; India: Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, West Bengal; Indonesia: Java; Japan: Amami Oshima, Iriomote Island, Ishigaki Island, Nansei Shoto (Ryūkyū Islands), Okinawa Island, Tokunishima Island, Yonaguni Island; Moluccas (Buru); Malaysia: Selangor, Myanmar; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam. Palaearctic Region: China: Fijian, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong, Yianjin; Japan: Honshū, Kyūshū (Yaku-sima), Korea, Russian Federation: Primorje Region, Taiwan. Species richness: World: 69 species; Australian Region: 20 species. Australian species Based on mitogenomic data and internal morphology of abdominal segment II we divide the Australian Epicephala species into three units: 1) E. albistriatella monophyletic group, consisting of the following species: E. acrobaphes (Turner, 1900) E. albistriatella (Turner, 1894) E. dunkensis sp. nov. E. philippa sp. nov. E. xerocarpa sp. nov. 2) E. trigonophora monophyletic group, consisting of the following species: E. breyniphaga, sp. nov. E. sydnea sp. nov. E. trigonophora (Turner, 1900) 3) other species: E. colymbetella Meyrick, 1880, E. acrocarpa Meyrick, 1927, E. bathrobaphes Turner, 1947, E. doddi sp. nov., E. eugonia Turner, 1913, E. lomatographa Turner, 1913, E. nephelodes Turner, 1913, E. periplecta (Diakonoff, 1955), E. spinula Clarke, 1986, E. spumosa Turner, 1947, E. stephanephora Turner, 1923 and E. zalosticha Turner, 1940. We have no sufficient data to group the species with unknown placement. The species of E. albistriatella and E. trigonophora monophyletic groups cannot be diagnosed by external characters.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFEDCDA043ADF12BFCF6FC15.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880 (Figs 288, 289) “ Epic. [ephala] colymbetella, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 169.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FFEDCDA043ADF12BFCF6FC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], Sydney. Type specimens: Syntype 1 (♂), in NHMUK (London); Syntype 2 (♀), in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Syntype 1 (♂): New South Wales, Sydney, 06 January 1978, Epicephala colymbetella, 7 / 12 Meyr., E. Meyrick det., in Meyrick Coll., BMNH (E) 1406774. Syntype 2 (♀): New South Wales, Sydney, 23 December 1978, Epicephala colymbetella, 4 / 12 Meyr., E. Meyrick det., in Meyrick Coll., BMNH (E) 1406783, NHMUK (London). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880 the male specimen (Fig. 288) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney / S. [outh] Australia‘ / 06 January 1878 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Paralectotype’ (printed on white paper with blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ Epicephala / colymbetella / 7 / 12 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406774 ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype ♀ (Fig. 289): with abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney / S. [outh] Australia‘ / 23 December 1878 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ Paralectotype’ (printed on white paper with blue ring on the outer margin’ [4] ‘ Epicephala / colymbetella / 7 / 12 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406783 ’, in NHMUK (London). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose of delineating this species-group taxon Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as ‘ 7 / 12 Meyr. ’ in the Insect Collection of the Natural History Museum (London) which is with the abdomen, in good shape and curated by the former curator Dr. Jurate De Prins who provided it with the unique QR Code BMNH (E) 1406774 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / EPICCOLY (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen with the label data of the type locality and the QR Code BMNH (E) 1406783 is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Note: Four species are found under the same phenotype of Epicephala colymbetella; however, two of them are phylogenetically distant though both of them belong to the genus Epicephala (Fig. 637). The assignment of unverified specimens to one of the four species is impossible without detailed internal morphological characters of genitalia and / mitogenomic data of the type specimens (lectotype ♂, and paralectotype ♀) of Epicephala colymbetella. Unverified specimens examined: Queensland: Specimen 1: without abdomen, Millaa, 17.5117 ° S 145.6136 ° E, North, 24 - 09 - 1934, leg. nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 075703. Specimen 2: without abdomen, Burpengary, 27.1615 ° S 152.9581 ° E, North, No date, leg. nihil. Specimen 3: idem locality and collecting data. Specimen 4: idem locality and collecting data. Specimen 5: without abdomen, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 20 - 04 - 1919, leg. nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 075701. Specimen 8: without abdomen, Dunk Island, 17.9338 ° S 146.1437 ° E, North Queensland, DNA Voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16209, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 209 - 11, 07 - 06 - 1928, leg. nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053780. Specimen 9: without abdomen, Tamborine Mountain, 27.9284 ° S 153.1845 ° E, 24 - 11 - 1940, leg. nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 075702. Specimen 10: without abdomen, Dunk Island, 17.9338 ° S 146.1437 ° E, 06 - 06 - 1928, leg. nihil. Specimen 11: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 15 - 04 - 1919, leg. nihil. Specimen 12: Dunk Island, 17.9338 ° S 146.1437 ° E, 06 - 06 - 1928, leg. nihil., ANIC (Canberra) Specimen 16: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, as E. frugicola, no date, Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 19: idem collecting and locality data, February, Specimen 20: idem collecting and locality data, December. Specimen 21: idem collecting and locality data, Australian Museum (Sydney). New South Wales: Specimen 6: without abdomen, Gosford, 33.4267 ° S 151.3417 ° E, 21 - 11 - 1924, leg. nihil. Specimen 7: without abdomen, idem locality and collecting data. Specimen 13: without abdomen, Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16208, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 208 - 11, 04 - 01 - 1933, leg. Goldfinch G. M., ANIC Acc. no 31 053779. Specimen 14: idem collecting and locality data. Specimen 15: without abdomen, idem locality and collecting data except the date 29 - 10 - 1932. Specimen 17: Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 25 - 10 - 2014, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 18 (♀): idem collecting and locality data except the date 16 - 11 - 2014, Australian Museum (Sydney). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 8.2 – 8.6 mm; length of the forewing 3.7 – 3.9 mm (Figs 288, 289). The main diagnostic set of characters for this species are found in micromorphology and in mitogenomics. This species is monophagous on Glochidion ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) F. M. Bail (Phyllanthaceae). Head: vertex shining white, smoothly covered by long piliform scales projected anteriorly, occiput with two lateral tufts of shining white, short piliform scales directed radially, frons more or less triangularly shaped with a loose bunch of piliform scales on labrum, maxillary palpus short with blunt apices, labial palpus slightly longer than the eye, with sharp apices; antenna slightly longer than forewing, unicolourous light ochreous grey with silver lustre, scape ca. as large as two flagellomeres, more or less equally broad at base and at apex carrying a tuft of long radially oriented scales. Thorax (Figs 288, 289): unicolourous white, tegula light ochreous grey, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing; forewing rather broad in comparison with other genera of Gracillariidae, equally wide along its entire length, with a white ornamental pattern on dorsal margin; costal margin from mid of forewing is decorated with very narrow, hardly visible oblique stripes and tiny spots, while the base of dorsal margin is snowy white and mid part of dorsal margin bears three thick white, oblique, not edged strigulae; sub-apical costal margin is marked by three oblique narrow stripes abruptly terminating at sub-apical area, narrow shining, edged with black scales fascia; apical spot small, oval, but clearly visible, present on light ochreous patch which is bordered by a small white spot at apex and a big triangular spot on tornus; apical line narrow, distinct, black, continuous; fringe line very short and present only at apex. The wing ornamentation is variable in thickness, edging, and obliqueness of stripes. The general pattern is that the dorsal margin is more decorated than the costal margin and usually carries three oblique clearly detectable strigulae. In E. colymbetella hind tibia bears a row of erected, sharply pointed, spiculose scales, a characteristic trait for Australian Ornixolinae genera. Abdomen (Figs 288, 289): tergites light ochreous, matte, without shine, last genital segments white, sternites dirty white with three dark brown oblique stripes. Female and male genitalia: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = colymbetella & searchTax = Se arch + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Phyllanthaceae: Glochidion ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) F. M. Bailey (Turner 1913: 176). This species is monophagous. One species of Australian Gracillariinae, Caloptilia xanthopharella Meyrick, 1880, and two species of Australian Ornixolinae, Epicephala colymbetella and Diphtheroptila ochridorsellum, feed on the same host plant Glochidion ferdinandii. The diagnosis between them can be easily made by external morphological wing pattern characters. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1907: 105), New South Wales (Meyrick 1880: 169); French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Meyrick 1928 c: 504).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF1BCDA143ADF4CFFCFDF845.taxon	description	(Figs 290, 291, 311, 340, 341, 359, 370, 376, 637) “ Ornix acrobaphes n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1900. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 24 (2): 22. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36939547	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF1BCDA143ADF4CFFCFDF845.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 010789, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂ (Fig. 311): without abdomen, [labels verbatim] [1] Brisbane / Jan. [annuary]; [2] Ornix Type / acrobaphes Turn.; [3] HOLOTYPE / Ornix / acrobaphes Turn.; [4] ANIC / Image; [5] ANIC Database No. / 31 010789, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional verified specimens: Queensland: Specimen 1 (♂): Iron Range, 12.6866 ° S 143.3342 ° E, 15 - 04 - 1964, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S, DNA sample NULT 022959, genitalia slide ANIC 6254, ANIC Acc. no 31 085609. Specimen 2 (♀): Stradbroke Island, 27.5323 ° S 153.4626 ° E, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16203, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 203 - 11, 24 - 12 - 1913, leg. Nihil. Specimen 3 (♀): idem collecting locality data, the abdomen is separate, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16203, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 203 - 11, 30 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053774, DNA sample NULT 023073, genitalia slide ANIC 6255, ANIC Acc. no 31 053774. Specimen 4 (♂): without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, 02 - 04 - 1916, leg. Nihil. Specimen 5 (♂): without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16204, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 204 - 11, 30 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053775, ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 7.0 – 9.0 mm; length of the forewing 3.6 – 4.2 mm (Figs 290, 291). Strongly sexually dimorphic species — the apical halves of hindwings in males are black, strongly contrasting with the basal halves. Sexual dimorphism in hindwings is a strong diagnostic character for Epicephala acrobaphes. This species is a sister lineage to E. dunkensis sp. nov. The shared morphological character of both lineages is the transverse joint of abdominal tergal apodemes. This character is not genus-specific but unites species in a species group that includes E. acrobaphes and E. dunkensis sp. nov. Head (Fig. 311): vertex shining white, covered with long piliform scales oriented anteriorly, occiput covered with two tufts of white, short filiform scales oriented posteriorly; frons white, covered with slightly lifted filiform scales of different lengths; maxillary palpus dirty white with light ochreous fuscous shading on apical palpomere, maxillary palpomeres covered with short loose piliform scales; labial palpus dirty white with light ochreous fuscous shading, slightly longer than the diameter of eye, slender, with sharply pointed apices; antenna light ochreous fuscous with bronze shining inter-flagellomeral joints, scape thickened, light ochreous with a tuft of impressively long, bronze shining, radially directed pecten. Thorax (Figs 290, 291): white, unicolourous, tegula light ochreous fuscous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewings; forewing ground colour light ochreous fuscous; costal margin with short oblique fuscous stripes or dots, dorsal margin with characteristic white stripe with might be straight at anterior margin, shortly interrupted or with some irregular spots; sub-apical margin characteristic for E. colymbetella group by having two-three oblique toward apex, non-edged stripes; apical spot round, black, clearly visible, apex of the forewing slightly narrowing, but gently rounded; apical line fuscous, fine, continuous; fringe line very short, just on apex. This is a diagnostic character for E. colymbetella species group. Hindwing narrow with black apical half for males and unicolourous beige for females. This character is species diagnostic. Legs diagnose E. acrobaphes from E. colymbetella and E. albistriatella for being marked with dark brown strongly contrasted bands, the basal part of tarsomeres fuscous, the apical half snowy white. Hind tibia light beige, covered with characteristic for Ornixolinae, erected, sharply pointed spiculose scales. Abdomen (Figs 290, 291, 370, 376): tergites light fuscous brown, genital anterior segments dirty white. Abdominal opening broad, triangular-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint finely sclerotised, interrupted in the middle, lightly convex; sternal apodemes initiated at the lateral sides of sternal plate, tergal apodemes thicker at basal part, slightly bent at the middle, apical halves slender; tergal apodemes are connected by a transverse strongly sclerotised joint; terminal segment in males with impressive androconial sclerotisations: a narrow but strongly sclerotised bow on the joint between sternum VI and VII, a sclerotise line on anterior margin of sternum VII, two pairs of spindle-shaped strongly sclerotised androconial decorations that carry very long coremata and a triangular sternal plate with smaller narrowly triangular sub-plate on anterior part of segment VII; anterior part of female abdomen simple; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny dots. Male genitalia (Figs 340, 341): Tegumen protruding, long cone-shaped, teguminal arms are finely but strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, strongly sclerotised, apical part truncate; valva very complex in structure, double, since sacculus is so well developed and almost as big as valva; cucullus with gently rounded corners, internal surface of valva is densely setose, ventral margin with several rows of sharp, short spines, both valval apodemes costal and ventral are long, meeting and even crossing each other at the mid of cavity, playing a transverse support function; sacculus of two parts: costal part with strongly sclerotised suture and an area of black, long, strong setae on apical part of sacculus, ventral sector as a broad, setae-free flap with a broadly rounded extension at apical part; vinculum well developed, U-shaped, with very evident mid suture separating left and right sides; saccus mid-sized but bulb-shaped, almost round. Aedeagus is ca. as long as sacculus, strongly narrowing towards vesica; vesica sharply pointed, one long cornutus stretches along the entire length of aedeagus. Female genitalia (Fig. 359): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a midsized ovipositor. The internal surface of segment VII covered by a pair of strongly sclerotised leaf-shaped plates that are fused by their sub-apical parts. Apophyses posteriores strong, thick, and straight, extending till segment V; apophyses anteriores are also very long, ca. 1 / 5 shorter and thinner than apophyses posteriores; Segment VII is sclerotised, all sterigmatic sclerotisations are on anterior margin; ostium bursae opens in sub-anterior sector of sternum VII; antrum + ductus bursae thick in girth, with thickened walls, tube-shaped, cylindrical; corpus bursae just extends the anterior margin of segment VI; signum not perceptible. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 370240 GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The two specimens sequenced have essentially identical mitochondrial genome sequences (0.02 % divergence), despite having originated more than 1,500 km apart. While support is maximal in all analyses for the monophyly of the species and for its inclusion in a monophylum comprising additionally E. philippa sp. nov., E. dunkensis sp. nov. and E. xerocarpa sp. nov., the sister relationship to E. philippa sp. nov. is weakly supported (only strong support in the CODON analysis (Fig. 637 )). Distribution: Known from three localities: Australia, Queensland.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF05CDBE43ADF7AEFDFAFCB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Samoa Islands], Upolu, Malololelei, 2000 ft. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London) [not found in June 2023]. Specimens examined: No specimens could be traced. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: see the original description at https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 43091093 Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Samoa (Meyrick 1927: 127).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF05CDBC43ADF46EFBF9FC31.taxon	description	(Figs 292, 312, 360, 377, 637) “ Grac. [ilaria] albistriatella, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1894. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 18: 129 – 130.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF05CDBC43ADF46EFBF9FC31.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: 3 syntypes (number and gender unknown) [one syntype specimen found in ANIC]. Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype (Fig. 312) of the species Gracillaria albistriatella Turner, 1894 the specimen, without abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Brisbane‘ (printed on beige paper), [2] ’ Gracillaria Type / albistriatella Turn. ’ (handwritten on dark beige paper), [3] ‘ SynType / Epicephala / albistriatella Turn. ’ (handwritten on red paper’ [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074483 ’, in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Gracillaria albistriatella Turner, 1894. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the unique syntype specimen indicated as ‘ TYPE’ in the Australian National Insect Collection of the CSIRO (Canberra) which is without an abdomen, but otherwise in good shape and digitized by the ANIC Digitization Group providing the ID: ANIC 31 074483 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / EPICALBI (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). Taxonomic note: The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1970, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 27: 27, in Opinion 912 placed Gracillaria on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Name Number 2382 (Nye & Fletcher 1991: 137). Specimens examined: Lectotype: see label data above. Verified specimens: Queensland: Specimen 1: Bundaberg, 24.8661 ° S 152.3489 ° E, 07 - 12 - 1929, leg. Nihil. Specimen 2: Rockhampton, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 17 - 04 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 3 (♀): idem collecting data, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16197, BOLD ANICY 197 - 11, 17 - 01 - 1949, leg. Common I. F. B, ANIC Acc. no 31 053768, DNA sample NULT 023541, genitalia slide ANIC 6251, ANIC Acc. no 31 053768. Specimen 8: without abdomen, Yeppoon, Byfield, 23.1335 ° S 150.7374 ° E, 23 - 10 - 1924, leg. Nihil. Specimen 9: Dulong, 26.6378 ° S 152.8954 ° E, 07 - 04 - 1907, leg. Nihil. Specimen 10: without abdomen, Magnetic Island, 19.1385 ° S 146.8339 ° E, North, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16198, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 198 - 11, 24 - 06 - 1935, leg. Nihil. Specimen 11: Rockhampton, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 04 - 01 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 12: without abdomen, North, Barcode of Life, DNA Voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16198, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 198 - 11, 24 - 06 - 1935, leg. Nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053769. Specimen 13: without abdomen, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 29 - 03 - 1906, leg. Nihil. Specimen 14: without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, 24 - 03 - 1916, leg. Nihil. Specimen 15: without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, 28 - 03 - 1908, leg. Nihil. Specimen 16: without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, 07 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 17: without abdomen, idem collecting locality data, 24 - 11 - 1924, leg. Nihil. Specimen 18: without abdomen, Dulong, 26.6378 ° S 152.8954 ° E, 07 - 04 - 1907, leg. Nihil. Specimen 19: without abdomen, Stanthorpe, 28.6552 ° S 151.9345 ° E, February, leg. Nihil. Specimen 20: without abdomen, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 19 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 21 (♀): Biloela, 24.4025 ° S 150.5124 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16199, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 199 - 11, 07 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053770, DNA sample NULT 022834, genitalia slide ANIC 6253, ANIC Acc. no 31 053770. Specimen 22: idem collecting data, 05 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 23: idem collecting data, 05 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 24: idem collecting data, 07 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 25: Brisbane, 19 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 26: Brisbane, 19 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 27 (♀): Biloela, 07 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 022719, genitalia slide ANIC 6252, ANIC Acc. no 31 085606. Specimen 28: Rockhampton, 20 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 29: Biloela, 01 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 30: Rockhampton, 04 - 01 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 31: Biloela, 22 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 32: idem locality data, 06 - 01 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 33: idem locality data, 01 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 34: Rockhampton, 14 - 10 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 35: idem locality data, 19 - 10 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 36: idem locality data, 29 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 37: Brisbane, 19 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B, ANIC (Canberra). New South Wales: Specimens 4, 5: Narrebeen, 33.7223 ° S 151.2984 ° E, 14 - 11 - 1914, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 6, 7: Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 15 - 11 - 1921, leg. Goldfinch G. M., in AM (Sydney). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 5.5 – 6.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.6 – 3.1 mm (Fig. 292). This species is the sister lineage to the clade that includes the species E. acrobaphes. The sharing morphological character within this clade is the transverse joint connecting tergal apodemes in abdominal segment II. Head (Fig. 312): vertex white, covered with snowy white or dirty white with fuscous shading (a variable character) long, slightly lifted piliform scales, occiput with two tufts of white radially directed scales, frons covered with slightly lifted long piliform scales, white, lateral sides of frons, next to eyes with a tuft of ochreous scales — a character helpful in diagnosis for freshly emerged specimens, maxillary palpus short erect shining white slightly longer than eye, with sharp apical palpomere; antenna slightly longer than forewing, concolourous with ground colour of forewing, scape as large as ca. two flagellomeres, carries a short, hardly visible pecten. Thorax (Fig. 292): white, tegula light ochreous fuscous, forewing ground colour light ochreous with fuscous shading (the intensity of fuscous shading is a variable character); costal margin with three sinuating, strongly oblique costal strigulae, the first costal strigula just before the mid of costa, the second just beyond the mid of costa and the third strigula, edged with dark scales basally at sub-apical part of costal margin of forewing; dorsal margin of forewing marked with a long white stripe running along dorsal margin and gently narrowing towards sub-apical part of forewing; one triangular, not edged, dorsal strigula is present in the mid part of dorsal margin. This dorsal strigula might be reduced till semi-oval enlargement of basal stripe. Nevertheless, this dorsal pattern with narrowing white stripe and one mid dorsal strigula is diagnostic for the species. The sub-apical part like in E. colymbetella bears three, thin, oblique towards apex, interrupted in several places dorsal strigulae; apical part is bordered by narrow but finely edged fascia; apical spot is small, black, but very clearly distinctive, situated on the brightly ochreous patch, white, small prolonged spot on the costal part of apex and bigger, broader, prolonged white spot at tornus; apical line is fine and clearly visible, continuous, without interruptions, fringe line dark fuscous, short present only on apex, strongly contrast white with silver shine fringe. Hindwings very narrow, sharply pointed. Legs dirty white with an intermixture of light ochreous, more or less unicoloured with bronze shine; hind tibia bears a row of short, sharp, erected spiculose scales. Abdomen (Figs 292, 377): dorsally tergites ochreous fuscous, matte, terminal genital segments dirty white, sternites are white, with bronze shining ochreous markings, abdominal anterior sternites VII – IX dirty white, without any markings. Abdominal opening broad, arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint finely sclerotised, interrupted in the middle, lightly convex; sternal apodemes initiated at the lateral sides of sternal plate, bent; tergal apodemes rather thick along entire their length, straight; tergal apodemes are connected by a transverse strongly sclerotised joint; anterior part of female abdomen simple; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny dots. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 360): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a short ovipositor with blunt apical part. Apophyses posteriores fused until the anterior margin of segment VII, then biforked into two strong, thick, and straight separate apophyses, reaching posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae; apophyses anteriores are also very long, initiating at anterior margin of segment VII; both apophyses posteriores and anteriores end at the same line at posterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae; Segment VII is strongly sclerotised with a U-shaped sterigma; ostium bursae opens at anterior margin of sternum VII; antrum of mid-girth, strongly enlarging towards ductus bursae; colliculum with a strongly sclerotised oval patch covered with short sharp spines; corpus bursae pear-shaped with a thin wall, signum absent. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = albistriatella & searchTax = Sea rch + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The monophyly of this species and its placement as sister to all the other species in the E. albistriatella group (E. xerocarpa sp. nov., E. dunkensis sp. nov., E. acrobaphes and E. philippa sp. nov.) are maximally supported in all analyses (Fig. 637). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1894: 130), New South Wales, new record.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF07CDBD43ADF4EBFD70FF65.taxon	description	(Fig. 293) “ Epicephala bathrobaphes n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1947. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 57 (1945) (7): 72. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49510245	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF07CDBD43ADF4EBFD70FF65.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Toowoomba. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, in NKU (Tianjin). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂ [1] ‘ Toowoomba, Q. [ueensland] / 21 November 1925 / W. B. Barnard’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Epicephala / bathrobaphes Turn. ’; [3] ‘ Epicephala TYPE / bathrobaphes Turn. ’ [4] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 010795 ’; [5] ‘ AUST. NAT / INS. COLL’, in NKU (Tianjin). Note: The holotype ♂ currently on loan in Nankai University, China. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan ca. 8.0 mm; length of the forewing 5.4 mm. Head: vertex white, covered with snowy white long, pressed piliform scales, vertex with two tufts of white posteriorly directed scales, antenna slightly longer than forewing, dark brown, scape enlarged, slightly lighter shading brown. Thorax (Fig. 293): dirty white, tegula light brown, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing. Forewing pattern with long diagnostical two base streaks, costal margin with one long oblique strigula in sub-apical area, two small triangular costal strigulae at apical sector; dorsal margin of forewing with narrowing dirty white stripe, the first long, oblique strigula at 1 / 2 of dorsum, the second at 3 / 4 of dorsal margin, both oblique long strigulae are edged with black scales, the third dorsal strigula is at sub-apical sector meeting the opposite costal strigula at mid of forewing; the apical dorsal strigula is fused with costal strigula in a narrow fine apical bow; apical spot black, round, situated in the dotted apical area; apical line is fine and clearly defined, continuous, fringe line dark fuscous, continuous. Hindwings very narrow, sharply pointed, significantly darker, what might indicate the sexual dimorphism within this species. Legs light fuscous. Abdomen (Fig. 293): dorsally tergites ochreous fuscous, matte, terminal genital segments dirty white. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1947: 72).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF06CDB243ADF61FFD6FFCFE.taxon	description	(Figs 294, 295, 313, 314, 326 – 329, 342 – 345, 361, 371, 378, 383, 637) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Burrewara Point. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia NSW [New South Wales] / 35.50 ° S 150.14 ° E / Burrewara Point / Forest Res. [Reserve] emg. [emerged] 7 Dec. [December] 1996 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 5341 / Breynia / oblongifolia, DNA sample NULT 025196, genitalia slide ANIC 6225, ANIC Acc. no 31 085533, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 2 ♂: Paratype 1 (♂): New South Wales: Maclean, 29.4606 ° S 153.2019 ° E, 03 - 04 - 1952, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023198, genitalia slide ANIC 6256, ANIC Acc. no 31 085607. Paratype 2 (♂) (Figs 313, 314): Queensland: Millstream Falls, National Park, 17.3900 ° S 145.2000 ° E, Host 5684: Breynia oblongifolia (fruit), 01 - 02 - 1997, leg. Kumata T. & M., DNA sample NULT 025433, genitalia slide ANIC 6227, ANIC Acc. no 31 085590, in ANIC (Canberra). Unverified specimen: without abdomen, Queensland: Millstream Falls, National Park, 17.3900 ° S 145.2000 ° E, Host 5684: Breynia oblongifolia (fruit), 01 - 02 - 1997, leg. Kumata T. & M., DNA sample NULT 025558 (not successful), ANIC Acc. no 31 085643, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Based on the characters of external morphology E. breyniphaga sp. nov. can be easily diagnosed from congenerous species by costal ornamentation, except the species E. trigonophora. The species E. breyniphaga sp. nov. is the sister lineage to E. trigonophora and is externally indistinguishable. In E. breyniphaga sp. nov. the sub-apical costal strigulae are comma-shaped, almost reaching the midline of forewing and edged by black scales basally, while in the group these comma-shaped strigulae are very short, hardly visible stripes and not edged by black scales; sub-apical area is also differently decorated; in the group of E. acrobaphes + E. dunkensis sp. nov. eight several fine horizontal not edged lines situated at about midline of forewing are approaching sub-apical fascia, while in E. breyniphaga sp. nov. these straight midline lines are absent. Bionomics between those two groups of Epicephala species is also different. The host of E. breyniphaga sp. nov. belongs to the plant genus Breynia while the host plant genus of the species group E. acrobaphes + E. dunkensis sp. nov. is Glochidion. Both plant genera belong to the same plant family Phyllanthaceae. There is no difference in bionomics between E. breyniphaga sp. nov. and E. trigonophora. Both species feed on the same host plant and the same spot synchronically. Four other species of Epicephala are feeding on Breynia host plants: E. lativalvaris, E. mirivalvata, E. sphenitis, and E. vitisidaea. The diagnostic morphological characters of the E. breyniphaga should be searched in internal (genital) morphology. These four described species mentioned above are distributed in China and India. Bionomics is a helpful mean to group Breynia feeding Epicephala species. In the great majority of cases the Ornixolinae species are host specific. Beside E. breyniphaga sp. nov. and E. trigonophora also Phyllocnistis diaugella Meyrick, 1880 is recorded to feed on Breynia oblongifolia in Australia. Description: Wingspan ca. 7.0 – 7.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.0 – 3.3 mm (Figs 294, 295). Head (Figs 313, 314): vertex smooth, covered by rather short white piliform scales with slight ochreous shading toward frons; occiput with two short separate lateral tufts of short piliform scales, directed posteriorly. Frons white with light ochreous shading. Maxillary palpus approximately as long as the eye, straight, white, covered with lose but not hanging scales. Labial palpus about twice longer than maxillary palpus, ca. 1.5 × diameter of the eye, dirty white at inner side and very light ochreous at outer side, directed straightforward, covered with small tightly supressed piliform scales. Proboscis ochreous, strongly rolled. Antenna as long as forewing or slightly longer, dorsally light ochreous, with slight golden shine, each flagellomere contain numerous tiny brown lines, flagellomeres with brown apices, antenna not ringed; ventrally light ochreous; pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the following flagellomere, dirty light ochreous; scape rather long, approximately as long as three flagellomeres, equally thick at base and at apex, dirty white at base and dorsally and light ochreous at lateral sides and ventrally, with a big bunch of long hanging light grey pecten of different lengths very well seen and noticeable at about 50 × magnification. Thorax (Figs 294, 295, 327, 329): snowy white, tegula light ochreous. Forewing elongated, equally broad along all its length, with gently rounded apex, ground colour equally ochreous with white markings. Costal margin with three white markings: 1) a narrow hooked, not edged white stripe at sub-base of costa, 2) comma-shaped directed towards apex, edged basally strigula at 2 / 3 of costa, 3) oblique, white narrow strigula, directed towards apex, edged posteriorly; dorsal margin is marked by white narrowing from base toward apex stripe with a neighbouring white hook-like ornament at the mid of dorsum, and two oblique triangular markings at sub-apical part; apical part is defined by white, fine-edged from both sides fascia with broader parts at costa and dorsum; apical spot small, round clearly visible, situated on ochrous background bordered by an oval white patch at apex and a big triangular patch at tornus; apical line, fine, continuous, fuscous black. The fringe line is only at apical area. Fringe is golden ochreous, shorter snowy white at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour grey ochreous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, well lighter in shading than the colour of hindwing, with golden shine, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore leg light grey ochreous, tip of fore tarsus ochreous; mid femur light ochreous, mid tibia light ochreous interchanging to white towards apex, tibial spurs ochreous with grey apical half, mid tarsomeres grey with lighter shading at inner sides; hind femur light ochreous fuscous, hind tibia golden ochreous, with a row of sharp long spines of more or less equal length stretching along tibia; median spurs long, slightly longer than half length of tibia, light grey, apical spurs significantly shorter (ca. half of the length of median ones), dirty white grey outer side; tarsomere I light ochreous with grey apical part, tarsomere II fuscous ochreous, tarsomeres III – V ochreous, the tip of hind tarsus fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 326, 328, 371, 378): dorsally tergites ochreous fuscous, matte, terminal genital segments brightly yellow, sternites are white, with five ochreous markings, abdominal anterior sternites VII – IX dirty white, without any markings, but with basal ochreous shading. Abdominal opening broad, trapezoidal, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint finely sclerotised, very fine but continuous in the middle, lightly convex; sternal apodemes absent, anterior and lateral margins of sternal plate fulfil the support function; tergal apodemes rather thick along entire their length, straight with a small appendage at the sub-basal part; anterior margin of the causal segment in males is marked with the convex sclerotised plate, two pairs of androconial sickle-shaped sclerotisations are present on the lateral sides of anterior segment VII in males that carry two pairs of bunches of long coremata, anterior margin with an anterior plate of lamellar scales; the smaller triangular plate with scobination terminates the androconial abdominal markings; anterior part of female abdomen simple; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny dots. Male genitalia (Figs 342 – 345): Tegumen long broad cone-shaped, with gently rounded apex; teguminal arms are finely sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, weakly sclerotised, apical part of tegumen protruding and truncate; valva split into two separate parts: regular valva and very broad, ca. 3 × broader than valva sacculus; costal margin of valva straight, cucullus enlarged, truncate, ventral margin of valva convex, heavily covered with long, erect setae; sacculus broad, oval shaped with gently rounded apical part; costal margin of sacculus smooth, ventral margin with barbs of different sizes, inner surface of sacculus setae free but carries one big horn in sub-basal sector; valval apodemes long, play a transverse support function, do not meet each other, saccular basal parts play the function of juxta; vinculum well developed, with very broad lateral sides that are folded meeting each other at the basis of the genital cavity and playing the support function of juxta, U-shaped, with very evident mid suture separating left and right sides, basal part, connecting vinculum with saccus is triangular; saccus slightly shorter than valva, narrow, straight appendage with truncate anterior part. Aedeagus is ca. 2 × longer than valva, straight, tubular, with gently rounded coecum, vesica is covered with cornuti of different lengths, the apex of vesica carries one big erect cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 361): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a short truncate ovipositor. Apophyses posteriores fused until mid of segment VII, then biforked into two strong, thick, and straight separate apophyses, that extend till mid of corpus bursae; apophyses anteriores are also strong, very long, but shorter than apophyses posteriores, they reach the joint of ductus and corpus bursae, initiating at sub-posterior sector of segment VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised, especially the posterior part, that is as one irregular shaped sterigmatic sector; ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior sector of sternum VII; antrum enlarged, cup-shaped; ductus bursae short very thick in girth, surrounded by spherical melanised ring posteriorly; corpus bursae sac-shaped with a thin, transparent wall, signum absent; bulla seminalis smaller than corpus bursae, sac-shaped. Individual variation: the species is described based on three specimens, one of which is rather worn. No variation is detected. Bionomics (Fig. 383): The species feeds on Breynia oblongifolia (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. (Phyllanthaceae). The feeding period is from early December till early February. The flight period is from early February till early April. Mitogenomic data: The three specimens sequenced have near identical mitochondrial genome sequences (0.3 % divergence), despite having originated more than 2,000 km apart. Support is maximal in all analyses for the monophyly of the species and its sister relationship to E. trigonophora (Fig. 637). Distribution: Known only from three localities in Australia that range from the type locality Burrewarra Point in SE New South Wales to far northern Queensland. Etymology: The species name is a composite word of the genus name of the host plant Breynia and the combining form from the Latin suffix - phagus which itself is derived from the Greek word ‘ φάΓΟΣ ’ meaning ‘ feeding on’. The specific name is an adjective of the feminine gender.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF09CDB043ADF4ABFA1CFAF3.taxon	description	(Figs 296, 346 – 348, 372) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Kuranda / N. Q. [North Queensland] F. P. Dodd, DNA sample NULT 023189, genitalia slide ANIC 6248, ANIC Acc. no 31 085530, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally the new species is very similar, and hardly distinguishable from the type species Epicephala colymbetella. The diagnostic characters should be searched in the highly discriminative male genitalia characters. This sample did not generate sufficient molecular data to delineate this species-group taxon. For species identification, genitalia slide of males should be made. The micromorphological characters of males are highly diagnostic. Description: Wingspan ca. 10.1 mm; length of the forewing 4.9 mm (Fig. 296). Head: vertex with appressed shining, white, long piliform scales, occiput with two lateral tufts of white short with ochreous base piliform scales; antenna unicolourous ochreous, scape larger and slightly lighter than the rest of the flagellomeres. Thorax (Fig. 296): tegula ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing; forewing equally wide along its entire length, with white oblique stripes on dorsal margin; a couple of irregular spots of different sizes and shapes are present on the costal margin of the forewing; the sub-apical dorsal margin is marked by oblique narrowing stripes of different length directed towards apical spot; apical spot mid-sized, situated in the basal part of an ochreous brown rectangular apical marking; apical line narrow, distinct, black, continuous; fringe line thicker at apex, thinner, bleaker at termen. Length of fringe is longer than width of forewing, fringe ochreous, slightly lighter shading than ground colour of forewing. Hindwing narrow, with sharply pointed apex. Hind tibia light ochreous, slightly darker at base and apex, spurs are long, tips median and apical spurs dark ochreous; hind tarsus marked by interchangeable white and dark ochreous rings. Abdomen (Fig. 372): tergites light fuscous with beige ochreous genital anterior segments. Abdominal opening broad, triangular-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint entirely sclerotised, lightly convex; the ventral joint of abdominal opening is doubled by a sclerotised anterior margin of abdominal plate that is slightly convex in the middle; stronger sclerotised basal parts of lateral sides of abdominal plate have a supportive function, sternal apodemes not developed, tergal apodemes thicker at basal part, slightly bent at the middle, apical halves slender; terminal segment in males with androconial sclerotisations: two pairs of sclerotised bows and triangular sternal plate with smaller triangular sub-plate situated at inner sternal surface; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny dots. Male genitalia (Figs 346 – 348): Tegumen long, with gently oval apical part, teguminal arms are finely but strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, strongly sclerotised, apical part of tegumen protruding, truncate; valvae very complex in structure, more or less rectangular with strongly protruded cucullus part, costal margin heavily setose, cucullus with rectangular ill-sclerotised flap, apical part broad with ampullar bump in the middle, ventral margin and area covered with horizontally arranged thick strong spines, sub-ventral sector heavily setose with long thin setae originating from a tine tubercule; sacculus developed as a prolonged, stick-shaped sclerotisation attached to the base of the ventral margin; basal arms of valvae, very long, crossing each other and forming a transverse support; vinculum well developed, with lateral sides that are bent into the inner cavity of genital capsule; internal vincular sutures separating left and right sides very well seen; saccus mid-sized as a strong, sclerotised appendage with truncate anterior part. Aedeagus is ca. as long as costal part of valva, rather thick, tubular, with narrowing but gently rounded vesica, cornuti absent. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific epithet is formed from the family name of the collector F. P. Dodd. It is a noun in the genitive case that has been Latinised and it is formed in accordance with the rules of Latin grammar (Art. 31.1.1.).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF0BCD8E43ADF2ADFB9CF805.taxon	description	(Figs 297, 362, 363, 379, 637) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Dunk Island. Type specimen: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Dunk I. [sland] / N. Q. [North Queensland] 10 June 1928, DNA sample NULT 023426, genitalia slide 6250, ANIC Acc. no 31 085529, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally the new species is very similar, and hardly distinguishable from the type species Epicephala colymbetella and from E. doddi sp. nov. Tiny diagnostic differences can be found in the ornamentation of the sub-apical costal region of the forewing. In E. dunkensis sp. nov. in the sub-apical sector a long narrow oblique strigula stretching from costa to mid of forewing is present, while in E. doddi sp. nov. this region is marked by irregular white patches and a very short stripe; in E. colymbetella this area is marked by a straight triangular strigula that is broadly edged basally. The diagnostic characters should be searched in the highly discriminative genitalia characters and the mitogenomics. This species forms a sister lineage to E. acrobaphes + E. philippa sp. nov. Description: Wingspan ca. 8.5 mm; length of the forewing 4.0 mm (Fig. 297). Head: vertex with loose snowy white long piliform scales; occiput with white short scales, intermixed with light ochreous piliform scales; antenna unicolourous ochreous, slightly longer than forewing, scape larger than the rest of the flagellomeres, light ochreous. Thorax (Fig. 297): tegula ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing; forewing equally wide along its entire length, with white enlargements on dorsal margin; a couple of long, white, not edged stripes are present on the costal margin of the forewing; sub-apical dorsal margin is marked by a couple of white spots of different size and shape; apical spot mid-sized, oval, placed on rectangular area, surrounded by a smaller white spot apically and a bigger large patch on termen, the apical line is fine, continuously running around the edge of forewing; fringe line weak, ill-defined; fringe ochreous, slightly lighter shading than ground colour of forewing. Hindwing narrow, with sharply pointed apex; fringe very long, concolourous with the ground colour of the forewing. Hind tibia light ochreous with dark ochreous apical part; hind tarsomere I is dirty white, tarsomeres II and III white with ochreous bases, anterior tarsomeres dirty white. Abdomen (Fig. 379): tergites light fuscous with beige ochreous genital anterior segments. Abdominal opening broadly arc-shaped, the margins of abdominal opening narrowly but strongly sclerotised; the ventral joint of abdominal opening straight, complete, followed by an irregularly margined abdominal plate posteriorly; sternal apodemes not developed, tergal apodemes thin, straight with a transverse joint at 2 / 3 of their length, apices sharp, distancing from each other; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny sclerotised dots. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 362, 363): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a long ovipositor. Apophyses posteriores strong, thick, and straight, extending till segment V, beyond the mid of corpus bursae; apophyses anteriores are also very long, covering corpus bursae slightly beyond apophyses posteriores. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised with an M-shaped sterigmatic sclerotisation; ostium bursae opens in sub-anterior sector of sternum VII; antrum very broad, ca. ¼ of the width of segment VII, tubular with enlarged anterior part; colliculum strongly sclerotised extending almost till corpus bursae; ductus bursae is thick in girth, corpus bursae oval shaped with a squamous bursal wall, especially at the anterior margin; signum is small, star-shaped with multiple tiny rays. Bionomics: No data. Mitogenomic data: The single mitochondrial sequence from the holotype is placed as sister to E. acrobaphes + E. philippa sp. nov. (Fig. 637), but support for this placement is weak and E. dunkensis sp. nov. could also be the sister of either of these two species. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: Queensland, Dunk Island. Etymology: The specific epithet is a derivative of the name of Dunk Island by adding the suffix - ensis, meaning ‘ originating in’. It is an adjective of the feminine gender in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF34CD8F43ADF7AEFC82F9AE.taxon	description	(Figs 298, 315) “ Epicephala eugonia, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 175. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407204	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF34CD8F43ADF7AEFC82F9AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Brisbane. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, coll. Turner, ANIC Acc. no 31 010788, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀ (Figs 298, 315): [1] ‘ Brisbane / Dec [ember] ’; [2] ‘ Epicephala TYPE / eugonia Turn. ’; [3] ‘ ANIC / Image’; [4] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 010788 ’, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.5 mm; length of the forewing 2.9 mm (Fig. 298). Externally this species is very similar to E. colymbetella, the type species of the genus Epicephala and belongs to the same group of species. Undoubtfully E. eugonia and the type species E. colymbetella are related. The diagnostic differences are tiny as described below, however, both species can be well separated when they are put together. The most important diagnostic difference is the basal part of the dorsal margin of the forewing. In E. eugonia a broad snowy white tapering stripe stretches along the basal dorsal margin until the sub-apical 1 / 4. The sub-apical dorsal area in E. eugonia is marked by a set of three oblique narrow strigulae oriented towards the apex. This latter character is shared with the type species E. colymbetella. However, the basal part of the dorsum in E. colymbetella differs significantly from that of E. eugonia. In E. colymbetella the basal 3 / 4 of the forewing bears two oblique strigulae, which reach the midline of forewing with their tips. Head (Fig. 315): vertex shining white, occiput with two lateral tufts of long erected, snowy white piliform scales. Maxillary palpus rather long, slightly longer than 1 / 2 of the length of labial palpus, dirty white, with sharp apices; labial palpus ca. as long as 1.5 × diameter of eye, dirty white, directed straightforward, with sharply pointed apices. Scape dorsally covered with occipital scales, ventrally bears a bunch of long hanging lightly ochreous pecten. Thorax (Fig. 298): tegula light ochreous with golden shine, ground colour light ochreous, lighter than that of E. colymbetella; general wing design repeats that of E. colymbetella, but in E. eugonia the lines are finer, clearly defined, not interrupted; costa with narrow, obliquely convex fascia initiating at mid of costa and terminating beyond the mid at dorsal margin, sub-apical margin is decorated by two sinusoid fascia; dorsal margin with white narrowing towards apical part stripe with linear anterior margin. The dorsal margin of the forewing, and especially the basal 3 / 4 of it is the diagnostic character of E. eugonia separating this species from E. colymbetella and other related species within this group; sub-apical edged line present, apical spot small but clearly visible, apical line very fine, present. No other body parts are preserved on the holotype specimen, the only specimen known representing this species. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 175).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF34CD8C43ADF156FC82FB75.taxon	description	(Figs 299, 316) “ Epicephala lomatographa, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 176 – 177. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407205	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF34CD8C43ADF156FC82FB75.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Stradbroke Island. Type specimen: Holotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 010791, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen examined: Holotype (Figs 299, 316) [1] ‘ Stradbroke / 30 November 1902; [2] ‘ Epicephala TYPE / lomatographa ’; [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Epicephala / lomatographa Turn. ’; [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’; [5] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 010791 ’. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 3.3 mm (Fig. 299). No accurate diagnosis possible based on external morphological characters, because all Australian Epicephala species belonging to the E. colymbetella group share the general design of wing ornamentation with super minor differences that might be variable when a series of specimens is long. The diagnostic traits should be looked at in other independent character sets: internal morphology and mitogenomics. The external characters described below might assist in defining the species E. lomatographa. Head (Fig. 316): vertex white, hardly seen, because two tufts of very long, piliform white scales with brown apices, directed anteriorly cover vertex — this is a species-linked diagnostic character for E. lomatographa. Maxillary palpus rather long, 1 / 3 shorter than labial palpus. Labial palpus white, as long as ca. 1.5 × diameter of eye, slender, slightly lifted at apical palpomere, antenna light ochreous, with intermixed dark ochreous longitudinal lines — a supplementary species-linked diagnostic character within the complex, pecten not perceptible due to falling piliform scales arising from occiput tuft. Thorax (Fig. 299): white, tegula light ochreous; ground colour of forewing ochreous, with light fuscous shading, ornamentation similar to the species belonging to the E. colymbetella Australian species complex. Costal margin of forewing with very short four straight or oblique white non-edged stripes, dorsal margin with white streak that is interrupted by the infusion of ochreous scales at costal side; sub-apical dorsal margin bears a very typical for Epicephala ornamentation consisting of thin, oblique towards non-edged lines. Apical area is marked by thin edged light fuscous fascia, bright ochreous, with a comma-shaped apical spot; apical line finely thin, but very clearly defined, black, fringe line like for all other Australian E. colymbetella complex species present only on the ultimate apical corner of the forewing. Hindwing narrow with long and sharply pointed apex. Hind tibia light white at basal half, ochreous fuscous at apical 1 / 3, carrying a row of long erect spiculose scales; tarsus white, except the base of tarsomere III — a contrastive mark that might serve as an additional diagnostic character. Abdomen: no data (the holotype present in the ANIC collection is without abdomen). Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 177).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF37CD8D43ADF22FFC82FC79.taxon	description	(Figs 300, 301) “ Epicephala nephelodes, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 177. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407206	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF37CD8D43ADF22FFC82FC79.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Kuranda, near Cairns. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, coll. Turner, in NKU (Tianjin). Specimens examined: Holotype (♂): [1] ‘ Kuranda / N. Q. (north Queensland), 16 June 1911; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Epicephala / nephelodes Turn. ’ [3] ‘ Epicephala TYPE / nephelodes Turn. ’ [4] ‘ AUST. NAT. / INS. COLL. ’, in NKU (Tianjin). Note: The holotype ♂ currently on loan in Nankai University, China. Verified specimens: Queensland: Specimen 1: Kuranda, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E, No date, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P. Specimen 2 (♂): without abdomen, idem collecting locality, 16 - 06 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 3: Dunk Island, North without abdomen (no specimen with abdomen), Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16213, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 213 - 11; Specimen 4: idem collecting data, 06 - 06 - 1928, Nihil, DNA sample (forewing) NULT 023550 (not successful), ANIC Acc. no 31 053784. Specimen 5 (♀): without abdomen, Crow’s Nest, 33.8241 ° S 151.2027 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16212, BOLD Proc. ID ANICY 212 - 11, 06 - 04 - 1924, leg. Nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053783, ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 7.0 – 8.6 mm; length of the forewing 3.2 – 4.0 mm (Figs 300, 301). Four specimens (two of them in very poor condition) present in the collection of ANIC and the holotype do not allow to perform a diagnostic analysis in detail. Here we present the diagnostic characters that are undoubtfully seen in the short specimen series of E. nephelodes. Head: vertex white, occiput dirty white, covered by two tufts of piliform scales directed radially, frons white, maxillary palpus shorter by 1 / 3 of the length of labial palpus, porrect white, with blunt apices; labial palpus, porrect, slender, white with sharp apices, antenna slightly longer than forewing, scape with a tuft of rather long hanging pecten. Thorax (Figs 300, 301): white, tegula fuscous beige with bronze shine, forewing with characteristic for E. colymbetella species group white dorsal stripe and thin oblique towards apex sub-apical dorsal lines; white strigulae on costal margin are indistinct but present; sub-apical fascia edged by a thin row of black scales, apical spot round, rather small but clearly noticeable, present in the more or less triangular apical area, defined by an edging line consisting of one row of black scales, femora and tibiae of legs beige, while tarsi white with strongly contrastive bands. The other species-linked diagnostic characters should be searched in genomic data sets. Abdomen (Fig. 300): dorsally light beige with a strong bronze shine, with a more intense lustre on anterior segments. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Epicephala + nephelodes & sea rchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 177).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF36CD8D43ADF323FD1CF9D5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: New Guinea, Araucaria Camp, 800 m. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide D 1073, in RMNH (Leiden). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: see the original description https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 51525278 Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Indonesia (Diakonoff 1955: 94).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF36CD8B43ADF18FFB3BF86D.taxon	description	(Figs 302, 303, 317, 318, 330 – 333, 349 – 352, 364 – 366, 373, 380, 637) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 S 145.38 E / Kuranda emg. [emerged] 8 Feb. [February] 1997 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 5692 / Glochidion / philippicum / (Fruit), DNA sample NULT 025071, genitalia slide 6224, ANIC Acc. no 31 085531, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 8 specimens: Paratype 1: without abdomen, same collecting data as for the holotype, except the date 02 February 1997. Host 5692 Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. (Phyllanthaceae). Paratype 2: abdomen in a separate tube, pinned under the specimen, same collecting data, except the date 03 February 1997. Paratype 3 (♂): same collecting data, DNA sample NULT 024832, genitalia slide ANIC 6222, ANIC Acc. no 31 085587. Paratype 4: abdomen in a separate tube, pinned under the specimen, same collecting data, except the date 08 February 1997. Paratype 5 (♂): same collecting data. Paratype 6 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 11 February 1997. Paratype 7: without abdomen, same collecting data. Paratype 8 (♂): same collecting data, DNA sample NULT 024957, genitalia slide ANIC 6223, ANIC Acc. no 31 085588, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This Epicephala philippa sp. nov. is similar in several character sets to E. xerocarpa sp. nov., collected on the closely related host plant, belonging to the same genus but a different species, and in a different locality, but more or less at the same time. From external morphology both species are very similar showing only very slight differences that fall outside the observed intraspecific variation. These diagnostic differences are observed in the markings on the costal margin: in E. xerocarpa sp. nov. the costal margin is decorated by thin stripes, at sub-apex one or maximum of two small thin stripes are present, in E. philippa sp. nov. the sub-apex is marked by a row (or two rows) of bigger or smaller dots and stripes of different shapes and lengths. If specimens are not worn then a clear diagnostic difference is found in the frons: in E. xerocarpa sp. nov. lateral tuft just below antenna is ochreous, while in E. philippa sp. nov. it is clearly white. More clear diagnostic characters are found in male and female genitalia micromorphology as described below respectively by both new species. Concerning bionomics the species E. xerocarpa sp. nov. feeds on seeds of Glochidion xerocarpus O. Schwarz., while E. philippa sp. nov. feeds on seeds of Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. Both host plants belong to Phyllanthaceae. Both species E. philippa sp. nov. and E. xerocarpa sp. nov. are monophagous and highly host specific. More detailed species-linked diagnostic characters are found in the mitogenomics. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.9 – 6.4 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.1 mm (Figs 302, 303). Head (Figs 317, 318): vertex smooth, consisting of two fused tufts with lateral piliform scales present close to the eyes of moth are longer than other piliform scales of tuft, projecting direct and straight anteriorly; occiput with two short separate lateral tufts of piliform scales, directed posteriorly. Frons snowy white covered with long pressed piliform scales followed by loose hanging scales on labrum. Maxillary palpus approximately as long as the eye, straight, basal palpomere is rather thick, broad at basis, with narrower terminal palpomeres, covered with lose, dirty white scales. Labial palpus slightly longer than maxillary palpus, ca. 1.5 × diameter of the eye, dirty white at inner side and dark ochreous at the outer side, directed straightforward, covered with small tightly suppressed scales. Proboscis yellow rolled. Antenna as long as forewing or slightly longer, dorsally ochreous, with very strong golden shine, each flagellomere contain numerous tiny brown lines, flagellomeres with narrow brown apices, antenna not ringed; ventrally light ochreous; pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the following flagellomere, dirty white on anterior part; scape rather long, approximately as long as three flagellomeres, equally thick at base and at apex, dirty white on anterior part, with long hanging shiny golden pecten of more or less the same length. Thorax (Figs 302, 303, 331, 333): snowy white, tegula ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing. Forewing elongated, equally broad along all its length, with gently rounded apex, ground colour equally ochreous with white not margined markings. Costal margin with 5 – 6 white markings of which two are oblique costal strigulae and the sub-apical costal markings are dots, short or comma-shaped stripes, dorsal margin white with two short oblique strigulae, one at sub-basal area, the other at mid of dorsal margin, sub-apical part of dorsal margin is decorated with two long, oblique, thin strigulae just reaching the mid of forewing, white semi-round spot on pretornal area; apical spot small but clearly round, black, nested on ochreous spot, with a small white dot-like spot at apex and a broad horizontal white patch at tornus; apical line with tiny interruptions, fuscous brown. The fringe line is only at apical area. Fringe is golden ochreous, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour grey ochreous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, slightly lighter in shading than the colour of hindwing with golden shine, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur ochreous, fore tibia and fore tarsus fuscous, epiphysis present, tip of fore leg fuscous; mid femur dirty white, mid tibia with interchanged three dirty white and fuscous ochreous patches, tarsomere I dirty white, tarsomere II dirty white with fuscous base, terminal tarsomeres light ochreous, tibial spurs fuscous and dirty white, tip of mid tarsus dark ochreous; hind femur dirty white with ochreous band at sub-base, hind tibia with much broader apical part than the basal one, golden ochreous, with a row of sharp long spines of more or less equal length stretching along tibia; median spurs long, slightly longer than half length of tibia, dirty white with a dark tip, apical spurs significantly shorter (ca. half of the length of median ones), dirty white with dark fuscous apices; tarsomere I dirty white, tarsomeres II – IV with fuscous bases and apices, tarsomere V grey, the tip of hind tarsus black. Abdomen (Figs 302, 330, 332, 373, 380): shining ochreous on tergites I – III, fuscous grey on tergites IV – VII, ochreous white on genital segments; sternites dirty white, four ochreous oblique stripes are faint, not contrasted, but present and well noticeable at the magnification of 20 ×. Abdominal opening arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised; posterior corners of abdominal opening angulated; sternal apodemes absent; sclerotised sides of the sternal plate take the role of support; ventral crossing joint thin complete almost straight, sternal plate situated at a short distance from ventral crossing joint, anterior margin unequally sclerotised, lightly sinuating in the middle; tergal apodemes slender, slightly approaching each other in the middle, reaching posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, connected by a midsized, well-sclerotised joint; the penultimate abdominal segment in males with two pairs of prolonged semi-oval (aubergine-shaped) strongly sclerotised plates that bear very long and thin coremata; the posterior margin of the ultimate last abdominal segment in males with prolonged ellipsoid-shaped plate bearing lamellar scales, the basal part of this ellipsoid-shaped plate is covered by a long, triangular, with gently rounded top another plate, the anterior margin of which is decorated by tiny small sclerotised dots; the posterior margin of segment VI in females lightly sclerotised; the anterior margin of every segment in both sexes males and females finely but visibly sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 349 – 352): Tegumen long triangular; teguminal arms are thin, strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, long, truncate, protruding the apex of tegumen, tegumen is fully sclerotised, so the genital cavity is rather small, there is a dorsal supportive plate at the basal part of tegumen; valva of midsize width, slightly sinuating posteriorly at mid part, ventral margin of costal valva with digitiform appendix at sub-apical part, inner surface of valva; densely setose with thin standing setae of the same length; sacculus broad; ca. twice as broad as valva, gently acuminating towards apical part, ventral margin of sacculus is folded at the basal part, sub-apical part of the ventral margin roughly dentate and tuberculate; transtilla absent; basal appendages of valvae are long, almost meet at the mid of the cavity of genital capsule, basal appendages of the ventral margin of valva are slender, curved, just not meet each other; vinculum V-shaped with strongly developed lateral sides, that are folded, all inner sutures dividing vinculum into left and right sides are clearly visible; saccus mid-sized, rather thick, digitiform with gently rounded anterior part. Aedeagus ca. as long as valva, rather thick in girth, with enlarged, bulb-shaped coecum and narrowing vesica with a tiny appendage at the tip; vesica with numerous tiny wrinkles, the main body of aedeagus with two long dentate sutures that take the role of cornuti. Female genitalia (Figs 364 – 366): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a long strongly acuminating ovipositor with sharp anterior part. Apophyses posteriores strong, thick, and straight, fused at ovipositor and segment VII, separate and distancing from each other from sub-anterior margin of segment VII, ends at mid part of corpus of bursae; apophyses anteriores initiate at anterior margin of segment VII, as strong and as thick as apophyses posteriores, end at mid part of ductus bursae, just beyond the apophyses posteriores; posterior margin of segment VII with V-shaped indentation; mid part of sternum VII with fused side mirroring sterigmatic sclerotisation that surrounds the ostium bursae; ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior part of sternum VII; antrum tubular, strongly sclerotised, broad in girth; colliculum as several fused long lineal sclerotisations that extend along the entire length of ductus bursae; ductus bursae rather thick in girth, with collicular sclerotisation, the distinction between corpus and ductus bursae is clearly evident. Corpus bursae short sac-shaped, mid part with a tuberculate area of the corpus bursae wall, signum one dentiform of mid-size, situated in the mid part of bursal wall, bulla seminalis irregularly shaped, smaller than corpus bursae, ductus seminalis, short, wide in girth as wide as ductus bursae. Individual variation: a slight variation is observed in the ornamentation of the forewing: in the shape and size of white short stripes and the shape of small spots. Bionomics: The host plant of this species is known: Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob. (Phyllanthaceae). The biological / ecological character attributed to this species is the feeding mode on Glochidion fruits. The feeding period is in early February. The flight period of this species starts in mid-February. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial sequences from the holotype and two paratypes from the same location are identical and only weakly supported as a sister to E. acrobaphes (Fig. 637). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific epithet philippa is derived from the species-group name of the host plant Glochidion philippicum. The species name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case that has been formed following the rules of Latin grammar and agrees in gender with the generic name (Art. 31.2.).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF33CD8843ADF7AEFC62FD51.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [French Polynesia], Marquesas Islands, Fatu Hiva, Mt. Teaoaiua, 2000 ft (610 m). Type specimens: Holotype ♀, nr. 100839, in USNM (Washington DC); Paratypes 2 ♂, genitalia slide USNM 24630 ♂ and 3 ♀, genitalia slides USNM 24560 ♀, 24628 ♀, 24629 ♀, in USNM (Washington DC), NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: see Clarke (1986: 343 – 346, figs 241, 314 c, d). Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Clarke 1986: 343 – 346).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF33CD8843ADF40AFD70F9BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Stradbroke I [sland]. Type specimen: Holotype ♀. Note: No specimens are found in the ANIC collection. The depository of this unique type specimen is not given by A. J. Turner in the original description. Most of the types of A. J. Turner are preserved in the ANIC collection. In the original description, A. J. Turner indicated “ one specimen ”. We did not manage to find this unique type specimen in the collections we consulted. Therefore, we presume that the designation of a neotype probably might be needed. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: See original description https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49510245. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1947: 73).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF33CD8943ADF166FC82FABD.taxon	description	(Fig. 304) “ Epicephala stephanephora, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1923. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 47: 171. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34892535	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF33CD8943ADF166FC82FABD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane; Stradbroke Island. Type specimens: Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, in NKU (Tianjin). Note: the syntypes are currently on loan in Nankai University, China. Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Epicephala stephanephora Turner, 1923 the female specimen (Fig. 304) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Brisbane / 12 - 4 - 19 [12 April 1919 ‘ (printed on beige paper), [2] ’ Epicephala Type / stephanephora Turn. ’ (handwritten on dark beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Epicephala / stephanephora Turn. ’ (handwritten on red paper’ [4] ‘ Stradbroke / Q. [ueensland] 28 - 12 - 13 [28 December 1913] ’ (printed on beige paper), [5] ‘ AUST. NAT / INS. COLL. ’ (printed on green paper), in NKU (Tianjin). Note: The specimen carries two collecting events labels. We have no information about the whereabout of the second male syntype specimen. In case, it is found somewhere, it is designated here as the paralectotype. The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Epicephala stephanephora Turner, 1923. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen indicated as ‘ HOLOTYPE’ in the Australian National Insect Collection of the CSIRO (Canberra) which has an abdomen, and is in good shape. This specimen is currently on loan in the collection NKU (Tianjin). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / EPICSTEP (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). Specimens examined: Lectotype (♀): see label data above. We have no information about the whereabout of the second male syntype specimen. In case, it is found somewhere, it is designated here as the paralectotype. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan ca. 11.3 mm; length of the forewing ca. 5.1 mm (Fig. 304). Head: vertex dark ochreous brown, labial palpus, slender, straight, light ochreous with sharp apices, antenna approximately as long as forewing, scape with a tuft of rather long erect pecten. Thorax (Fig. 304): beige grey, concolourous with the ground colour of the forewing; tegula beige grey, forewing with a characteristic white narrowing towards apical part dorsal stripe, and two dorsal strigulae at sub-apex. The general ornamentation pattern is obscure, without geometrical pattern; the dominant colouration is beige grey; apical spot is irregularly shaped, placed on rectangular apical stripe that is between two white patches on costal and tornus margins. Abdomen (Fig. 304): dorsally dark beige with fuscous shading, anterior genital segments slightly lighter in colouration. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1923: 171).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF32CD8643ADF267FB69F968.taxon	description	(Fig. 305, 353 – 355, 374, 637) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Sydney N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 4 Jan. [uary] 1933 / G. M. Goldfinch; [2] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16207 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 207 - 11; [3] ANIC Database No. / 31 053778, DNA sample NULT 023301, genitalia slide 6249, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally this species is very similar to the type species Epicephala colymbetella and E. doddi sp. nov. For forewing pattern, the most obvious diagnostic characters could be found in the basal half of dorsum: in E. colymbetella the basal half of dorsum bears two light ochreous oblique strigulae; in E. doddi sp. nov. the basal part of dorsum with a thick bright white horizontal wavy stripe, thickened at about the mid of dorsum while in E. sydnea sp. nov., the dorsal margin is marked by very thin, narrowing, almost invisible at the mid part of dorsum, dirty white, horizontal stripe. The problem with the external characteristics of this E. colymbetella group species is that the wing pattern is not geometrical and that it significantly can vary. The variability is observed even between the left and right forewing of the same specimen. The species identification characters should be searched in the internal morphology of genitalia and mitogenomic data. The prolonged narrow apical stripe in E. sydnea sp. nov. can roughly help to distinguish this species from E. doddi sp. nov. in which the apical spot is rounded. Male genital characters are highly diagnostic, especially the shape of valva, cucullus and sacculus sectors. ● In E. doddi sp. nov. valvae are more or less rectangular, while in E. sydnea sp. nov. the apical part of valvae is broadly rounded. ● In E. doddi sp. nov. cucullus is narrow, extending and with an attached flap, while in E. sydnea sp. nov. the cucullus is broadly rounded. ● In E. doddi sp. nov. sacculus is shaped as a horizontally attached, narrow, stick-shaped appendage, while in E. sydnea sp. nov. the sacculus is a broad, leaf-shaped appendage. Description: Wingspan ca. 9.1 mm; length of the forewing 4 mm (Fig. 305). Head: vertex with appressed white long piliform scales with yellow shading, occiput with two lateral tufts of white short piliform scales intermixed with yellow ochreous such scales. Labial palpus straight, rather narrow, ochreous of different shadings in different parts; antenna unicolourous ochreous, scape larger than the rest of the flagellomeres, ochreous dorsally and white ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 305): tegula ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing; forewing equally wide along its entire length, with white oblique stripes on costal and dorsal margins that might differ on the left and right wing of the same specimen; apical stripe mid-sized, narrow, very clear, situated in the centre of ochreous rectangular apical marking; apical line narrow, distinct, black, stopping at termen; fringe line only till mid of apical part of forewing; the longest fringe at sub-apical part of dorsum. Hindwing is narrow, with sharply pointed apex. Hind tibia is light ochreous; hind tarsomere I dirty white, and the following tarsomeres are dirty white with an ochreous basal half. Abdomen (Figs 305, 374): tergites beige fuscous with lighter shading on anterior and anterior genital segments. Abdominal opening trapezoidal, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded with prolonged thicker bases of sternal apodemes; ventral crossing joint entirely sclerotised, narrow, almost straight, sternal apodemes short but well-developed, tergal apodemes slender, biforked at basal part, straight, a fine weakly sclerotised joint connects tergal apodemes fusing with the ill-sclerotised but well defined mid suture of the sternal plate; sternal plate on sternum II with clearly visible suture, the joint between sterna II and III with a fold, strongly melanised; terminal segment in males with androconial sclerotisations: two pairs of sclerotised bows and a triangular sternal plate with smaller triangular sub-plate situated at inner sternal surface; abdominal cuticle rather smooth with tiny dots. Male genitalia (Figs 353 – 355): Tegumen long, broadly triangular, teguminal arms are finely but strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, strongly sclerotised, with truncate apical part, protruding; valvae with very broad rounded cucullus, a strongly sclerotised suture runs along the sub-ventral margin of valva and carries a dense row of thick raised setae; sacculus is a flat leaf-shaped flap with a distal pointed appendix; basal arms of valvae, long curved; transtilla absent; vinculum w-shaped, with broad and strongly sclerotised lateral sides; internal vincular sutures separating left and right sides of vinculum as well as saccus are well seen; saccus mid-sized as a strong, sclerotised appendage with strongly sclerotised suture running along its length, anterior part truncate. Aedeagus slightly longer than valva, thick, tubular, with broadly rounded vesica, cornuti absent. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ RecordView? processid = ANICY 207 - 11 (as E. colymbetella). Mitogenomic data: The single mitochondrial genome sequence from the holotype is more distinct than is the case for most other species. It is a relatively distant and only moderately supported sister to the maximally supported clade E. trigonophora + E. breyniphaga sp. nov. (Fig. 637). Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: New South Wales, Sydney. Etymology: The specific epithet is formed from the type locality name Sydney, a city in Australia.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF3DCD8543ADF025FB07FD19.taxon	description	(Figs 306, 307, 319, 320, 334, 335, 367, 381, 637) “ Ornix trigonophora, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1900. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 24 (2): 21 – 22. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36939548	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF3DCD8543ADF025FB07FD19.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Mt. Tambourine. Type specimens: 12 syntypes (♂ and ♀) [4 syntypes are found in the ANIC collection (Canberra)]. Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Ornix trigonophora Turner, 1900 the female specimen (Fig. 307) with abdomen, fully representing the species, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Mt. Tambourine / Q. [ueensland] Nov. [ember] ‘ (locality printed on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Ornix / trigonophora / TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ TYPE / Ornix / trigonophora Turn. ’ (the word Type printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [4] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074487 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotypes: 3 specimens: Paralectotype specimen 1 (♂), with abdomen: [1] ‘ Mt. Tambourine / Q. [ueensland] Nov. [ember] ‘ (locality printed on dark beige paper), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074484 ’ (printed on white paper). Paralectotype specimen 2 (♂), with abdomen: [1] ‘ Mt. Tambourine / Q. [ueensland] Nov. [ember] ‘ (locality printed on dark beige paper), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074485 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 3 (♂) (Fig. 306), with abdomen: [1] ‘ Mt. Tambourine / Q. [ueensland] Nov. [ember] ‘ (locality printed on dark beige paper), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074486 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose of delineating this species-group taxon Ornix trigonophora Turner, 1900. Two closely related species feeding on the same host plant, caught synchronically in the same locality are involved. Therefore, this designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen indicated as the ‘ TYPE’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimens with the label data of the type locality are designated as paralectotypes (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Note: two closely related species Epicephala trigonophora and E. breyniphaga sp. nov. are involved in the series of specimens identified as E. trigonophora probably by the curatorial staff of ANIC. We do not have any evidence that T. Kumata studied those specimens. No notes of him are found in the collection. The detailed verification and delineation of both species can be performed only after obtaining the mitogenomes and micromorphological preparations of the lectotype of E. trigonophora and matching the data with the sister species of E. breyniphaga sp. nov. Unverified specimens examined: New South Wales: Specimen 1: without abdomen, Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 04 - 01 - 1932, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 3: Maclean, 29.4606 ° S 153.2019 ° E, 03 - 04 - 1952, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 6: Razorback, near Picton, 34.1421 ° S 150.6654 ° E, 28 - 04 - 1949, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 7: Maclean, 03 - 04 - 1952, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra) Specimen 10: Mill Allyn River, 32.0620 ° S 151.4158 ° E, 19 - 12 - 1922, leg. Goldfinch G. M., in AM (Sydney). Specimen 11: Church Point, 33.6458 ° S 151.2841 ° E, 08 - 05 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen 12: Kembla, Mt., 34.4311 ° S 150.8226 ° E, 02 - 03 - 1968, leg. Robinson J., in AM (Sydney). Specimen 21: Barren Grounds, 34.6750 ° S 150.7118 ° E, 05 - 04 - 1977, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 22: Kembla, Mt., 02 - 03 - 1968, leg. Robinson V. J., in AM (Sydney). Specimen 23: Keira, Mt., 34.4027 ° S 150.8565 ° E, 08 - 12 - 1972, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 24: Minnamurra, 34.6263 ° S 150.8531 ° E, 29 - 04 - 1975, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 25: idem collecting data, except the date 28 - 01 - 1976. Specimen 27: Wollongong, 34.4248 ° S 150.8931 °, 05 - 01 - 1976, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimens 29 – 32: Keira, Mt., 34.4027 ° S 150.8565 ° E, 13 - 01 - 1972, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 33: idem locality data, except the date 13 - 02 - 1972. Specimen 34: Wilton, 29 - 01 - 1976, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 35: Keira, Mt., 13 - 02 - 1972, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 36: Batemans Bay, Depot Beach, 10 miles NE, 35.7162 ° S 150.1795 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC 16201, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 201 - 11, 13 - 12 - 1969, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053772. Specimens 37 – 38: Church Point, 13 - 05 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 39: idem collecting data except the date 11 - 05 - 1959. Specimen 40: Keira, Mt., 22 - 02 - 1964, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 41 (♀): Burrewarra Point, Forest, 35.5000 ° S 150.1400 ° E, 07 - 12 - 1996, leg. Kumata T. & M, DNA sample NULT 025318, genitalia slide ANIC 6226, ANIC Acc. no 31 085589, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Specimen 2: Yeppoon, 2 miles South, 23.1335 ° S 150.7374 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16200, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 200 - 11, 20 - 09 - 1954, leg. Common I. F. B., NULT 023310, genitalia slide ANIC 6257, ANIC Acc. no 31 053771. Specimen 4: Rockhampton, Fairy Bower, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 16 - 10 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 5: idem data. Specimen 8: idem data except the date 10 - 03 - 1948. Specimen 9: Mourilyan, 17.5840 ° S 146.0417 ° E, 06 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 13: without abdomen, Stradbroke Island, 27.5323 ° S 153.4626 ° E, 02 - 04 - 1916, leg. Nihil. Specimen 14: same data, except the date 30 - 11 - 1902. Specimen 15: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 10 - 10 - 1919, leg. Nihil. Specimen 16: idem collecting data, except the date 02 - 04 - 1906. Specimen 17: without abdomen, idem collecting data, except the date 18 - 04 - 1931. Specimen 18: Stradbroke Island, 30 - 04 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 19 (♂): without abdomen, Redland Bay, 27.6125 ° S 153.3031 ° E, 22 - 11 - 1913, leg. Nihil. Specimen 20 (♀): Rockhampton, 01 - 04 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023435, genitalia slide ANIC 6258, ANIC Acc. no 31 085608. Specimen 26: Rockhampton, 02 - 04 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 28, idem collecting data, except the date 08 - 04 - 1947, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.5 – 8.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 – 4.2 mm (Figs 306, 307). Epicephala trigonophora can be diagnosed from other species of Australian Epicephala by three distinct costal markings of forewing. It is closely related to the sister species E. breyniphaga sp. nov., nevertheless, tiny differences in external characters assist in diagnosing this species from its Australian congeners. ● In E. trigonophora the first costal oblique strigula with a very broad white base extending along costal margin, while in E. breyniphaga sp. nov. the basal extension of this strigula is absent. ● In E. trigonophora the end of white dorsal stripe ends with an irregular stripe concolourous with ground colour of the forewing and it is connected with the ground colour of the forewing; in E. breyniphaga sp. nov. the dorsal ochreous marking is an island in white ornamentation. Head (Figs 319, 320): vertex slightly lifted snowy white, occiput with two tufts of snowy white, short, piliform scales directed posteriorly; frons with white pressed piliform scales forming a triangular-looking shape, at each lateral side, just next to the bases of antenna, a tuft of long, white mixed with dark brown piliform scales is present, this character could serve as an additional trait to diagnose E. trigonophora. Maxillary palpus white, covered with loose piliform scales; labial palpus slightly longer than eye, gently narrowing until sharp apex; antenna ochreous with a strong bronze shine, scape dirty white dorsally carries long piliform pecten. Thorax (Figs 306, 307, 335): shiny white, tegula light ochreous fuscous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing. Forewing with three broad distinct costal strigulae, the character that serves as diagnostic for this species. The first costal strigula counting to the direction from base to apex, is just before the mid part of the costal margin, triangular-shaped, with concave posterior margin; the second strigula beyond the mid part of the costal margin, comma shaped, the third costal strigula at sub-apex, strongly oblique, followed by a triangular white spot which is the enlarged costal end of the sub-apical fascia — a variable character, but diagnostic for E. trigonophora. Dorsal margin bears broader, more distinct than other species of E. colymbetella complex white stripe; sub-apical part is marked with longer broader oblique stripes, than these are in E. colymbetella, E. albistriatella and E. acrobaphes, especially the anterior broad sub-apical stripe might serve as a diagnostic character for E. trigonophora. Apical part is marked by a small oval apical spot on a relatively narrow ochreous fuscous band, concolourous with the ground colour of the forewing, surrounded anteriorly and posteriorly by two white triangular spots. Hindwing ochreous brownish with strong bronze shine, tip of hindwing sharp, terminates at the distance of sub-apical fascia of forewing; the shading of legs slightly differ among the specimens but the legs are with non-contrastive but clearly detectable markings, the character that makes groupings smaller; hind tibia is thick and carries a trait that diagnose Ornixolinae — a row of light beige with golden shine erected spine-shaped scales. Abdomen (Figs 306, 307, 334, 335, 381): tergites light ochreous beige with golden shine, genital segments matte, whitish; sternites dirty white with four oblique light ochreous stripes on lateral sides of abdomen. Abdominal opening arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening sharp angled with short thick sternal apodemes that run at sides of sternal plate; ventral crossing joint thin and entirely sclerotised, doubled by an anterior sclerotised margin of sternal plate that is interrupted at mid part; tergal apodemes very thick, short, do not extend beyond the mid of sternum II, connected by a thin, sclerotised joint, with V-shaped bending at the middle; sternal plate on sternum II is sclerotised, clearly visible through the abdominal cuticle; anterior segments in females simple; abdominal cuticle smooth along the midline of abdomen, with tiny dots on lateral sides. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 367): Papillae anales and part of segment VIII are fused to a long, narrow and strongly sclerotised ovipositor. Apophyses posteriores strong, thick, and straight, extending almost to anterior part of corpus bursae; apophyses anteriores are also very long, as thick as thick and as long as apophyses posteriores. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised with an U-shaped broad sterigmatic sclerotisation; ostium bursae opens in mid part of sternum VII; antrum broad, tubular; colliculum strongly sclerotised extending till half-length of ductus bursae; ductus bursae is thick in girth, strongly sclerotised, anteriorly biforked to also broad ductus seminalis, anterior parts of both ducti — bursae and seminalis — are with a lot of strongly sclerotised wrinkles; corpus bursae rather small round, without signum but the anterior part of the wall with tiny dots thickening the wall, bulla seminalis only slightly smaller than corpus bursae with melanised wrinkled wall. Bionomics: Phyllanthaceae: fruit of Breynia oblongifolia (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., new host plant record. BOLD data: http: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? searchMenu = taxonomy & query = Epic ephala + trigonophora & taxon = Epicephala + trigonophora GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The three mitochondrial genome sequences are near identical, despite originating from specimens that were collected more than 1,000 km apart. Both the monophyly of this species and the sister group relationship to E. breyniphaga sp. nov. are maximally supported by all analyses (Fig. 637). Distribution: Known from several localities: Australia: New South Wales and Queensland.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF3ECD8343ADF5C3FBB6FA55.taxon	description	(Figs 308, 309, 321 – 324, 336 – 339, 356 – 358, 368, 369, 375, 382, 384, 637) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Solar Village. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia NT [Northern Territory] / 12.37 S 131.15 E / Solar Village / Humpty Doo em. [emerged] 16 Feb. [February] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata [2] Host 5852 / Glochidion / xerocarpus / (Fruit), DNA sample NULT 025549, genitalia slide ANIC 6220, ANIC Acc. no 31 085532, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 2 specimens: Paratype 1 (♂): same collecting data as for the holotype. Host 5852 Glochidion xerocarpus O. Schwarz. (Phyllanthaceae), DNA sample NULT 025424, genitalia slide ANIC 6219, ANIC Acc. no 31 085585. Paratype 2 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 15 February 1998, DNA sample NULT 024717, genitalia slide ANIC 6221, ANIC Acc. no 31 085586, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: The plant genus Glochidion is a usual host plant for Epicephala moths. No less than eighteen species of Epicephala, mainly distributed in the Oriental region, are recorded to feed on Glochidion plants. This species is the first Epicephala species recorded to feed on Glochidion in the Australian biogeographical region. The bionomics and the host plant specificity Glochidion xerocarpus O. Schwarz. (Phyllanthaceae) could serve as a diagnostic indicator. Oligophagy cannot be excluded in this particular case, especially keeping in mind the fact that quite some biological records for Epicephala spp. indicate the host plant genus only. The morphological diagnostic characters among closely related species should be searched in genital morphology. This group of closely related species has a strongly developed sacculus that is separated from the costal part of the valva in male genitalia. In E. xerocarpa sp. nov. sacculus is broad, shorter in comparison with sacculus in E. acrobaphes and E. philippa sp. nov., more or less quadrate rectangular with a truncate apical part, in E. acrobaphes sacculus is prolonged rectangular, with gently rounded apical part, which is covered by bent, apically setose fold, while in E. philippa sp. nov. the apex of sacculus in male genitalia is bluntly triangular, almost pointed. In female genitalia, all four morphologically and genetically related species E. xerocarpa sp. nov., E. dunkensis sp. nov., E. acrobaphes sp. nov. and E. philippa sp. nov. have very long both pairs of apophyses that almost reach the anterior part of ductus bursae, strongly sclerotised colliculum and complex and well-developed sterigma. The most obvious diagnostic characters can be found in the shape of sterigmatic plates (lamellae post-vaginalis). In E. xerocarpa sp. nov. sterigmatic plates are big, broad, extending beyond segment VII, more or less quadrangular with irregular, with small indentations posterior margin, with deep, almost until anterior margin indentation, clearly dividing the sterigma into two mirroring plates; in E. philippa sp. nov. the mirroring sterigmatic plates are approximately twice smaller than in E. xerocarpa sp. nov., with small concave indentation and with smoothly cut posterior margin; in E. dunkensis sp. nov. the sterigmatic plate is narrowing posteriorly, with a shallow concave indentation, while in E. acrobaphes the two mirroring sterigmatic plates are petal-shaped, touching each other and partly fused at the mid part of lamellae. The other independent reliable set of diagnostic characters are found in the mitogenomics. This species is the sister lineage to the clade E. dunkensis sp. nov. + E. acrobaphes + E. philippa sp. nov. Description: Wingspan ca. 6.0 – 6.5 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.2 mm (Figs 308, 309). Head (Figs 321 – 324): vertex smooth, consisting of two fused tufts of white slightly lifted piliform scales directed anteriorly; occiput with two short separate lateral tufts of piliform scales, directed posteriorly. Frons snowy white covered with long pressed piliform scales followed by lose hanging scales on labrum; two ochreous tufts with hanging lighter ochreous lose scales at the lateral sides of frons just next to the bases of antennae. Maxillary palpus approximately as long as the eye, curved, drooping from terminal two palpomeres, covered with lose, light ochreous scales. Labial palpus slightly longer than maxillary palpus, ca. 1.5 × diameter of the eye, light ochreous, or dirty white at inner side and dark ochreous at outer side, directed straightforward, covered with small tightly supressed scales without any additional hanging piliform scales. Proboscis yellow, strongly rolled. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, dorsally ochreous, each flagellomere contains numerous tiny brown lines, flagellomeres with narrow brown apices, not ringed; ventrally light ochreous; pedicel slightly shorter and thicker than the following flagellomere, light ochreous with brown lateral sides; scape rather long, approximately as long as three flagellomeres, equally thick at base and apex, light ochreous, with long hanging 18 – 20 pecten of more or less the same length. Thorax (Figs 308, 309, 337, 339): snowy white, tegula ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing. Forewing elongated, equally broad along all its length, with gently rounded apex, ground colour equally ochreous with white not margined markings. Costal margin with three short oblique white costal strigulae at sub-base, and two at subapical part, dorsal margin white with three short oblique strigulae at sub-basal area, sub-apical area is decorated by two horizontal rather long lines, situated at the mid of forewing with two oblique long narrow stripes at sub-tornal area; apical spot very clear slightly triangular surrounded by semi-round apical area which is bordered by black scales, with a small white dot-like spot at apex and a horizontal white line at tornus; apical line very well defined, black. The fringe line is only present in the apical area. Fringe is dirty white with golden shine, shorter at tornus, the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour grey ochreous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, slightly lighter in shading than the colour of hindwing, the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore leg grey, tarsomeres grey with fuscous bases and apices, tip of fore leg fuscous; mid femur and tibia light grey with broad basal and sub-apical ochreous bands, tarsomeres light grey with ochreous fuscous basal and apical parts, tibial spurs ochreous fuscous, tip of mid tarsus ochreous; hind femur dirty white with ochreous band at sub-base, hind tibia with much broader apical part than the basal one, light ochreous fuscous, with a row of sharp long spines of more or less equal length stretching along tibia; median spurs long, slightly longer than half length of tibia, light grey with a dark tip, apical spurs significantly shorter (ca. half of the length) than median ones, dirty white with dark fuscous apices; tarsi light fuscous grey, the tip of hind tarsus black. Abdomen (Figs 308, 309, 336, 338, 375, 382): tergites light ochreous beige, terga I and II with orange shading, genital segments light beige, ovipositor orange; sternites dirty white with oblique light fuscous stripes on lateral sides of abdomen. Abdominal opening arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening rounded with short sternal apodemes that run at the sides of the sternal plate; ventral crossing joint thin lightly interrupted at the middle, doubled by an anterior sclerotised margin of sternal plate that is entirely sclerotised; tergal apodemes slender, straight, reach posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, connected by a midsized, sclerotised joint; sternal plate on sternum II is sclerotised, clearly visible through the abdominal cuticle; anterior segment in males with a thin sclerotised bow at anterior margin, and two pairs of prolonged semi-oval (aubergine-shaped) strongly sclerotised plates that bear coremata, the posterior margin of the anterior segment with prolonged triangular plate consisting of lamellar scales; basal part with shorter ventral triangular cuticular plate; anterior segments in females simple; the anterior margin of every segment in both sexes finely but visibly sclerotised. Male genitalia (Figs 356 – 358): Tegumen elliptical, bifurcated at apex; teguminal arms are thick, the outer margin finely and strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, longer and protruding the apex of tegumen, apical part triangular with attached tape-shaped sclerotisation with minute scobination; an arc-shaped dorsal, transverse, thick joint connect the teguminal arms; valva with very broad, ca. twice as broad as valva itself, sacculus, that has a complex structure at the costal margin; costal margin of valvae slightly sinuating, cucullus gently rounded with a differently sclerotised apical sector that gently round around the cucullus, ventral an sub-ventral sectors densely setose with thin, horizontally placed setae; costal margin of sacculus with a bent thick appendage that initiates at the basis of sacculus and ends with a bunch of strong spiculose setae, the apical costal part of sacculus prolonged lobe-shaped, strongly sclerotised, setose, with a bunch of long sharp and strongly sclerotised setae placed at the apical part of sacculus; inner surface and ventral margin of sacculus setae free; transtilla absent but the transverse support function is taken by dorsal teguminal joint, and the basal appendages of valvae that are long, meet and cross each other in the mid of the cavity of genital capsule; basal appendages of costal part of sacculus are long, slender, but do not meet each other, vinculum U-shaped with strongly developed lateral sides, all inner sutures dividing vinculum into left and right sides are clearly visible; saccus mid-sized, rather thick, digitiform with gently rounded anterior part. Aedeagus slightly longer than valva, rather thick in girth, tubular, with triangular vesica, vesica with numerous tiny wrinkles and a prolonged ellipsoid sclerotisation area; one stick-shaped cornutus stretches along the entire length of aedeagus: from coecum till the tip of the vesica. Female genitalia (Figs 368, 369): Papillae anales and segment VIII are fused to a long narrow and sharp ovipositor. Apophyses posteriores strong, thick, and straight, fused at ovipositor and segment VII, separate and distancing from each other from sub-anterior margin of segment VII, ends at the basal part of corpus bursae; posterior margin of segment VII with two strongly sclerotised sterigmatic plates, mirroring each other; posterior margin of sterigmatic plates irregularly shaped with numerous indentions of different sizes and different depths; posterior half of segment VII is strongly sclerotised, anterior half of segment VII is well-melanised; apophyses anteriores initiate at the sub-anterior sector of segment VII, long and strong, as thick as apophyses posteriores; apophyses anteriores end at mid part of corpus bursae; ostium bursae opens sub-posterior part of sternum VII; antrum strongly sclerotised biforked and dentate from internal surface; colliculum in the shape of lineal longitudinal sclerotisations extends along entire length of ductus bursae and partly in ductus seminalis; ductus bursae rather thick in girth, with collicular sclerotisations, the distinction between corpus and ductus bursae is clearly evident. Corpus bursae short sac-shaped, mid part with squamous wall that form signal pattern, signum one small, situated in mid of bursal wall, dentateshaped; bulla seminalis irregularly shaped, smaller that corpus bursae, ductus seminalis wide in girth. Individual variation: a slight variation is observed in the sub-apical ornamentation of forewing, this variation can be even between left and right forewing, the length, thickness of white stripes may vary; a similar variation is observed in costal strigulae, length, thickness, obliqueness and even position might slightly vary. Bionomics (Fig. 384): The host plant of this species is identified: Glochidion xerocarpus O. Schwarz. (Phyllanthaceae), new record for the genus Epicephala. The peculiar bionomical characteristics of this species is that it feeds on fruits of the host plant about mid-February. The flight period starts from mid-February. Pupa: Pupation in a transparent, geometrically oval cocoon; pupa shining golden, cocoon cutter flat, the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, longer than abdomen, end of abdomen is moving freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached but not fused in a pupal case. Mitogenomic data: All analyses support maximally the monophyly of this species (all specimens from same locality) and its inclusion within a monophylum that comprises additionally E. dunkensis sp. nov., E. acrobaphes and E. philippa sp. nov. (Fig. 637). In contrast, its position as sister to all other members of this monophylum is only strongly supported in the CODON analysis. Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Northern Territory, Solar Village. Etymology: The specific epithet xerocarpa is derived from the species-group name of the host plant Glochidion xerocarpus. The species name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case that has been formed following the rules of Latin grammar and agrees in gender with the generic name (Art. 31.2.).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	description	(Figs 310, 325) “ Epicephala zalosticha n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 56 – 57. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41572672	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens: Syntypes (♂ and ♀), number not stated (5 syntypes present in the ANIC collection). Specimens examined: 5 syntype specimens, ANIC (Canberra). Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype (Fig. 310) of the species Epicephala zalosticha Turner, 1940 the male specimen with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 14 Nov. [ember] 1932 / G. M. Goldfinch‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16217 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 217 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053788 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotypes 4 specimens: Paralectotype specimen 1, with glued abdomen: [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 25 Nov. [ember] 1932 / G. M. Goldfinch‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ’ Epicephala / zalostcha / TYPE Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Epicephala / zalosticha Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE’ [printed on red paper], [5] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [6] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053788 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 2, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 16 Nov. [ember] 1932 / G. M. Goldfinch‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16216 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 216 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053787 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 3, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. W. [New South Wales] / G. M. Goldfinch / 18 Nov. [ember] 1932 ‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 1621 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 215 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053786 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype specimen 4, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 30 Nov. [ember] 1932 / G. M. Goldfinch‘ (locality name printed on dark beige paper, date handwritten with black Indian ink), [2] ‘ ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [3] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 1621 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 215 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [4] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 074489 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Epicephala zalosticha Turner, 1940. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen indicated in the Australian National Insect Collection which is with abdomen, digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal; DNA barcode is presented in the Public Data Portal in the BOLD SYSTEMS Database (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimens with the same label data as the lectotype are designated as the paralectotypes (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Unverified specimen: Specimen 1: without abdomen, no mid and hind legs: Queensland: Coolangatta, 28,1703 ° S 153,5305 ° E, 03 - 10 - 1915, leg. Nihil, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan ca. 10.7 mm; length of the forewing ca. 5.3 mm (Fig. 310). Head (Fig. 325): vertex snowy white, labial palpus, slender, straight, light ochreous with sharp apices, antenna approximately as long as forewing. Thorax (Fig. 310): white, concolourous with vertex; tegula ochreous, forewing with a characteristic white dorsal stripe until mid-dorsum, with unequal anterior margin that ends with mid dorsal strigula, and two dorsal strigulae at sub-apex. The general ornamentation pattern is obtuse, without a geometrical pattern, costal margin is dirty white; the dominant colouration is ochreous; the apical spot is a small rounded dot, placed on an ochreous irregular patch. Legs light ochreous intermixed with white patches. Abdomen: beige with dark marked mid part of tergites, anterior tergites ochreous; genital segment having yellow shading. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. Bionomics: No data. BOLD data: http: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? searchMenu = taxonomy & query = Epicephala + zalo sticha & taxon = Epicephala + zalosticha GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Queensland (Turner 1940: 57). 14. Leurocephala Davis & McKay, 2011	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	description	“ Leurocephala Davis and McKay, new genus ” — Davis, D. R., Mc Kay, F., Oleiro, M., Diniz Vitorino, M. & Wheeler, G. S., 2011. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 65 (2): 74 – 76. Type species: Leurocephala schinusae Davis & McKay, 2011. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 65 (2): 76 – 89, figs. 1, 4, 16 – 19, 31 – 106, by original designation and monotypy. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Leurocephala & searchTax = Se arch + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Leurocephala Mitogenomic data. No data. Bionomics: Anacardiaceae: Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speg (Leurocephala schinusae), S. molle L. (L. chilensis Vargas & Moreira, 2016), S. terebinthifolia Raddi (L. schinusae). Distribution: Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay. Species richness: World: 2 species; Australian Region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Leurocephala schinusae Davis & McKay, 2011 “ Leurocephala schinusae Davis and Mc Kay, new species ” — Davis, D. R., Mc Kay, F., Oleiro, M., Diniz Vitorino, M. & Wheeler, G. S., 2011. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 65 (2): 76 – 89, figs 1, 4, 16 – 19, 31 – 106. Type locality and collecting data: Argentina, Misiones Province, Road 12, 2 km N Libertad, e. l. Schinus terebinthifolia 02. viii. 2006, leg. F. McKay & M. Oleiro. Type specimens: Holotype ♂, in USNM (Washington DC); Paratypes 27 ♂, 19 ♀, in MACN (Buenos Aires), DZUP (Curitiba), USNM (Washington DC). BOLD data: Leurocephala schinusae | Taxonomy Browser | BOLDSYSTEMS GenBank data: Leurocephala schinusae - Nucleotide - NCBI (nih. gov) Mitogenomic data. No data. Bionomics: Anacardiaceae: Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speg, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Davis et al. 2011: 79). Distribution: Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (Davis et al. 2011: 79). 15. Liocrobyla Meyrick, 1916 “ Liocrobyla, n. g. ” — Meyrick, E., 1916 b. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2 (1): 5. Type species: Liocrobyla paraschista Meyrick, 1916 b. Exotic Microlepidoptera 2: 5, by monotypy. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: based on external morphological characters the genus is recognisable by broadly-based costal striga on mid of forewing which is the central ornament on the dark ochreous background of the forewing; frons with lateral tufts of horizontally aligned scales, maxillary and labial palpus roughly covered by more or less loose but short scales. The species within this genus are externally almost not diagnosable. The main diagnostic species-linked characters are in male and in female genitalia. Male genitalia with folded and complex sacculus, apices of valvae are flat or flat with rounded corners; aedeagus especially vesical part covered with a band of spicules. Abdomens of males are with two pairs of long piliform androconial coremata. Segment VIII of abdomen is reduced to a triangular-shaped plate. Anterior segment VIII of males carries a triangular plate of flat tightly arranged scales. Female with prolonged flat, fused papillae anales, short and blunt apophyses posteriores and very complex sterigmatic sclerotisations, ductus bursae short and thick, corpus bursae sac-shaped without signum. Segment VI of abdomens of females is strongly sclerotised. Liocrobyla species feed exclusively on Fabaceae low growing plants. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 123249 GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Liocrobyla Mitogenomic data: The monophyly of this genus is maximally supported in all analyses, and relationships between the three sampled species are well supported. In contrast, its placement as sister to the maximally supported monophylum of Conopomorpha, Bridella gen. n., Polydema, Stomphastis and Diphtheroptila is consistently recovered by all analyses, albeit with only moderate support (Fig. 639). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze (Liocrobyla paraschista Meyrick, 1916 b), Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (L. paraschista Meyrick, 1916 b), Desmodium sp. (L. kumatai Kuroko, 1982), Flemingia lineata (L.) W. T. Aiton (L. paraschista Meyrick, 1916 b), F. parviflora Benth, new record, F. trifloliastrum Domin, new record, Hylodesmum oldhamii (Oliv.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill, (L. desmodiella Kuroko, 1982), H. podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (L. desmodiella, L. paraschista), H. repandum (Vahl) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (L. desmodiella), Indigofera kirilowii Maxim. ex Palib. (L. indigofera Liu, Wang & Wang, 2018), I. tinctoria L. (L. indigofera), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (L. desmodiella, L. kumatai Kuroko, 1982), Lespedeza sp. (L. kumatai), Millettia Wight & Arn. (L. paraschista), Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi (L. desmodiella Kuroko, 1982), Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St. - Hill. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi (L. paraschista), Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, new record (L. kuranda sp. nov. and L. pinnatae sp. nov.), Pongamia sp., new record (L. kuranda sp. nov.), Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (L. lobata Kuroko, 1960), Pueraria sp. (L. lobata), Tephrosia polystachya E. Mey. (L. tephrosiae Vári, 1961), Wisteria brachybotrys Siebold & Zucc. (L. brachybotrys Kuroko, 1960). Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa: Mpumalanga. Australian Region: Australia, new record: Queensland, new record, Northern Territory, new record; Fiji, Solomon Islands. Oriental Region: India: Bihar, Karnataka. Palaearctic Region: China: Shandong, Tianjin, Japan: Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku, Tusima, Russian Federation: Nyzhne Amur region, Primorye region, South Korea, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Species richness: World: 12 species; Australian Region: 5 species. Australian species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Liocrobyla paraschista Meyrick, 1916 “ Liocrobyla paraschista, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1916 b. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2 (1): 5. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9808398	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF38CD9D43ADF10FFCC2FA22.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [India, Karnataka], Kanara, Manchikeri; Bengal [recte Bihar], Pusa. Type specimens: Syntypes males and females, number of specimens not stated in the original description; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Illustrations examined: Fletcher 1921: pl. 40, Fig. 2, 1933: pl. 60; Issiki 1957: Fig. 107; LNAUV 1220 - 17; LNAUV 1221 - 17 (BOLD Systems). Note: Kuroko (1982) stated in Japanese that the species identified as Liocrobyla paraschista Meyrick, 1916 b in Kuroko (1960: Figs 1, 6, Pl. 1, Figs 9, 10) is a misidentification and named it as a new species, L. desmodiella Kuroko, 1982. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Liocrobyla + paraschista & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae: Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Meyrick 1916 b: 5), Flemingia lineata (L.) W. T. Aiton (Fletcher 1933: 59), Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill. (EIHU Collection, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan), Millettia sp. (Robinson et al. 2001: 245), Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St. - Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi (Fletcher 1921: 160). Distribution: Australian Region: Fiji (Evenhuis 2007: 20). Oriental Region: India: Bihar, Karnataka (Meyrick 1916 b: 5).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF26CD9943ADF2DAFF4FFD19.taxon	description	(Figs 385, 386, 391, 392, 401 – 403, 408, 411, 414, 417, 418, 419 – 421, 638) “ Liocrobyla desmodiella Kuroko, sp. nov. ” — Kuroko, H., 1982. Gracillariidae. — In: Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S. & Kawabe, A. (Eds.), Moths of Japan. 2 vols. Kodansha, Tokyo, vol. 1: 185; vol. 2: pl. 6, fig. 2; pl. 273, figs 1, 4. Type locality: Japan. Type specimens: Holotype ♀ ELKU (Fukuoka); Paratypes 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, in EIHU (Sapporo), NHMUK (London). Illustrations examined: 13 illustrations in https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / LIOCDESM (De Prins & De Prins 2024: the photographers and the sources of information are indicated therein). Specimens examined (17 specimens): AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Specimen (1) ♂: Solar Village, Humpty Doo, 12.37 S 131.150 E, 18 February 1998, leg. Kumata T. & M. Host 5851, Flemingia trifloliastrum Domin (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 025105, genitalia slide ANIC 6158, ANIC Acc. no 31 085639. Specimen (2) ♂: same data, except the date 19 February 1998, DNA sample NULT 024984, genitalia slide ANIC 6157, ANIC Acc. no 31 085604. Specimen (3): same data, except the date 21 February 1998. Specimen (4): specimen in bad condition: only head with one right antenna, thorax and right forewing; same data, except the date 18 February 1998. Specimen (5): same data except the date 21 February 1998. Specimen (6) ♀: Greenant Creek, Litchfield National Park, 13.32 ° S 131.10 ° E, 03 March 1998, leg. Kumata T. & M. Host 5924, Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 025220, genitalia slide ANIC 6159, ANIC Acc. no 31 085640. Specimen (7): specimen without abdomen, antennae broken; Australia, Northern Territory, Solar Village, Humpty Doo, 12.37 ° S 131.150 ° E, 17 February 1998, leg. Kumata T. & M. Host 5849, Flemingia parviflora Benth. (Fabaceae). Specimen (8): same data except the date 18 February 1998. Specimen (9): same data, date 18 February 1998. Specimen (10) ♂: Darwin, Holmes Jungle NP, 16 February 1998, leg. T. & M. Kumata, DNA sample NULT 025345, genitalia slide ANIC 6160, ANIC Acc. no 31 085641. Specimen (11): same data, except the date 18 February 1998. Specimen (12) ♀: Greenant Creek, Litchfield National Park, 13.32 S 131.10 E, 03 March 1998, leg. Kumata T. & M. Host 5924, Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 025460, genitalia slide ANIC 6161, ANIC Acc. no 31 085642. Specimen (13): same data except the date 04 March 1998. Specimen (14): same data, date 04 March 1998. Specimen (15): Holmes Jungle National Park, Darwin, 12.24 S 130.56 E, 12 February 1998, leg. Kumata T. & M. Host 5771, Flemingia parviflora Benth. (Fabaceae). Specimen (16): same data, date 12 February 1998. Specimen (17): same data, date 12 February 1998; in ANIC (Canberra). Diagnosis. The species is recognisable by external characters such as the dark fuscous ground colour which is unusual in Gracillariidae which is characterized by a variety of patterns on ochreous, white, greyish-brown or even scarlet-red ground colour. The combination of three oblique costal stripes and a row (4 – 6) of short longitudinal dorsal stripes serves as a fast detectable diagnostic character. Male and female genitalia are strongly diagnostic. Folded costal and ventral margins of valvae with straightly cut cucullus area without long and obvious appendages are diagnostic for L. desmodiella. and separates this species from L. kuranda sp. nov. Shape of aedeagus is also diagnostic: in L. desmodiella aedeagus is simple, straight cylindrical-shaped, in L. kuranda sp. nov. is S-shaped with long spiculose band. Sterigmatic sclerotisations as described below for the species are also diagnostic: in L. desmodiella sterigma is with W-shaped indentation plate and ostium bursae is surrounded by sterigmatic digitiform structure, while in L. kuranda sp. nov. sterigma is like a deep trench crossing segments VII and VI, ostium bursae opens at the anterior part of segment VII; antrum supported by a sclerotised collicular structure. Mitogenomic characters diagnose this species as a lineage with strong support within the genus Liocrobyla clade. Morphological characterisation of the Australian specimens. Wingspan 4.4 – 4.6 mm; length of the forewing 1.9 – 2.1 mm (Figs 385, 386). Head (Figs 391, 392): Vertex covered with a tuft of straight erected piliform but thick scales, dark fuscous in lateral sides and slightly paler shading with a slight silver shine in median part of vertex. Occiput covered by two broad rows of suppressed fuscous ochreous shorter scales with lighter tips projecting posteriorly and covering patagia; frons covered with fuscous beige smoothly transiting to white towards clypeus. Maxillary palpus short, dark fuscous at basis with lighter shading at the apical half. Labial palpus two coloured: dark fuscous on outside lateral sides of basal and median palpomeres, lighter fuscous on the inner side of basal and median palpomeres and apical palpomere shining white at the inner side, and patched fuscous at the outer side, last palpomere sharply pointed, ca. 2 × longer than the eye, very slightly curved, more or less drooping, longer piliform shining white scales present between the basal part of the eye and labial palpus. proboscis bright yellowish beige. Antenna ca. ¼ longer than forewing, dark fuscous with silvery shining white tips at apices of flagellomeres, not striped, ventrally beige; pedicel short, coloured as rest of flagellomeres; scape short, dorsally dirty white anteriorly and fuscous posteriorly, light beige ventrally; pecten short, shorter than half the length of the scape, hardly visible, light beige. Thorax (Figs 385, 386): Patagium light fuscous, mesothorax light fuscous, tegula light fuscous with dirty white tip. Forewing narrowly elongated, with a narrowing apex, that is gently rounded, ground colour dark with white and black markings, that are differ in costal and dorsal halves of the forewing; costal half: basal 1 / 3 without markings, a sharply oblique white costal stripe with a broad base and narrow apex, sharply directed towards termen, margined basally with a broad row of black scales; two narrow costal oblique stripes, sharply directed toward termen at apical 1 / 3, sub-apical part repeats the round curving of apical margin; apex with sharply expressed apical black stripe, mirrored posteriorly with smaller white stripe edged with a row of black scales at tornus. Dorsal half of the forewing pattern consists of a row (4 – 6) of short interchangeable longitudinal stripes — black and white. Outer margin of apex narrow black, fringe line black, followed by prolonged white scales at apex, white black-tipped scales at tornus forming a double fringe line; fringe short, dirty white with black margin at apex, termen and tornus, pale grey with silver shine along the dorsal margin of fore wing sharply diminishing and narrowing toward the basal part of the forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe shorter at costa and long much lighter shading as hindwing at the dorsum. Fore femur light fuscous, fore tibia fuscous, tarsomeres dark fuscous, tarsomeres II and III with white apices, the tip of fore tarsus dirty white; mid femur beige fuscous, with two diagonal black stipes and black apex, mid tibia thick, dark fuscous tibial spurs short fuscous, tarsomeres fuscous with white apical parts; hind femur white with fuscous base, hind tibia white with a fuscous diagonal stripe at apical half, medial spurs white, long, reaching beyond the half of length of the tibia, apical spurs short dirty white, tarsomere I dirty white with fuscous medial and sub-apical parts, tarsomere II, fuscous white apical part, terminal tarsomeres dark fuscous, tip dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 411, 414): dorsally dark fuscous with terga I, II and VI with lighter shading, ventrally shining white with short ochreous oblique stripes on sterna I – V, sternum VII and sternum VIII monochromous light fuscous. This species possesses strongly expressed androconial characters on sterna VI – VIII and tergum IX in males. The posterior margin of sternum VI carries two melanised folds that carry two paired tufts of long androconial coremata; an intersegmental joint between segments VI and VII is very weakly sclerotised but sternum VII carries two narrow strongly sclerotised semi-rings initiating at anterior margin of sternum VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised and it bears a more or less semi-circular tape connecting two sub-lateral tufts of very long, as long as ca. three abdominal segments, consisting of thin piliform scales on sternum VII; segment VIII is reduced, and remains a small but broad triangular plate which bears a peculiar bunch of nicely and tightly arranged prolonged and flat scales forming a brushed triangular anterior decorative plate. The sides of abdominal opening on sternum I are very strongly sclerotised, especially the anterior part, however the horizontal joint is very thin and weakly sclerotised; apodemes on sternum II are rudimental almost invisible, while the apodemes on tergum II are thin, long, reaching the posterior 1 / 3 of segment 2, slightly bent at apical half; a sclerotised line joins the anterior parts of tergal apodemes; a sclerotised plate proceeds the opening of the abdomen. Anterior segments in females are simple, without any ornamental sclerotisations. Individual variation: There is quite significant individual variation in the forewing pattern, especially in the length of costal stripe and shape, number and colour intensity of the row of black and white stripes running in the sub-dorsal area of the forewing. The sub-apical part may vary also in the way that the apical stripe and two sub-apical costal short lines form repeated curving patterns slightly different in different specimens. The visibility of the apical stripe varies from a black large thick stripe to just a narrow black line which is almost fusing with the striped sub-dorsal pattern of the forewing. No significant variation in genitalia structures is observed. Male genitalia (Figs 401 – 403): Tegumen with bluntly rounded apex, slightly shorter than valva, tuba analis protruded, truncate at apex, teguminal arms narrow, weakly sclerotised, gently approaching each other towards apex; valvae strongly diagnostic for this species, the margins are folded from both sides costal and ventral, especially broad fold is on sacculus area, the folded margins are covered with short stout setae; cucullus area is open, bluntly straightly cut, with gently rounded corners; a straight, dentate, strongly sclerotised suture runs on ventral side of valva at sub-apical sector; juxta narrow, complete, shaped as reverse V, costal bases of valvae sharply pointed, approaching but not touching each other, apical part of valvae richly setose, vinculum strongly developed, lateral arms are double sided with a strong sharp hook on apical part, anterior parts of vinculum gently dilating, and the fusion of semi-rounded basal parts of vinculum is seen well, saccus short but well developed, gently semi-rounded; aedeagus rather simple tubular, ca. as long as valva, vesica with a lot of tiny spicules, one long narrow ditch-like cornutus runs along the main part of aedeagus, coecum with two small rounded processes. Female genitalia (Fig. 408): Papillae anales flat, fused, densely covered with thin, long setae, apophyses posteriores thick and short, just reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII with their blunt apices; apophyses anteriores with broad sclerotised bases forming a semi-ring on tergum VIII, on ventral part they are angulated, anterior parts are thin and sharp reaching the sterigmatic sclerotisations on sternum VII. Segment VII with a very complex sterigmatic sclerotisation: lamella post-vaginalis is covered with internal short, thin-needle-like, brown scales, arranged in zig-zag order; lamella ante-vaginalis is strongly developed as a sclerotised plate with W-shaped indentation at posterior part where ostium bursae is located; the central sterigmatic sclerotisation with dactylus-shaped opening, anterior part of sterigma with two bent narrow and strongly sclerotised arms; anterior margin of tergum VII is strongly sclerotised; antrum covered with derivations of lamella post-vaginalis in the form of sclerotised fold which keeps and protects antrum; ductus bursae relatively short, slightly longer than segment VII, with tiny melanised folds; corpus bursae oval, sac-shaped, slightly shorter than ductus bursae, with many tiny small folds of the wall at posterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae, the anterior part of corpus bursae is more or less smooth, without any signum, but with a few folds of different thickness. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Liocrobyla % 20 desmodiella % 22 [tax] GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Liocrobyla + desmodiella Mitogenomic data. The monophyly of this well-sampled species is maximally supported in all analyses, while its sister relationship to the clade L. pinnatae sp. nov. + L. kuranda sp. nov. is well supported (Fig. 638). Bionomics (Figs 417, 418): Fabaceae: Desmodium sp., Flemingia parviflora Benth, new record, F. trifloliastrum Domin, new record, (Figs 417 – 421), Hylodesmum oldhamii (Oliv.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (Kuroko 1960: 4), H. podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (Kuroko 1960: 4); H. repandum (Vahl) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill (label data in EIHU Collection, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan); Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (Liu et al. 2018: 306); L. cyrtobotrya Miq., Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi (Kuroko 1960: 4). Distribution: Australian Region, new record: Australia, new record: Northern Territory, new record. Palaearctic Region: China: Tianjin (Liu et al. 2018 a: 306), Japan (Kuroko 1982: 185): Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū (Ermolaev 1987: 151), Shikoku (label data in EIHU Collection, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan), South Korea (Kim & Byun 2019: 446), Russian Federation: Primorje region (Ermolaev 1987: 151), Nyzhne Amur region (Sinev 2019: 37).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF22CD9443ADF00EFE9FFD35.taxon	description	(Figs 387, 388, 393, 394, 397, 398, 404, 405, 409, 412, 415, 422, 423, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 S 145.38 E / Kuranda em [erged] / 27 Feb 1997 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5713 / Pongamia / pinnata, DNA sample NULT 024638, genitalia slide ANIC 6162, ANIC Acc. no 31 085535, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 10 specimens: Paratype 1 (♂): Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, 16.49 S 145.38 E, 27 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5713, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 024753, genitalia slide ANIC 6163, ANIC Acc. no 31 085546. Paratype 2: same data, except the date 16 February 1997. Paratype 3: same data, except the date 18 February 1997. Paratype 4 (♂): same data except the date 11 February 1997, DNA sample NULT 024878, genitalia slide ANIC 6164, 31 085548. Paratype 5 (♂): Queensland, 16.49 S 145.38 E, Kuranda, 19 March 1998, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5960, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 025354, genitalia slide ANIC 6168, ANIC Acc. no 31 085550. Paratype 6 (♀): West Mulgrave River, 17.19 S 145.47 E, 21 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5638, Pongamia sp. (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 025114, genitalia slide ANIC 6166, ANIC Acc. no 31 085547. Paratype 7: same data except the date 30 January 1997. Paratype 8: without abdomen, Kuranda, 16.49 S 145.38 E, 29 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5713, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). Paratype 9: without abdomen, same data, date 02 February 1997. Paratype 10: same data, except the date 10 February 1997, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Following the general external characters and especially the forewing pattern, this new species belongs to the same species group as Liocrobyla desmodiella. Both species share the same major forewing ornaments: the oblique costal narrowing stripe directed toward the termen and posterior half of the forewing with a small whitish repeated pattern running from base to tornus. The L. kuranda sp. nov. can be easily diagnosed from L. desmodiella by a bright yellowish vertex (in L. desmodiella it is dark greyish fuscous) and a more diffuse forewing pattern in which white small stripes disorderly interchange with greyish and dark fuscous, while in L. desmodiella the wing pattern is more geometrically defined into the black edged stripes and small dashes that form a sub-dorsal row. In male genitalia L. kuranda sp. nov. ventral margin of valvae with biforked appendix, that makes this species easily recognisable, ventral margin of cucullus is equipped with a tuft of strong needle-like scales, a specific diagnostic character for this species. Differently from L. desmodiella the transtilla in L. kuranda sp. nov. is complete and strongly developed, and it is incomplete in L. desmodiella. Aedeagus is diagnostic: it is S-shaped with a short appendix at sub-coecal part in L. kuranda sp. nov., it is simple, cylindrical shaped, without any appendages in L. desmodiella. Following the male genitalia characters the new species L. kuranda is the most similar to another Australian new species L. pinnatae. The diagnostic differences between both new species in male genitalia are as follows: in L. kuranda sp. nov. the apical part of sacculus has a deep concave indentation and the apex bears a forked, blunt, sclerotised appendage; in L. pinnatae sp. nov. the apical part of sacculus without a deep concave appendage and the apex bears one digitiform appendage. Female genitalia with strongly sclerotised segments VII and VI and lamella ante-vaginalis as a deep trench crossing segments VI and VII is a strongly diagnostic character. Mitogenomic characters also diagnose this species as a lineage with strong support within the genus Liocrobyla clade. Description: Wingspan 4.5 – 5.6 mm; length of the forewing 1.9 – 2.5 mm (Figs 387, 388). Head (Figs 393, 394): Vertex light yellowish beige consisting of two brushes of piliform scales projecting anteriad, with slight diffusion of intermixed dark-tipped piliform scales gently transitioning to frons area. Frons dark brown shining with some white scales. Maxillary palpus short pointed whitish. Labial palpus dark fuscous, drooping, ca. 2 × longer than the eye, directed downward, basal palpomere fuscous with light irroration of almost black dotted scales, mid palpomere fuscous with white apex, terminal palpomere light beige with darker basis, sharply pointed, proboscis bright yellowish. Antenna more or less uniformly beige fuscous, flagellomeres dorsally fuscous with slightly darker apices consisting of piliform narrow scales forming longitudinal thin lines, ventrally lighter, uniformly light ochreous, pedicel short, dark fuscous; scape dorsally white with fuscous base and apex, ventrally light ochreous, with ca. 7 – 8 dark fuscous short pecten. Thorax (Figs 387, 388, 398): Patagium lightly ochreous with two bunches of piliform radially directed scales, mesothorax uniformly light ochreous; tegula fuscous greyish. Forewing narrowly elongated, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is fuscous with white, black and light beige markings, that are different in costal and sub-dorsal areas of the forewing; the costal area: a sharply oblique white costal stripe with a broad base and narrow apex, sharply directed towards tornus initiates at 1 / 2 of the forewing, margined basally with a broad irregular area of black scales; a narrow costal oblique stripe, sharply directed toward tornus at apical 1 / 3, basally margined with an irregular area of black scales, sub-apical area is separated by a narrow white arched line repeating the apical margin of the forewing; apex with distinct two white prolonged apical dots. A narrow, yellowish ochreous stripe borders the dorsal margin of forewing. The sub-dorsal area of the forewing pattern consists of irroration of white, fuscous, blackish spots and stripes. The fringe line is dark fuscous, followed by a semi-round area of prolonged white scales at the apex, white with dark infusion scales at the tornus forming an irregular and broad fringe line; fringe short, silvery shining at the apex, termen, and tornus, silvery shining light grey along the dorsal margin of fore wing with very long shining piliform scales at about 1 / 2 of the dorsum of the forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. The fore femur is light fuscous with a dark fuscous central patch, the fore tibia is uniformly dark fuscous, the tarsomeres are dark fuscous with light ochreous patches, the second tarsomere with light basal half, tarsomeres III – IV with light narrow apices; mid-femur fuscous, mid-tibia dark fuscous with two light patches on apical half, tibial spurs light beige, tarsomere I fuscous with white basal and median spot, tarsomere II with light basal and apical parts, terminal tarsomeres fuscous, tip white with silver shine; hind femur light beige, hind tibia light beige with the fuscous sub-apical diagonal band, medial spurs light beige almost as long as the tibia, basal half fuscous, apical spurs dark fuscous dorsally and light internally, tarsomere I fuscous with the whitish oblique medial and sub-apical band, tarsomeres II – V, dark fuscous with light apices, tip dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 397, 412, 415): dorsally dark fuscous with an intermixture of irroration of white scales on terga II – IV; ventrally shining white with four short dark brown stripes on lateral sides of sternites. As usual in Liocrobyla species, males possess strongly expressed androconial micromorphological characters on sterna VI – VIII and tergum VIII. Two sets of paired long piliform androconial coremata are present: one set on posterior margin of sternum VI and the other on posterior margin on sternum VIII. Intersegmental joint between segments VI and VII is weakly sclerotised and carries two narrow strongly sclerotised semi-rings initiating at anterior margin of sternum VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised and it bears a melanised fold connecting two sub-lateral very long, as long as ca. three abdominal segments, tufts consisting of thin piliform scales. Posterior segment VIII is reduced and remains a small but broad triangular plate which bears a peculiar bunch of nicely and tightly arranged prolonged and flat scales forming a brushed triangular anterior decorative plate. The sides of abdominal opening on sternum I are very strongly sclerotised, especially the anterior part, however the horizontal joint is very thin and weakly sclerotised; apodemes on sternum II are rudimental almost invisible, while the apodemes on tergum II are thin, long, reaching the posterior 1 / 3 of segment II, slightly bent at apical half; a sclerotised line joins the anterior parts of tergal apodemes; a sclerotised plate proceeds the opening of abdomen on sternum II. Anterior segment VI in females is strongly sclerotised. Individual variation: There is slight variation in the intensity of the ornamental pattern of the forewing, especially in the sub-dorsal area. Light patches on mid-legs can differ or be absent. Male genitalia (Figs 404, 405): Tegumen narrow, weakly sclerotised, slightly shorter than valva, with gently sharpening apex, tuba analis slightly protruded, truncate at apex, teguminal arms narrow, weakly sclerotised, gently approaching each other towards apex; valvae with folded ventral margin; costal margin sclerotised and gently bent at basal half, apex straightly cut with rounded margins, strongly setose, ventral margin of cucullus bears a bunch of long, strong, spiculose setae, ventral margin of valvae slightly folded with semi-round indentation at sub-apical part, sacculus area strongly sclerotised, with triangular additional fold at the midden of ventral margin of valva; ventral margin is strongly sclerotised, bent with protruding appendix that proceeds the ventral valval fold; transtilla strongly developed, complete, with dilated lateral sides, juxta thin sclerotised band digitiform; vinculum strongly developed with complex two-layered sides and well noticeable joint of left and right mirror-sides at the central part of anterior margin, vincular posterior appendages short, strongly sclerotised, directed laterally; saccus short, more or less triangular; aedeagus S-shaped with short, sclerotised triangular process at sub-coecal area, tip of vesica forked and bears a sclerotised, short, digitiform appendix, vesica with a broad band of sprinkled spicules. Female genitalia (Fig. 409): Papillae anales flat, fused, densely covered with thin, long setae, apophyses posteriores thick short, with blunt apices, reaching the anterior 1 / 3 of segment VIII; apophyses anteriores with broad sclerotised bases forming a semi-ring on tergum VIII, basal parts of apophyses rectangular-shaped and apical part thin needle-like with sharp apices terminating at posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII. Segment VII with a very complex sterigmatic sclerotisation: lamella ante-vaginalis as a deep trench with high raised sloughs ending as three-lobed posterior margin of sternum VII; this three-lobed part represents a lamella post-vaginalis. This complex sterigmatic sclerotised trench continues on segment VI, which is strongly sclerotised also (not a usual character in female Gracillariidae); ostium bursae opens on the anterior margin of sternum VII (a characteristics typical for the subfamily Ornixolinae), as a round opening with circular sclerotised margins. Segment VI is strongly sclerotised and forms a part of sterigmatic structures with complex paired and slightly protruded sub-lateral processes; ductus bursae relatively short, melanised, ca. as long as segment VI, colliculum covered by prolonged irregular oval shaped sterigmatic sclerotisation; corpus bursae slightly longer than segment VI, sac-shaped with slightly folded wall, without signum. Bionomics (Figs 422, 423): The larva is a leaf miner found on two closely related plant species Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre and Pongamia sp. (Fabaceae). The mining period is short, about mid or late January. The flight period of adults is from late January till mid-February. Mitogenomic data: The monophyly of this species is maximally supported in all analyses (populations from both known localities sampled), while its sister relationship to L. pinnatae sp. nov. is well supported (Fig. 638). The larva is a leaf miner that feeds on Pongamia spp. plants, with a preference for Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). Distribution: Known from three localities in Australia: Queensland. Etymology: The specific name refers to the type locality Kuranda in Queensland (Australia). It is a noun in apposition.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2FCD9143ADF074FB41FDA9.taxon	description	(Figs 389, 390, 395, 396, 399, 400, 406, 407, 410, 413, 416, 424, 425, 638) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.21 S 130.52 E / Casuarina C. R. / Darwin em. [erged] / 7 Feb 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5739 / Pongamia / pinnata, DNA sample NULT 025239, genitalia slide ANIC 6167, ANIC Acc. no 31 085536, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 12 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): Australia: Northern Territory, Darwin, CSIRO, 12.25 S 130.55 E, 5 February 1998, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5765, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). Paratype 2: without abdomen; same data except for the locality and date, Casuarina C. R., Darwin, 8 February 1998. Host 5739, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). Paratype 3: without abdomen; same data, except the date 5 February 1998. Paratype 4 (♀): same data as for holotype. Host 5765, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). Paratype 5 (♀): same data except the date 10 February 1998, DNA sample NULT 025479, genitalia slide ANIC 6169, ANIC Acc. no 31 085549. Paratype 6: same data except the date 6 February 1998. Paratype 7: without abdomen; same data, except the date 11 February 1998. Paratype 8 (♂): Queensland: Cape Tribulation, Daintree National Park, 16.05 S 145.29 E, 23 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata. Host 5607, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae), DNA sample NULT 024993, genitalia slide ANIC 6165, ANIC Acc. no 31 085605. Paratype 9: same data except the date 27 January 1997. Paratype 10: without abdomen, same data except the date 26 January 1997. Paratype 11: same data, except the date 20 January 1997. Paratype 12: same data, except the date 29 January 1997, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Following the general external characters and especially forewing pattern, this new species belongs to the same species group as L. desmodiella and L. kuranda sp. nov. Based on genitalia characters L. pinnatae sp. nov. shares a slight similarity with L. saturata Bradley, 1961, since both species possess long, flexible and sinoiding vincular appendages. Other external and internal morphology characters separate those two latter species very well. Costal margin of valva in L. saturata is straight while in L. pinnatae sp. nov. sinuating. Sacculus in L. pinnatae sp. nov. is strongly developed as a separate broad and thick lobe, while in L. saturata male genitalia bear two pairs of narrow appendages: one pair carries a long and sharp spine at the apex, while the second pair is flexibly sinuating; transtilla in L. pinnatae sp. nov. is of moderate size, reversed U-shaped, with gently rounded apical part, while in L. saturata transtilla is just slightly smaller than tegumen, reversed V-shaped, with sharply triangular apical part (Bradley 1961: pl. 18, fig. 11). Wing pattern is almost indistinguishable from L. kuranda sp. nov., except very tiny differences in the pattern of the costal margin of forewing. In L. pinnatae sp. nov. the narrow beige longitudinal costal band is followed by fuscous brownish intermixed with white irregular patches, while in the L. kuranda sp. nov. these patches are interrupted by a series of narrow short longitudinal black stripes less seen in warn specimens. From external morphology, L. kuranda sp. nov. and L. pinnatae sp. nov. are twin species. The bionomics of both L. kuranda sp. nov. and L. pinnatae sp. nov. is similar. Both species are leaf miners of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). However, the L. kuranda sp. nov. larva feeds on other species of Pongamia plants, while L. pinnatae sp. nov. was reared exclusively from Pongamia pinnata. Up to now, the present data indicate that L. pinnatae is monophagous. The better diagnostic differences are in internal morphological characters of male and female genitalia and molecular data. Since both species are twin-species and very closely morphologically and genetically related, the differences in micromorphology of genital characters and mitogenomic data are not big but sufficient to recognize and distinguish L. kuranda sp. nov. and L. pinnatae sp. nov. as two separate species. There are no differences in bionomics. In male genitalia: ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. the apices of valvae are gently rounded, while in L. kuranda sp. nov. they are cut and even with slight convex indentation; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. the saccular process is shaped as one digitiform appendix, in L. kuranda sp. nov. this process is biforked; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. the sub-apical ventral margin of valva with very slightly concave, in L. kuranda sp. nov. it is U-shaped indentation; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. ventral surface of valvae bears two barb-like sclerotisations, in L. kuranda sp. nov. these sclerotisations are as one triangular fold; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. transtilla is incomplete, in L. kuranda sp. nov. it is complete; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. saccus is broadly rounded, in L. kuranda sp. nov. saccus is as equilateral triangle; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. aedeagus is lightly bent, vesica rounded and no appendix at coecal area, in L. kuranda sp. nov. aedeagus is S-shaped, vesica narrowly sharp with biforked process at the end, coecal area with a digitiform appendix. In female genitalia: ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. sterigmatic posterior appendages are long horn-shaped with narrowly sharping apices, in L. kuranda sp. nov. the posterior sterigmatic appendages are short blunt, with more or less broadly rounded apices; ● in L. pinnatae sp. nov. the central part of lamella post-vaginalis is broadly semi-roundly concave, in L. kuranda sp. nov. the central part of lamella post-vaginalis is with strongly convex parabola-shaped projection. For mitogenomic diagnostic differences see Fig. 638. Description: Wingspan 5.3 – 5.5 mm; length of the forewing 2.0 – 2.5 mm (Figs 389, 390). Head (Figs 395, 396): Vertex light yellowish beige consisting of two brushes of piliform scales projecting anteriad, with slight diffusion of intermixed dark-tipped piliform scales gently transitioning to frons area; occiput covered with two tufts of short, slightly paler piliform scales. Frons dark brown shining with some white scales. Maxillary palpus short pointed dark brown. Labial palpus whitish with dark brown spots: apical part of palpomere I, basal part and anterior tip of palpomere III, drooping, ca. 2 × longer than the eye. Antenna more or less uniformly beige fuscous with intermixed fuscous, consisting of piliform narrow scales forming longitudinal thin lines, ventrally lighter, uniformly light ochreous, pedicel short, dark fuscous; scape dorsally white with fuscous base and apex, ventrally almost white, pecten very short mixed with the tips of the piliform scales of vertex. Thorax (Figs 389, 390, 400): lightly beige, slightly lighter in shading than vertex; tegula fuscous greyish. Forewing narrowly elongated, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour is fuscous with white, black and light beige markings, that differ in costal and sub-dorsal areas of the forewing; costal area: a sharply oblique white costal stripe with a broad base and narrow apex, sharply directed towards tornus initiates at 1 / 2 of the forewing, margined basally with a broad irregular area of black scales; a narrow costal oblique stripe, sharply directed toward tornus at apical 1 / 3, basally margined with an irregular area of black scales, sub-apical area is separated by a narrow white arched line repeating the apical margin of the forewing; apex with indistinct but present two white narrow apical stripes, dark fuscous tornus, black termen and white silvery shining apical marginal line. A narrow, yellowish ochreous stripe borders the dorsal margin of forewing. The sub-dorsal area of the forewing pattern consists of dirty white irregular band with irroration of fuscous, spots and stripes. The fringe line is light grey with white base; fringe short, silvery shining at the apex, termen, and tornus, silvery shining light fuscous along the dorsal margin of fore wing with very long shining piliform scales at about 1 / 2 of the dorsum of the forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. The fore femur is light fuscous, the fore tibia is dark fuscous with two dirty white spots at base and at median part, tarsomere I dark fuscous, tarsomeres II – IV with white basal part and dark fuscous apical part, terminal tarsomere fuscous with white tip; mid-femur dark fuscous, almost black, mid-tibia with three oblique dirty white and black stripes, tibial spurs light beige as long as tarsomere I, tarsomere I fuscous with white apical 1 / 3, tarsomere II – III dirty a white with prolonged dark fuscous stripe on lateral side, tarsomeres IV – V dark fuscous, apical tip white; hind femur dirty white with light grey basal part, hind tibia dirty white at basal part with broad light fuscous oblique stripe at apical half, medial spurs light beige almost as long as the tibia, apical spurs light fuscous externally and dirty white internally, tarsomere I fuscous with the whitish oblique sub-apical band, tarsomeres II – V, dark fuscous with dirty-white apices, tip dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 399, 413, 416): dorsally dark fuscous; ventrally shining white with four short dark brown stripes on lateral sides of sternites. Two sets of paired long piliform androconial coremata are present on abdomens of males: one set on central part of sternum VI and the other on posterior margin on sternum VIII. Intersegmental joint between segments VI and VII is weakly sclerotised and carries two narrow strongly sclerotised semi-rings initiating at anterior margin of sternum VII. Segment VII is strongly sclerotised; two sub-lateral very long, as long as ca. three abdominal segments, tufts consisting of thin piliform scales and connected by a narrow strongly sclerotised link on sterna VII – VIII. Segment VIII is reduced, and remains a small but broad triangular plate which bears a peculiar bunch of nicely and tightly arranged prolonged and flat scales forming a brushed triangular anterior decorative plate. In females, anterior segment VI is strongly sclerotised. The sides of abdominal opening on sternum I are very strongly sclerotised, especially the anterior part, however, the horizontal joint is very thin and weakly sclerotised; apodemes on sternum II are rudimental almost invisible, while the apodemes on tergum II are thin, long, reaching the posterior 1 / 3 of segment II, slightly bent at apical half; a sclerotised line joins the anterior parts of tergal apodemes; a sclerotised plate proceeds the opening of abdomen on sternum II. Individual variation: There is slight variation in the ornamental pattern of the forewing, especially in the sub-dorsal area. Light patches on mid legs can differ in extent or be absent. Male genitalia (Figs 406, 407): Tegumen narrow, weakly sclerotised, slightly shorter than valva, with gently rounded apex, tuba analis not protruded, truncate, below the joint of teguminal arms, teguminal arms narrow, weakly sclerotised, gently approaching each other towards gently rounded apex; valvae with folded ventral margin; costal margin sclerotised and gently bent at basal half, apex gently rounded, strongly setose; ventral margin of cucullus bears a bunch of long, strong, spiculose setae, ventral margin of valvae slightly folded with very gentle sinusoid indentation at sub-apical part, sacculus area strongly sclerotised, two sharp barb-like sclerotisations at the midden of ventral margin of valva; ventral margin is strongly sclerotised, bent with protruding single digitiform appendix that proceeds the ventral valval fold; transtilla incomplete, juxta thin sclerotised band parabola-shaped; vinculum strongly developed with complex two-layered sides and well noticeable joint of left and right mirror-sides at the central part of anterior margin, vincular posterior appendages long, flexible, sinuating; saccus short, gently rounded; aedeagus gently bent without any process, tip of vesica gently rounded without appendages, vesica with a broad band of sprinkled spicules. Female genitalia (Fig. 410): Papillae anales flat, fused, densely covered with thin, long setae, apophyses posteriores thick short, with blunt apices, reaching the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VIII; apophyses anteriores with broad sclerotised bases forming a sclerotised plate on tergum VIII, basal parts of apophyses angulated and apical part thin needle-like with sharp apices terminating at posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII. Segment VII with a very complex sterigmatic sclerotisation: lamella ante-vaginalis with big horn-shaped bi-forked appendages at posterior margin, lamella post-vaginalis with deep concave indentation, the anterior margin of segment VII is strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae opens on sub-anterior margin of sternum VII, as a round opening with very strongly sclerotised margins. Segment VI is strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae relatively short, melanised, ca. as long as segment VI, antrum covered by prolonged irregular oval shaped sterigmatic collicular sclerotisation; corpus bursae slightly longer than segment VI, sac-shaped with slightly folded wall, without signum. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial genomes sequenced from the Northern Territory and Queensland populations show no significant divergence, and the monophyly of this species is maximally supported in all analyses. Its sister relationship to L. kuranda sp. nov. is well supported (Fig. 638). Bionomics: The larva is a monophagous leaf miner found feeding on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae) (Figs 424, 425). The mining period is short, starting at the beginning of February. The flight period for adults starts in the second decade of February. Distribution: Known from two localities in Australia: Northern Territory and Queensland. Etymology: The specific name of this species of moths derives from the specific name of the host plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). It is an adjective in the feminine gender and in the genitive case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	description	Illustrations examined: Bradley 1961: pl. 7, fig. 8; pl. 18, fig. 11. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2242430 Type locality: [Solomon Islands], Guadalcanal Island, Tapenanje, 10 – 23. xii. 1953, leg. J. D. Bradley. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London) (not found in the coll. on 12 June 2023). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australian Region: Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal (Bradley 1961: 159). Note: Described from one specimen and the generic assignment is uncertain. Bradley based his decision principally ‘ on structure of the genitalia’. 16. Micrurapteryx Spuler, 1910 “ Gattung. Micrurapteryx ” — Spuler, A., 1901 – 1910. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Mit über 3500 Figuren auf 95 Tafeln und 505 Abbildungen im Text. 3. Auflage von Prof. E. Hofmann’s Werk: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas. 4 Vols. Schweizerbarthsche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart: 409. Type species: Gracilaria kollariella Zeller, 1839, by subsequent designation by Ely (1918). Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington 19 (1917): 42, 70. The type species was attributed by Zeller to F [ischer] von R [öslerstamm], an incorrect authorship. The type species was established in combination with the generic name Gracilaria, at that time an incorrect subsequent spelling of Gracillaria Haworth, 1828 (Nye & Fletcher 1991: 192). BOLD data: https: // v 3. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Micrurapteryx & searchTax = GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Micrurapteryx Mitogenomic data. No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae: Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) J. Gay (Micrurapteryx kollariella Zeller, 1839), Astragalus alpinus L. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Astragalus sp. (M. fumosella), Caragana arborescens Lam. (M. caraganella Hering, 1957, M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), C. boisii C. K. Schneid. (M. caraganella), C. frutex (L.) K. Koch (M. caraganella) Caragana sp. (M. occulta Braun, 1922), Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link, C. ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm., C. ruthenicus (Fisch. Ex Wol.) Klásk. (M. kollariella Zeller, 1839), Cytisophyllum sessilifolium (L.) O. Lang (M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855, M. kollariella Zeller, 1839), Cytisus grandiflorus DC. C. nigricans L., C. scoparius (L.) Link, Cytisus sp., C. striatus (Hill) Rothm., Genista florida L., G. pilosa L., Genista sp., G. tinctoria L., Hippocrepis emerus (L.) Lassen, Laburnocytisus sp., Laburnum anagyroidis Medik., Laburnum sp. (Micrurapteryx kollariella Zeller, 1839), Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi (Micrurapteryx occulta Braun, 1922), L. linifolius (Reichard) Bässler (M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), L. odoratus L. (M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Lathyrus sp. (M. occulta Braun, 1922, M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Lupinus sp. (M. kollariella Zeller, 1839, M. occulta Braun, 1922), Medicago sativa L. (M. caraganella, M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Medicago sp. (M. caraganella, M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Melilotus albus Medik. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985, M. occulta Braun, 1922), Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., (M. occulta Braun, 1922), Melilotus sp. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985, M. occulta Braun, 1922, M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. (M. gerasimovi Ermolaev, 1982), Petteria sp. (M. kollariella Zeller, 1839), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (M. sophorivora Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Sarothamnus sp. (M. kollariella Zeller, 1839), Sophora sp. (M. sophorella Kuznetzov, 1979, M. sophorivora Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. (M. baranchikovi Kirichenko, Akulov & Triberti, 2021), Trifolium pratense L. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Trifolium sp. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985), Vicia amoena Fisch. (M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), V. caroliniana Walter (M. occulta Braun, 1922), V. cracca L. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985, M. gerasimovi Ermolaev, 1982, M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), V. sepium L. (M. gradatella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), Vicia sp. (M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985, M. occulta Braun, 1922).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Nearctic Region: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory), United States of America (Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, Utah, Vermont). Palaearctic Region: Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Xizang (Tibet )), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan (Hokkaidō), Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation (Altai, Amur oblast, Buryatia republic, Central Asia (South Siberia), Chita oblast, European Central region, European Central-tcherrnazemnyi, European North-East region, European South-taezhny region, European Part (Caucasus), Irkutsk oblast, Krasnoyarsk region, Mid Volga region, Nyzhne Amur region, Pred Altai region, Primorye region, South Ural region, South West Siberia region, Tuva region, Volga Don region), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Ukraine (Crimea), Ukraine. Species richness: World: 14 species; Australian Region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Micrurapteryx kollariella (Zeller, 1839) “ [Gracilaria] Kollariella FR. ” — Zeller, P. C., 1839. Versuch einer naturgemässen Eintheilung der Schaben. Isis, oder enzyklopädische Zeitung von Oken 3: 209. Type locality: Oesterreich [Austria]. Type specimen: Holotype ♂. Note: We are not aware about the whereabouts of the holotype. Most probably a neotype needs to be designated. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Micrurapteryx + kollariella & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Micrurapteryx + kollariella Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae:	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Palaearctic region: Albania (Rebel & Zerny 1931: 155), Austria (Zeller 1839: 209), Belarus (Merzheerskaya et al. 1976: 17), Belgium (De Fré 1858: 146), Bulgaria (Drenowski 1906: 101), China (Bai & Li 2011: 124), Croatia (Mann 1867: 73), Czech Republic (Nickerl 1894: 28), Denmark (Buhl et al. 2019: 4), France (Bruand d’Uzelle 1851: 52), Germany (Reutti 1853: 203), Hungary (Szöcs 1971: 455), Italy (Zeller 1850: 161), Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981: 174), Netherlands (de Graaf & Snellen 1870: 233), Poland (Schille 1931: 269), Portugal (Amsel 1959: 14), Romania (Caradja 1899: 208), Russian Federation (Amur oblast, Central Asia (South Siberia), European Central region, European Central-tcherrnazemnyi, European South-taezhny region, Mid Volga region, Volga Don region (Sinev 2019: 36), Serbia (Dobrosavljevic et al. 2017: 1492), Slovakia (Hrubý 1964: 212), Spain (Requena & Perez De Gregorio 2022: 29), Switzerland (Hartig 1956: 136), Turkey (Mann 1862: 406), Ukraine (Kuznetzov 1999: 21). 17. Neurobathra Ely, 1918	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	description	“ Neurobathra gen. nov. ” — Ely, C. R., 1918. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 19 B (1917) (1 – 4): 41. Type species: Gracillaria strigifinitella Clemens, 1860, by original designation. The type species was established in combination with the generic name Gracilaria, at that time an incorrect subsequent spelling of Gracillaria Haworth, 1828 (Nye & & Fletcher 1991: 203). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Neurobathra & searchTax = Sea rch + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Neurobathra Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha curcas L., J. gossypiifolia L., J. integerrima Jacq., Jatropha sp. (Neurobathra curcassi Busck, 1934).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF2ACDEA43ADF553FCE5FCE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Nearctic region: Canada: Ontario, Quebec; United States of America: Atlantic States, California, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. Neotropical region: Cuba. Species richness: World: 3 species; Australian Region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF5ACDFF43ADF4AEFC79F99D.taxon	description	(Figs 437, 438, 457, 458, 461 – 463, 467, 469, 637) Type locality: Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Mount Ainslie. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Mt. Ainslie / A. C. T. [Australian Capital Territory] [Northern Territory] Emg. [emerged] / 18 Aug. [ust] 1948 / I. F. B. Common; [2] ANIC Database no / 31 075854; [3] Leaf miner / Acacia sp. / Asl [Ainslie]; [3] Acrocercops / alysidota / (Meyrick) / det. I. F. B. Common, 1976; [4] ANIC / Image, DNA sample NULT 023453, genitalia slide ANIC 6272, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype: 1 ♂: Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Mt. Ainslie, emerged 19 August 1948, leg. I. F. B. Common; ANIC Acc. no 31 075853; Acacia sp., Leaf miner, Asl [Mt. Ainslie]; ANIC Image, DNA sample NULT 023338, genitalia slide ANIC 6271, ANIC Acc. no 31 075853, in ANIC (Canberra). Unverified specimen: Specimen 1: ACT: Ainslie, 35.2622 ° S 149.1459 ° E, Leaf miner on Acacia sp., 18 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: No significant difference in external morphology with Parectopa alysidota; tiny difference is the ornamentation of mid costal striga: in P. alysidota the second costal striga is oblique towards apex and straight while in P. acaciella sp. nov. it is oblique towards apex but bent at midline of the forewing and continues as a short horizontal stripe. The same shape of the second striga is on the left and right forewing and more or less constant in shape in all three studied specimens. However, these tiny ornamentation differences might be not constant. The diagnostic differences should be searched and considered in other data sets: internal morphology of genitalia, bionomics and mitogenomics. This species feeds on an unidentified Acacia plant. For mitogenomic diagnostic differences see Fig. 637. This new species is the sister lineage of Parectopa braidella sp. nov. Description: Wingspan 9.0 – 9.1 mm; length of the forewing 4.8 – 4.9 mm (Figs 437, 438). Head: vertex white with light ochreous line at mid of vertex, occiput with two tufts of short piliform scales, directed posteriad, labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, covered with roughly attached scales, basal palpomeres ochreous, apical palpomere snowy white with basal ochreous ring; antenna approximately as long as forewing dark fuscous; scape dark ochreous, concolourous with antenna. Thorax (Figs 437, 438): dirty white, with long thick, posteriorly-oriented scales, tegula dark ochreous. Forewing ground colour bold ochreous, with characteristic pattern for many Ornixolinae species of three edged by lack scales, long, oblique, narrow, costal strigulae, two apical short strigulae, and decorated with white patches dorsal stripe; basal part of costal margin is marked as white extended stripe, first costal strigula at 1 / 3 of forewing, second costal strigula at mid of forewing, bent at mid line, third costal strigula at sub-apical 1 / 3, followed by two short triangular apical strigulae, dorsal margin with white stripe slightly waving till mid forewing, with bent strigula at the terminal end, followed by oval dorsal patch and sub-apical oblique dorsal strigula; apical part of dorsum bears two apical strigulae mirroring costal strigulae; apical spot oval, clearly contrasts the ground colour of the forewing; apical line fuscous, rather thick, gently runs around the apex of forewing, fringe line, thick, dark brown. Hindwing brown, narrow, with sharply pointed apex. Legs rather slender, tarsomeres of mid legs brown fuscous with white apical parts, hind legs more or less monochromous, hind tibiae with long apical spurs. Abdomen (Figs. 467, 469): dorsally light fuscous, the tip of the anterior genital segment in males yellowish white. Abdominal opening trapezoid-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening rounded; ventral crossing joint thin lightly interrupted at the middle; sternal apodemes absent, tergal apodemes rather thick, straight with sharp apices, reach posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; sternal plate on sternum II more or less oval-shaped, strongly sclerotised; anterior segment in males with a thin sclerotised bow at anterior margin of sternum VII, and two pairs of prolonged semi-oval strongly sclerotised and tuberculate plates that bear long, thin coremata; anterior segments in females simple; the anterior margin of every segment in both sexes is melanised. Individual variation: white apical patches of mid tarsi can differ in size. Male genitalia (Figs 457, 458): Valva with gently rounded cucullus, ventral margin of which is densely setose; vinculum with internal sutures clearly dividing it to left and right sides, anterior part gently rounded (right valva inverted in Fig. 457); aedeagus short, thick in girth, gently tapering towards triangular vesica that carries a thick strongly sclerotised sickle-shaped cornutus; coecum thick, bulb-shaped. Female genitalia: (Figs 461 – 463). Papillae anales flat, pressed, densely setose; apophyses posteriores short, just reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII, with sharp apices; apophyses anteriores with semi-ring base at segment VIII, angulated in the mid part, reaching posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII, with their sharp apices; segment VIII weakly melanised, segment VII rather short covered with numerous tiny tubercules; ostium bursae opens in mid part of segment VI with surrounded sterigmatic sclerotisations that extend to the anterior margin of segment VII, lateral sides of ostium bursae opening broadly and strongly sclerotised, lamella post-vaginalis consists of two pairs (posterior and lateral) of roughly sclerotised areas; antrum strongly sclerotised, tubular; colliculum interrupted and consists of two parts: small sclerotisations at posterior part of ductus bursae and two long, strongly sclerotised stripes on anterior part of ductus bursae that enter into posterior 1 / 3 of corpus bursae; the transition between ductus and corpus bursae is gradual, smooth, the wall of corpus bursae thick, strongly squamous; a pair of signal sclerotisations is present on posterior part of corpus bursae and consists of two semi-round plates that are attached at the wall of corpus bursae; two strongly sclerotised lateral stripes that are connected by an indented signal area; bulla seminalis small and connects to antrum by loosely convoluted ductus seminalis. Mitogenomic data: The species is placed as sister to P. braidella sp. nov., but without support (Fig. 637). Its phylogenetic position within the genus is essentially unresolved. Bionomics: The larva is a monophagous leaf miner found feeding on Acacia sp. (Fabaceae). The mining period is July – August. The flight period for adults starts in the second decade of August. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Mt. Ainslie. Etymology: The specific name of this species of moth derives from the specific name of the host plant Acacia Mill. (Fabaceae). It is a noun of feminine gender in apposition in nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF44CDFC43ADF146FF59F951.taxon	description	(Fig. 439) “ Grac. [ilaria] alysidota, sp. n. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 161 – 162. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6455826 Gracillaria alysidota — Meyrick 1882: 198; Turner 1896: 1. Conopomorpha alysidota — Meyrick 1897: 58. Acrocercops alysidota — Turner 1913: 178, 1940: 68; Hudson 1928: 322; Dugdale 1988: 70; Nielsen & Kumata 1996: 48; Appleton et al. 1997: 73; Appleton 1998: 20; De Prins & De Prins 2005: 19. Parectopa alysidota — Hoare et al. 2019: 65 (Appendix). Parectopa citharoda Meyrick, 1916 c — A junior subjective synonym of Gracilaria alysidota Meyrick, 1880, synonymized by Dugdale (1988: 70). Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], Sydney, Bulli Pass. Type specimen: Lectotype ♂, designated by Dugdale (1988: 70), BMNH (E) 1404493, in NHMUK (London), Note: additionally, unverified specimen ♀ (in total 3 specimens were mentioned). Specimens examined: Lectotype ♂: with abdomen, [1] Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, 25 October 1879; [2] Meyrick Coll., B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] Syntype? [recte Lectotype]; [4] ‘ alysidota Meyr’; [5] Acrocercops alysidota, 12 / 6 Meyr, E. Meyrick det., in Meyr. Coll.; [6] BMNH (E) 1404493, in NHMUK (London). Unverified specimens: Specimen 1: Western Australia: Albany, 29 September 1886, Meyrick Coll 1938 - 290, Acrocercops alysidota 12 / 9 Meyr., E. Meyrick det. in Meyrick coll., BMNH (E) 1404487, in NHMUK (London). Australian Capital Territory: Specimen 2 (♂): Blundell’s, 1 mile South, 35.2928 ° S 149.1417 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA Voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16234, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 234 - 11, 30 - 03 - 1951, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053805. Specimen 15, 16: Acton, 35.2799 ° S 149.1193 ° E, 21 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Specimen 3: Warwick, 28.2138 ° S 152.0307 ° E, 05 - 09 - 1928, leg. Nihil. Specimens 4 – 7: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, no date, leg. Nihil. Specimen 8: Queensland National Park, 27.8287 ° S 150.0831 ° E, 14 - 11 - 1925, leg. Nihil. Specimen 9: Brisbane, August, no precise data, leg. Nihil. Specimen 10: Brisbane, 23 - 07 - 1921, leg. Nihil. Specimen 11: Queensland National Park, 11 - 11 - 1925, leg. Nihil. Specimen 14: Toowoomba, 27.5598 ° S 151.9507 ° E, 17 - 03 - 1950, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). New South Wales: Specimen 12 (♀): Batemans Bay, 13 miles South, 35.7162 ° S 150.1795 ° E, 02 - 09 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053806. Specimen 13: idem collecting data. Specimen 17: Jervis Bay, 35.0481 ° S 150.7447 ° E, 19 - 09 - 1949, leg. Common I. F. B., in ANIC (Canberra). Note: the synonymy of Parectopa citharoda Meyrick, 1916 c (Lectotype (E) BMNH (E) 1404494) with Gracillaria alysidota Meyrick, 1880 (Lectotype BMNH (E) 1404493) needs confirmation. Morphological diagnostic characterisation. Wingspan 8.5 – 8.7 mm; length of the forewing 4.0 – 4.1 mm. Head: vertex snowy white, occiput white, with two tufts of short piliform scales, directed posteriad, labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, covered with roughly attached scales, apical palpomere snowy white; antenna approximately as long as forewing dark brown; scape concolourous with the rest of the flagellomeres. Thorax: dirty white, tegula dark brown. Forewing ground colour dark ochreous, the basal part of costal margin is marked as white stripe, first costal strigula at 1 / 3 of forewing, the second costal strigula at mid of forewing, is bent at midline, the third costal strigula at sub-apical 1 / 3, and followed by two short triangular apical strigulae, white stripe on dorsal margin slightly waving till mid forewing, with striga at the terminal end, followed by an oval dorsal patch and sub-apical sinusoid dorsal strigula; apical part of dorsum bears apical strigula mirroring the first apical costal strigula; apical spot oval, contrasting; apical line black, rather thick, gently runs around the apex of the forewing, fringe line, thick, dark brown. Hindwing light fuscous, narrow, with sharply pointed apex. Legs rather slender, tarsus of mid legs with three white rings, hind legs more or less monochromous, hind tibiae with erected scales. Abdomen: dorsally light fuscous, matte, tip of the anterior genital segment dirty white. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = alysidota & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. (Meyrick 1882: 198), A. melanoxylon R. Br. (Appleton et al. 1997: 73), A. pycnantha Benth, A. saligna (Watt 1916: 413), Acacia sp. (Hudson 1928: 322). Distribution: Australia: ACT: new record, New South Wales (Meyrick 1880: 162), Queensland (Turner 1896: 1), South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia (Meyrick 1907: 58); New Zealand (as P. citharoda) (Meyrick 1916 c: 418).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF47CDFA43ADF00AFB28FE45.taxon	description	(Figs 440, 449, 450, 464 – 466, 470, 637) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Braidwood. Type specimen: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] 15 mls [miles] S. S. E. [south-east] of / Braidwood / N. S. W. [New South Wales] 26 Sept [ember] 1956 / I. F. B. Common; [2] ANIC Database no / 31 053807; [3] Barcode of Life / DNA voucher specimen / Smple [Sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16236 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 236 - 11, DNA sample NULT 023240, genitalia slide ANIC 6286, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: No significant difference in external morphology with Parectopa acaciella sp. nov. but tiny in colouration: P. braidella sp. nov. has a strong yellowish shading; edging of ornamental design is darker and broader than in P. acaciella sp. nov., basal stripe on costa is well defined, basal stripe on dorsum short, third costal strigula is short rod-shaped in P. braidella sp. nov. while it is long and narrow in P. acaciella sp. nov.; first dorsal strigula at the end of dorsal stripe broad, triangular, reaching mid of forewing in P. braidella sp. nov., while it is narrow, curved in P. acaciella sp. nov. The diagnostic differences are obvious in female genitalia characters: i) short tubular lamella post-vaginalis; ii) lamella ante-vaginalis is shaped as a pair of long sclerotised sutures; iii) signa on corpus bursae as two sharp triangular erect barbs. Mitogenomics is also diagnostic (see Fig. 637). Parectopa braidella sp. nov. is the sister lineage to P. acaciella sp. nov. The diagnostic differences between these two sister species are as follows: ● In P. braidella sp. nov. lamella post-vaginalis is short tubular, fully sclerotised; in P. acaciella sp. nov. lamella post-vaginalis is paired sclerotised areas; ● In P. braidella sp. nov. walls of ostium bursae are finely sclerotised, in P. acaciella sp. nov. the lateral walls are thick; ● In P. braidella sp. nov. lamella ante-vaginalis is a pair of long sclerotised sutures, in P. acaciella sp. nov. lamella ante-vaginalis not perceptible. ● In P. braidella sp. nov. signa on corpus bursae as two big triangular erect sharp barbs while in P. acaciella sp. nov. signa are a pair of semi-round plates. Description: Wingspan 9.0 – 9.1 mm; length of the forewing 4.8 – 4.9 mm (Fig. 440). Head (Figs 449, 450): vertex white with light ochreous shading, occiput with two tufts of short white intermixed with ochreous piliform scales, directed posteriad, frons monochromous yellowish white, smooth, consisting of suppressed piliform scales; maxillary palpus short, covered by loose dirty white-yellowish scales; labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, covered with roughly attached dirty white scales, proboscis glabrous, dark brown, tightly curved; antenna approximately as long as forewing dark brown dorsally, with a bright white line ventrally and anteriorly stretching along scape and the ventral part of flagellomeres; scape dark ochreous, concolourous with antenna dorsally, shining white ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 440): dirty white, tegula dark ochreous. Forewing ground colour brown ochreous with three costal and three dorsal strigulae; first costal strigula with prolonged basal stripe running at the edge of costa, the second narrow oblique strigula at the mid of forewing, the third strigula rod-shaped, short, present at sub-apical sector; dorsal margin with wave-shaped stripe at base, and three dorsal strigulae at sub-mid part, post mid part and at sub-apical sector of the dorsum; apical stripe thick, short, black, well defined on the dark ochreous background; apical line black, rather thick, gently runs around the apex of forewing, fringe line, thick, dark brown. Hindwing brown, narrow, with sharply pointed apex. Fringe long, brown, darker than related species, dense. Legs rather slender, tarsomeres of mid legs brown with white apical parts, hind legs more or less monochromous light beige, hind tibiae with long apical spurs. Abdomen (Fig. 470): dorsally dark ochreous, tip of the genital segment with yellowish shine. Abdominal opening trapezoid-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening angulated; ventral crossing joint thin, complete but extremely thin at mid part; sternal apodemes absent, tergal apodemes slender, straight with tiny appendages at sub-basal part, reaching posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; sternal plate on sternum II irregularly shaped; the anterior margin of every segment in females is finely sclerotised. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 464 – 466): Papillae anales flat, pressed, densely setose with short setae in the middle and long setae on outer margins; apophyses posteriores short, bent, do not extend segment VIII; apophyses anteriores with sclerotised semi-ring base at segment VIII, bent from bases, with their sharp apices entering posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII; segment VIII weakly melanised, segment VII rather short covered with numerous tiny tubercules; ostium bursae opens in mid part of segment VI; lamella post-vaginalis tubular, strongly sclerotised, reaching the anterior margin of sternum VII; lamella ante-vaginalis weakly sclerotised lateral sutures extending from antrum to the lateral sides; posterior sector of segment VI with tiny numerous tubercules; colliculum fully sclerotised covering ductus bursae; corpus bursae pear-shaped with two signal stripes extended on basal part of ductus bursae, median part of ductus bursae wall with two sharp, triangular big strongly sclerotised signa. BOLD data: (as P. alysidota for now): https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ RecordView? processid = AN ICY 236 - 11 Mitogenomic data: The species is placed as a sister to P. acaciella sp. nov., but without support (Fig. 637). Its phylogenetic position within the genus is essentially unresolved. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: New South Wales, Braidwood. Etymology: The specific name of this species of moth derives from the first part of the type locality name with the diminutive suffix - ella. It is a noun of feminine gender in apposition, in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF41CDFA43ADF57EFCAFFB05.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], South Australia, Wayville. Type specimens: described from 3 ♂ syntypes (1 ♂ syntype is present in SAM (Adelaide) comm. B. Parslow 03 June 2024). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. See the original description https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34892383; Photograph examined (kindly provided by SAM): Syntype ♂: see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / PARECLET BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: South Australia (Turner 1923: 57).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF41CDFB43ADF23EFC82FDA9.taxon	description	(Fig. 441) “ Acrocercops epimicta, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 183. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407212	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF41CDFB43ADF23EFC82FDA9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Q. [ueensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010793, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀, with abdomen, [labels verbatim]: [1] ‘ Brisbane / 19 - 3 - 10 [19 March 1910] ’; [2] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Acrocercops / epimicta Turn. ’; [3] ’ Acrocercops TYPE / epimicta Turn’, [4] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 010793 ’; [5] ‘ Aust. Nat. / Ins. Coll’, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. Wingspan 7.6 mm; length of the forewing 3.75 mm (Fig. 441). Head: vertex dirty white-light grey, occiput concolourous with vertex, labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of the eye, with sharp ochreous apex, directed straight forward, antenna broken; scape slightly lighter than the rest of the flagellomeres. Thorax (Fig. 441): ochreous, tegula ochreous with dirty white apices. Forewing ground colour ochreous-fuscous, marked by many irregular dirty white spots and stripes; two costal oblique strigulae are clearly distinctive, one at mid of forewing and the other at sub-apical part of forewing, dorsal margin is marked by numerous stripes and spots that can differ in shape between the right and the left forewing; apical spot is very distinctive, more or less oval, dark brown; apical line is complete, fuscous, fringe line is also complete, concolourous with the apical line. Hindwing is light fuscous, slightly shorter than forewing, with a dense long fringe, concolourous with the hindwing, with the longest piliform scales situated at the base of the ventral margin of hindwing. Legs rather slender, mid tibia dark ochreous, with dirty white apical part, apical spurs dirty white with ochreous apex, mid tarsomeres dark ochreous with white apices; tip of midleg light ochreous. Abdomen: brown with bronze lustre on terga I and II, as well as on the anterior genital segment. BOLD data: misidentification as Epicephala epimicta: recte Diphtheroptila auris sp. nov. https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Epicephala % 20 epimicta % 22 [tax]. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1913: 183).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF40CDFB43ADF552FD30F912.taxon	description	(Fig. 442) “ Grac. [ilaria] leucocyma, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1889. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 21 (1888): 184. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3290339	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF40CDFB43ADF552FD30F912.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [New Zealand], Auckland. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, in NHMUK (London), (♂ according to Dugdale 1988: 71). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂ [labels verbatim]: [1] ‘ Holotype’; [2] ‘ Auckland / New Zealand / 12 December 1885 ’; [3] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [4] ’ leucocyma Meyr. ’; [5] ‘ Parectopa / leucocyma / 1 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll.; [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1407053 ’ in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. Wingspan ca. 7.1 mm; length of the forewing ca. 8.4 mm (Fig. 442). Head: vertex shining white, occiput with two tufts of short shining white piliform scales, directed posteriad, labial palpus slender, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, antenna slightly longer than forewing ochreous; scape concolourous with the rest of the flagellomeres. Thorax (Fig. 442): ochreous, tegula ochreous. Forewing ground colour dark ochreous with three visible costal strigulae: the first broad costal strigula at the mid of forewing, the second short patch-shaped strigula at 1 / 3 of sub-apical margin of costa and the third comma-shaped, oblique, narrow strigula at 1 / 4 of costa apical part of costa is marked by three tiny strigulae, dorsal margin of forewing with a long white stripe interrupted by a narrow area of background colour scales, tornus with two with 2 – 3 short non-edged with black scales strigulae; apical spot small, round, black; the apical line absent, fringe line not perceptible. Legs rather slender, white with light ochreous patches. Abdomen: broken. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: New Zealand (Meyrick 1889: 184).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF40CDF943ADF1CDFCBEFD41.taxon	description	(Figs 443, 451,452, 455) “ Parectopa leucographa n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 64. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41572680	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF40CDF943ADF1CDFCBEFD41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Bunya Mountains, 3500 ft. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 036702, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀ (Fig. 443) [labels verbatim]: [1] ‘ Holotype / Parectopa / leucographa Turn. ’; [2] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 036702 ’; [3] ‘ Bunya Mts Q. [ueensland] / 3500 ft. 06 March 1931 ’; [4] ’ Parectopa TYPE / leucographa Turn’, DNA sample (forewing) NULT 023569 (not successful), ANIC Acc. no 31 036702, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. Wingspan 7.1 mm; length of the forewing 3.3 mm (Fig. 443). Head (Figs 451, 452): vertex ochreous, occiput ochreous, with two tufts of short piliform scales of lighter shading, directed posteriad, labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of the eye, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, antenna approximately as long as forewing dark brown; scape concolourous with the rest of the flagellomeres. Thorax (Figs 443, 455): ochreous, tegula dark brown. Forewing ground colour dark ochreous, five short strigulae are present on the costal margin, the basal part of dorsal margin is marked with dirty white stripe and some irregular whitish spots at the sub-apical part of dorsum; apical spot not perceptible; the apical line absent, fringe line not perceptible. Legs rather slender, tarsus of mid legs intermixed of ochreous with dark ochreous. Abdomen: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Turner 1940: 64). Note: The placement of this species in Parectopa needs to be confirmed since the specimen is in bad condition, without abdomen and the DNA analysis was not successful.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF42CDF943ADF47AFCEBFAAC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], Sydney, Parramatta, 05. x. 1878. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, only pin remaining, in NHMUK (London). A neotype needs to be designated. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales (Meyrick 1880: 158).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF42CDF643ADF257FB70F90D.taxon	description	(Figs 444, 453, 454, 456, 459, 460, 468, 637) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales: Braidwood. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] 9 mls [miles] E. [east] of / Braidwood / N. S. W. [New South Wales] 30 September 1948 / I. F. B. Common; [2] Host: Acacia / melanoxylon / leaf miner, DNA sample NULT 022889, genitalia slide ANIC 6283, ANIC Acc. no 31 085622, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: No significant difference in external morphology compared with Parectopa acaciella sp. nov. except darker colouration in P. melanoxyla sp. nov. in comparison with its sister species and brightly shining white vertex. The diagnostic differences should be searched in internal morphological characters of genitalia and in mitogenomics. Parectopa melanoxyla sp. nov. is the sister lineage to the clade P. braidella + P. acaciella sp. nov. ● In P. acaciella sp. nov. aedeagus is thick in girth; in P. melanoxyla sp. nov. the aedeagus is significantly slender, consisting of two visibly separatable parts; ● In P. acaciella sp. nov. the transition between the coecum and the body of aedeagus is smooth; in P. melanoxyla sp. nov. the transition between the coecum and the body of aedeagus is abrupt; ● In P. acaciella sp. nov. the cornutus on vesica is sickle-shaped, thick; in P. melanoxyla sp. nov. two rod-shaped cornuti placed at a distance from each other; Description: Wingspan 9.0 – 9.1 mm; length of the forewing 4.8 – 4.9 mm (Fig. 444). Head (Figs 453, 454): vertex white smooth with light ochreous intermixed scales, occiput with two tufts of short piliform scales, directed posteriad, frons white smooth, consisting of suppressed, rather long, piliform scales; maxillary palpus short, white; labial palpus slender, as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye, with sharp apex, directed straight forward, covered with roughly attached dirty white scales, mid palpomere with light ochreous apical part; antenna approximately as long as forewing dark brown dorsally, white ventrally; scape dark ochreous, concolourous with antenna dorsally, shining white ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 444): dirty white, tegula dark ochreous. Forewing ground colour brown ochreous with three costal and two dorsal strigulae and a white mid-dorsal patch; first costal strigula with prolonged basal stripe running at the edge of costa, the second narrow oblique strigula at the mid of forewing, the third strigula stripe-shaped with elongated basal part at sub-apical sector; dorsal margin with a narrow straight stripe at base, first oblique dorsal strigula long, narrow reaches the mid of forewing, followed by dorsal mid patch, and narrow sub-apical oblique strigula at sub-apex; apical area is marked by tiny transverse fascia, black apical spot connected with wite apical stripe; apical line black, rather thick, gently runs around the apex of the forewing, fringe line, thick, dark brown. Hindwing brown, narrow, with a sharply pointed apex. Fringe long, brown fuscous, darker on tornus, dense. Legs rather slender, tarsomeres of mid legs brown with white apical parts, hind legs more or less monochromous beige. Abdomen (Fig. 468): dorsally dark ochreous, tip of the genital segment light beige. Abdominal opening trapezoidal, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening angulated; ventral crossing joint thin, complete, very thin at mid part; sternal apodemes absent, tergal apodemes rather thick, broadened at bases, slightly distancing from each other at apical part, reaching posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; tiny appendages are present at sub-basal part, sternal plate on sternum II semi-oval shaped, strongly sclerotised; the anterior margin of the anterior genital segment with a very narrow sclerotised band and two pairs of lateral tuberculate plates carrying filiform coremata, anterior margin of every segment in males with a melanised band. Male genitalia (Figs 459, 460): Tegumen reduced, shortened, sclerotised teguminal arms fused, arc-shaped, narrow; uncus strongly developed, truncate, tuberculose, apical part cone-shaped with numerous strong, standing setae; valvae short, broad, truncate and densely setose at cucullus, ventral apical part with deep concave indentation dividing valva into two parts, sacculus is digitiform, basal apophyses of valva long but at a distance from each other; transtilla absent, juxta developed. Vinculum broad, fully sclerotised with internal visible sutures diving the basal part of vinculum into the left and right sides; saccus not developed. Aedeagus ca. 1 / 3 longer than valva, consisting of two parts a stem with bulbed coecum and a cap with blunt vesica that carries two narrow rod-shaped cornuti: apical cornutus ca. 2 × longer than sub-apical cornutus that is arrow shaped with its pointed part directed towards coecum. Female genitalia: No data. Mitogenomic data: The species is placed as sister to P. braidella sp. nov. + P. acaciella sp. nov., but without support for the latter clade (Fig. 637). Its phylogenetic position within the genus is essentially unresolved. Bionomics (Fig. 456): Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Mining period is about the end of September. Cocoon attached to the rib of the leaf. Pupa shining light bronze, antenna, meso- and metathoracic legs and fore wing appendages with strong bronze glow; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; pupal body is rather slender. Distribution: Known from the type locality only: Australia: New South Wales, Braidwood. Etymology: The specific name of this species of moth derives from the specific epithet of the host plant Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. (Fabaceae). It is a noun of feminine gender in apposition, in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4DCDF743ADF036FC49FA55.taxon	description	(Fig. 445) “ Grac. [ilaria] mnesicala, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 156 – 157. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6455821	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4DCDF743ADF036FC49FA55.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], Sydney. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♂, in NHMUK (London). [one syntype is present in the collection, June 2023]. Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Gracillaria mnesicala Meyrick, 1880 the male specimen (Fig. 445) without abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Sydney / N. S. [New South] Wales‘ / 30 August 1848 (handwritten on dark beige paper), [2] ’ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’ (printed on white paper), [3] ‘ mnesicala Meyr. ’ (handwritten on beige paper), [4] ‘ Abdomen / missing’ (printed on blue paper), [5] ‘ Parectopa / mnesicala / 1 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’ (three upper lines handwritten with black Indian ink, two lower lines printed on white paper), [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1407070 ’, in NHMUK (London). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Gracillaria mnesicala Meyrick, 1880 This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen indicated as ‘ 1 / 1 Meyr. ’ in the Insect Collection of the Natural History Museum (London) which is the only specimen found in the collection of the NHMUK (London, data from June 2023), without abdomen, but otherwise in good shape and curated by the former curator Dr. Jurate De Prins who provided it with the unique QR Code BMNH (E) 1407070 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included into the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / PAREMNES (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.3 mm. Wing span ca. 7.0 mm (Fig. 445). Head: covered with smooth snowy white, long piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput white, with two lateral bunches of very short piliform scales. Antenna just slightly shorter than the length of the forewing, consisting of beige flagellomeres with white apices; pedicel is short, beige, scape is thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, snowy white. Thorax (Fig. 445): dirty white; tegula concolourous with the thorax. Forewing narrow, equally wide from base to apex; the ground colour white with numerous ochreous ornamentations as differently shaped patches at the basal half of the forewing, numerous narrow oblique strigulae and stripes on the apical half; dorsal margin is marked by ochreous oblique stripe with white interventions at mid of dorsum, sub-apical part of dorsum and at tornus; apical part is bored by white narrow, gently bent fascia, apex snowy white; fringe line absent; fringe long, creamy white, equally long along the apical part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, shorter than the forewing, dirty white-creamy beige, costal half slightly darker than the dorsal half; fringe long, longer at dorsum, creamy white. Mid femur ochreous, mid tibia white with ochreous spots, mid tarsus white with ochreous apices; hind femur and hind tibia white apical half with, hind tarsi white with ochreous apices. Abdomen: No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Sydney (Meyrick 1880: 157).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4CCDF443ADF10EFCB3FD41.taxon	description	(Fig. 446) “ Macarostola ophidias, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1907. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 62 – 63. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6383141	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4CCDF443ADF10EFCB3FD41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], South Australia, Quorn. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1407612, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: with abdomen, [1] ‘ S. [outh] Australia, Quorn, 22 October 1882; [2] Holotype; [3] ‘ ophidias Meyr [ick] ’; [4] ‘ Parectopa ophidias, 1 / 1 Meyr [ick], E. Meyrick det. in Meyrick Coll.; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1407612, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.1 mm. Wing span ca. 7.0 mm (Fig. 446). Head: covered with smooth white, intermixed with ochreous, long piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput dirty white, intermixed with ochreous, with two lateral bunches of very short piliform scales directed radially. Antenna just slightly shorter than the length of the forewing, and dark brown; pedicel is short, dark brown, scape is thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, dark brown dorsally, whitish ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 446): and tegula brown. Forewing narrow, equally wide from base to apex; the ground colour ochreous with white ornaments and dark brown patches of scales: costal margin with prolonged costal stripe that extends beyond the mid of the forewing, followed by a series of shorter sub-apical white stripes; dorsal margin with long narrowing dorsal stripe mirroring the costal stripe, sub-apical area of the dorsal sector with several dark brown spots; apical spot not perceptible, apical and fringe lines are not perceptible; fringe long, creamy white, equally long along the apical part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, shorter than the forewing, dirty white-creamy beige, fringe long, longer at dorsum, creamy white. Mid legs dark brown, hind legs ochreous. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown, terga I and II fuscous, anterior tip of genital segment dirty white, sternites whitish. BOLD data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: South Australia (Meyrick 1907: 63).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4FCDF443ADF47AFCEBF85B.taxon	description	(Fig. 447) “ Grac. [ilaria] toxomacha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1882. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7 (2): 197 – 198. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6461922	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF4FCDF443ADF47AFCEBF85B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, New South Wales], near Sydney. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1055794, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂: with abdomen, [1] ‘ Sydney, N. S. [New South] Wales, 04 September 1881 ’; [2] Holotype; [3] ‘ toxomacha Meyr [ick] ’; [4] BMNH (E) ♯ 1055794 ‘; [5] ‘ Parectopa toxomacha, 1 / 1 Meyr [ick], E. Meyrick det. in Meyrick Coll.; [6] ‘ BMNH (E) 1407633 ’, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.5 mm. Wing span ca. 7.5 mm (Fig. 447). Head: covered with smooth white, intermixed with ochreous, long piliform scales, directed anteriorly; occiput dirty white, intermixed with ochreous, short piliform scales directed posteriorly. Antenna just slightly longer than the length of the forewing, dark brown dorsally, whitish ventrally; the pedicel is short, dark brown, the scape is thicker than the rest of the flagellomeres, dark brown dorsally, whitish ventrally. Thorax (Fig. 447): dirty white, tegula dark ochreous anteriorly and light ochreous posteriorly. Forewing narrow, equally wide from base to apex; the ground colour is dark ochreous with complex white ornaments: costal margin with sub-median sinuating fascia broad at costa and narrowly ending at sub-apical part of the dorsum; sub-apical margin of costa with two broadly based strigulae, apical part of the forewing with one costal broadly triangular strigula and two white apical patches sandwiching black apical stripe; dorsal margin of forewing with wavy white apical streak; apical stripe marked obviously, apical and fringe lines gently follow each other, coloured dark brown; fringe long, creamy white, the longest at tornus. Hindwing narrow, shorter than the forewing, dark ochreous, with a very sharp apex; fringe long, longer at dorsum, creamy white. Mid legs ochreous; hind legs dirty white with fuscous patches. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown-fuscous, anterior genital segment ochreous. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae: Pultenaea daphnoides Westland (Meyrick 1907: 62), Pultenaea sp. (Meyrick 1882: 198). Mining period end of July, emerging period early September (Meyrick 1882: 198). Distribution: Australia: New South Wales (Meyrick 1882: 198).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF49CDCE43ADF283FDBEFD2E.taxon	description	(Fig. 448) “ Parectopa tyriancha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1920. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 2 (10): 296. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9808702	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF49CDCE43ADF283FDBEFD2E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, coll. Walsingham nr. 19199, body and basal area of wing in imperfect condition, BMNH (E) 1407829, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Holotype ♀: with abdomen, [1] ‘ Toowong, Queensland, 24 October 1896, leg. Dodd, 19199 ’; [2] Type; [3] ‘ Parectopa tyriancha Meyrick, TYPE’; [4] ‘ Parectopa tyriancha Meyrick, teste Meyrick’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1407829 ’, in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 3.3 mm. Wing span ca. 7.4 mm (Fig. 448). Thorax (Fig. 448): Forewing narrow, equally wide from base to apex; ground colour of the costal part of the forewing light ochreous beige and of the dorsal part brightly reddish; costal margin bears two irregularly shaped strigae edged with dark brown scales, followed by a transverse fascia that is angulated at tornus; dorsal margin with a broad bi-coloured white-yellow triangular striga in the mid of the dorsal margin; apex with a big eye-catching black apical patch; apical and fringe lines imperceptible; fringe long, beige brown. Hindwing narrow, shorter than the forewing, dark brown; fringe long, longer at dorsum, beige brown, lighter in shading than the hindwing. Note: the image on Fig. 448 is out of focus, but this is our best obtained image. Abdomen. No data. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Meyrick 1920: 296). 23. Philodoria Walsingham, 1907	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF49CDCE43ADF283FDBEFD2E.taxon	description	“ Philodoria, gen. nov. ” — Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Grey), 1907. Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis or the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 717. Type species: Philodoria succedanea Walsingham, 1907, by original designation. Philodoria was included in the “ Glyphipterygidae ” by Fletcher, 1929. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture of India (Entomology) 11: 172. It was transferred to the “ Gracilariadae ” by Swezey, 1934. Proceedings of the Hawaii Entomological Society 8: 524 (Nye & Fletcher 1991: 236). Philodoria was included within the subfamily Gracillariinae by & Robinson 1998: 114. The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology. Lepidoptera. Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Philodoria & searchTax = Searc h + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Philodoria Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium greyanum (Hillebr.) O. Deg. (Philodoria wilkesiella Swezey, 1940), Dubautia knudsenii subsp. nagatae (H. St. John) G. D. Carr (P. knudseniiella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021), D. latifolia (A. Grey) D. D. Keck (P. knudseniiella), D. laxa Hook. & Arn. (P. alakaiensis Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021, P. dubauticola (Swezey, 1940), P. dubautiella (Swezey, 1913), P. epibathra (Walsingham, 1907), P. naenaeiella (Swezey, 1940 )), D. platyphylla (A. Grey) D. D. Keck (P. platyphylliella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021), Dubautia sp. (P. dubauticola, P. epibathra, P. marginestrigata (Walsingham, 1907), P. nigrelloides (Swezey, 1946 )), Hesperomannia arborescens A. Grey (P. hesperomanniella Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021, P. naenaeiella), Lipochaeta rockii Sherff. (P. sciallactis (Meyrick, 1928 b )), Remya kauaiensis Hillebr. (P. keahii Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021), Wilkesia gymnoxiphium A. Grey (P. funkae Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, 2021), Wollastonia integrifolia (Nutt.) Orchard (P. sciallactis), W. kamolensis (O. Deg. & Sherff) Orchard (P. sciallactis), W. lavarum (Gaudich.) Orchard (P. lipochaetaella (Swezey, 1940 )), Xanthium sp. (P. marginestrigata), X. strumarium L. (P. marginestrigata).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF49CDCE43ADF283FDBEFD2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Australian region: United States of America: Hawaii. Species richness: World: 45 species; Australian region: 45 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF49CDCE43ADF283FDBEFD2E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Philodoria succedanea Walsingham, 1907 “ Philodoria succedanea, sp. nov. ” — Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Grey), 1907. Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis or the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 717 – 718; pl. 25, fig. 19. Type locality and collecting data: Hawaii, Maui, Olinda, Haleakala, 4000 ft, iv. 1894, leg. Perkins. Type specimens: Lectotype ♀, coll. Walsingham nr. 26695, NHMUK 010305341, designated by Kobayashi et al. (2018: 118); Paralectotypes 17 specimens (2 ♂, 1 ♀, 14 gender unknown), coll. Walsingham, genitalia slide BM 2755 ♂, in NHMUK (London). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Philodoria + succedanea & sear chTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Philodoria + succedanea Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Primulaceae: Myrsine inearifolia Hosaka, M. knudsenii (Rock) Hosaka (Kobayashi et al. 2018: 123), M. lessertiana A. DC. M. sandwicensis A. DC. (Johns et al. 2016: 364), Myrsine sp. (Zimmerman 1978: 718). Distribution: Australian region: United States of America: Hawaii (Hawaii), Hawaii (Molokai) (Zimmerman 1978: 718), Hawaii (Kauai), Hawaii (Lanai), Hawaii (Oahu) (Kobayashi et al. 2018: 123), Hawaii (Maui) (Walsingham 1907: 718). Australasian (Australian) species All species belonging to the genus Philodoria are endemic to Hawaii. This genus was not recorded in Australia. The treatment of Philodoria species is outside the scope of the present monograph. 24. Phrixosceles Meyrick, 1908 a “ Phrixosceles, n. g. ” — Meyrick, E., 1908 a. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 18 (4): 814. Type species: Phrixosceles trochosticha Meyrick, 1908 a, by original designation. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Phrixosceles & searchTax = Se arch + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Fabaceae: Wisteria brachybotrys Siebold & Zucc. (Phrixosceles scioplintha Meyrick, 1934). Distribution: Australasian (Australian) region: Fiji. Oriental region: Sri Lanka; India: Meghalaya, Maharashtra (Salsette Island), Tamilnadu; Japan: Honshū, Kyūshū; Taiwan. Species richness: World: 8 species; Australian region: 1 species. Type species: Phrixosceles trochosticha Meyrick, 1908 a “ Phrixosceles trochosticha, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1908 a. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 18 (4): 815. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2222556 Type locality: [India, Meghalaya], Khasi Hills. Type specimens: 6 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Unknown. Distribution: Oriental region: India: Meghalaya (Meyrick 1908 a: 815). Australasian (Australian) species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF75CDCF43ADF5F5FEF1FC57.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Fiji; Cuvu. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, in NHMUK (London). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Unknown. Distribution: Fiji (Meyrick 1922: 561). 25. Pogonocephala Vári, 1961	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF75CDCF43ADF5F5FEF1FC57.taxon	description	“ Pogonocephala gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xvi (key), 50. Type species: Epicephala veneranda Meyrick, 1909 b. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 2: 24; pl. 8, fig. 1, by original designation. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Head: labial palpomere II with a long tuft of equally long piliform scales along the entire length of palpomere II (see Vári 1961: plate 107: fig. 11). Thorax: Wing venation (Fig. 473). Forewing with very strong slightly angulated Sc, R 1 is long and strong, all five radial veins R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 are well developed, strong, single and well visible; M 1, M 2, M 3 and M 4 are present, M 3 and M 4 are slightly bent, followed by CuA; CuP rudimentary at base but strong at distal part, A 1 + 2 is long, sinuating, strong, ending beyond the mid of dorsal margin. Hindwing with short and strong Sc, which is joined with long strong Rs, running along the entire length of hindwing; M is forked to M 1 and M 2, followed by CuA which is branched to CuA and M 3. Abdomen: Abdominal cuticle is very strongly sclerotised, sternal apodemes are long, running beyond the tergal apodemes with their apices; sternum VII in males with androconial arc-shaped sclerotised bow. Male genitalia: Tegumen strongly reduced, very short. Vinculum right and left sides are not fused, an intermediate gap is present between the mirroring sides of vinculum. Female genitalia: with strongly and fully sclerotised sternum VII, bearing a complex of sterigmatic sclerotisations. Corpus bursae is prolonged sac-shaped, relatively big in diameter, with a transparent wall; signum absent or dispersed into tiny signal scobinations that are arranged into a ring encircling corpus bursae. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Pogonocephala & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: Consistently and strongly recovered as sister of Neurostrota in all analyses (Fig. 639). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga. Australian region: Australia: Queensland, Western Australia, new record. Species richness: World: 2 species; Australian region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF75CDCF43ADF5F5FEF1FC57.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pogonocephala veneranda (Meyrick, 1909 b) “ Epicephala veneranda, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1909 b. Transvaal Museum Memoir 2 (1): 24 – 25; pl. 8, fig. 1. Type locality and collecting data: [South Africa, Gauteng], Pretoria District, Beynespoort, 14. i. 1907. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7235 ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratype 1 ♀, NHMUK (London). Verified specimen: ♂, genitalia slide G 7637 ♂, in TMSA (Pretoria). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Unknown. Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: Gauteng (Meyrick 1909 b: 25), Limpopo, Mpumalanga (Vári 1961: 52). Australian species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF74CDC943ADF32CFCD4FE80.taxon	description	(Figs 471 – 480, 637) “ Gracilaria heteropsis, n. sp. ” — Lower, O. B., 1894. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 18: 112 – 113. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16141950	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF74CDC943ADF32CFCD4FE80.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype (gender unknown), (not found in ANIC, December 2023; not found in SAM, 03 June 2024, also pers. comm. with H. H. Li on 31 March 2024). Neotype designation: After a careful search in two countries Australia and China, we state that the name-bearing holotype specimen could not be found. The species was described based on one specimen, collected in Queensland, Duaringa in December. At this moment (03 June 2024) we consider that the name-bearing type is lost and in the framework of the genus Pogonocephala revision it is necessary to define the objectivity of the Australian species Pogonocephala heteropsis. Herewith, we designate as the neotype the female specimen collected in the same administrative unit of Australia, as the lost holotype — Queensland, Biloela (Fig. 472). The neotype of the species Gracillaria heteropsis Lower, 1894 bears the following label: [verbatim] ‘ Biloela Q. [ueensland] / 7 - 2 - 48 [7 February 1948] / I. F. B. Common’ DNA sample NULT 023602, genitalia slide ANIC 6289, ANIC Acc. no 31 085537. The neotype is designated with the expressed purpose of: (1) clarifying the taxonomic status and the delineation of the boundaries of the species Gracillaria heteropsis (Art. 75.3.1); (2) the morphological characters as described below as well as full mitogenomic characterisation based on long DNA sequences to differentiate the species-group taxon is presented (Art. 75.3.2); (3) we present the visual data of external and internal morphology in the form of detailed authentic photographs, a description in words of the main diagnostic characters as well as full mitogenomic data (Art. 75.3.3) which are sufficient to delineate the species group taxon Gracillaria heteropsis Lower, 1894; (4) the species was described based on one specimen, we have searched for it in the collection of ANIC, in the digitisation department of CSIRO, we corresponded with the authorised persons in SAM (Adelaide), and with Prof. Houhun Li (China) about the whereabouts of the holotype. We believe that it is lost (Art. 75.3.4.). (5) Based on the original description see: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16141950 and other specimens that are identified in the ANIC collection as G. heteropsis Lower, 1894 by the former generation of the lepidopterists working in the ANIC collection, we consider that the specimen chosen by us is fully consistent with the one which is known of the former name-bearing holotype of Gracillaria heteropsis Lower, 1894. Moreover, the female neotype, designated by us, is additionally examined by a long DNA sequence molecular evidence (Art. 75.3.5). (6) The neotype was collected in the same administrative unit Queensland as the original type locality. There are specimens in the studied series that are collected only 17 km away from the original type locality Duaringa. However, we chose the specimen as the name-bearing type of this species collected in Queensland, Biloela of which the full mitogenome data is available (Art. 75.3.6). Following our studies Pogonocephala heteropsi s is widely distributed in Western Australia (new record) and also in Queensland (old record). Furthermore, the congeneric type species has a broad distribution in southern Africa (see https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / POGOVENE) (7) The neotype is the property of the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) which is part of the facilities of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra. It is the most important and authoritative scientific organisation in Australia that maintains a huge research collection with the modern best facilities in the world for preserving physical name-bearing types, their long DNA sequence molecular data, also digital facilities of visual data. The research units of CSIRO make the scientific relevant information available and accessible for study via online portals, educational programmes and research projects (Art. 75.3.7). Following recommendation 75 B of the ICZN the following specialists were consulted: curators of ANIC, Dr. Bruce Halliday, Dr. Ben Parslow, and Prof. Houhun Li. Specimens examined: Australia: Western Australia, new record: Specimen 1: Kimberley, Research Station via Wyndham, 17.3492 ° S, 125.9152 ° E, 04 - 08 - 1956, leg. Langfield, E. C. B. Specimen 2 (♂): idem collecting locality, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16240, BOLD Proc; ID: ANICY 240 - 11, 29 - 07 - 1956, leg. Langfield, E. C. B.; DNA sample NULT 023365, genitalia slide ANIC 6287, ANIC Acc. no 31 053811. Specimen 11 (♀): Broome, 186 km SE, 17.9618 ° S 122.2370 ° E, 09 - 08 - 1976, Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023213, genitalia slide ANIC 6270, ANIC 31 085616. Specimen 12 (♂): Broome, 5 km E, 24 - 08 - 1976, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023091, genitalia slide ANIC 6269, ANIC Acc. no 31 085615, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Specimen 3: Biloela, 24.4025 ° S 150.5124 ° E, 06 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 4: idem collecting data, except the date 07 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 5: Rockhampton, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 04 - 01 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 6: Rockhampton, Scrubby, 30 - 09 - 1946, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 7 (♀): Biloela, 05 - 02 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023602, genitalia slide ANIC 6289, ANIC Acc. no 31 085537. Specimen 8 (♂): Nappa Merry, 27.5583 ° S 141.1330 ° E, 06 - 11 - 1949, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023480, genitalia slide ANIC 6288, ANIC Acc. no 31 085624. Specimen 9 (♀): Biloela, female genitalia 11437, Grc- 5674, 06 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 10 (♂): Biloela, wings 11435, male genitalia 11436, Grc- 5673, 08 - 12 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 13: without abdomen, Cunnamulla, 28.0710 ° S 145.6882 ° E, 13 - 10 - 1941, leg. Nihil. Specimen 14: without abdomen, Charleville, 26.4013 ° S 146.2398 ° E, 10 - 09 - 1920, leg. Nihil, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation. The species is represented by a series of specimens strongly variable in size. Sexual dimorphism is strongly expressed: males have fuscous hindwings, while the hindwings of females are light beige. Wingspan 5.6 – 9.4 mm; length of the forewing 3.5 – 4.6 mm (Figs 471, 472). Head: vertex smooth, white with silver lustre; occiput with two tufts of short piliform scales directed posteriad, frons white, transition from vertex to frons smooth, maxillary palpus tiny, thin directed anteriad, labial palpus cylindrical, with blunt apices, dirty white, strongly curved upwards; antenna slightly longer than forewing, flagellomeres bronze ochreous with numerous, thin, fuscous lines on dorsal margin; scape as large as ca. three following flagellomeres, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 471 – 473): dirty white, tegula light ochreous, concolourous with the ground colour of forewings. Forewing with linear edged pattern; costal margin with a sinusoid edged by black scales, strigula initiating at mid of costa, sub-apical area with two triangular, oblique strigulae directed toward apex; mid area with long narrow, edged streaks, the first sub-costal, initiating at base and terminating at sub-apical 1 / 3, the second streak follows the midline of forewing, initiates at base and terminates at mid of forewing, basal 1 / 3 of dorsum with white prolonged patch, the apical margin of the patch gives a start to first, narrow, edged, dorsal strigula, the second strigula beyond the mid of dorsum meets with its tip the second costal strigula, the third and fourth apical strigulae short, oblique; apical area light beige with small, but strongly contrasted apical spots, apical line gently runs from apex to tornus, dark fuscous, fringe line broad runs as a ochreous band around the apical part of forewing until tornus. Hindwing dark fuscous in males, a character that assists in separating this species or even genus from other genera of Gracillariidae, and light beige in females. Legs rather slender, unicolourous grey with thickened hind tibiae which bear the characteristic row of spiculose scales along its length. Abdomen (Fig. 480): dark fuscous dorsally with patches of beige scales on tergum II, ventrally contrastively white with three long and one short narrow oblique stripes on sterna III – VI. Abdominal opening arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly strongly and broadly sclerotised especially anteriorly; posterior corners of abdominal opening strongly thickened; ventral crossing joint equally thin along its entire length, complete, the ventral joint is supported by the sclerotised anterior margin; sternal apodemes well developed strong, approaching each other with their apices, reaching the posterior ¼ of sternum II; tergal apodemes mid-sized, slightly thicker than the sternal apodemes, equally thick along their entire length, run up to the posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, ending with their apices anteriad of the apices of the sternal apodemes; a tiny appendix is present at the sub-base of tergal apodemes; sternal plate extremely strongly developed stretching along sterna II – V, occupying almost the entire surface of sterna; sternal cuticle covering the plate with numerous tiny wrinkles; anterior margin of sternum VI in males with broad but narrowly sclerotised androconial bow, the anterior margin of the anterior genital sternum VII in males with strongly sclerotised androconial bow; in females sterna V and VI very broadly and strongly sclerotised, occupying almost the entire segmental area. Male genitalia (Figs 474 – 476): Tegumen strongly reduced, shortened, till sclerotised low arc-shaped bow; sub-scaphium well developed, narrow with a blunt apex, ca. half as long as valva; lateral, setae-free peniculi are well developed; valvae strongly appraised, very broad, rather short with narrowing cucullus and cut apical part; cucullus, apical part and sub-apical ventral valval margin are followed by weakly sclerotised appendical cuticula; ventral inner surface of valva at cucullus, apical part and sub-apical sector strongly setose, central part of the ventral surface of valva with several rod-shaped sclerotisations, basal valval apodemes, long narrow, at a great distance from each other at the genital cavity; transtilla incomplete, two separate symmetrical appendages reach peniculi, juxta very small, weakly sclerotised. Vinculum is broad, consisting of two symmetrical, not fused parts, lateral sides strongly sclerotised, folded; saccus well developed, digitiform, with a canal in the middle dividing left and right symmetrical sides. Aedeagus ca. twice as long as valva, thick in girth, with strongly sclerotised and biforked vesica, cornutus, as one of the biforked parts of vesica is straight spiniform, aedeagus with 90 ° hook, thickly sclerotised cornutus runs until apical 1 / 3 of aedeagus, the second cornutus is prolonged ellipsoid, touches the basal part of the first cornutus and runs from apical 1 / 3 of aedeagus till coecum; coecum slightly enlarged and gently rounded. Female genitalia (Figs 477 – 478): Papillae anales very strongly flattened, covered with short stout setae, basal ring of papillae anales narrowly but strongly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores short, reaching the middle of segment VIII, with very broad bases, sub-triangular with tiny, sharply pointed apical part; segment VIII weakly melanised, carrying a broad strongly sclerotised basal semi-ring of apophyses anteriores; apophyses anteriores mirror in shape the apophyses posteriores, with a very broad, triangular basal part, occupying almost half of the segment VIII area and sharply pointed anterior part that enters the posterior sector of segment VII; segment VII strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae opens at broad mid-posterior sector of segment VII, lamella ante-vaginalis strongly developed, broad and bent tape-shaped. Antrum with a very broad cavity and sclerotised wall, the initial part of ductus bursae is comparatively broad covered by a lamellar colliculum that broadly expends beyond the mid part of ductus bursae; colliculum is strongly sclerotised and tuberculose; ductus bursae prolonged sac-shaped with signal band consisting of tiny barbs arranged into an encircling ring that are separated by tiny cuticular wrinkles; anterior part of corpus bursae with a thick, squamous bursal wall. Bulla seminalis smaller than corpus bursae, almost round, attached to the basal part of corpus bursae, covered with tiny spicules and partly covered by collicular sclerotisation. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = Pogonocephala [tax] GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The species has a wide distribution across the northern end ofAustralia and has been representatively sampled (Western Australia and Queensland). The monophyly of the species is maximally supported in all analyses, and the mitochondrial genomes of the Western Australia and Queensland populations do not differ significantly from each other. The species is distant, yet robustly and consistently recovered as a sister to Neurostrota gunniella (Fig. 637). Bionomics: Several generations are clarified based on the collection specimens: summer generation (November – February) and winter generation (July – August). Distribution: Australia: Queensland (Lower 1894: 113), Western Australia, new record. 26. Polydema Vári, 1961	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF74CDC943ADF32CFCD4FE80.taxon	description	“ Polydema gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xix (key), 115. Type species: Acrocercops hormophora Meyrick, 1912 a. Exotic Microlepidoptera 1 (1): 23, by original designation. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: The species clearly differs from other groups of Ornixolinae collected in the same locality, in Queensland. The genus Polydema can be diagnosed by external characters and very specific wing pattern: costal margin with a row of small dirty white fuscous spots, sub-basal part of forewing is decorated with a reversed Y fascia, apical part with a sharply angulated fascia, pointing to the apical spot, apical spot bicoloured white / black. Hind tibia and first hind tarsomere covered by rough scales but not erected sharp spines, that clearly separates this genus and the species P. mallota sp. nov. from other species belonging to the genus Diphtheroptila. The species assigned to the genus Polydema and preserved in the Australian National Insect Collection are hardly diagnosable, since the differences in wing pattern are tiny, vertex might not be diagnosable in worn specimens, forewing is heavily ornamented, and a slight intraspecific variability is always present. The diagnostic characters should be searched in the internal morphological structures (genitalia morphology) and mitogenomics. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Polydema & searchTax = Searc h + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: Relationships between the sampled three Australian species are poorly resolved, but the monophyly of Polydema virgula sp. nov., P. eubenangee sp. nov. and P. mallota sp. nov. is maximally supported in all analyses. The genus is very strongly supported as being a part of a monophylum comprising additionally Conopomorpha, Bridella gen. n., Crotona gen. n., Stomphastis and Diphtheroptila, but its sister relationship to Diphtheroptila + (Crotona gen. n. + Stomphastis) recovered by CODON and AA analyses is inconsistently recovered and weakly supported (Figs 638, 639). Bionomics: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus polyadenos F. Muell., new record (P. eubenangee sp. nov.), M. paniculatus Müll. Arg., new record (P. mallota sp. nov.), Macaranga involucrata Baill., new record (P. macaranga sp. nov.), Distribution: Afrotropical Region: South Africa: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga. Australian Region, new record: Queensland. Species richness: World: 6 species; Australian region: 4 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF74CDC943ADF32CFCD4FE80.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Polydema hormophora (Meyrick, 1912 a) “ Acrocercops hormophora, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1912 a. Transvaal Museum Memoir 1 (1): 23. Type locality and collecting data: South Africa, Transvaal [Mpumalanga], Barberton, 25. i. 1911, leg. A. J. T. Janse. Type specimen: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide G 7229, in TMSA (Pretoria). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Unknown. Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa, Mpumalanga (Meyrick 1912 a: 23). Australian species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF72CDC543ADF6BBFC37FCED.taxon	description	(Figs 481, 486, 487, 495, 496, 505, 506, 512, 515, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Eubenangee Swamp National Park. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 17.26 ° S 145.58 ° E / Eubenangee Swamp / Nat. Pk. [National Park] em. [erged] / 28. Jan. [January] 1997 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5667 / Mallotus / polyadenos, DNA sample NULT 025284, genitalia slide 6204, ANIC Acc. no 31 085541, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype ♀: Australia, Queensland, 17.26 ° S 145.58 ° E, Eubenangee Swamp National Park, emerged 30 January 1997, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5667, Mallotus polyadenos F. Muell. (Euphorbiaceae), in ANIC (Canberra). Remark: Additional specimen with the following labels: Queensland, 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E, Kuranda em. [erged] 28 March 1998, T. & M. Kumata, Host 6024, Mallotus sp., in ANIC (Canberra). This specimen certainly belongs to the same complex of species as Polydema mallota sp. nov., P. macaranga sp. nov. P. eubenangee sp. nov., and P. virgula sp. nov. It is the only specimen belonging to a potential new species and it lacks the abdomen. The factors such as unreliable diagnosis based on external characters only due to the possible variability in the wing pattern within this complex, probable plasticity in bionomics of Mallotus feeding Polydema species-complex, not yielding enough DNA from legs (only one hind leg is present) determined our decision to abstain from describing this species as new until more material is found. We prefer to have a diagnostic character set, unconditionally separating this probable new species before it is officially named. Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: The female genitalia characters between both species feeding on Mallotus spp. at the same locality but in slightly different periods (a month difference in mining records) are strongly diagnostic, especially the signal area on corpus bursae and the ductus bursae itself. In P. mallota sp. nov. the corpus bursae is sac-shaped, wrapped by a tape-shaped ornamental sclerotisation, ductus bursae short, but strongly sclerotised, nicely cylindrical. In P. eubenangee sp. nov. the corpus bursae is an irregular-shaped wrinkled internal structure with one huge more or less rectangular, strongly sclerotised with different dentate markings and huge melanised fold, as described below; ductus bursae in P. eubenangee sp. nov. is extremely short, does not protrude from the anterior margin of segment VII, corpus bursae is connected with very short antrum via very short ductus bursae. Though all Polydema species presented here are Euphorbiaceae feeders the host specificity and bionomics can serve well as diagnostic indicators: Polydema mallota sp. nov. feeds on Mallotus paniculatus Müll. Arg., while P. eubenangee sp. nov. feeds on M. polyadenos F. Muell. Description: Wingspan ca. 4.8 – 5.8 mm; length of the forewing 2.3 – 2.8 mm (Fig. 481). Head (Figs 486, 487, 496): vertex smooth, ochreous, dotted with beige and darker ochreous, irregular small spots, two tufts of short piliform, rather broad, and compactly pressed scales radially directed cover the occiput. Frons light ochreous golden, with some narrow dark brown scales near eyes, labrum white. Maxillary palpus short, almost as long as scape, erect, dark ochreous. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, covered with loose scales, basal palpomere golden ochreous, mid palpomere dirty white with golden ochreous base and apex, terminal palpomere white with shiny golden apex, a few narrow, prolonged ochreous scales like tiny stripes are inserted in sub-apical area of palpomere III, proboscis rolled, ochreous beige. Antenna dark ochreous, longer than forewing, flagellomeres with dark dorsal patches consisting of tiny piliform narrow stripes and light bases, antenna uniformly light ochreous ventrally, pedicel as big as the following flagellomere, also concolourous with the following flagellomere, scape dirty white, with a couple of ochreous patches laterally, with 15 – 20 long, light golden ochreous; hanging pecten of different lengths. Thorax (Figs 481, 496): thorax tegula light ochreous with white apical part. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour ochreous with white clear and contrastive ornaments and a row of white small dots on black background running along the costal margin; dorsal margin is decorated by a series of oblique stripes of different length and of different shapes. Base of the forewing is decorated by an irregular patch-like double fascia, followed by a triangular marking at sub-base, the broader triangular or reversed Y marking is in the mid of forewing followed white-grey-black markings at sub-apical part; a peculiar, broad, interrupted, narrowing at apical end stripe at the mid of sub-apical part, apical spot indistinct, just a tiny oval spot or comma-shaped stripe, that might differ in shape even in the same specimen between right and left forewing; apical line very thin and interrupted by dirty white scales. The fringe line is clear black, gently following apical margin of forewing. Fringe grey with some silver shine, shorter at tornus the longest at subapical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark grey, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur and tibia dark ochreous, fore tarsomere I dark fuscous with two white spots one at base and the other at median part, tarsomere II dirty white with grey median part, tarsomeres III – IV dirty white with fuscous basal and apical parts, tarsomere V and tip of tarsus grey; mid femur fuscous, mid tibia grey at basal part, dirty white at sub-apical part and with narrow fuscous stripe at mid of white area, apex of mid tibia dark fuscous; tibial spurs dark fuscous with white tips; mid tarsomeres I – V dirty white with fuscous bases and apices, tip of mid tarsus grey; hind femur ochreous, hind tibia fuscous with median white ring; median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, grey with white tips, apical spurs short, grey, lighter grey at tip, hind tarsomere I fuscous with white sub-base, hind tarsomeres II – V dirty white with fuscous bases and apices, tip of hind tarsus dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 495, 496): fuscous brown on terga II – V, and light brown with orange shading on tergum VI, anterior segments VI and VII of abdomen orange-white, lateral sides of abdomen creamy white (sternites) with five oblique dark brown stripes, sternum VII without an oblique stripe, creamy white with very strong orange shading. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an equilateral triangle, the horizontal joint, connecting the lateral sides of the abdominal opening convex, the corners of the triangular opening gently rounded, the anterior part of sternum I is with protruded and centrally puffed sclerotisation consisting of two narrowly triangular appendages with sclerotised costal margin that are mirroring each other to two symmetrical parts at 180 °; the tergal joint without sclerotised margin, but stronger melanised and clearly distinguishable plate of tergum II separates tergal joint from the rest of the cuticle; sternal apodemes initiate at the gently rounded corners of abdominal opening are well developed, of mid-length, terminating at anterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, with thicker bases, slightly bent inwards; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of tergum I at the lateral sides of abdominal opening, angled at sub-basal part, slightly bent outwards at mid part with curved apices dilating from each other; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating beyond sternal apodemes, at the mid of segment II. Posterior margin of segment VI in females lightly, broadly but visibly sclerotised. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 505, 506): Anterior segments of female abdomen strongly narrowing posteriorly. Papillae anales fused, sharply triangular, with curved basal joint, the basal surface and lateral sides are covered with rarely planted thin setae of different length, with the longest at the base of papillae anales; apophyses posteriores initiate at the lateral sides of papillae anales, rather long, of moderate thickness, with sharp apices reaching anterior margin of segment VIII; segment VIII trapezoid-shaped, short, narrowing towards posterior margin; apophyses anteriores with very broad, strongly sclerotised bases, with short slightly bent, distancing from each other apices that enter segment VII. Segment VII with a semi-oval, arc-shaped sterigmatic plate almost entirely occupying sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens as a narrowly cut gap almost at anterior margin of segment VII, with funnel-shaped, and strongly melanised lamella ante-vaginalis that transforms into a fold with a sickle-shaped sclerotisation on ductus bursae anteriorly; posteriorly lamella ante-vaginalis has two lateral digitiform, tuberculate appendages attached to the anterior margin of sternum VII; antrum very short, inside the upmost marginal part of segment VII; corpus bursae irregular sac-shaped with strongly enlarged initial posterior part, almost entirely covered with long more or less rectangular sclerotised plate with the marked central part which is with a row of tiny darts. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae, near the joint of ductus bursae with corpus bursae. Individual variation: Sub-apical and apical ornamentation is variable till that extent that it might be different on right and left forewing within the same specimen: comma-shape white short stripe, apical spot sub-spot vary in size, shape and even presence / absence. Bionomics: The host plant of this species is Mallotus polyadenos F. Muell. (Euphorbiaceae). Probably this species is monophagous, but it belongs to a complex of very closely related species feeding on Mallotus spp. plants. Most probably specific differentiation within this complex was related to the choice / preference of the host plant species. The mining period is from mid to late January. The flight period is in late January, early February. Pupa (Fig. 515): length including the body and antennae ca. 4.1 mm; pupal body length ca. 2.8 mm, length of metathoracic leg appendages 3.1 mm. Pupa shining light bronze, slightly darker at frons; labrum extremely well developed, cocoon cutter is rectangular, strongly sclerotised and covered with tuberculate fold, galea, antenna, meso- and metathoracic legs and fore wing appendages with strong bronze glow, labial palpus lanceolate between maxillae; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, legs, wings and antennae are well observable; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen moves freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; the appendages of labial palpus ca. 1 / 3 shorter than the appendages of maxillae, metathoracic appendages ca. 1 mm shorter than the appendages of antennae. Pupal body is rather slender with A 5 – A 7 and A 8 – A 10 sharply narrowing towards anterior part. Genital aperture on rounded prominent projection on anterior region of A 9; anal orifice on A 10 between two round tubercules; cremaster absent. Mitogenomic data: The single mitogenomic sequence from the holotype is very distinct from the other congeners, but its placement within the genus (as sister to P. mallota sp. nov.) is poorly supported (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Eubenangee Swamp National Park. Etymology: The specific name derives from the name of type locality Eubenangee Swamp National Park in Queensland, Australia. It is a noun in apposition in the nominative case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF7ECDC143ADF497FDBFFA2D.taxon	description	(Figs 482, 483, 488, 489, 497, 498, 504, 507, 510, 513, 516, 517) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia Q. [Queensland] / Kuranda / nr. Cairns / em. [erged] 8 IV [April] 1991 / T. Kumata leg. [2] genitalia on slide / No Grc- 5692 / T. Kumata 1991. [3] ANIC / genitalia slide / No 21378. [4] Host 4198 / Macaranga / involucrata. [5] Polydema / Det. T. Kumata 199 [7], DNA sample NULT 025044, ANIC Acc. no 31 085539, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype ♂: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, emerged 06 April 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4198, Macaranga involucrata Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Genitalia on slide No Grc- 5691, T. Kumata, 1991, ANIC Image, DNA sample NULT 025169, ANIC Acc. no 31 081108, in ANIC (Canberra). Additional specimens excluded from the type specimens: Specimen 1: without abdomen, Australia, Queensland, 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E, Kuranda, emerged 3 February 1997, T. & M. Kumata, Host 5702 Macaranga sp., ANIC image, DNA sample, ANIC Acc. no 31 075736. Specimen 2: without abdomen, same data, ANIC Acc. no 31 075737, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Polydema macaranga sp. nov. clearly belongs to the same genus Polydema and the same species group as P. mallota sp. nov., but they are easily separated by external wing pattern and bionomics. The ornaments in P. macaranga sp. nov. are brighter, the lines of ornaments reversed Y and reversed V are broader and more diffused. In P. macaranga sp. nov. apical spot is as a long broad clear black stripe, in P. mallota sp. nov. the apical spot is bicoloured white / black, round, mid-sized. The biggest morphological differences are in female genitalia: the huge signum is highly diagnostic. In P. mallota sp. nov. the signum is as a broad ornamental tape wrapping the ductus bursae, while in P. macaranga sp. nov. the signum is as a broad flat plate with sclerotised central suture running along the entire length of the signal plate. The connection between ductus bursae and corpus bursae in P. macaranga sp. nov. is without the special morphological structure as an oval strongly sclerotised plug, such sclerotisation is present in P. mallota sp. nov. There are also tiny morphological differences in the shape of sterigmatic plate and the form of the lamella ante-vaginalis (Fig. 507). Huge signal area, fully sclerotised ductus bursae, position of ostium bursae on sub-anterior margin of sternum VII, semi-oval shape of sterigmatic plate on sternum VII, similar length and shape of apophyses, fused, triangular-shaped at anterior part papillae anales — morphological characters that demonstrate the affinity of both species P. mallota sp. nov. and P. macaranga sp. nov. which are sympatric and synchronic (with one week difference only), and mining the plants belonging to the same plant family Euphorbiaceae. However, both species feed on different genera of plants: larvae of P. mallota sp. nov. feed on Mallotus paniculatus, while larvae of P. macaranga sp. nov. feed on Macaranga spp. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.0 – 6.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.4 – 3.0 mm (Figs. 482, 483). Head (Figs. 488, 489): vertex smooth, golden ochreous, with dirty-white lateral parts bordering the eyes, two tufts of short piliform scales radially directed cover the occiput. Frons light ochreous golden, labrum snowy white. Maxillary palpus short, ca. as long as scape, erect, dirty white with golden apex. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2.5 × longer than the diameter of the eye, slightly upcurved, basal palpomere, short, dirty white with fuscous patch at inner side of palpomere, palpomere II carries a long tuft of piliform scales, longer than palpomere II, the tufts consist of intermixture of white, ochreous and dark brown piliform scales, apical palpomere covered with roughly attached scales, white at base and ochreous with two irregular dark brown lines at sub-base and at sub-apex. Antenna light ochreous, flagellomeres with dark dorsal surface and light apices, ventrally antenna uniformly light ochreous, pedicel white, approximately as long as the following flagellomere, scape shining white, with long white pecten of different lengths. Thorax (Figs 482, 483, 497, 498): thorax and tegula light ochreous. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour ochreous with dark fuscous patches at sub-apical and apical part of forewing; two dirty white curved stripes and patches are at base of forewing, dirty white irregular fascia, edged from both sides at 1 / 3 of forewing, two white spots, edged with dark scales present on costa, a reversed Y ornament is at mid of forewing, followed by narrow oblique stripe directed towards apex, apical part of costa carries white or fuscous irregular patches, apical stripe rather long, oblique towards apex; apical line rather thick, black, gently following apical part of the forewing and abruptly ends at tornus; the fringe line black, gently following the apical margin. Fringe light grey at tornus with darker shading toward basal part. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour ochreous-fuscous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore femur ochreous, fore tibia dark fuscous with two white patches at base and at midden, fore tarsomeres with white bases and dark fuscous apices, tip of tarsus dark ochreous; mid femur ochreous fuscous, tibia white with fuscous sub-base and fuscous apex, tarsomere I white at base, fuscous at median part, and white at apex, tarsomeres II – III fuscous at bases and dirty white at apices, tarsomeres IV – V white at bases and fuscous at apices, tip of tarsus light grey; hind femur ochreous, hind tibia dirty white with fuscous apical 1 / 3, median spurs long, ca. as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, grey, apical spurs short, grey, darker at apices. Abdomen (Figs 510, 513): Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle, the horizontal joint, connecting the lateral sides of the abdominal opening convex, the anterior part of sternum I is with protruded and centrally puffed sclerotisation; the tergal joint is marked as a strongly melanised cuticle; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, of mid-length, terminating at anterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, as appendages, slightly bent inwards, with rather sharp apices; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of tergum I, at the lateral sides of abdominal opening, with a short, sharply pointed appendage at sub-base; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating at the mid of segment II, straight. Posterior margin of segment VI in females lightly, broadly and visibly sclerotised. Two brightly red, big, oval androconial sclerotisations are present on the ventral side of the abdomen in males; the first brightly red marking is situated in the cuticle joint between sterna II – III and the second marking is situated in the cuticle joint between sterna III – IV. Male genitalia (Fig. 504): Tegumen moderately sclerotised as equilateral triangle; uncus as two narrow, strongly sclerotised lateral arms approaching each other well beyond the teguminal top; anal tube slightly protruding as short, blunt, cylindrical tube. Valvae directed down towards vinculum with narrow blunt apices; costal margin of valvae slightly bent, but strongly narrowly sclerotised, ventral margin of valvae wrinkled, flexible, with bigger or smaller waves; the inner surface of valvae covered with short, pressed setae of different lengths; transtilla incomplete but juxta is circular shaped and its posterior part coming well between costal bases of valvae. Vinculum is very broad Ushaped, complex, as a fused structure of three mirroring each other plates; a horizontal rectangle, semi-round lateral plate, and the anterior part of U-formation crossed by mid suture nicely dividing vinculum into the symmetrical left and right sides; saccus well developed, narrow, digitiform appendix. Data on aedeagus not available. Female genitalia (Fig. 507): Papillae anales fused, but gently triangular, covered with rarely planted thin setae of different length; apophyses posteriores with broad bases, sharply narrowing towards thin and short anterior part; apophyses posteriores terminate in the sub-posterior sector of segment VIII; apophyses anteriores initiate at the anterior margin of segment VIII; the basal part of apophyses anteriores is sclerotised and fully fused into a ring, the anterior part of the apophyses anteriores is strongly divided into two parts: i) broad, rather thick posterior part in the form of two lateral appendages situated in segment VIII and ii) sharp needle like, strongly sclerotised anterior part of the appendages that terminate in the mid of segment VII. Segment VII moderately sclerotised with semi-oval sterigma, occupying almost entirely sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens at sub-anterior part of sternum VII, lamella post-vaginalis rather simple, just stronger sclerotisation round the opening of ostium bursae, while lamella ante-vaginalis with two narrow, strongly sclerotised appendages. Antrum + ductus bursae entirely sclerotised, making the distinction between ductus and corpus bursae very clear. Corpus bursae is prolonged sac-shaped with strikingly diagnostic colliculum. Colliculum is shaped as prolonged very strongly sclerotised plate, covering almost entirely corpus bursae, except the anterior part; a prolonged mid suture runs along the entire length of colliculum that has a function of a signal plate. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae anteriad the sclerotised antrum which has the shape of the cork. Individual variation: There is a slight variation in the pattern of ornamentation, especially on the costal margin, it might vary in shape and number of small dirty white spots. The shape, length and size of apical spot / stripe varies from a short thick, almost round spot till a long, fine, but well-defined stripe. Bionomics: The specimens belonging to the Type specimens were reared from Macaranga involucrata Baill. (Euphorbiaceae). The species is probably not monophagous but feeds on closely related host plants belonging to the same genus. The mining period of this species is in early April but might be earlier. The additional specimens were collected in different year, but in the same locality, so the phenology might be different in different years depending upon microclimatic conditions. Based on collection material we presume that the mining period of this species might be longer than mean for the other complexes of Ornixolinae species. The flight period is in early April. Pupa (Figs 516, 517): length including the body and antennae ca. 4.1 mm; pupal body length ca. 3.7 mm. The head possesses a cocoon cutter with an extending short cylindrical process which is dentate at the anteriorly; maxillae with enlarged and puffed basal part that is darker, anterior part is covered with tiny tubercules; appendages for future antennae ca. 0.7 mm longer than the abdomen; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen is not fixed and can move; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; appendages for maxillary palpus and labial palpus are relatively long, ca. 2 / 3 of pupal body length; abdominal segments VII – IX ventrally smooth; the abdominal segment IX is relatively small, the abdominal anterior part is broadly round. Mitogenomic data: No data (all specimens without abdomens). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The species name derives from the genus name of the host plant Macaranga involucrata Baill. It is a noun in apposition, gender feminine.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF7ACDDD43ADF2D7FD39FD35.taxon	description	(Figs 484, 490, 491, 494, 499, 508, 509, 514, 518, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia Q. [Queensland] / Kuranda / nr. Cairns / em. [erged] 28 III [March] 1991 / T. Kumata leg. [2] Wing on slide / No Grc- 5735 / T. Kumata 1991. [3] Host 4202 / Mallotus paniculata, DNA sample NULT 024920, genitalia slide ANIC 6203, ANIC Acc. no 31 085540, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 3 specimens: Paratype 1 (♂): in very poor condition, antennae broken, only thorax with head on the pin (no fore- and hindwings) Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, emerged 22 March 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4202, Mallotus paniculatus Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), DNA sample NULT 024805, genitalia slide ANIC 6202, ANIC Acc. no 31 085574. Paratype 2 (♀): same data, except the date 02 April 1991, Genitalia on slide, NoGrc- 5695, T. Kumata, Gen.? Parectopa - gr. Paratype 3 (♀): same collecting data, except the date 21 March 1991, genitalia on slide, NoGrc- 5696, T. Kumata 1991, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Regarding the micromorphological characters of genitalia, the females of P. mallota sp. nov. are highly diagnostic. Corpus bursae is wrapped by a flat, broad, strongly sclerotised signum in the form of the ornamental tape. The connection between corpus and ductus bursae is marked by a heavily sclerotised, oval shaped plug. The highly decorative signal area and sclerotisations on ductus bursae make this species easily recognisable and highly diagnostic. The host plant of the Polydema mallota sp. nov. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, that is usual host plant family for Ornixolinae but this host plant preference differs from the complexes of species that feed in the same location and at the same time on the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.4 – 5.7 mm; length of the forewing 2.7 – 2.8 mm (Fig. 484). Head (Figs 490, 491): vertex smooth, golden ochreous, two tufts of short piliform scales directed posteriad cover the occiput. Frons golden ochreous, concolourous with vertex, labrum darker ochreous. Maxillary palpus short ca. as long as scape, slightly curved but directed straight, basal palpomere dark brown, apical palpomere light grey. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2.5 × longer than the diameter of the eye, drooping, all three palpomeres carry bunches of hanging ochreous intermixed with white rather thick filiform scales, the longest at the base of palpomere II, apex of labial palpus narrow covered with loose scales. Antenna light fuscous, flagellomeres fuscous with light grey bases, ventrally antenna dark ochreous, pedicel short, slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, light ochreous with dark brown apical parts, scape golden ochreous, very similar in shading of colouration with vertex, however with dark brown apical part and dark brown oblique stripe laterally; scape carries an impressive tuft of long piliform 18 – 20 pecten arranged in a row. Thorax (Figs 484, 494, 499): fuscous ochreous as well as tegula. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour bright ochreous with dark fuscous and dirty white ornamentation placed along entire forewing, two basal dirty white semi-round spots at base of dorsum, surrounded by an irroration of dark fuscous scales, the first reverse Y marking is at sub-dorsum, irregularly edged by dark fuscous scales, costal margin with three dark fuscous and three white spots, median part of forewing is decorated with the reversed V with a triangular fuscous spot situated at dorsal margin, sub-apex with a sharp, arrow-like fuscous decoration followed by equally sharply angulated fascia, apical ground colour dark ochreous enringed by a fine black apical line, white-black apical spot is very distinct. The fringe line is dark grey, gently encircling the apical margin of forewing, followed by a row of short, compactly arranged, lamellar grey with silver shine scales; fringe long, ochreous grey, slightly darker at tornus, shorter at distal part, the longest at sub-apical part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour ochreous-fuscous, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Wing venation of this species is typical for the genus of Polydema (see Vári 1961: pl. 33, Fig. 1), except that in forewing CuA 2 is rudimental and not detectable in this Australian species. Forewing with Sc short and strongly sclerotised, R 1 rather weak at basis and clearly visible on sub-costal area and costal margin, R 2 not visible, R 3 strong, continues as a prolongation anterior margin of the inner cell, R 4 weak at the basal ¼ and strong at the distal part, R 5 rudimental at basal 3 / 4 and weak, but clearly visible at apical ¼; M 1 rudimental, slightly stronger at apical 1 / 2, M 2 weak, but clearly visible, CuA is bent at tornus, CuP rudimental and it is visible only in distal part at dorsal margin of the forewing, anal vein A 1 + 2 is strong only at basal half. Hindwing with weak but visible veins, except Sc which is rather strong, R 2 + 3 long, running parallel the anterior margin of the hindwing, M is forked at distal half into M 1 and M 2 M 3 is rudimental at base and forked with CuA which is strong, being the strongest vein of the hindwing. Fore femur light ochreous, fore tibia fuscous, tarsomere I dark fuscous with light grey patch, tarsomeres II – V light grey with fuscous bases and apices, tip of tarsus fuscous; mid femur ochreous, tibia ochreous with two oblique beige stripes, mid tarsomeres light grey with fuscous apices, tip of mid tarsus light grey; hind femur light ochreous with basal part dark brown, hind tibia dark brown covered with rough scales (not spines), median spurs long as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, brown, apical spurs short, grey, ca. as long as 1 / 3 of length of the tarsomere I, tarsomeres brown with light ochreous or dirty white sub-apices with short stout piliform scales at apical joint; tip of hind leg light ochreous. Abdomen (Figs 499, 514): fuscous ochreous on terga II – IV, dark fuscous on terga V, VI and lighter fuscous on tergum VII anterior part of genital segments (papillae anales) orange-white, lateral sides of abdomen creamy white (sternites) with five oblique dark brown stripes, sternum VII with creamy patch covered with orange round scales. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle, the horizontal joint, connecting the lateral sides of the abdominal opening convex, the corners of the triangular opening gently rounded, the anterior part of sternum I is with protruded and centrally puffed sclerotisation with two narrow strongly melanised, bent, distancing from each other appendages; the tergal joint without sclerotised margin, but stronger melanised and clearly distinguishable from the rest of the cuticle; sternal apodemes initiate at the gently rounded corners of abdominal opening are well developed, of mid-length, terminating at anterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, slightly bent inwards; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of tergum I at the lateral sides of abdominal opening, with a short, sharply pointed appendage at sub-base; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating at the mid of segment II, straight. Posterior margin of segment VI in females lightly, broadly but visibly sclerotised. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 508, 509): Papillae anales fused, but sharply triangular, covered with rarely planted thin setae of different length; long bent setae on base and on dorsal surface of papillae anales, while short straight setae on anterior part and ventral surface of papillae anales; apophyses posteriores rather thick, stick-like, with flat apices; segment VIII trapezoid-shaped, broadening toward anterior margin, which is ca. 2 × broader than posterior margin; apophyses anteriores with very broad, moderately sclerotised basal semi-ring with gentle transition to narrow, bent sharply pointed apices reaching almost mid of segment VII. Segment VII with a semi-oval sterigmatic plate almost entirely occupying sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens on sub-anterior margin of segment VII, with flat, broad, chalice-shaped, with strongly sclerotised lamella ante-vaginalis; antrum short, cylindrical, very strongly sclerotised, ductus bursae cylindrical, smoothly but strongly sclerotised; the transition between ductus and corpus bursae is marked by a special flat, oval, strongly sclerotised plug; corpus bursae oval, sac-shaped wrapped by broad, strongly sclerotised, tape-shaped signal ornamentation. Ductus seminalis enters ductus bursae at the sclerotised plug separating ductus and corpus bursae. Individual variation: There is a slight variation in shading of colour of legs variating brown, ochreous, dirty white, different shades of fuscous. There is a rather significant variation in number, size and shape of ornamental spots in median part of costal margin. The variation is observed even in the same specimen on right and on left forewing. Number of white spots can vary from 2 to 5. Also, median ornament can have either reversed V or reversed Y shape. Bionomics: The specimens were reared from the same host plant Mallotus paniculatus Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (Fig. 518) indicating the monophagy of this species. Based on the specimens present in the ANIC collection the mining period of this species from mid till late March, two weeks later, than species of Diphtheroptila complex that mine in the same locality. Adults are active from late March till early April. Pupa: shining light bronze, cocoon cutter is bluntly triangular with tiny vertical furrows; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, legs, wings and antennae are well observable; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen is moves freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; frontoclypeus is smooth, the appendages of labial palpus ca. twice shorter than the appendages of maxillae, prothoracic and mesothoracic and metathoracic appendages shorter than the appendages of antennae. Mitogenomic data: The species is poorly supported as sister to P. eubenangee sp. nov. (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The name of the specific epithet refers to the genus name of the host plant Mallotus paniculatus Müll. Arg. It is a noun in apposition, gender feminine.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF66CDD843ADF5EFFEF1FE1C.taxon	description	(Figs 485, 492, 493, 500 – 503, 511, 638) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia QLD [Queensland] / 16.49 ° S 145.38 ° E / Kuranda em. [erged] / 1 Mar. [March] 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host: cocoon on / unidentified / leaf, DNA sample NULT 025406, genitalia slide ANIC 6205, ANIC Acc. no 31 085538, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This species externally is the closest to the Polydema eubenangee sp. nov. Slight diagnostic differences might be considered as follows: lines and bands in wing ornaments are narrower in P. virgula sp. nov., the reverse V or reverse Y markings are with intermediate space filled with background colour, while in P. eubenangee sp. nov. the intermediate space within the ornaments reversed V or reversed Y is filled with the colour of the ornaments — white. The diagnostic difference can be observed in the apical area: in P. eubenangee sp. nov. the apical spot is a tiny black irregular spot or short thin stripe, while in P. virgula sp. nov. is an eye-catching big oval apical spot. The internal genital morphology, which in many cases is very useful for species diagnosis within the subfamily Ornixolinae, in this particular case cannot be applied. Closely related species Polydema eubenangee sp. nov. is described based on female gender only and P. virgula sp. nov. is described on male gender only. The diagnostic difference is also recorded in bionomics: the host plant of P. eubenangee sp. nov. is Mallotus polyadenos F. Muell. (Euphorbiaceae), while the host plant of P. virgula sp. nov. certainly is not this species of plant. However, bionomical characteristics should be taken with care, since the holotype of P. virgula sp. nov. was reared from a cocoon which was found on an unidentified plant. In rare cases, it happens that cocoons of gracillariids are spun on another plant than the host plant by accident or by the female’s choice. Such bionomical behaviour is rather common in the subfamily Gracillariinae (some species belonging to the genus Caloptilia Hübner, 1825) and in the subfamily Lithocolletinae (some species belonging to the genus Macrosaccus Davis & De Prins, 2011). Description: Wingspan 5.3 mm; length of the forewing 2.5 mm (Fig. 485). Head (Figs 492, 493): vertex smooth, ochreous white, unicolourous with darker ochreous shading on occiput, two tufts of radially directed short piliform scales are present on lateral sides of occiput. Frons is snowy white, shining with golden ochreous shading on labrum. Maxillary palpus short, ca. as long as the scape, slightly curved, erect, basal palpomere fuscous with sharply erected small tuft of fuscous scales, mid and terminal palpomere dark ochreous with light ochreous tip, scales covering palpomere III are loose, but not hanging. Labial palpus relatively long, ca. 2 × longer than the diameter of the eye, covered with loose and hanging scales, basal palpomere fuscous ochreous, mid palpomere golden white with golden ochreous base and a tuft of dark brown hanging piliform scales of different lengths, shorter at basal part and long as long as palpomere II at apical part, terminal palpomere white with dark brown base, proboscis rolled, ochreous beige. Antenna light grey, longer than forewing at about 25 %, flagellomeres with dark longitudinal lines consisting of tiny narrow lines and light bases, ventrally antenna uniformly golden, pedicel as big as the following flagellomere, dirty white, scape dirty white, with dark brown base, with 15 – 20 long light golden ochreous hanging pecten of different lengths. Thorax (Fig. 485, 501): ochreous anteriorly and dirty white posteriorly, tegula ochreous at base and dirty white at apex. Forewing narrowly elongated, equal in width along all its length, with a gently rounded apex, ground colour ochreous with white clear and contrastive ornaments and six clear white spots on costal margin; dorsal margin is decorated by a series of oblique stripes of different length and of different shapes, of interchanged colour between dirty white and dark brown. Base of the forewing is decorated by an irregular reversed Y-shaped marking, followed by a triangular marking at a sub-base, the broader triangular or reversed Y marking is in the mid of forewing followed by a white oblique stripe, an irregular patch, and a small tornal white dot; a short, very clear, black, sub-apical stripe precedes black apical spot, costal margin grey with five – six round dirty white spots aligned along the costal margin at more or less equal intervals from each other; apical line dark grey, short, not reaching tornus. The fringe line clear black, gently following apical margin of forewing. Fringe grey with some silver shine, shorter at tornus the longest at sub-apical part and again shortening towards base of forewing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark grey, fringe long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, with the longest piliform scales hanging at the base of the dorsum of the hindwing. Fore leg ochreous fuscous, mid femur fuscous, mid tibia fuscous with light grey sub-apical patch, mid tarsomeres fuscous at basal halves and dirty white at apical halves; hind femur ochreous fuscous, hind tibia fuscous with light grey sub-apical and apical patches, median spurs long, as long as about 2 / 3 of tibia length, grey, apical spurs short, grey, tarsomere I fuscous with white sub-base and white sub-apex, tarsomeres II – V fuscous at bases and dirty white at apices, tip of hind tarsus fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 500, 511): fuscous ochreous on terga II – IV, dark fuscous on terga V, VI and orange on terga VII – IX + anterior part of genital segments, lateral sides of abdomen creamy white (sternites) with five oblique dark brown stripes, sternum VII with bright orange band. Abdominal opening rather small, shaped as an triangle, the horizontal joint is the convex anterior margin of rectangular plate situated on the central part of sternum II, the lateral margins of abdominal opening ends abruptly, with clearly seen connection with the sternum II plate, three symmetrical markings are present on the anterior margin of the plate left and right sides; the lateral sides of plate that are stronger sclerotised at anterior part function as sternal apodemes; tergal apodemes initiate at sub-anterior part of tergum I at the lateral sides of abdominal opening, with a short, sharply pointed appendage at sub-base; tergal apodemes rather long, terminating at the mid of segment II, twice gently curved: at sub-anterior part and at sub-apical part. In males two round openings are on sternum IV and two long tightly arranged androconial coremata stretch to sternum VII. Sternum VII with a narrow but strongly sclerotised bow that keeps both tufts in place, the ends of tufts are protruding through sternum VII as short melanised filiform brushes. Male genitalia (Figs 502, 503): Tegumen moderately sclerotised as an equilateral triangle with a gently rounded apex; uncus as two narrow, strongly sclerotised lateral arms approaching each other well beyond the teguminal top and fusing into the blunt apical part. Valvae directed straight to lateral sides, costal margin straight, strongly sclerotised, cucullus area gently rounded; apical and sub-apical part of inner surface of valvae densely setose with long flexible setae planted at a distance from each other; a short, strong, thick, spiculose appendage is present on the sub-apical ventral margin; sacculus strongly developed as a swollen, semi-round structure on sub-basal part of valval ventral margin; transtilla incomplete, juxta well developed as an arc-shaped sclerotisation. Vinculum is very broad U-shaped, complex, as a fused structure of several plates mirroring each other: lateral plates narrowing to the central area and fusing into a suture that crosses vinculum in the middle; saccus well developed as a T sclerotisation with sharply protruding anterior part of median length. Aedeagus cylindrical, with gently rounded vesica, central part with irregular light sclerotisations, coecum bulb-shaped. Female genitalia: No data. Individual variation: described from the holotype only. Bionomics: The biology of this species remains unknown, since the holotype was reared from a cocoon attached to an unidentified plant. The flight period is in early March. Mitogenomic data: The single mitogenomic sequence from the holotype is very distinct from the other congeners, but its placement within the genus (as sister to P. mallota sp. nov. + P. eubenangee sp. nov.) is poorly supported (Fig. 638). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Kuranda. Etymology: The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to two eye-catching androconial brushes / tufts (coremata) stretching from sterna IV to VII and protruding the anterior part of abdomen. The Latin noun virgula is of feminine gender meaning rod, stick, shoot, mark. 27. Polysoma Vári, 1961 “ Polysoma gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xvii (key), 63. Type species: Polysoma clarki Vári, 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 64 – 65, by original designation. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: wing venation (Fig. 521). Forewing with strong short Sc; R 1 is long and strong, ending at mid of costal margin, radial veins R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 are well developed, strong, and well visible; R 5 is stalked with M 1; M 2, M 3 and M 4 are present, M 3 and M 4 are slightly bent, followed by the rudimental CuA, only with strong distal part; CuP rudimentary at base but strong at distal part, A 1 + 2 is long, sinuating, strong, ending beyond the apical 1 / 3 of dorsal margin. Hindwing with short and strong Sc, Rs strong, runs until sub-apical part of costal margin; M is forked to M 1 and M 2, followed by forked M 3 and CuA. Wing pattern reminds that of Porphyrosela Braun, 1908 (Lithocolletinae) with short blunt strongly edged strigulae on costal and dorsal margins with mirroring dots and spots; the background colour is dark ochreous. Abdomen: Abdominal opening broadly arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly strongly sclerotised with attached additional plates; ventral crossing joint strong, slightly thickened at lateral sides with thin median part; sternal apodemes absent; tergal apodemes mid-sized, relatively thick, slightly curved; sternal plate semi-oval present only on sterna I and II; a longitudinal melanised band runs along the mid part of abdominal sterna; anterior segment in males with two androconial sclerotised stripes, placed along the midline of sternum VII; abdominal segments of females simple; the anterior margin of each abdominal segment of both sexes is lightly sclerotised or melanised. Male genitalia: Tegumen well developed, long; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, protruding the apical part of tegumen; valvae, broad, long, densely setose with long thin setae, transtilla absent. Aedeagus relatively short, with a mark, separating the aedeagus body and vesica. Female genitalia: Papillae anales fused, flat, pressed, covered with erect dense setae; apophyses posteriores with broader triangular bases; segment VIII strongly reduced, carries a moderately sclerotised semi-ring of the basal part of apophyses anteriores; segment VII shorter than in many genera of Ornixolinae except Parectopa, covered with tuberculose cuticle sternum VII bears sterigma; segments VII and VI are with sclerotised anterior margins. Ostium bursae opens at the posterior margin (in African species), between segments VII and VI, antrum short, cylindrical, sclerotised; ductus bursae, with a smooth (in Australian species) or abrupt (in African species) transition to corpus bursae; corpus bursae sac-shaped; bears either one round (in Australian species) or ring-shaped (in African species) signum, except Polysoma tanysphena (Meyrick, 1928 a), which has no signum. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Polysoma & searchTax = Searc h + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The genus is only represented by a single species in Australia, which is consistently and moderately supported as sister to Parectopa (Fig. 637). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. (Polysoma eumetalla (Meyrick, 1880 )), A. dealbata Link, new record, A. melanoxylon R. Br., new record (P. eumetalla), A. pycnantha Benth, new record (P. eumetalla), Albizia gummifera (J. F. Gmel.) C. A. Sm. (P. aenicta Vári, 1961). Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Uganda, Zimbabwe. Australian region: Australia: ACT, new record, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand. Species richness: World: 4 species; Australian region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF66CDD843ADF5EFFEF1FE1C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Polysoma clarki Vári, 1961 “ Polysoma clarki spec. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: 64 – 65; pl. 11, fig. 3; pl. 29, fig. 3; pl. 81, fig. 4; pl. 108, fig. 3. Type locality and collecting data: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, East London, 06. i. 1945, leg. B. C. Clark. Type specimens: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7301, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratypes 2 ♀, genitalia slide G 7363, in TMSA (Pretoria). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Unknown. Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: Eastern Cape (Vári 1961: 65). Australian species	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF63CDD843ADF6E3FDF3FA59.taxon	description	(Figs 519 – 524, 637) “ Grac. [ilaria] eumetalla, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1880. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 5 (1): 160. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6455825 Note: transferred to Polysoma by Nielsen & Kumata (1996: 48).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF63CDD843ADF6E3FDF3FA59.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia, Queensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: Lectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1055711, NHMUK (London), designated by Dugdale (1988: 71); 3 Paralectotypes ♂, ♀, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Lectotype ♂ (Fig. 519): with the abdomen, [labels verbatim] [1] ‘ Brisbane / Queensland / 29 / 9 / 79 [29 September 1879] ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Lectotype’; [4] ‘ eumetalla Meyr. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1055711 ’; [6] ‘ Acrocercops / eumetalla / 6 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype ♀: with the abdomen [labels verbatim] [1] ‘ Sydney / N. S. Wales [New South Wales] / 26 / 10 / 79 [26 October 1879] ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Paralectotype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / eumetalla / 6 / 3 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406955 ’ in NHMUK (London). Taxonomic note: both Australian species Polysoma eumetalla and Conopomorpha heliopla Meyrick, 1907 are very similar and variable in their wing pattern, body colouration and shine. The habitus of the type specimens of both species-group names is extremely similar. We placed the specimens deposited in the ANIC collection to Polysoma eumetalla because the lectotype of this species, designated by Dugdale (1988: 71) refers to the Australian continental type locality in Queensland: Brisbane. The type locality of C. heliopla is on the island of Tasmania. Nonetheless, we recorded specimens in the collection that we identified as P. eumetalla collected in Tasmania. The molecular data based on long DNA full mitogenomic sequences present clear evidence of P. eumetalla as one widely distributed species across Australia and Tasmania feeding on Acacia spp. Based on the morphological, bionomical and molecular evidence and following the Principle of Priority of the ICZN (Art. 23.1) we transfer C. heliopla Meyrick, 1907 to the genus Polysoma and synonymise herewith Conopomorpha heliopla Meyrick, 1907 syn. nov. with Gracillaria eumetalla Meyrick, 1880.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF63CDD543ADF103FE3FFB00.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Tasmania, Hobart. Type specimens: Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Syntype ♂, with the abdomen, [labels verbatim] [1] ‘ Hobart / Tasmania / 7 / 12 / 82 [07 December 1882] ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ heliopla Meyr. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406735 ’; [6] ‘ Acrocercops / heliopla / 2 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’, in NHMUK (London). Syntype ♀: with the abdomen [labels verbatim] [1] ‘ Mt. Wellington / Tasmania / 1 / 12 / 82 [01 December 1882] ’; [2] ‘ Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290 ’; [3] ‘ Syntype’; [4] ‘ Acrocercops / heliopla / 2 / 2 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll. ’; [5] ‘ BMNH (E) 1406745 ’ in NHMUK (London). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: This species closely resembles Polysoma eumetalla (Meyrick, 1880, and it is here considered as conspecific (see figs of primary type specimens). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorpha + heliopla & se archTax = Search + Taxonomy (recte Polysoma eumetalla) GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore / 529400360 (recte Polysoma eumetalla). Verified specimens examined: ACT: Specimen 1: Acton, 35.2799 ° S 149.1193 ° E, 11 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 6 (♀): Bendora Dam, 35.4465 ° S 148.8284 ° E, ex gall on Acacia dealbata Link, 18 - 03 - 1949, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 022898, genitalia slide ANIC 6291, ANIC Acc. no 31 085625. Specimen 35: Acton, 21 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 36: idem collecting locality, 11 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimens 38 and 39: idem collecting locality, 21 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 43: Canberra, 35.2802 ° S 149.1310 ° E, 24 - 09 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 44: Acton, 21 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 45: Canberra, 20 - 06 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 46: idem collecting data, 07 - 09 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 47: idem collecting data, 01 - 09 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 50 (♂): Canberra, 22 - 08 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023374, genitalia slide ANIC 6295, ANIC Acc. no 31 085628, in ANIC (Canberra). New South Wales: Specimen 2: Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 26 - 11 - 1932, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 5 (♀): Keira, Mt., 34.4027 ° S 150.8565 ° E, ex Pteromalid wasp galls on Acacia melanoxylon, 21 - 11 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023019, genitalia slide ANIC 6292, ANIC Acc. no 31 085626. Specimen 7 (♀): Dromedary, Mt., 36.3062 ° S 150.0283 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16265, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 265 - 11, 23 - 11 - 1965, leg. Common I. F. B. ANIC Acc. no 31 053600, DNA sample NULT 022773, genitalia slide ANIC 6290. Specimen 9: Moruya, Mossy Point, 7 miles N, - 35.9056 ° S 150.0818 ° E, 15 - 03 - 1951, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 10: Keira, Mt., ex Pteromalid wasp galls on Acacia melanoxylon, 27 - 11 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 12: Sydney, 33.8688 ° S 151.2093 ° E, 26 - 11 - 1932, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 13: Braidwood, 15 miles SE, 26 - 09 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 14: Sydney, 04 - 12 - 1932, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 15: Sydney, 15 - 11 - 1932, leg. Goldfinch G. M. Specimen 24: Keira, Mt., galls on Acacia melanoxylon, 21 - 11 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 27: Keira, Mt., 11 - 11 - 1964, leg. Robinson V. J. Specimen 28: Upper Allyn, 32.1614 ° S 151.4898 ° E, 08 - 02 - 1961, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S., ANIC Acc. no 31 075744. Specimen 32: Gosford, 33.4267 ° S 151.3417 ° E, 30 - 03 - 1965, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S. Specimen 33: Batemans Bay, Depot beach 16 km NE, 35.7162 ° S 150.1795 ° E, 29 - 08 - 1975, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 34: idem collecting locality except for the date, 29 - 08 - 1975, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 37 (♂): idem collecting locality and the date, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023499, genitalia slide ANIC 6296, ANIC Acc. no 31 085627. Specimen 40: idem collecting locality, 01 - 01 - 1973, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 075745. Specimen 42 (♂): Keira, Mt., ex Pteromalid wasp galls on Acacia melanoxylon, genitalia slide male Grc 5682, 27 - 11 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B, ANIC Acc. no 114444. Specimen 48: Braidwood, 15 miles SE, 26 - 09 - 1956, leg. Common I. F. B, in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Specimen 3: Toowoomba, 27.5598 ° S 151.9507 ° E, 04 - 09 - 1928, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 4: idem collecting locality, September, no date, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 8: National Park, Lofty Ra Mt, 27.8287 ° S 150.0837 ° E, 1000 ft, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16267, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 267 - 11, from gall on Acacia pycnantha Benth., 22 - 11 - 1951, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053602. Specimen 11: Warwick, 28.2138 ° S 152.0307 ° E, October, no date, leg. Nihil. Specimen 19: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 24 - 08 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 20: idem collecting data except the date 14 - 12 - 1920, leg. Nihil. Specimen 21: idem collecting data except the date 28 - 09 - 1913, leg. Nihil. Specimen 22: idem collecting data 28 - 09 - 1913, leg. Nihil. Specimen 23: Bunya Mts, 26.8811 ° S 151.5976 ° E, 02 - 03 - 1931, leg. Nihil. Specimen 25: Toowoomba, Prince Henry Heights, 27.5598 ° S 151.9507 ° E, 25 - 09 - 1954, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 075746. Specimen 26: Toowoomba, 16 - 01 - 1939, leg. Cormon I. Specimen 41 (♂): National Park, Lofty Ra, Mt, 27.8287 ° S 150.0838 ° E, ANIC slides Wings 11442, genitalia slide male 11443, Grc 5683, 22 - 11 - 1951, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 081114, in ANIC (Canberra). Western Australia: Specimen 30 (♀): Pemberton, 34.4456 ° S 116.0333 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16269, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 269 - 11, 30 - 03 - 1968, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S., DNA sample NULT 023259, genitalia slide ANIC 6294, ANIC Acc. no 31 053604, in ANIC (Canberra). Tasmania: Specimen 16, in a very bad condition, Hobart, Lea, 42.8826 ° S 147.3257 ° E, no date, leg. Nihil. Specimen 17: Deloraine, 41.5241 ° S 146.6529 ° E, 24 - 08 - 1911, leg. Nihil. Specimen 18: Wellington Mt, 42.8900 ° S 147.2300 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16266, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 266 - 11, 24 - 08 - 1911, leg. Nihil, ANIC Acc. no 31 053601. Specimen 29: Westbury, 41.5262 ° S 146.8332 ° E, ex Acacia sp., 09 - 04 - 1963, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S. Specimen 31 (♂): Westbury, 41.5262 ° S 146.8332 ° E, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16268, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 268 - 11, 10 - 09 - 1963, leg. Common I. F. B. & Upton M. S., DNA sample NULT 023134, genitalia slide ANIC 6293, ANIC Acc. no 31 053603. Specimen 49: Wellington Mt, 2000 - 2500 ft., DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16270, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 270 - 11, 15 - 11 - 1952, leg. Cormon I., ANIC Acc. no 31 053505, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: highly diagnostic externally species due to the very strong metallic (copper) shine, and strigulate wing pattern as described below. Wing pattern strongly reminds that of Porphyrosela (Lithocolletinae), but morphological head characters and size of the specimens do not allow any confusion with the species assigned to Porphyrosela. Wingspan 5.2 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.2 – 3.2 mm (Figs 519, 520). Head: smooth, tightly covered by pressed piliform scales, occiput concolourous with vertex, scales tightly pressed, frons tightly covered with broader lamellar scales, the transition between vertex and frons is very obvious, concolourous; vertex and frons are separated by a trench; maxillary palpus short, hardly detectable, strongly bronze shining; labial palpus also rather short in comparison with other Ornixolinae genera, slightly longer than the diameter of eye, directed downwards with sharp apices, strongly copper shining; antenna slightly longer than forewing; fuscous black with silver shining inter-flagellomeral joints, pedicel only slightly longer than the rest of flagellomeres, pedicel enlarged, equally broad basally and apically, with black basal ring. Thorax (Figs 519, 520, 521): copper shining, concolourous with vertex, tegula of the same shining shade; ground colour intense ochreous with strong copper shine, three costal and three dorsal strigulae form the basis of the ornamental pattern on forewing; first costal strigula just before the mid of forewing, followed by the second costal strigula at sub-apical 1 / 3, the third costal strigula narrow, comma-shaped borders at the apical area of the forewing, dorsal margin carries the largest, s, oblique sub-basal strigula, second dorsal strigula straight, just beyond the mid of dorsal margin, sub-apical area bears one or two tiny comma shaped stripes opposing the costal strigula; two oval spots are present on the mid line of forewing between the sets of second and the third strigulae — an easily spotted diagnostic character, apical spot is irregular, more or less spot, apical line slightly of darker shading than background colour, contrastive black dot on termen of apical line; fringe line follows in shape and in colour the apical line with the presence of black stripe or dot on termen. Legs dark grey with silver shine, hind tibia pilose indicating the position of this species to Ornixolinae. Abdomen: tergites dark fuscous, lateral sides grey with strong metal shine; sternites light grey with metal shine, anterior genital segments matte. Abdominal opening broadly arc-shaped, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly strongly sclerotised with attached additional plates at anterior margin, the distance between the lateral sides is relatively big; posterior corners of abdominal opening rounded, no additional structures are attached; ventral crossing joint strong, slightly thickened at lateral sides with thin median part; sternal apodemes absent; tergal apodemes mid-sized, relatively thick, slightly approaching each other at mid and distancing from each other with their apical parts at posterior 1 / 3 of segment II; sternal plate semi-oval present only on sterna I and II; a longitudinal melanised band runs along the mid part of abdominal sterna; anterior segment in males weakly melanised with thin and transparent cuticula; the sternal wall bears two androconial sclerotised rods, placed along the midline of sternum VII; abdominal segments I – VI with strong tuberculate cuticle; abdominal segments of females simple; the anterior margin of each abdominal segment of both sexes is lightly sclerotised or melanised. Male genitalia (Figs 522, 523): Tegumen well developed, long, only slightly shorter than valva, with gently round apical part, teguminal arms narrow, sclerotised, joining each other at apical part; sub-scaphium well-developed, narrow, protruding the apical part of tegumen; valvae, broad, long, densely setose with long thin setae, cucullus sharply angulated, valval basal apodemes narrow, bent, meeting each other at the mid of the genital cavity, playing a supportive transverse function. Aedeagus relatively short, ca. as long as 2 / 3 of valva, with a marked ring separating aedeagus body and vesica. Female genitalia (Figs 524, 524 a): Papillae anales fused, flat, pressed, oval, covered with erect dense setae; apophyses posteriores with broader triangular bases, apical appendages reach the posterior sector of segment VII with their blunt apices; segment VIII strongly reduced, carries a moderately sclerotised semi-ring of the basal part of apophyses anteriores; apophyses anteriores slightly curved, with blunt apices, entering the sub-anterior sector of segment VII, segment VII shorter than in many genera of Ornixolinae except Parectopa, with slight V-shape indentation at the posterior margin, covered with tuberculose cuticle; anterior margin of sternum VII bears sterigma that is more or less triangular with the W-shaped anterior margin; the anterior margin of sternum VII is sclerotised; segment VI is melanised with sclerotised anterior margin, ca. as long as segment VII, covered with tuberculose cuticle. Ostium bursae opens between segments VI and VII, antrum short, cylindrical, sclerotised; ductus bursae rather broad in girth, just slightly longer than segment VI, with a smooth transition to corpus bursae; corpus bursae consists of two parts: the basal half is thicker with melanised cuticle bearing a round spinulose signum, the anterior portion of corpus bursae is irregularly sac-shaped with thin, semi-transparent cuticle. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = eumetalla & searchTax = Searc h + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The species was well sampled across its very wide geographic distribution in Australia (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Western Australia). Despite the large geographic variation, genetic variation between the populations is very minor, and support for the monophyly of this species is maximal in all analyses (Fig. 637). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Acacia sp. (Meyrick 1880: 160), A. dealbata Link, new record, Acacia melanoxylon R. Br., new record, A. pycnantha Benth, new record. Distribution: Australia: ACT, new record, New South Wales (Meyrick 1880: 160), Queensland (Turner 1913: 178), South Australia (Common 1990: 200), Tasmania (Meyrick 1907: 58), Victoria (Meyrick 1907: 57), Western Australia (Common 1990: 200); New Zealand (Dugdale 1988: 71). 28. Semnocera Vári, 1961	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF63CDD543ADF103FE3FFB00.taxon	description	“ Semnocera gen. nov. ” — Vári, L., 1961. Transvaal Museum Memoir 12: xvii (key), 100. Type species: Acrocercops procellaris Meyrick, 1914 a. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 4: 201, by original designation. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Semnocera & searchTax = Sear ch + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Meliaceae: Ekebergia sp. (Semnocera procellaris (Meyrick, 1914 a )). Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF63CDD543ADF103FE3FFB00.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Semnocera procellaris (Meyrick, 1914 a) “ Acrocercops procellaris, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1914 a. Transvaal Museum Memoir 4 (4): 201. Type locality: [South Africa], Natal [KwaZulu-Natal, Durban District], Sarnia. Type specimen: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7153 ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria). Additional verified specimen: ♂, genitalia slide G 7047 ♂, in TMSA (Pretoria). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Semnocera + procellaris & sear chTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Meliaceae: Ekebergia sp. (Vári 1961: 102). Distribution: Afrotropical region: South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal (Meyrick 1914 a: 201). 29. Spanioptila Walsingham, 1897 “ Spanioptila, g. n. ” — Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Grey), 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1897 (1): 148. Type species: Spanioptila spinosum Walsingham, 1897, by original designation. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Spanioptila & searchTax = Sear ch + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Salicaceae: Casearia hirsuta Sweet (Spanioptila spinosum Walsingham, 1897). Distribution: Neotropical region: Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, U. S.: Saint Thomas. Species richness: World: 4 species; Australian region: 0 species. Type species: Spanioptila spinosum Walsingham, 1897 “ Spanioptila spinosum, sp. n. ” — Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Grey), 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1897 (1): 148. Type locality and collecting data: [Virgin Islands], S [ain] t Thomas, 22. iii. 1894, leg. Gudmann. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♂: BMNH (E) 1409340, left wings missing, BMNH (E) 1409348, genitalia slides 6090 ♂, 6091 ♂, in NHMUK (London). BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Spanioptila + spinosum & searc hTax = Search + Taxonomy GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Salicaceae: Casearia hirsuta Sweet (Busck 1934: 172). Distribution: Neotropical region: Cuba, Puerto Rico (Busck 1934: 172), Virgin Islands, U. S.: Saint Thomas (Walsingham 1897: 148).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FF6ECDD543ADF23BFCEFF95A.taxon	description	“ Spinivalva Moreira & Vargas, gen. n. ” — Brito, R., Gonçalves, G. L., Vargas, H. A., Moreira, G. R. P., 2013. ZooKeys 291: 5 – 9. Type species: Spinivalva gaucha Moreira & Vargas, 2013. ZooKeys 291: 10 – 22, figs. 1 – 12, by original designation and monotypy. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Spinivalva & searchTax = Sear ch + Taxonomy GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Spinivalva Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: Passifloraceae: Passiflora actinia Hook., P. missera Kunth, P. suberosa L. (Spinivalva gaucha Moreira & Vargas, 2013). Distribution: Neotropical region: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul State. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian region: 0 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE94CC2D43ADF2D7FE15FAC9.taxon	description	(Figs 526, 527, 534, 535, 537, 538, 542, 543, 638)	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE94CC2D43ADF2D7FE15FAC9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Gladstone Creek. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Gladstone Creek / Charters Towers, Qld [Queensland] / 13 February 1989 / M. P. Ablin; [2] Leaf miner in / Jatropha gossypiifolia / (Euphorbiaceae), DNA sample NULT 024975, genitalia slide ANIC 6238, ANIC Acc. no 31 085543, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 7 specimens: Northern Territory: Paratype 1 (♂): Katherine, 14.4520 ° S 132.2699 ° E, 11 - 03 - 1993, Leaf miner on Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae), leg. Crothers M. Paratype 2 (♂): ditto label data. Paratype 3 (♂): ditto label data; DNA sample NULT 024735, genitalia slide ANIC 6236, ANIC Acc. no 31 085597. Paratype 4 (♂): ditto label data; DNA sample NULT 024850, genitalia slide ANIC 6237, ANIC Acc. no 31 085598. Paratypes 5 + 6 (in copula): Tipperary Station, 13.7336 ° S 131.0469 ° E, 24 - 03 - 1989, reared from larvae feeding on leaves of Jatropha gossypiifolia, leg. Wilson C., in ANIC (Canberra). Queensland: Paratype 7: Charters Towers, Gladstone Creek, 20.0770 ° S 146.2601 ° E, 03 - 02 - 1989, Leaf miner on Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae), leg. Ablin M. P., in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: very similar to Stomphastis thraustica, however, S. dhileepani sp. nov. shows some constant morphological diagnostic differences. Females are more diagnostic than males. Mitogenomics clearly supports the separation of these taxa as two distinct species (see De Prins et al. 2023: 393). The diagnostic differences are as follows: 1) S. dhileepani sp. nov. is more ochreous than fuscous in shading; 2) in male genitalia vesica of aedeagus with broadly dispersed sclerotised invaginations in S. dhileepani sp. nov., while vesica is without cornutus in S. thraustica; 3) lamella ante-vaginalis in S. dhileepani sp. nov. is strongly sclerotised W-shaped, while in S. thraustica lamella ante-vaginalis not developed, anterior margin of sternum VII is narrowly sclerotised in the form of a ring; 4) smaller signum, situated in the mid sector of corpus bursae in S. dhileepani sp. nov. is round, crossed by a coniform or needle-shaped line; in S. thraustica the smaller signum is spearhead-shaped. Wingspan 5.6 – 5.8 mm; length of the forewing 2.6 – 2.8 mm (Figs 526, 527). Head: Vertex dirty white with intermixed prolonged brown ochreous scales in median part of vertex, forming a broad irregular line at occiput; frons covered with snowy white, long appressed piliform scales with silver shine. Maxillary palpus white with brownish base. Labial palpus 2.5 × longer than the eye, snowy white, with fuscous spot on basal palpomere, long piliform white scales intermixed with fuscous scales droop at basis of median palpomere, last palpomere sharply pointed. Antenna approximately as long as fore wing, brown with ochreous shading, flagellomeres dorsally with dark apices, ventrally bright ochreous, pedicel short, coloured as rest of flagellomeres; scape dorsally white at middle and brownish fuscous at apex and laterally, ventrally white, with pecten. Thorax (Figs 526, 527): dirty white with intermixed brown, forewing narrowly elongate, rounded at apex, ground colour brownish fuscous at costal half and white at dorsal margin, with white and dark brown markings, consisting of spots, stripes and narrow curved lines. Costal 2 / 3 light fuscous with slight irroration of dark brown scales at base, short dark brown stripes at median part and a long dark brown curved stripe extending from sub-apical part towards costa, but not reaching it, white small spots scattered at sub-apical part; dorsal margin white, broad, dorsal stripe narrowing towards tornus, white stripes of different length directed towards apex at sub-apical part; apex with black apical spot, fringe line brownish fuscous, followed by prolonged fuscous scales at apex, white dark-tipped scales at termen and tornus forming a double fringe line; fringe short, light fuscous a apex, dark fuscous at termen and longer at tornus, pale beige along dorsal margin of fore wing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, pointed, ground colour greyish fuscous, fringe shorter and darker shaded at costa and long of same shading as hindwing at dorsum. Fore femur fuscous with lighter apical patch, fore tibia fuscous, tarsomeres light fuscous with dark apices; mid-femur brownish fuscous with white apex, mid-tibia light fuscous dorsally and whitish ventrally, tibial spurs light fuscous intermixed with white, tarsomere I light fuscous with yellow longitudinal patch ventrally, tarsomere II white with prolonged light fuscous patch ventrally, tarsomeres III – V white with brownish fuscous apices forming striped pattern; hind femur white with median fuscous stripe, hind tibia white with two fuscous diagonal stripes at apical half and fuscous with dirty white diagonal stripe at basal half, medial spurs white with fuscous irroration, apical spurs dark fuscous, tarsomere I with diagonal white basal part and fuscous apical part, tarsomere II dark fuscous diagonal white apical, terminal tarsomeres with diagonal white pattern on apices and light fuscous bases, tip dark brown. Abdomen (Figs 542, 543): dorsally light fuscous with terga VI – VIII dark fuscous, ventrally light ochreous with three dark brown short diagonal stripes on lateral sides, sterna VII – VIII covered with snowy white scales. Abdominal opening trapezoid, lateral sides of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly strongly sclerotised; posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint thin, slightly concave, double margined at midden; sternal apodemes absent; tergal apodemes S-shaped, initiating at the anterior margin of abdomen, and crossing the lateral sides of abdominal opening; sternal plate trapezoid with broader part situated anteriorly and supporting the crossing joint; the anterior margin of sterna are finely sclerotised; a longitudinal melanised band runs along the mid part of abdominal sterna; anterior segment in males with three narrow, but strongly sclerotised androconial bows; the abdominal segment VI in females strongly sclerotised with a pair of sternal conical plates on sternum VI; the other abdominal segments in females without sclerotisations on anterior margin. Male genitalia (Figs 534, 535): Tegumen weakly sclerotised, bluntly conical, sub-scaphium narrow, sclerotised, with median sclerotised joint, apex setose protruding the tegumen. Valva very broad, basally with sharply acuminating cucullus, which is covered with long spiculose setae; sacculus area also with a bunch of stout setae, ca. as long as the breadth of basal part of valva, basal parts of sacculus folded; basal valval apodemes long, narrow, meeting each other in the mid of the cavity of the genital capsule. Transtilla very narrow, arising as narrowly sclerotised apodemes of the lateral sides of vinculum, with a narrow interruption in the mid of the transverse bow. Vinculum very broad, strongly sclerotised, lateral sides folded; consisting of two laterally fused forked parts; saccus broad shaped as semicircular prolongation of the anterior part of vinculum. Aedeagus short, approximately as long as valva with gently rounded coecum, enlarged mid part and sharply narrowing vesica separated from the body of aedeagus by parabole-shaped cuticle sclerotisation, vesica with broadly dispersed sclerotised invaginations. Female genitalia (Figs 537, 538): Papillae anales small, oval, covered with long stout, thin setae, basal ring open at mid part of ventral margin; apophyses posteriores very short, with broad bases, triangular, reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII. Segment VIII weakly sclerotised, approximately half as long as segment VII carrying broad sclerotised bases of apophyses anteriores; apophyses narrow, with sharp, needle-like apices and broad, rectangular bases; apophyses anteriores reach the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII. Segment VII very strongly, almost entirely sclerotised; anterior margin ends with narrow, strongly sclerotised, circular band. Ostium bursae round, located at sub-anterior half of segment VII, with a broad circular opening and narrow slightly sclerotised band at the margin of antrum. This is the only indicative character of antrum that is not separated in another way from ductus bursae. Ductus bursae very short, less than half the length of segment VI with smooth transition to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae long, as long as sterna VI – VIII, cylindrical with two very strongly expressed signal areas: 1) one very long, strongly sclerotised, lineal signum stretching along 2 / 3 of the length of corpus bursae; 2) a short round signum crossed by a strongly sclerotised needle-like or coniform-like line. Mitogenomic data: The two sampled populations from Northern Territory and Queensland have virtually identical sequences (up to 0.05 % uncorrected pairwise distance) and are maximally supported as a monophylum in all analyses. The monophylum also includes a specimen with a published mitochondrial genome (GenBank accession # OP 012570), which was originally just referred to as Stomphastis sp. isolate D 1 (De Prins et al. 2023: 393) and can now be assigned to S. dhileepani sp. nov. This Australian species is a relatively close sister to the Peruvian S. thraustica (Fig. 638; 5 % uncorrected pairwise distance). Note: The uncorrected pairwise distance is only 5 % when the continents have been separated apart since ca. 200 Ma years. This might be explained by an unintentional introduction with host plants transported by cross-continental ships probably in Middle Ages. Bionomics: Euphorbiaceae: Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Distribution: Australian region: Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland, new record, (De Prins et al. 2023: 393). Etymology: The specific epithet is to honour Dr. Kunjithapatham Dhileepan, Principle Scientist of the Biosecurity Office, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland for his interest in the genus Stomphastis, his support and leadership during the project on biocontrol agent belonging to this genus (De Prins et al. 2023). The species name is a noun in the genitive case that has been Latinised and it is formed in accordance with the rules of Latin grammar (Art. 31.1.1.).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE96CC2443ADF2F3FAADFA81.taxon	description	(Figs 528 – 531, 539, 540, 544) Synonym: “ Epicephala eridopa, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E. Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 3 (13): 385 – 416. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 60297767, [India], Bihar, Pusa, Lectotype ♂, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), in NHMUK (London); Paralectotypes 2 ♂, NHMUK (London). A junior subjective synonym of Acrocercops labyrinthica Meyrick, 1918; synonymised by Yuan (1992: 207).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE96CC2443ADF2F3FAADFA81.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [India], Bengal [recte Bihar], Pusa. Type specimens: Lectotype ♂, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♂, genitalia slide 23993 ♂, NHMUK (London), (Meyrick mentioned 13 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London), in the original description). Specimens examined: Lectotype ♂: India, Delhi, Pusa, Bihar, 28 ° 44 ’ 00 ” N 77 ° 7 ’ 12 ’’ E, 11 - 05 - 1927, leg. Nihil, syn. E. eridopa Meyrick, 1928 a, Epicephala eridopa, 3 / 3 Meyr., Meyrick Coll., B. M. 1938 - 290, bred 5.27, BMNH (E) 1407535, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype ♂: India, Delhi, Pusa, 11 - 04 - 1927, leg. Nihil, bred 4.27, Paralectotype syn. Epicephala eridopa 1 / 3 Meyr., Meyrick Coll., B. M. 1938 - 290, BMNH (E) 1407536, in NHMUK (London). Additional verified specimens: Japan: Specimen 1: Ishigaki Island, Isigaki-si, e. l. Trema orientalis, 28. xi. 1989, leg. T. Kumata. Specimen 2: Kyūshū, Yaku-shima, Anbo, e. l. Trema orientalis 09. xi. 1959, leg. H. Kuroko. Specimen 3: ditto except the date 04. xi. 1959, in EIHU (Sapporo) (Figs Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae). Specimens in Australia: Specimen 1 (♀): Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, 16,8193 S 145,6360 E, 03 - 04 - 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4212: Trema orientalis, gen. slide: Grc- 5689, DNA sample NULT 024692, ANIC Acc. no 31 075856, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimen 2 (♀): Queensland, Kuranda, Cairns, 16,8193 S 145,6360 E, 30 - 03 - 1991, leg. T. Kumata, Host 4212: Trema orientalis, genitalia slide Grc- 5690, DNA sample NULT 024814, ANIC Acc. no 31 075855, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.9 – 7.8 mm; length of the forewing 3.2 – 3.7 mm (Figs 528, 529). Head (Figs 530, 531): vertex smooth, white with golden shine, occiput carries two exceptionally long tufts, labial palpus long, with sharp apex, the second palpomere carries long hanging piliform scales, dark brown at basal part and dirty white at apical part. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, dark ochreous, getting lighter toward apical part, scape as big as three flagellomeres, thick, dirty white with golden shine, with dark ochreous spots at lateral sides. Thorax (Figs 528, 529): light ochreous, tegula, light ochreous with dark fuscous ochreous band at basal part. Ground colour of forewing fuscous ochreous with a pattern of stripes and spots as in Fig. 529, apical spot very clear, oval, apical very clear, strictly following the apical margin, almost black, fringe line interrupted, dark fuscous, might be doubled at tornus, gently follows the apical line. Hindwing narrow, grey, sharply pointed, with long ochreous grey cilia. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi dark fuscous with grey apical halves. Abdomen: (Fig. 544) The sclerotised margination of abdomen opening well connected. tergum II, with gently bent rid, apodemes on tergum II fine, long, slender, with strongly sclerotised bases, distally very fine, straight, terminating at posterior 1 / 3 of tergum II; apodemes on sternum II slightly shorter, with strongly sclerotised bases, slightly bent, thicker, gently narrowing distally, terminating with sharply pointed ends at mid of sternum II. Two brushes of long piliform scales in males are of the androconial character. Male genitalia: Following the illustration of Kuroko (1961: Plate 35, Fig. 9) Tegumen sclerotised, conical, sub-scaphium narrow, sclerotised, apex protruding the tegumen, setose with long stout setae. Valva mid-sized, slightly sinuating, the mid of ventral margin puffed, cucullus with cut edge, inner ventral margin of valva densely setose, basal ventral apodemes long, play the support function for aedeagus, juxta developed. Vinculum small, narrow, saccus very short, just a small triangular protrusion at the anterior margin of vinculum. Aedeagus short, thick in girth, vesica with one prolonged cornutus. Female genitalia (Figs 539, 540). Papillae anales well connected, apophyses posteriores very short, slender, terminating at posterior 1 / 3 of abdominal segment VIII, apophyses anteriores short, ca. 2 × longer than apophyses posteriores, slender, with sharply pointed distal apices ending just beyond the joint between segments VII and VIII, posterior margin of segment VII with slight indentation like to that of S. thraustica, no sterigma except slightly indented line repeating the anterior margin of segment VII. Ostium bursae opens on sternum VII close to the joint of segments VII and VI. Ductus bursae gently widening and smoothly transiting to corpus bursae; colliculum short and very strongly sclerotised. Corpus bursae sac-shaped or pyriform, with a very long anteriorly broadening signal band, sharply dentate at anterior end; the second signum strong hook-shaped sclerotisation at midden part of the inner wall of corpus bursae. Pupa (Fig. 545): length including the body and antennae ca. 3.4 mm; pupal body length ca. 2.9 mm. On ventral side the head possesses a semi-round process ornamented with numerous sclerotised tubercles; appendages for future antennae ca. 0.4 mm longer than the appendages for future hind legs and ca. 0.5 mm; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, legs, wings and antennae can be seen very clearly; the appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, end of abdomen is moves freely; appendages for future maxillary palpus, labial palpus, proboscis, fore and mid legs attached to each other but not fused in a pupal case; appendages for maxillary palpus and labial palpus are relatively long, ca. 1 / 3 of pupal body length; future proboscis is longer than future forelegs; abdominal segments VII – IX ventrally covered with tiny sclerotised tubercles; the abdominal segment 9 is relatively small and carries on the posterior part a sclerotised oval structure covered with tiny tubercles and a comb with uniserial crochets of different lengths; the anterior segment of abdomen carries two sharply pointed triangular processes and two small tubercles that might represent the cremaster; segment VIII covered with tiny but strongly sclerotised tubercules; the genital opening is visible; the abdominal apex is broadly round. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 199132 GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Stomphastis + labyrinthica Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics in Australia: Cannabaceae: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Fig. 546). The host plant occurs in Queensland. Distribution in Australia, new record: Queensland. 32. Toowoomba De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE96CC2443ADF2F3FAADFA81.taxon	description	“ Toowoomba De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940, by present designation. BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Cyphosticha % 20 dialeuca % 22 [tax] GenBank data: No data. Diagnosis: External morphology cannot serve as a diagnostic set of characters since relatively far distant genera as Cuphodes and Epicephala have a similar morphological appearance. The most striking and noticeable character is the dorsal white stripe that narrows towards tornus. The visual evidence confirming the distinctiveness of the new genus Toowoomba gen. n. is found in mitogenomic data and phylogenetic trees based on DNA data (for more information please refer to the subchapter ‘ Diagnosing, discriminating and delineating taxa’). This new genus Toowoomba forms a sister clade to the clade Parectopa + Polysoma. The visual evidence, based on molecular data and presented in Figs 637, 639 not only allows but even obliges introducing a new genus-group taxon within the framework of this taxonomic treatment. Description: Wingspan 6.5 – 8.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 – 4.0, mm (Figs 547 – 550). Head: vertex shining white, covered with a tuft of smooth, pressed, filiform scales, occiput white covered by two tufts of short piliform scales, frons smooth; labial palpomere as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye. Antenna annulated; scape enlarged, ochreous. Thorax: shining white; tegula unicoloured fuscous brown; forewing clearly divided into two sectors: costal and dorsal. Anterior (costal) dark ochreous part occupies ca. 2 / 3 of the width of forewing, and dorsal white part with unequal anterior margin. Costa is dotted with small rectangular yellow dots that are separated by darker ochreous patches. Dorsal stripe gradually narrowing towards tornus, anterior margin of dorsal stripe with small vertical dashes or small waves. Apical spot is very clear, apical line is narrow but clearly visible and equally defined surrounding apex, termen and tornus; fringe line is well defined, gently follows the apical line; fringe long and dense. Hindwing narrow, slightly shorter than forewing, with sharply pointed apex, slightly darker in shading than forewing. Fringe long, the longest fringe, ca. as long as 6 × the width of forewing, are at the basal part of the dorsal margin of hindwing. Mid legs thick and heavily pilose with short but very dense piliform scales, hind tibia densely covered with short but comparably thick piliform scales. Abdomen: tergites light grey, sternites light ochreous with a strong bronze shine, terminal genital segments matte light grey. Mitogenomic data: The genus comprises two Australian species that have rather distinct mitochondrial genomes, and while recovered by all analyses, support is only very strong for NT and CODON analyses (Fig. 637). The genus is consistently and strongly supported as sister to the clade Parectopa + Polysoma (Figs 637, 639). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Queensland. Etymology. The genus name Toowoomba derives from the locality of occurrence city Toowoomba in Queensland. This name is thought to derive from an Aboriginal word meaning “ place where water sits ” or “ place of melon ” (see: https: // www. tr. qld. gov. au / our-region / history / historic-locations / 117 - historic-toowoomba-region-locations #) The genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case. Species richness: World: 2 species; Australian Region: 2 species. Note: No diagnostic differences in external characters can be easily and undoubtfully detected between the species T. dialeuca (Turner, 1940) and T. toowoomba sp. nov. There is no data available on genitalia characters of T. dialeuca. The diagnostic and species defined differences are up to now only in mitogenomic data until a specimen of T. dialeuca with abdomen is found.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE96CC2443ADF2F3FAADFA81.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Toowoomba dialeuca (Turner, 1940), comb. n. (Figs 547, 548, 553, 557, 637) “ Cyphosticha dialeuca n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1940. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 64 (1): 55. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 41572671	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE96CC2443ADF2F3FAADFA81.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], North Queensland, Dunk Island. Type specimens: Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Lectotype designation: Hereby we designate as the lectotype of the species Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940 the male specimen (Fig. 547), without abdomen, representing the species belonging to the syntype series and carrying the following labels: [1] ‘ Dunk I. / N. Q. 25 - 5 - 28 ’ (printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Cyphosticha dialeuca Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Image’, [4] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Cyphosticha dialeuca Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 075717 ’ [printed on white hard paper], DNA sample (leg) NULT 023231 (successful), in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype ♀, without abdomen: [1] ‘ Dunk I. / N. Q. 26 - 5 - 28 ’ (printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher specimen / Smple [sic] ID: 11 ANIC- 16261 / BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 261 - 11 ’ (printed on yellow paper), [3] ANIC / Image’ (printed on orange paper), [4] ‘ SYNTYPE / Cuphodes dialeuca / Turner, 1940 / Type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023 ’ (printed on red paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No. / 31 053596 ’ (printed on white paper), in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with a purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Cyphosticha dialeuca Turner, 1940. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave the preference to the specimen indicated as the ‘ Holotype’ in the Australian National Insect Collection which is digitized by the Digitization group for the online ANIC species portal (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The female syntype specimen is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Additional not verified specimens: Specimen 1 (♂): Iron Range, 12.6866 ° S 143.3342 ° E, 12 - 04 - 1964, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 2 (♀) (Fig. 548): Hope Vale, 7 km North, 04 - 10 - 1980, leg. Edwards F. D, DNA sample NULT 023356, genitalia slide ANIC 6280, ANIC Acc. no 31 085620, in ANIC (Canberra). Note: The micromorphological characters of the genitalia of the lectotype and paralectotype cannot be studied since both specimens are without abdomens. However, we managed to obtain mitogenomic data from the lectotype DNA sample NULT 023231, ANIC Acc. no 31 075717. Unfortunately, the sample DNA NULT 023356 failed in sequencing, so the obtained female genitalia characters of this specimen cannot be compared and matched with certainty with the type specimen. We look forward to obtain more data. Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Wingspan 6.5 – 8.5 mm; length of the forewing 3.1 – 4.0 mm (Figs 547, 548). Head: vertex shining white, covered with a tuft of smooth, pressed, filiform scales, occiput white covered by two tufts of short piliform scales, frons light with light ochreous shading; labial palpomere as long as ca. 2 × diameter of eye, outer lateral side with numerous small round light ochreous spots, especially well observed on terminal palpomere — an easy traceable specific diagnostic character. Antenna annulated with dark ochreous apical part and light basal part; scape ochreous, and strongly dark ochreous, almost fuscous at dorsal anterior area. Thorax (Figs 547, 548): shining white; tegula unicoloured fuscous brown; a white stripe is present on the dorsal margin that narrows towards tornus. The rest of forewing is ochreous brown with slightly dotted pattern on costa. Apical spot is very clear; fringe line is well defined, gently following the apical line; fringe with golden shine at sub-apical part of dorsum, shorter at sub-anterior part, the longest at mid of dorsum and again shortening at sub-basal part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, slightly shorter than forewing, with sharply pointed apex, ochreous, slightly darker in shading than forewing. Fringe long, fuscous ochreous at costal margin and light golden ochreous at dorsal margin, the longest fringe, ca. as long as 6 × the width of forewing, are at the basal part of the dorsal margin of hindwing. Mid legs thick and heavily pilose with short but very dense piliform scales, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of mid tarsus ochreous; hind femur light ochreous, without appraised piliform scales, hind tibia light ochreous, densely covered with short but comparably thick piliform scales, tibial spurs white with dark brown apices. Tarsomere I rather thick, dark brown with small white apical spot at the middle, tarsomere II white with dark brown apex, tarsomere III white, with a dark brown base, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of tarsus light ochreous. Abdomen (Fig. 557): tergites light grey, sternites light ochreous with a strong bronze shine, terminal genital segments matte light grey. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised; ventral crossing joint narrow but strongly sclerotised, slightly concave; corners of abdominal opening broadly rounded, sternal apodemes absent; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, with short appendage at anterior 1 / 3 sector; tergal apodemes are slightly bent inwards; a transverse strongly sclerotised joint, which is bent anteriad, connects the approaching midden parts of tergal apodemes; posterior part of tergal apodemes slightly angulated, apices of tergal apodemes are sharp, approaching each other. A melanised band stretches along all sterna. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 553): Papillae anales flattened, with strong sclerotised basal ring, anterior part covered with long thin erect setae. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly melanised; apophyses posteriores with very broad triangular bases, apical part sinuating, reaching 1 / 3 of segment VIII, apices sharp; apophyses anteriores strongly sclerotised, rather thick, ca. 2 × longer than apophyses posteriores, reaching the anterior sector of segment VII with their apices; segment VII strongly sclerotised with very deep narrow sterigmatic indentation ventrally. Ostium bursae opens at the anterior margin of segment VII; antrum tube-shaped, strongly melanised; ductus and corpus bursae weakly melanised without distinction between both. BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Cyphosticha % 20 dialeuca % 22 [tax] GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The sequenced lectotype specimen is a relatively distant yet always recovered and well-supported sister to T. toowoomba sp. nov. (Fig. 637). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland, Dunk Island (Turner 1940: 55).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE9FCC3843ADF2BBFE3EF8D5.taxon	description	(Figs 549 – 552, 554 – 556, 558, 637) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Toowoomba, Prince Henry Heights. Type specimens: Holotype ♀ (Fig. 550): [label verbatim] [1] 27.33 ° S 151.59 ° E / Prince Henry / Heights 620 m / Toowoomba Q. [ueensland] / 2 Apr. [il] 1985 / I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 023471, genitalia slide ANIC 6281, ANIC Acc. no 31 085545, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype ♂: Queensland, Mt. Spec, 2600 ft., 4 Mar [ch] 1964, leg. I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, NULT 023596, genitalia slide ANIC 6282, ANIC Acc. no 31 085621, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: forewing pattern strongly resembles that of Cuphodes albomarginata Stainton, 1862 and the congeneric species T. dialeuca. The specimens of T. toowoomba and C. albomarginata species when they are placed together differ strongly by their size. The specimens of Toowoomba toowoomba sp. nov. are significantly bigger than the specimens belonging to C. albomarginata. The dorsal margin of forewing is also diagnostic, in T. toowoomba sp. nov. dorsal margin with very clear broad white stripe in which multi vertical white dashes or small waves, while in C. albomarginata the stripe on dorsal margin is absent or just very narrow rudimental; apical part of forewing is diagnostic also: in T. toowoomba sp. nov. the apical spot is small, but clearly visible, black, dark fuscous, fringe line is very clear continuously encircling the apex, termen and tornus, while in C. albomarginata the apical spot is very tiny, not present in all specimens and fringe line is very short and present only around termen. Mid legs in T. toowoomba sp. nov. thick, fuscous, heavily pilose, only apical tarsomeres white and not pilose, hind tibia in T. toowoomba dark ochreous, heavily pilose, hind tarsi white with ochreous apices. Two congeneric species T. dialeuca and T. toowoomba sp. nov. are almost indistinguishable following the characters of habitus. The tiny difference in external morphology can be found in the colour and shading of the hind tarsus. In T. dialeuca the pattern in highly contrasting interchanging between a dark fuscous ring and a white ring, while in T. toowoomba sp. nov. the ochreous shading on hind tarsus is predominant. Clearer and undoubtful diagnostic characters should be looked at in internal morphology (genitalia structures), bionomics and mitogenomics. Female genitalia and especially the sterigma in both species T. dialeuca and T. toowoomba sp. nov. are strikingly different. In T. dialeuca segment VII is fully sclerotised with deep invagination on sternum VII, while in T. toowoomba sp. nov. is with complex sterigmatic sclerotisations, consisting of two symmetrical lobes bridged by strongly sclerotised M-shaped connection, covering the sclerotised antrum; the anterior edge of sterigmatic lobes in T. toowoomba sp. nov. is connected by concave, strongly sclerotised outline. Micromorphology of genitalia structures and mitogenomics as described above undoubtfully defines T. toowoomba sp. nov. as a new species. Description: Wingspan 5.5 – 6.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.75 – 3.0 mm (Figs 549, 550). Head: vertex shining white, with intermixture of ochreous on lateral sides, covered with a tuft of smooth, pressed, filiform scales, occiput white covered by two tufts of short piliform scales, lateral sides of occiput ochreous. Antenna smooth, with annulation, brownish ochreous along all its length; scape ochreous, and strongly dark ochreous almost fuscous at the dorsal surface. Thorax (Fig. 549, 550): shining white; tegula unicoloured fuscous brown; forewing clearly divided into two sectors: costal and dorsal. Anterior (costal) dark ochreous part occupies ca. 2 / 3 of the width of forewing, and dorsal white part with unequal anterior margin. Costa is dotted with small rectangular yellow dots that are separated by darker ochreous patches. Dorsal stripe gradually narrows towards tornus, anterior margin of dorsal stripe with small vertical dashes or small waves. Apical spot is very clear, a comma-shaped white patch is attached to dark apical spot at anterior side, apical line is narrow but clearly and equally defined surrounding apex, termen and tornus; fringe line is well defined, gently follows the apical line; fringe light ochreous with golden shine at sub-apical part of dorsum, shorter at sub-anterior part, the longest at mid of dorsum and again shortening at sub-basal part of dorsum. Hindwing narrow, slightly shorter than forewing, with sharply pointed apex, ochreous, slightly darker in shading than forewing. Fringe long, fuscous ochreous at costal margin and light golden ochreous at dorsal margin, the longest fringe, ca. as long as 6 × the width of forewing, are at the basal part of the dorsal margin of hindwing. Mid legs thick and heavily pilose with short but very dense piliform scales, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of mid tarsus ochreous; hind femur dark ochreous, without appraised piliform scales, hind tibia densely covered with short but comparably thick piliform scales, hind tarsomeres I and II light ochreous, terminal tarsomeres white, tip of tarsus light fuscous. Abdomen (Figs 556, 558): tergites light grey, terminal genital segments matte light grey. Margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, especially anterior parts of lateral sides anteriorly; ventral crossing joint narrow but strongly sclerotised, slightly concave; corners of abdominal opening broadly angulated, sternal apodemes absent, their function is taken by a sternal plate with broadly sclerotised lateral sides; tergal apodemes initiate at the margin on tergum I, without any angulations or appendages at bases; tergal apodemes are slightly bent inwards at mid part and interrupted at mid part by tiny thickened appendices; a transverse strongly sclerotised joint, which is bent posteriad, connects the approaching midden parts of tergal apodemes; apices of tergal apodemes are bent towards each other, sharp. A melanised band stretches along all sterna in both sexes: males and females. In males, the anterior margin of sternum VII is narrowly but strongly sclerotised, posterior margin bears and androconial sclerotised ring. Male genitalia (Figs 551, 552): Tegumen broad, very short with broadly rounded apex covered with tiny tubercules, sub-scaphium is developed, narrow band shaped, with rounded apex, setae-free; anal tube not perceptible; two huge socii carrying a big lateral comb are present; valvae short with broad, cut apices, covered with tiny tubercules, especially dense at basal and sub-basal ventral area; cucullus with an extended and curved apical extensional corner, that is covered with short stout setae, ventral valval sub-apical margin bears broad flap with irregularly curved and dentate anterior part; sub-basal and mid part of ventral valval margin bears a row of spiculose hanging thick and sharp setae, basal valval apodemes are long, a conical dorsal projection near the base of the valva is present; vinculum strongly developed, with very broad lateral sides that are bent into the vincular cavity, lateral sides covered with tiny tubercules, apical part of vinculum tuberculae-free, mid vincular suture absent; saccus very small, but perceptible as a narrow trapezoid extension. Aedeagus short, as long as ca. 650 µm, with a sharp arrow-shaped tip of aedeagus and a broad sclerotisation on mid part of aedeagus; coecum weaker sclerotised than the main body, more or less triangular-shaped. Female genitalia (Figs 554, 555): Papillae anales flattened, fused with anterior parts. Segment VIII, short reduced, weakly sclerotised; apophyses posteriores with very broad triangular bases, rather short, just not reaching half of segment VIII with their blunt apices; the base ring of apophyses anteriores and the posterior margin of segment VIII are strongly sclerotised, apophyses anteriores ca. 2.5 × longer than apophyses posteriores, slender, slightly sinuating, reaching the anterior margin with their apices. Sterigma on posterior margin of segment VII, consisting of two folds, keeping a broad cup-shaped sclerotised antrum and connected by basal convex narrow tape-shaped joint and apical bridge with broad sclerotised apical sides. Segment VII consists of two parts: 1) anterior — consisting of broad semi-conical part with melanised arced posterior and sclerotised anterior margins and 2) posterior consisting of short, broad, cylindrical-shaped part. Ostium bursae opens at posterior arc of segment VII with broad, sclerotised cup-shaped antrum; ductus bursae rather short, narrow in girth, melanised without any supportive sclerotisations. Corpus bursae irregular long sac-shaped, more than 2 × longer than segment VII, with transparent but wrinkled wall; signal area is at sub-basal part of corpus bursae and consists of a signal belt that girdles corpus bursae; signal belt consists of tiny sclerotised scobinations. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial genomes from holotype and paratype are virtually identical and very strongly supported as forming a monophylum. The species is a relatively distant yet always recovered and well-supported sister to T. dialeuca (Fig. 637). Intraspecific variability: type specimens of this species were collected at two localities in Queensland that are separated from each other more than 1000 km. Nevertheless, the mitogenomes of the holotype and the paratype are almost identical. With great confidence we match the female holotype and the male paratype with each other in a species-group taxon Toowoomba toowoomba sp. nov. Morphological characters of female genitalia of the undescribed taxon NULT 023356, ANIC 6280, ANIC Acc. no 31 085620 clearly demonstrate that more species are involved in this clade. We need more material to match the mitogenomic data of the type species Toowoomba dialeuca (Turner, 1940), presented hereabove as NULT 023231, ANIC Acc. no 31 075717 of which unfortunately, micromorphological data of genitalia are absent. We need intact specimens of T. dialeuca that correspond with the mitogenomic data of the paratype of T. dialeuca. So, the micromorphology of the type species T. dialeuca can be studied and most probably new species with the DNA data NULT 023356 can be discovered. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known from two localities: Australia: Queensland. Etymology. The species name t oowoomba derives from the locality of occurrence city Toowoomba in Queensland. This name is thought to derive from an Aboriginal word meaning “ place where water sits ” or “ place of melon ” (see: https: // www. tr. qld. gov. au / our-region / history / historic-locations / 117 - historic-toowoomba-region-locations #). The species-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case and in apposition to the generic name in the nominative case. Taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa: changes within the subfamily Acrocercopinae Taxonomic act: All mitochondrial genome analyses maximally supported a monophylum that includes the lineages Ponga gen. n. + Gibbovalva and Ornica gen. n. + Dondavisia gen. n. (Figs 636, 639). Therefore, we place these newly described genera Dondavisia gen. n., Ornica gen. n., Ponga gen. n. in the subfamily Acrocercopinae. 33. Dondavisia De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. “ Dondavisia De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Dondavisia digitata De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov., by present designation and monotypy. Diagnosis: Following the forewing ornamentation, this new genus falls in the same group of the genera Acrocercops and Gibbovalva. Two markings — dark fuscous transverse stripe and horizontally prolonged patch — on apical part of the forewing are highly diagnostic. The generic diagnostic characters should be looked in mitogenomics. Dondavisia gen. n. is the sister lineage of Ornica gen. n. Only the holotype of the type species series is known and it is not in perfect condition. Therefore, the wing pattern description might be incomplete, but the internal micromorphological characters of male and mitogenomics allow diagnosing this new genus easily. Bionomics of this new genus and its type species is not known. Background colour of the forewing is white with 2 – 3 ochreous fasciae; this ornamentation reminds the wing pattern of the specimens belonging to the genera Acrocercops and Gibbovalva. Male genitalia pattern of the type species reminds very closely those of Gibbovalva lambertiae sp. nov. due to the presence of an appendage on the costal margin of valva. The following diagnostic differences are observed: ● In G. lambertiae sp. nov. the costal appendage is trapezoid-shaped, while in D. digitata sp. nov. the costal appendix is digitiform. ● In G. lambertiae sp. nov. tegumen is narrow, especially at base, while in D. digitata sp. nov. tegumen is broad, especially at base, even with folded lateral sides. ● In G. lambertiae sp. nov. transtilla is incomplete, while in D. digitata sp. nov. transtilla is complete. ● In G. lambertiae sp. nov. saccus is round shaped, while in D. digitata sp. nov. saccus is triangular with a sharp anterior part. A brush of androconial coremata on sacculus in G. lambertiae sp. nov. easily distinguishes both new species that belong to two different genera of Acrocercopinae. Description: Wingspan ca. 7.1 mm; length of the forewing ca. 3.7 mm (Fig. 593). Head: Vertex smooth white. Frons white, consisting of long lamella-shaped scales. Maxillary palpus rather long, slender. Labial palpus long, slender with sharp apex, ca. 2.5 × longer than the eye, covered with pressed short scales. Antenna monochromous, without annulation, pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere; scape enlarged. Thorax: concolourous with the ground colour of forewings. Forewing narrowly elongated, with pointed apex, ground colour dirty white with two or three transverse ochreous fasciae, apical part with transverse dark fuscous stripe and prolonged apical spot — a diagnostic character. The fringe line present, running along apical part, termen and tornus. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed. Mid tibia and hind tibia with a row of short erected scales, median spurs ca; as long as 1 / 3 of tibiae length, apical much shorter, tarsi predominantly dirty white. Abdomen: Abdominal opening triangular with rounded and thickened posterior corners, margins of abdominal opening are strongly sclerotised, anterior margin of lateral arms is thickened; sternal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II convex, sclerotised, sternal apodemes very short, angulated; tergal apodemes, long, slender, straight with slightly hooked apices. The intermediate joint between the genital segment and sternum VII in males with sclerotised structure. Male genitalia: Tegumen very long, broad with truncate apical part and folded basal sides; valvae slightly longer than tegumen, rather broad, straight at costa, and gently curved to broadly rounded apex on ventral margin, a digitiform appendix is present at the base of costa; transtilla complete, narrow; vinculum U-shaped; saccus short, with sharp anterior part. Aedeagus slightly shorter than valva, slender, straight, cylindrical, dentate at lateral sides of sub-vesical sector. Female genitalia: No data. Mitogenomic data: All analyses recovered the genus consistently and with very strong support as sister to Ornica gen. n. (Figs 636, 639). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Queensland. Etymology: The eponymic genus name Dondavisia is to honour the outstanding Gracillariidae specialist Donald R. Davis, who strongly supported the concept of this revisionary treatment, but unfortunately, passed away before this monograph was published. The generic name is of the feminine gender. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE9FCC3843ADF2BBFE3EF8D5.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Dondavisia digitata De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. (Figs 593 – 602, 636) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] [1] 16 ° 48 ’ S 145 ° 38 ’ E / top of the Range / 19 Butler Drive / Kuranda Qld [Queensland] / 335 m GPS / 1 – 15 Nov [ember] 2015 / D. C. F. Rentz. DNA sample NULT 025099, genitalia slide ANIC 6239, ANIC Acc. no 31 085517, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This type species Dondavisia digitata sp. nov. of the monotypic genus Dondavisia gen. n. is represented by the character sets of both levels: generic level and species level. When more species belonging to the genus Dondavisia gen. n. are described, we shall separate both levels of character sets. Description: Wingspan ca. 7.1 mm; length of the forewing 3.7 mm (Fig. 593). Head (Figs 594, 595): Vertex smooth white. Frons white, consisting of long lamella-shaped scales. Maxillary palpus rather long, slender, white with intermixture of light ochreous. Labial palpus long, slender with sharp apex, ca. 2.5 × longer than the eye, covered with pressed short scales. Antenna uniformly light ochreous without annulation, pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere; scape enlarged, light beige with ochreous suffusion. Thorax (Figs 593, 597): concolourous with the ground colour of forewings. Forewing narrowly elongated, with pointed apex, ground colour dirty white with two or three transverse ochreous fasciae, apical part with transverse dark fuscous stripe and prolonged apical spot — a character easily separating this species. The fringe line present, running along apical part, termen and tornus; fringe of mid-length, light beige. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour beige, fringe of slightly lighter shading. Mid tibia and hind tibia dirty white with a row of short erected scales, median spurs dirty white, ca; as long as 1 / 3 of tibiae length, apical spurs light beige, tarsomeres dirty white with light ochreous apices. Abdomen (Fig. 596, 601, 602): tergites of abdominal segments dark fuscous- ochreous; anterior segments ochreous with bronze shine. Abdominal opening triangular with rounded and thickened posterior corners, margins of abdominal opening are strongly sclerotised, anterior margin of lateral arms is thickened; sternal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II complete, convex, sclerotised, sternal apodemes very short, angulated; tergal apodemes, long, almost reaching the posterior margin of segment II, slender, straight with slightly hooked apices. The intermediate joint between the genital segment and sternum VII in males with sclerotised structure, slightly bulbed anteriorly and with numerous tiny sharp ending spicules anteriorly; anterior genital plate with two melanised apodemes initiating at the intermediate sclerotised plate and reaching the mid of anterior segment. Male genitalia (Figs 598 – 600): Tegumen very long and broad with truncate apical part and folded basal sides, a transverse supportive band is present at sub-base of tegumen, basal half of tegumen is covered with long, dense setae; valvae slightly longer than tegumen, rather broad, straight at costa, and gently curved to broadly rounded apex on ventral margin, a digitiform appendix is present at the base of costa, ventral surface of valvae, especially at apical half is densely setose, basal part of sacculus tuberculate; transtilla complete, narrow; sacculus with appendage entering the internal genital capsule; vinculum U-shaped, with equally broad margins; saccus short, spear-shaped with sharp anterior part. Aedeagus slightly shorter than valva, slender, straight, cylindrical, dentate at lateral sides of sub-vesical sector, with one thick cornutus at the mid part. Female genitalia: No data Mitogenomic data: All analyses recovered the single mitochondrial genome from the holotype consistently and with very strong support as a sister to Ornica gen. n. (Figs 636, 639). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Queensland. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin word digitus, meaning finger. The species name refers to the digitiform appendage on the costal margin of valvae in males. The species epithet is an adjective in the feminine gender in the nominative case. 34. Gibbovalva Kumata & Kuroko, 1988 “ Genus Gibbovalva Kumata et Kuroko nov. ” — Kumata, T. & Kuroko, H. In: Kumata, T., Kuroko, H. & Ermolaev, V. P., 1988 b. Insecta Matsumurana, New Series 40: 3 – 5. Type species: Gracillaria quadrifasciata Stainton, 1862, by original designation. https: // eprints. lib. hokudai. ac. jp / dspace / handle / 2115 / 9845	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE82CC3643ADF7AEFEBBFB11.taxon	description	(Figs 559, 560, 563 – 568, 570, 571, 636) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Fitzroy Falls. Type specimens: Holotype ♂: [labels verbatim] Australia: [1] Fitzroy Falls / N. S. W. [New South Wales] emg. / 2 Nov. [ember] 1957 / I. F. B. Common; [2] A 118. Larva, making blotch / mine on upper / leaf surface / of Lambertia formosa; [3] Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher Specimen / Smple [sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16309 / ANICY 309 - 11; [4] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 053844 ’, DNA sample NULT 023143, genitalia slide ANIC 6301, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 2 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): Australia, New South Wales, Moss Vale, 34.5468 ° S 150.3741 ° E, 13 December 1948, leaf miner on Lambertia formosa; Barcode of Life, DNA Voucher Specimen, Smple [sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16310, ANICY 310 - 11, leg. I. F. B. Common, DNA sample NULT 023268, genitalia slide ANIC 6302, ANIC Acc. no 31 053845. Paratype 2: same locality and rearing data, except the date 15 December 1948, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally very similar to Gibbovalva zaplaca (Meyrick, 1907) and indistinguishable by the external characters of habitus from G. lomatiae sp. nov. There are only slight differences in the basal fascia: it is complete rectangular fascia, edged apically in G. lambertiae sp. nov., while in G. zaplaca this basal fascia is narrowing triangular edged from both sides. There are tiny diagnostic differences in apical part: in G. lambertiae sp. nov. the apical fascia is broad curved band, edged from both sides, the apical part of G. zaplaca is with two not edged, brownish-ochreous patches. There are also tiny differences as described below in shading of occiput, tegula, colour of scape. Female genitalia are highly diagnostic to separate G. lambertiae sp. nov. from G. lomatiae sp. nov. in G. lambertiae sp. nov. ductus bursae thick in girth, almost as wide as the diameter of corpus bursae, corpus bursae with signum, while in G. lomatiae sp. nov. ductus bursae thin, thread-like, corpus bursae without signum. The clear and undoubtful diagnostic differences should also be looked at in other characters of internal morphology of genitalia, bionomics and mitogenomics. Larvae of Gibbovalva lambertiae sp. nov. feed on Lambertia formosa Sm. (Proteaceae), while larvae of G. lomatiae sp. nov. feed on Lomatia silaifolia R. Br. (Proteaceae). The mitogenomic relationship and genetic distance is visualised in Fig. 636. Description: Wingspan ca. 5.6 – 5.8 mm; length of the forewing ca. 3.0 mm (Figs 559, 560). Head (Fig. 563): vertex white, smooth, covered with long filiform scales, occiput white with ochreous shading at base; labial palpus slightly longer than 2 × of the diameter of the eye, drooping, covered with lose lamella-shaped scales, apex of each palpomere brownish ochreous; antenna slightly longer than forewing, monochromous ochreous brown; scape ochreous dorsally and white ventrally, pedicel shorter than the following flagellomere, dark ochreous at base and white at apical part, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Figs 559, 560): white; tegula ochreous at base and white at apical part; forewing ground colour white with four dark ochreous fasciae and apical curved band; the first fascia is rectangular-shaped at sub-base, edged apically, the second and the third fasciae are almost of the same size, constricted at middle, edged from both sides, and situated at both sides of the mid part of the forewing; the fourth fascia is situated at sub-apex, narrower than the second and the third fasciae, curved, edged from both sides, the apical ornamental marking on forewing is the broad ochreous band, running along the termen, fringe line is well defined, running gently along apical margin of the forewing; fringe white, long, with yellowish shading. Hindwing very narrow with sharp apex, beige; fringe long, dense, of the same colour at costa and on dorsum, the longest piliform scales at the base and they are ca. 5 × longer that the broadest width of hindwing at base. Mid tibia white at basal half and dark fuscous at apical half, spurs are dirty white, mid tarsomeres I and II dirty white with dark brown apices, terminal tarsomeres dirty white. Hind tibia ochreous at basal half and white at apical half, covered with long, loose, erect scales, median spurs are very long, reaching almost the sub-apical part of mid tibia, dirty white, apical spurs shorter, dirty white. Hind tarsomeres I – III dirty white at basal half and ochreous brown at apical half, tarsomere IV dirty white with brown apex, terminal tarsomere dirty white. Abdomen (Figs 564, 565, 570, 571): dorsally light fuscous, tergum I ochreous, lighter shading than the rest of the abdominal terga, ventrally white with broad triangular ochreous patches at lateral sides. Abdominal opening mid-sized, shaped as a triangular, ventral crossing joint concave, double lined, the first line with broader sclerotised central part, and the second line with broad, sclerotised base; sternal apodemes very short, just sharp spines at the corners of ventral crossing joint, the support function is taken by conical sternal plate; tergal apodemes rather thick, convex at sub-apical part, with straight bases, apices blunt reaching the sub-posterior part of segment II. Terminal segment in males with the presence of the androconial long dorsocephalic apodeme that reaches with its enlarged, gently rounded end the mid of segment VII, and the androconial trapezoid plate. Male genitalia (Figs 566, 567): tegumen very long, narrow, slightly enlarged at anterior part, a pair of long setae present on the apex of tegumen; valva about 1 / 3 longer than tegumen, rather broad, straight at costa, and gently curved at ventral margin with narrowing and gently rounded cucullus, costa with prolonged trapezoid appendix; basal valval apophyses long, meeting each other at the cavity of genital capsule; valval surface is covered with short setae, more dense at sub-ventral sector; several seldom planted long setae present at cucullus and sub-apical ventral margin; base of valva with two bunches of long, as long as valvae, piliform brushes; transtilla absent, but the basal valval apodemes take the function of trans support; vinculum very narrow, U-shaped, with strongly sclerotised lateral margins; saccus round, bulb-shaped appendage. Aedeagus rather thick, slightly shorter than valva, straight, cylindrical, with triangular and strongly sclerotised vesica, an internal sclerotisations runs along the entire length of aedeagus, cornuti absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 568): papillae anales pressed and flat, joint together by their anterior surfaces, densely setose; apophyses posteriores with broad triangular bases and very narrow, sharp apical part reaching the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores with broad, triangular bases and sharp anterior part, entering well into the posterior 1 / 3 sector of segment VII; sterigma absent; the ostium is on the membranous area between segments VII and VIII. The posterior part of sternum VII overlaps the antrum and part of ductus bursae (Fig. 568), antrum with a strongly sclerotised ring; colliculum along all the ductus bursae, ductus bursae, broad, strongly sclerotised; corpus bursae relatively small, sac-shaped with slightly wrinkled wall, signum as small narrow curved line at the anterior part of corpus bursae, a couple of signal markings as tiny scobs present at the sub-basal part of ductus bursae. Individual variation: described from three specimens belonging to different sexes. No variation is observed. Bionomics: Proteaceae: blotch mine on the upper surface of leaves of Lambertia formosa Sm., new host plant genus for Gracillariidae. This moth species is monophagous. BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Conopomorpha % 20 zaplaca % 22 [t ax] (as Conopomorpha zaplaca). Mitogenomic data: The monophyly of this species and its sister relationship to G. lomatiae sp. nov. are maximally supported by all analyses (Fig. 636). Distribution: Known from two localities in Australia: New South Wales: Fitzroy Falls, and Moss Vale. Etymology: The specific name refers to the genus name of the host plant. It is a noun of feminine gender in the genitive case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8DCC3443ADF3CBFEBBFE61.taxon	description	(Figs 561, 569, 572, 636) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Woolgoolga. Type specimens: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] Australia: [1] 10 mls [miles] N. [orth] of / Woolgoolga / N. S. W. [New South Wales] emg. / 19 Sept. [ember] 1957 / I. F. B. Common; [2] A 100. Blotch / underside / Lomatia / silaifolia; [3] Barcode of Life / DNA Voucher Specimen / Smple [sample] ID: 11 ANIC- 16311 / ANICY 311 - 11; [4] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 053846 ’, DNA sample NULT 023383, genitalia slide ANIC 6303, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 5 specimens: Paratype 1: Australia, New South Wales, Woolgoolga, 30.1132 ° S 153.1934 ° E, blotch underside mine on Lomatia silaifolia, 20 September 1951, leg. I. F. B. Common. Paratype 4: idem locality and rearing data, except the date 09 September, 1957. Queensland: Paratype 2: Sunny bank, 27.5793 ° S 153.0627 ° E, blotch underside mine on Lomatia silaifolia, 29 September 1957, leg. I. F. B. Common, ANIC Acc. no 31 075748. Paratype 3: idem locality and rearing data except the date 05 September 1957, ANIC Acc. no 31 075747. Paratype 5: Caloundra, 26.8044 ° S 153.1255 ° E, beaten from Lomatia silaifolia, 20 August 1957, leg. I. F. B. Common, in ANIC (Canberra). Unverified specimens that do not belong to the Type specimens: Specimen 1: Caloundra, 26.8044 ° S 153.1255 ° E, 31 August 1912, leg. Nihil. Specimen 2: idem data. Specimen 3: idem data. Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Externally very similar to Gibbovalva zaplaca (Meyrick, 1907) and G. lambertiae sp. nov. Tiny difference from G. lambertiae is observed sub-basal fascia. It is shaped as triangular in the same way as G. zaplaca. Tiny differences in G. lomatiae sp. nov. from G. zaplaca are found in sub-apical sector of forewing: ● in G. lomatiae sp. nov. the sub-apical fascia is complete, rather broad, edged from both sides, in G. zaplaca this marking is shaped as incomplete oblique stripe. ● the apical patch in G. lomatiae sp. nov. is clearly defined, finely edged prolonged spot; this marking is as two faint patches that are not edged in G. zaplaca. The diagnostic difference between two new species of Gibbovalva G. lambertiae sp. nov. and G. lomatiae sp. nov. should be looked in female genitalia. ● ductus bursae in G. lambertiae sp. nov. is thick in girth, almost as wide as corpus bursae; while in G. lomatiae sp. nov. ductus bursae is thin, thread-like. ● corpus bursae in G. lambertiae sp. nov. is with signum, while corpus bursae in G. lomatiae sp. nov. is without signum. ● larvae of G. lambertiae sp. nov. feed on Lambertia formosa Sm. ● larvae of G. lomatiae sp. nov. feed on Lomatia silaifolia R. Br. Like in many groups of tropical species the wing pattern in Gracillariidae might vary, therefore, species-linked diagnostic characters should be searched in internal morphology, bionomics and mitogenomics (Fig. 636). Description: Wingspan ca. 5.5 – 6.0 mm; length of the forewing ca. 3.3 mm (Fig. 561). Head: vertex white, covered with long smooth filiform scales, occiput snowy white; antenna slightly longer than forewing, monochromous dark ochreous beige; scape ochreous beige dorsally and white ventrally, pedicel shorter than the following flagellomere, light beige, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Fig. 561): white; tegula ochreous at base and white at apical part; forewing ground colour white with four dark ochreous fasciae and apical curved band; base of forewing at sub-costal part is dark ochreous, the first fascia is triangular-shaped at sub-base, edged apically, the second and the third fasciae are almost of the same size, constricted at middle, edged from both sides by fine curving lines, the second fascia is situated basally to the mid of forewing, the third fascia is situated apically from the mid of forewing; the fourth fascia is situated at sub-apical sector, narrower than the second and the third fasciae, curved, edged from both sides, the apical ornamental marking on forewing is the broad ochreous band, running along the termen, black apical stripe situated at the constriction of sub-apical white fascia, fringe line is fuscous, well defined, running gently along apical margin of the forewing; a brush of dark fuscous lamella-shaped scales present on tornus; fringe white, long, with yellowish shading. Hindwing very narrow with sharp apex, light beige; fringe long, dense, of the same colour at costa and on dorsum, the longest piliform scales at the base and they are ca. 5 × longer that the broadest width of hindwing at base. Mid femur dark fuscous, mid tibia dark fuscous at base and at apical part with a white stripe in the middle, spurs are light ochreous, mid tarsomeres white with brown apices. Hind tibia white with ochreous patch in the middle, with a row of loose, erect scales, apical spurs short, dirty white. Hind tarsomere I ochreous at basal half and white at apical half with narrow ochreous ring at sublime apex, tarsomere II white with ochreous apical part, tarsomeres III white with ochreous basal and apical parts, tarsomere IV white with ochreous apical part, anterior tarsomere white with light ochreous tip. Abdomen (Figs 561, 572): dorsally fuscous with dark brown shading. Abdominal opening mid-sized, shaped as a trapezium, with double lined, concave ventral crossing joint; sternal apodemes angulated, connect the corners of abdominal opening with the anterior margin of sternal plate, the support function is taken by concave sternal plate; tergal apodemes slender, convex at sub-apical part, gently sinuating along their entire length, apices sharp, almost reaching the posterior margin of segment II. Terminal segment in females without any sclerotisations. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 569): papillae anales pressed and flat, joint together by their anterior surfaces, densely setose with long erect setae; apophyses posteriores with broad triangular bases and very narrow, sharp apical part reaching the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores with very broad, connected by a ring, triangular bases and sharp anterior part, reaching almost mid of segment VII; sterigma absent; the ostium in this species is on the membranous area between segments VII and VIII. The posterior part of sternum VII overlaps the antrum and part of ductus bursae, antrum as strongly sclerotised broad cylindrical cavity; ductus bursae, narrow, strongly sclerotised with longitudinal furrows stretching from antrum until corpus bursae; corpus bursae relatively small, sac-shaped with longitudinal wrinkles, signum absent; bulla spermathecae situated at anterior margin of segment VII, ductus spermathecae with numerous tight convolutions at the beginning and loose three curves at the end that enters antrum of ductus bursae. Individual variation: light variation in shape and curving pattern of fasciae on the forewing. Bionomics: Proteaceae: blotch mine on the underside of leaves of Lomatia silaifolia R. Br., new host plant genus for Gracillariidae. This moth species is monophagous. BOLD data: https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ RecordView? processid = ANICY 311 - 11 (as Conopomorpha zaplaca). Mitogenomic data: The sister-group relationship between the holotype of this species and G. lambertiae is maximally supported in all analyses (Fig. 636). Distribution: Australia: New South Wales: Woolgoolga; Queensland: Sunny bank, and Caloundra. Etymology: The specific name refers to the genus name of the host plant. It is a noun of feminine gender in the genitive case.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	description	(Fig. 562) Taxonomic act: Based on external and internal morphological characters as well as mitogenomic data we place Conopomorpha zaplaca Meyrick, 1907 in the genus Gibbovalva Kumata & Kuroko, 1988, and introduce Gibbovalva zaplaca (Meyrick, 1907), comb. n. For details on morphological characters of the tropical species belonging to the genus Gibbovalva please refer to Sruoga & De Prins (2023: 99). “ C. [onopomorpha] zaplaca, n. sp. ” — Meyrick, E., 1907. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 32: 54 – 55. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6383133	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens: Syntypes 2 ♀, in NHMUK (London). Specimens examined: Syntype 1 (♀), with abdomen: [1] Sydney / N. S. [New South] Wales / 31 January 1880; [2] Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] Syntype; [4] Acrocercops / zaplaca / 2 / 1 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll; [5] BMNH (E) 1406222. Syntype 2 (♀), with abdomen: [1] Sydney / N. S. [New South] Wales / 18 November 1884; [2] Meyrick Coll. / B. M. 1938 - 290; [3] Syntype; [4] Acrocercops / zaplaca / 2 / 2 Meyr. / E. Meyrick det. / in Meyrick Coll; [5] zaplaca Meyr. [6] BMNH (E) 1406225, in NHMUK (London). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Conopomorpha zaplaca Meyrick, 1907 the female specimen (Fig. 562) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the ID label ‘ BMNH (E) 1406222 ’, in NHMUK (London). Paralectotype: 1 specimen: Paralectotype ♀, with abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the ID label ‘ BMNH (E) 1406225 ’, in NHMUK (London). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose of delineating this species-group taxon Conopomorpha zaplaca Meyrick, 1907. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen indicated as ‘ 2 / 1 Meyr. ’ in the Insect Collection of the Natural History Museum (London) which is with the abdomen, in good shape and curated by the former curator Dr. Jurate De Prins who provided it with the unique QR Code BMNH (E) 1406222 (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included in the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / CONOZAPL (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen with the label data of the type locality and the QR Code BMNH (E) 1406225 is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Unverified specimens: Specimen 1: Queensland: Crow’s Nest, 33.8241 ° S 151.2027 ° E, 04 - 10 - 1921, leg. Nihil. Specimen 2: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 26 - 10 - 1915, leg. Nihil, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: length of forewing ca. 4.2 – 4.8 mm. Wing span ca. 8.8 – 9.0 mm (Fig. 562). Head: vertex white, smooth, with suppressed filiform scales, occiput with snowy white, short, piliform scales directed posteriorly; labial palpus of moderate length, slightly longer than 1.5 × of the diameter of the eye, directed straight forward, simple without any additional tufts of modified scales; antenna approximately as long as forewing, monochromous ochreous brown; scape white with dark brown distal part, pedicel dark brown. Thorax (Fig. 562): snowy white; tegula concolourous with thorax; forewing ground colour white with three dark ochreous fasciae and sub-apical oblique broad strigula; ornamental markings are edged by black scales; the first fascia is triangular-shaped at sub-base, the second fascia with a constriction at the midden part at 1 / 3 of forewing, the third fascia is the broadest with a light constriction at 2 / 3 of the forewing, and the fourth fascia oblique at sub-apical part of forewing, termen is marked by two ochreous spots; apical and fringe line are fused, marked by prolonged scales with dark brown tips; fringe white long, with yellowish shading. Hindwing very narrow with sharp apex, beige; fringe long, dense, beige at costa of hindwing and yellow white at dorsal margin of forewing. Legs white with dark brown rings. Abdomen: monochromous dark beige, the anterior segment with lighter shading. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: No data. BOLD data: Specimen metadata and images, but no DNA sequences https: // www. boldsystems. org / index. php / Taxbrowser _ Taxonpage? taxon = Conopomorpha + zaplaca + & searchTax = Search + Taxonomy (as Conopomorpha zaplaca). GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales (Meyrick 1907: 55), Queensland (Turner 1940: 59). 35. Ornica De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	description	“ Ornica De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Ornix australis Turner, 1896, by present designation and monotypy. BOLD data: https: // v 3. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Epicephala % 20 australis % 22 [t ax] (as Epicephala australis) GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Epicephala + australis Taxonomic act: based on external and internal morphological characters as well as mitogenomic data, we transfer Ornix australis Turner, 1896 from the genus Epicephala Meyrick (1880), in which it was placed by Meyrick (1907), and belonging to the subfamily Ornixolinae, to the genus Ornica gen. n., now placed here into the subfamily Acrocercopinae (see mitogenomic data Fig. 636). We introduce Ornica australis (Turner, 1896) comb. n. Diagnosis: the genus can be easily recognised from the other Acrocercopinae genera by the wing pattern, no transverse fasciae, but white stripe on dorsal margin and two strigulae on apex, characters that are attributed to species of the genus Epicephala, placed in the subfamily Ornixolinae. Long, narrow costal line which ends with oblique costal strigula in subapical sector can serve as a diagnostic character for the new genus Ornica. In abdominal segment II, the sternal apodemes are angulated like in sister genus Gibbovalva, but the tergal apodemes are long, slender and straight, not curved or sinuating like in Gibbovalva. Segment VIII in males like in Gibbovalva and Acrocercops with needle-like apodeme that goes well into the mid of segment VII. Differently from the sister genus Gibbovalva, the anterior segment in males of the genus Ornica, beside the needle-shaped apodeme, carries also a vertical sclerotised bow in the intersegmental sector between sterna VII and VIII. Costal margin of valvae in male genitalia differently from the sister genus Gibbovalva, in Ornica gen. n. without appendage. Female genitalia are also highly diagnostic: in the sister genus Gibbovalva corpus bursae usually without signum or with tiny short linear signum and a couple of scobs (G. lambertiae sp. nov.), while in the type species of Ornica gen. n. the signum on corpus bursae is very impressive: two brushes of piliform sales protrude the wall of corpus bursae; colliculum and distal part of ductus bursae in Ornica gen. n. spectacularly sclerotised by multi-scobination. Host plant preferences of both sister genera are also different: Gibbovalva species feed on plants belonging to the families Apocynaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Proteaceae, and Typhaceae, while species belonging to Ornica gen. n. feed on Fabaceae. The clearly visual diagnostic differences are in the mitogenomic data (see Fig. 636). The type species Ornica australis does not belong to the species group E. colymbetella which is the type species of the genus Epicephala. The linear dorsal stripe and sub-apical oblique costal strigulae might serve as a perfect example of homology of two big tropical evolutionary clades within Gracillariidae that are circumscribed as two very big, diverse, and species-rich subfamilies Acrocercopinae and Ornixolinae. The diagnosis between them can be determined by internal morphology, and the relationships visualized by mitogenomic data. Based on the material of Afrotropical species assigned to the genera of Acrocercopinae (Sruoga & De Prins 2023; present article) which share the same Gondwanan origin with the Australian Gracillariidae the species belonging to the genus Acrocercops can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters of external and internal morphology: 1) antennal scape simple without a flap; 2) costal margin of forewing with six veins, veins R 5, M 1 and M 2 of the forewing connate or approximate at bases, dorsal margin of forewing with five or seven veins, CuP or A 1 + 2 can be rudimentary, CuA 2 might be absent in Afrotropical species; hindwing with 4 M veins on dorsal margin, forked as follows: M 1 + M 2 and M 3 + M 4; 3) valva in male genitalia with one long comb on inner surface; 4) median sclerotisation of the dorso-cephalic apodeme of the male abdominal segment VIII does not extent onto tergum. The species assigned to the genus Epicephala can be diagnosed by the combination of the following characters (Vári 1961; Kawahara et al. 2017; present article): 1) maxillary palpus relatively long, filiform; 2) labial palpus, simple without attached tufts of modified scales, cylindrical, drooping or gently uplifted at apical part; 3) forewing with six veins, veins R 5, M 1 and M 2 are separate, joining the central cell at a distance from each other; dorsal margin with seven veins A 1 + 2 well developed and strongly sclerotised; hindwing with 3 M veins: forked M 1 + M 2, while M 3 is a single vein; 4) female abdomen with extended ovipositor; 5) in female genitalia the opening of ductus bursae is close to or at the anterior margin of segment VII. The further diagnostic characters between species groups that nest within Acrocercopinae or Ornixolinae can be found in the visualization of mitogenomic data. The lineage of the taxon Ornica australis is a sister lineage of the Australian taxon Gibbovalva zaplaca, which is transferred from Ornixolinae to Acrocercopinae in this present treatment. Description: Wingspan 6.3 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 3.0 – 3.5 mm. Head: white; maxillary palpus as long as about ca. 1 / 3 of the length of labial palpus, directed laterad, with sharply pointed apices; labial palpus of moderate length, slightly longer than 1.5 × of the diameter of the eye, simple without any additional tufts of modified scales; antenna as long as forewing, or slightly shorter, monochromous; scape simple, with small tuft of short filiform scales. Thorax: white and tegula; forewing pattern bears geometrical, diagnostic ornamentations; ground colour fuscous ochreous, costal margin of forewing is marked by a very thin white line developing to the first sub-apical strigula which mirrors an equally thin, white, edged by fine black lines of black scales; dorsal margin marked with rather broad, very clearly defined white stripe; apex of A. australis is marked by two white oblique costal strigulae, strongly edged by the line of black scales, tornus of A. australis carries a spectacular black brush; apical spot absent, apical line absent, fringe very short, thick and present only on termen. Hindwing very narrow with sharp apex, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing. Legs more or less monochromous; hind tibia rather thin, but carries a row of erected, spiculose, modified scales; tarsus monochromous without any particular markings. Abdomen: Abdominal opening mid-sized, shaped as a triangle, ventral crossing joint double lined, sclerotised; sternal apodemes are well developed, short, bifurcated; tergal apodemes rather thick, straight, apices reaching the mid of segment II. Terminal segment in males with the joint between segment VIII and segment VII carrying a median semi-ring shaped sclerotisation, and the presence of a long needle-shaped dorsocephalic apodeme. Male genitalia: Tegumen very long, narrow, a pair of long setae present on the apex of tegumen; valvae slightly shorter than tegumen gently curved to broadly rounded apex on ventral margin, ventral surface of valvae is densely setose, transtilla absent, vinculum trapezoid, with strongly sclerotised lateral margins; saccus broad, short, triangular. Aedeagus ca. 1 / 3 longer than valva, slender, straight, cylindrical, with strongly sclerotised vesica. Female genitalia: papillae anales pressed and flat; apophyses posteriores long, almost reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII, straight; apophyses anteriores with broad triangular bases, occupying almost entirely segment VIII; sterigma absent; the ostium bursae is posterior to sternum VII, in the membrane between segments VII and VIII, antrum is broad channel-like, melanised; colliculum very well developed, strongly sclerotised by tiny and numerous scobinations; ductus bursae of different width; the division between corpus and ductus bursae is very strong; corpus bursae kidney-shaped with strong walls; signum consists of two tufts of sclerotised piliform scales protruding the bursal wall. Preimaginal stage: cocoon oval, with dimensions ca. 7.0 × 3.0 mm, not transparent, with some short broad folds (a variable character). The appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case. BOLD data: https: // v 3. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Epicephala % 20 australis % 22 [t ax] (as Epicephala australis) GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Epicephala + australis (as Epicephala australis) Mitogenomic data. All analyses recovered the genus consistently and with very strong support as sister to Dondavisia gen. n. (Figs 636, 639). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd., A. trinervata Sieber ex DC., A. mangium Willd. (see O. australis). Distribution: Australian Region: Australia, Queensland (Turner 1896: 3). Etymology. The genus name Ornica derives from the feminine Greek word ὄρνις, meaning a bird. This generic name is in association with the original combination of the species Ornix australis Turner, 1896, which is designated here as the type species for the genus Ornica De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ornica australis (Turner, 1896), comb. n. (Figs 573 – 585, 636) “ O. [rnix] australis, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1896. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 20: 2 – 3. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 26249563	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens: Not stated, “ Commonly ”; 2 syntypes in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Syntype 1 (♂) [labels verbatim]: [1] Syntype / Ornix australis / Turner, 1896 / type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023; [2] Brisbane / Sep. [tember]; [3] ANIC Database No / 31 087227; [4] ANIC / Image. Syntype 2 (♀): [1] Syntype / Ornix australis / Turner, 1896 / type status assessed by T. Pleines, 2023; [2] Brisbane / Nov. [ember]; [3] ANIC Database No / 31 087228; [4] ANIC / Image, in ANIC (Canberra). Lectotype designation: Hereby, we designate as the lectotype of the species Ornix australis Turner, 1896 the female specimen (Fig. 574) with abdomen, belonging to the syntype series and carrying the ID label ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 087228 ’, in ANIC (Canberra). Paralectotype: 1 specimen: Paralectotype (♂), without abdomen: belonging to the syntype series and carrying the ID label ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 087227 ’, in ANIC (Canberra). The lectotype is designated as part of our taxonomic work to enhance the stability of nomenclature (Declaration 44 — Amendment of Article 74.7.3) with the purpose to delineate this species-group taxon Ornix australis Turner, 1896. This designation will preserve stability in nomenclature (ICZN Recommendation 74 A). We gave preference to the specimen databased and digitised in the Australian National Insect Collection of the CSIRO (Canberra) which is with abdomen, in a good shape and verified by the curator Dr. Thekla Pleines who provided it with the unique ID number 31 087228 and appropriate red label (ICZN Recommendations 74 B, C, D). The locality of the lectotype specimen is verified and included into working sheet of Teams of the ANIC staff and the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae https: // www. gracillariidae. net / species _ by _ code / EPICAUST (ICZN Recommendation 74 E). The syntype specimen, without abdomen, with the label data of the type locality and the ANIC Acc. no 31 087227 is designated as the paralectotype (ICZN Recommendation 74 F). Other verified specimens examined: Queensland: Specimen 1: Gravatt, Mt., 27.5625 ° S 153.0842 ° E blotch mine on Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata Sieber ex DC.], 12 - 07 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 2: without abdomen, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, July, no date, leg. nihil. Specimen 3: without abdomen, idem collecting data, except the month September. Specimen 4: without abdomen, idem locality data, no date. Specimen 5: without abdomen, idem data. Specimen 6: without abdomen, idem data. Specimen 7: without abdomen, idem data. Specimen 8: idem collecting data, except the month November. Specimen 9 (♀): idem collecting data except the month August, DNA sample NULT 022843, genitalia slide ANIC 6260, ANIC Acc. no 31 085610, in ANIC (Canberra). Note: this specimen in the ANIC collection is indicated as “ Holotype ”; however, it is not the type specimen because the month of the collecting activity does not match the description. Specimen 10: idem collecting data. Specimen 11: idem data except the date, 24 - 08 - 1912. Specimen 12: Gravatt, Mt., 27.5625 ° S 153.0842 ° E blotch mine on Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata], Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16281, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 281 - 11, 25 - 09 - 1957, leg. Common I. F. B, ANIC Acc. no 31 053616. Specimen 13: idem collecting and rearing data. Specimen 14: without abdomen, Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, May, No date, leg. Nihil. Specimen 15: Gravatt, Mt., 27.5625 ° S 153.0842 ° E, blotch mine on Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata], 19 - 09 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 16 (♀): idem locality and biology data, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 10280, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 280 - 11, 12 - 09 - 1957, leg. Common I. F. B., reared, ANIC Acc. no 31 053615, DNA sample NULT 022968, genitalia slide ANIC 6261, ANIC Acc. no 31 053615. Specimen 17: idem locality and biology data, 21 - 09 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B. reared. Specimen 18: idem collecting and biology data, except the date 12 - 09 - 1957. Specimen 19 (♂): idem locality and biology data, Barcode of Life, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16282, BOLD Proc. ID: ANICY 282 - 11, 19 - 09 - 1959, reared, Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 053817, DNA sample NULT 023082, genitalia slide ANIC 6262, ANIC Acc. no 31 053817. Specimen 20: Wowan, 23.9082 ° S 150.1967 ° E, Acacia mangium Willd., 04 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 075851. Specimen 21: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, blotch mine on Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata], leg. 29 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 22: idem data. Specimen 23: Yeppoon, 23.1335 ° S 150.7374 ° E, from Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata], 04 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 24: idem locality data, 05 - 02 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B. Specimen 25: Gravatt, Mt., 27.5625 ° S 153.0842 ° E, blotch mine on Acacia cunninghamii [= Acacia trinervata], 17 - 09 - 1957, leg. Common I. F. B, ANIC Acc. no 31 075852. Specimen 26: collecting and biology data, 29 - 11 - 1947, leg. Common I. F. B., ANIC Acc. no 31 075850, in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: This type species Ornica australis of the monotypic genus Ornica gen. n. is represented by the character sets of both levels: generic level and species level. When more species belonging to the genus Ornica gen. n. will be described, we shall separate both levels of character sets. Wingspan 6.3 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 3.0 – 3.5 mm (Figs 573, 574). Head (Figs 575, 576): white but covered by two fused very thick occipital tufts of vertically raised filiform scales, beige at basal halves and ochreous at apical halves; maxillary palpus as long as about ca. 1 / 3 of the length of labial palpus, directed laterad, with sharply pointed apices; labial palpus of moderate length, slightly longer than 1.5 × of the diameter of the eye, directed straight forward, simple without any additional tufts of modified scales; antenna as long as forewing, or slightly shorter, monochromous ochreous with a strong bronze shine; scape simple, with a tiny appendix on ventral side carrying a small tuft of short filiform scales. Thorax (Figs 573, 574, 578): white with silver shine; tegula monochromous fuscous ochreous; forewing pattern bears geometrical ornamentations; ground colour fuscous ochreous, costal margin of forewing is marked by a very thin white line developing to the first sub-apical strigula which mirrors an equally thin, white, edged by fine black lines of black scales; dorsal margin marked with rather broad, very clearly defined straight at anterior margin white stripe that gently develops into the first dorsal subapical strigula opposing the first sub-apical costal strigula; apical area is not defined by different ground colour, presence of very clear apical spot and bordered by transverse fascia; apex of O. australis is marked by two white oblique costal strigulae, strongly edged by the line of black scales, tornus of O. australis carries a spectacular black brush; apical spot absent, apical line absent, fringe very short, thick and present only on termen. Hindwing very narrow with sharp apex, concolourous with the ground colour of forewing, with strong bronze lustre. Legs with a more or less monochromous shade, pale grey with silver shine; hind tibia rather thin, but carrying a row of erected, spiculose modified scales; tarsus monochromous without any particular markings. Abdomen (Figs 577, 584, 585): tergites matte, fuscous ochreous; sternites light grey with a strong metallic shine; three rudimental white markings present on lateral sides of abdomen — a diagnostic genus-group character. Abdominal opening mid-sized, shaped as a triangle, ventral crossing joint double lined, sclerotised, with bulbed enlarged protrusion at sternum II; sternal apodemes initiating at the corners of abdominal opening are well developed, short, bifurcated at the middle, oblique towards the mid part of sternum II, apices blunt; tergal apodemes rather thick, straight, with hooked bases, apices blunt reaching the mid of segment II. Terminal segment in males with the following androconial characters: (i) tergum VIII with a triangular melanised plate, (ii) the joint between segment VIII and segment VII with a median semi-ring shaped sclerotisation, (iii) presence of a long dorsocephalic apodeme that reaches the mid of segment VII. Male genitalia (Figs 579, 580): Tegumen very long, narrow, strongly narrowing at apical half, a pair of long setae present on the apex of tegumen; valvae slightly shorter than tegumen, rather broad, straight at costa, and gently curved to broadly rounded apex on ventral margin, ventral surface of valvae is densely setose, basal part of valvae tuberculate; transtilla absent, but the basal part of tegumen is stronger sclerotised probably taking the function of support; vinculum trapezoid, with strongly sclerotised lateral margins; saccus short, broad, more or less triangular appendage. Aedeagus ca. 1 / 3 longer than valva, slender, straight, cylindrical, with strongly sclerotised vesica, three long cornuti attached to each other stretch along the main body of the aedeagus. Female genitalia (Figs 581 – 583): papillae anales pressed and flat, joint together by their anterior surfaces, densely setose; apophyses posteriores long, almost reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII, almost straight, with slightly enlarged bases and blunt apices; apophyses anteriores with semi-ringed, far going broad triangular bases, occupying almost entirely segment VIII, apical part straight, slender entering the posterior 1 / 3 of segment VII; sterigma absent; the ostium bursae is posterior to sternum VII, in the membrane between segments VII and VIII. The sternum VII overlaps the antrum and part of ductus bursae, antrum a broad channel-like, melanised; colliculum very well developed, strongly sclerotised by tiny and numerous scobinations, occupying 1 / 3 of ductus bursae; ductus bursae of different width along sections with the broadest part at antrum and by the joint with corpus bursae; the division between corpus and ductus bursae is very strong; corpus bursae kidney-shaped with strong walls keeping the steady shape; signum consists of two tufts of sclerotised piliform scales protruding the bursal wall; bulla spermathecae small oval, ductus spermathecae very narrow, entering ductus bursae at the joint with corpus bursae. Preimaginal stage: cocoon oval, with dimensions ca. 7.0 × 3.0 mm, not transparent, with rather thick walls, ochreous or dirty white, might bear a scobination of small sharp dark arrowhead-like sclerotisations or without any additional covering but with some short broad folds (a variable character). The appendages for future antennae, posterior legs and wings are free, not attached to the pupal case, appendages for maxillary palpus and labial palpus are relatively long. BOLD data: https: // v 3. boldsystems. org / index. php / Public _ SearchTerms? query = % 22 Epicephala % 20 australis % 22 [t ax] (as Epicephala australis). GenBank data: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / nuccore /? term = Epicephala + australis (as Epicephala australis). Mitogenomic data: The sampled specimens originated all from the Brisbane area, and the monophyly of the species is maximally supported in all analyses. The species is very strongly supported as sister to Dondavisia gen. n. in all analyses (Figs 636, 639). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. (Robinson et al. 2023), A. trinervata Sieber ex DC., new host plant record, A. mangium Willd., new host plant record. Distribution: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. 36. Ponga De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	description	“ Ponga De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Ponga pinna De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov., by present designation and monotypy. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Diagnosis: the genus can be easily recognised from the other Acrocercopinae genera by the concave tornus of forewing and a dull pattern of forewing, without any ornamentation. Lateral sides of abdomen, differently from many other Acrocercopinae genera are not marked by oblique strigulae; however, one big dark brown spot is present on the lateral side of segments 2 – 3, which is a diagnostic character for this new genus. In female genitalia the ostium bursae opens at segment VIII, a character which is not common but occurs in tropical Acrocercopinae species, colliculum is developed and it is supported by a strongly sclerotised, forceps-like structure at posterior margin of segment VII, also a character occurring in tropical Acrocercopinae; ductus bursae and corpus bursae are not separated, smoothly transiting to each other, corpus bursae without signum, characters that are shared with Liocrobyla, strongly developed sterigmatic sclerotisations (lamella ante-vaginalis) on anterior margin of segment VII separates this new genus from its relatives. Segment VI in females is not sclerotised in Ponga gen. n. while it is sclerotised in Liocrobyla. The undoubtful diagnostic characters separating this genus from its relatives are found in mitogenomics. This new genus forms a sister clade to the tropical genus Gibbovalva. This type species Ponga pinna sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from Liocrobyla pinnatae sp. nov. collected at the same locality, at the same day and from the same host plant by the unicoloured pattern of forewing and the shape of apex of forewing. Unicoloured light greyish fuscous pattern and slightly arched tornus separate this species not only from L. pinnatae sp. nov. but also from the group of species that includes L. desmodiella and L. kuranda sp. nov. Description: Wingspan less than 5 mm; length of the forewing just above 2 mm (Fig. 586). Head: Vertex smooth, frons smooth. Maxillary palpus short, pointed. Labial palpus unicoloured, drooping, covered with loosely attached scales, ca. 2 × longer than the eye. Antenna without longitudinal lines on flagellomeres, not forming any ringed pattern, pedicel as long as the second flagellomere; scape short thicker basally with few pecten. Thorax: Forewing narrowly elongated, with slightly curved apical part, the fringe line absent; fringe short. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. Hind tibia with a row of erected sharply pointed piliform scales, medial spurs and apical spurs of almost the same length. Abdomen: horizontal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II very strongly, double margined sclerotised, joint on tergum I absent, sternal apodemes very short, curved, tergal apodemes initiating on tergum I, very long sinuating, reaching the posterior margin of segment II, sclerotisations on other segments of the female abdomen are absent. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: Papillae anales fused, flattened; apophyses posteriores and anteriores are present, apophyses anteriores ca. 1 / 3 longer than apophyses posteriores; ostium bursae opening at segment VIII, colliculum at posterior part of segment VII strongly sclerotised; sterigma at anterior part of segment VII with convex enlargement; ductus bursae and corpus bursae smoothly transiting to each other, corpus bursae, prolonged sac-shaped, without signum. Mitogenomic data: All analyses recovered the genus consistently but with mixed support (weak to very strong) as sister to Gibbovalva (Figs 636, 639). Bionomics: Fabaceae: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (P. pinna sp. nov.). Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Northern Territory. Etymology: The genus name Ponga derives from the generic name of the host plant Pongamia Adans. (Fabaceae). This genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Ponga pinna De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. (Figs 586 – 592, 636) Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimen: Holotype ♀: [labels verbatim] [1] Australia N. T. [Northern Territory] / 12.21 ° S 130.52 ° E / Casuarina C. R. / Darwin em. [erged] / 7 Feb 1998 / T. & M. Kumata. [2] Host 5739 / Pongamia / pinnata, DNA sample NULT 024647, genitalia slide ANIC 6170, ANIC Acc. no 31 085542, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: This type species Ponga pinna sp. nov. of the monotypic genus Ponga gen. n. is represented by the character sets of both levels: generic level and species level. When more species belonging to the genus Ponga gen. n. will be described, we shall separate both levels of character sets. At the moment, we present a short diagnosis of our new species Ponga pinna sp. nov. from the Australian species of the sister genus Gibbovalva. Externally Ponga pinna sp. nov. is easily recognisable by dull, fuscous brown, without any ornamentation wing pattern, while Gibbovalva species possess strikingly contrastive white broad fasciae. Female genitalia of Ponga pinna sp. nov. are diagnostic due to a parabola-shaped sterigmatic plate on the anterior margin of sternum VII. While in both Australian related species G. lambertiae sp. nov. and G. lomatiae sp. nov. a sterigmatic plate of sternum VII is absent. Description: Wingspan 4.6 mm; length of the forewing 2.2 mm (Fig. 586). Head (Figs 587, 588): Vertex light beige. Frons light ochreous with golden shine. Maxillary palpus short, pointed, dark brown with dirty white patch on basal palpomere. Labial palpus unicoloured golden ochreous long drooping with slightly upcurved apex, ca. 2 × longer than the eye. Antenna uniformly light brown without longitudinal lines on flagellomeres, however each flagellomere with slightly darker apex, not forming any ringed pattern, ventrally same colour as dorsally, pedicel as long as the second flagellomere; scape short thicker basally dark brown, ventrally shining golden with few dark brown pecten. Thorax (Fig. 586): Lightly beige, the same shading as forewing; tegula the same colour with slightly darker base. Forewing narrowly elongated, with slightly curved apex, unicoloured beige fuscous slightly darker base of costa, some indistinct but lighter dots on forewing and light beige apex and darker fuscous termen. The fringe line absent, some darker with white apices prolonged piliform scales at termen; fringe short, darker beige at termen and tornus, light beige along the dorsal margin of fore wing. Hindwing narrow, elongate, sharply pointed, ground colour dark greyish fuscous, fringe of paler shading, shorter at costa and long, ca. 6 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. The fore femur tibia and tarsus dark fuscous; mid-femur dark fuscous, almost black with hanging longer piliform scales of the same shading, mid-tibia unicoloured dark fuscous, tibial spurs light grey shorter than tarsomere I; tarsus light grey except the terminal tarsomere V which is darker; hind tibia light beige with brown spots, hind tibia with a row of erected sharply pointed piliform scales, medial spurs and apical spurs of almost the same length, approximately as long as hind tarsomere 1, tip of leg of the same colour, light beige. Abdomen (Figs 589, 591): Abdominal opening with sharp, pointed posterior corners, margins of abdominal opening are strongly sclerotised, anterior margin of lateral arms is thickened; sternal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II complete, very strongly, double margined sclerotised, sternal apodemes very short, curved; tergal apodemes initiating on tergum I, very long sinuating, reaching the posterior margin of segment II, sclerotisations on other segments of female abdomen are absent. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Fig. 590): Papillae anales fused, flattened, setose, with long strong, erect setae, apophyses posteriores with broadened, more or less rectangular bases, anterior part straight, with sharp apices, reaching the posterior margin of segment VII; apophyses anteriores with broad, rectangular bases, anterior part ca. 1 / 3 longer than that of apophyses posteriores, apices sharp, terminating in anterior 1 / 3 of segment VII. Segment VII with a melanised fold on posterior margin of sternum VII and well-developed W-shaped sterigma on the anterior margin of sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens in segment VIII. Colliculum is supported by a strong, sclerotised forceps-shaped fold. Ductus bursae long, rather thick, surpassing segments VII and VI; corpus bursae and ductus bursae smoothly interconnected, without distinct separation; corpus bursae without signum. Bionomics: The larva is reared from Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae) (Fig. 592) (present article). The mining period is short, starting at the beginning of February. The flight period for adults starts from the second decade of February. Mitogenomic data: All analyses recovered the single mitochondrial genome from the holotype consistently but with mixed support (weak to very strong) as a sister to Gibbovalva (Figs 636, 639). Distribution: Known only from the type locality: Australia: Northern Territory (present article). Etymology: The specific name of this species is derived from the species name of its host plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae). The specific name is an adjective of the feminine gender in nominative case (ICZN Art. 31.2). Taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa: changes within the subfamily Gracillariinae Taxonomic act: The lineage Kallia + Euspilapteryx + Murwillumbah is the sister lineage to the lineage Caloptilia (Fig. 636). The lineage Polka gen. n. is at the base of the clades of the genera assigned to Gracillariinae. Therefore, we place these newly described genera Kallia gen. n., Murwillumbah gen. n., and Polka gen. n. to the subfamily Gracillariinae. 37. Kallia De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. “ Kallia De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Kallia myopora De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov., by present designation. Diagnosis: This genus is highly diagnostic even from external characters due to its giant size, which is unusual in Gracillariidae, broad and apically rounded forewings, without any geometrical pattern, broad hindwings, unichromous legs. As in Ponga gen. n., Kallia gen. n. shows the distal concave dorsal margin of the forewing. The bionomics of this genus are also highly diagnostic. The representatives of Kallia gen. n. tunnel and create a stem gall in Scrophulariaceae plants which is very rare in Gracillariidae with one exception of the Nearctic species Caloptilia murtfeldtella (Busck, 1904), having a very similar biology (Ely 1918; Braun 1922; De Prins & De Prins 2005). Following the phylogenetic data based on multiple nuclear genes (Kawahara et al. 2017), C. murtfeldtella belongs to the Gracillaria clade that includes the genera Eucalybites Kumata, 1982, Euspilapteryx Stephens, 1835, and Gracillaria Haworth, 1828. Our mitogenomic data on Australian Gracillariidae (present publication, Fig. 636) places Kallia gen. n. as a sister genus to Euspilapteryx. Therefore, we place Kallia gen. n. within the Gracillaria genus group. Two globally distributed genera, Caloptilia and Gracillaria, are similar in morphology but clearly separated by larval chaetotaxy, the pregenital segments of the male and female genitalia, wing venation, and host plant preferences (Kumata 1982; De Prins 1985). Here below a short diagnostic table is presented to separate Kallia gen. n. from the globally distributed, related genera Caloptilia and Gracillaria. Taxonomic act: based on external morphological characters (unfortunately internal morphological characters of this species were never studied) and bionomics (see https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 7730034), as well as molecular data, we place Gracillaria murtfeldtella Busck, 1904 in the genus Kallia gen. n. and introduce Kallia murtfeldtella (Busck, 1904), comb. n. For details on molecular characters of this gall-making species on the stem of the host plant belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, see Kawahara et al. (2017: Figs 2, 3; present publication Figs 603 – 617). Description: Wingspan ca. 14.2 – 16.2 mm; length of the forewing 6.2 – 7.4 mm (Figs 603, 604). Head: vertex with a tuft of raised brightly ochreous scales. Frons richly covered with rather long dark ochreous upraised scales. Maxillary palpus very short, thin, slightly longer than labial palpomere II. Labial palpus, as long, ca. as long as 2 × diameter of the eye, covered with rather lose scales. Antenna about as long as forewing, not ringed, pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere; scape covered with loosely attached scales; pecten not perceptible. Thorax: Forewing broadly elongated, ground colour ochreous with some irregular brighter patches. Fringe with golden ochreous shade, rather short. Hindwing rather broad, only about 25 % narrower at base than the base of forewing, elongate, with gently rounded apex, ground colour grey, fringe of median length, ca. 2 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base. Legs unicolourous ochreous, all tarsomeres light ochreous in shading. Abdomen: Abdominal opening trapezoid with rounded and thickened posterior corners; sternal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II is incomplete, the mid part of the joint is crossed by convex enlargement of sternal plate; sternal apodemes very long, reaching the posterior margin of sternum II, rather thick, strongly sclerotised, straight or slightly bent at apices; tergal apodemes slightly shorter than the sternal apodemes, slender, straight or gently bent, just not reaching the mid of segment II; sternal plate strongly sclerotised, thick, Anterior margin of each sternite is sclerotised in both sexes. Anterior sternum VIII in males with parabola-shaped melanised plate. The cuticle of abdominal segments in both sexes is covered with tiny pointed sclerotised dust. Male genitalia: Tegumen about 1 / 3 shorter than valva, with teguminal arms running parallel until gently rounded apex; sub-scaphium developed as a parabola-shaped plate; valvae rather broad, with enlarged cucullus, upraised, with gently bent costal and ventral margins; valval basal apodemes long with additional strongly sclerotised, sharply pointed appendages, forming a transverse support; transtilla absent; vinculum trapezoid, fully sclerotised, saccus well-developed, mid-sized. Aedeagus slender; the main body of aedeagus with prolonged sclerotised appendage. Female genitalia: Papillae anales bean-shaped, covered with long setae; apophyses posteriores rather short, with prolonged broadened triangular bases; anterior apophyses with very broad basal semi-ring, the length of apophyses posteriores and anteriores are almost equal. Segment VII with numerous tiny tubercules, sterigma as sclerotised bow on the anterior margin of sternum VII. Ostium bursae opens at a membranous plate between segments VII and VIII, with slightly enlarged antrum. Ductus bursae long, narrow, not sclerotised, surpassing segments VII and partly VI; the distinction between ductus and corpus bursae very clear; corpus bursae small, round, with a thin melanised wall, without signum. BOLD data: No data GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial genome sequences of the single sampled species are very distinct and form a maximally supported clade in all analyses (Fig. 636). The genus is part of a maximally supported monophylum that includes additionally Caloptilia, Murwillumbah gen. n. and Euspilapteryx, but its placement within this monophylum as sister to Euspilapteryx is only recovered with moderate support by CODON, DEGEN and AA analyses, but not NT (Fig. 639). Bionomics: Scrophulariaceae: larvae tunnel in Myoporum insulare R. Br (K. myopora sp. nov.) and Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd., P. laevigatus Soland., P. peckii Pennell (K. murtfeldtella (Busck, 1904 )) resulting in the formation of a large gall in the stem of the host plant. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: Victoria, South Australia. Nearctic region: Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan; United States: California, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Washington. Etymology: The eponymic genus name Kallia derives from the name of the collector Axel Kallies who discovered and reared the type species Kallia myopora sp. nov. This genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case. Species richness: World: 2 species; Australian Region: 1 species. Type species: Kallia myopora De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. (Figs 603 – 617, 636) Type locality: Australia, Victoria, Mornington Peninsula. Type specimens: Holotype ♂ (Fig. 603): [labels verbatim] [1] Australia S [outh] Victoria / Mornington Peninsula / Bushranger’s Bay / larva tunneling in Myoporum / insulare, 19 – 29 April 2004. e. l. / leg. A. Kallies, DNA sample NULT 025451, genitalia slide ANIC 6242, ANIC Acc. no 31 085518, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes: 26 specimens: Victoria: Paratype 1 (♀): S [South] Victoria, Mornington Peninsula, Bushranger’s Bay, larva tunnelling in Myoporum insulare 19 – 29 April 2004 e. l., leg. A. Kallies, DNA sample NULT 025211, genitalia slide ANIC 6240, ANIC Acc. no 31 085595. Paratype 2 (♀): same collecting data. Host Myoporum insulare R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae). Paratype 3 (♀): same collecting data, DNA sample NULT 025336, genitalia slide ANIC 6241, ANIC Acc. no 31 085596, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 6 – 11: Mornington Peninsula, Bushrangers Bay, ex Myoporum insulare, 16 – 28. v. 2003 e. l., leg. A. & A. Kallies. Paratypes 12 – 17: idem locality and rearing data, 25 – 30. iv. 2009 e. l., leg. A. Kallies. Paratypes 18 – 20: Mornington Peninsula, Point Nepean, 38.310396 ° S 144.681093 ° E, ex Myoporum insulare, 22 – 27. iii. 2022 e. l., leg. A. Kallies. Paratypes 21 – 23: East Gippsland, Point Hicks, 37.796111 ° S 149.283056 ° E, ex Myoporum insulare, 1 – 5. v. 2019 e. l., leg. A. Kallies, in the collection of Axel Kallies, future deposition in ANIC (Canberra) and Museums Victoria (Melbourne). South Australia: Paratype 4 (♀): Kingscote forest, on Myoporum insulare, 5 th Rd [road], coll. [collected] as larva; 10 April 2010, leg. D. A. Young: ex. 26 – 28 July 2010, 35.39506 ° S 137.38268 ° E, DNA sample NULT 025576, genitalia slide ANIC 6243, ANIC Acc. no 31 085593. Paratype 5 (♀): the same collecting data except the emergency date 3 – 6 August 2010. Host Myoporum insulare R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae), DNA sample NULT 022700, genitalia slide ANIC 6244, ANIC Acc. no 31 085594, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype 24 (♂): Kangaroo Island, Kingscote, fore shore scrub near Yacht Club, ex Myoporum insulare, 1 – 4. vi. 2010 e. l., leg. D. A. Young. Paratype 25 (♀): Bales Bay, Seal Bay CP, 35.59560 ° S 137.20830 ° E, ex Myoporum insulare, 27. v. 2010 e. l., leg. D. A. Young. Paratype 26 (♂): Kangaroo Island, Vivonne Bay, 35. 5816 ° S 137.10.69 ° E, 10. iv. 2006, at light, leg. D. A. Young, in the collection of Axel Kallies, future deposition in ANIC (Canberra) and Museums Victoria (Melbourne). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia and Museums Victoria, Melbourne. Diagnosis: Very different from all other Australian Gracillariidae species, most similar to the Palaearctic species Ornixola caudulatella (Zeller, 1839). The gigantic size of the specimens belonging to this species, much broader forewings with no separation between forewing and fringe at apex, rather broad hindwings with gently rounded apices (in other Gracillariidae genera and the great majority of species the hindwings are with sharply pointed apices) make this species unique and easily recognisable just from a first look at the external characters. The proportional size of genital capsule makes the characters of internal morphology belonging to this species also easily diagnosable. Only one Gracillariidae species Kallia murtfeldtella (Busck, 1904), distributed in the Nearctic region feeds on a Scrophulariaceae hostplant Pentstemon spp. (Ely 1918; Braun 1922; De Prins & De Prins 2005). No doubt that the mitogenomic characterisation also aids to diagnose this peculiar and eye-catching species. Description: Wingspan ca. 14.8 – 15.0 mm; length of the forewing 6.9 – 7.4 mm (Figs 603, 604). Head (Figs 606, 607): vertex with a tuft of slightly lifted, ochreous with bronze shine piliform scales, directed anteriorly; two tufts of long raised piliform scales are present on lateral sides of vertex just next to eyes, these scales form a semi-round fan and touch each other with their tips at the mid of vertex. Frons covered with lose rather long hanging ochreous scales intermixed with dark brown, labrum covered with shorter lighter than the scales at frons, ochreous scales with golden shine. Maxillary palpus very short, but well perceptible, palpus directed to lateral sides, gently following the semi-round eyes. Labial palpus, as long, ca. as long as 2 × diameter of the eye, covered with rather lose, uniformly coloured, beige ochreous scales, a short bunch of loosely hanging piliform scales is present at the joint of palpomeres II and III, terminal palpomere with narrowing but blunt apex. Antenna about as long as forewing, flagellomeres golden ochreous with slightly darker apices, ventrally antenna is concolourous with dorsal shading, pedicel slightly shorter than the following flagellomere, with fuscous lateral sides; scape ochreous with fuscous lateral sides, a couple light ochreous thin, rather short piliform scales hanging as pecten. Thorax (Figs 603 – 605, 610, 611): covered with dark ochreous scales, concolourous with vertex, tegula ochreous, concolourous with thorax, however slightly darker at base. Forewing rather broadly elongated, ground colour rich ochreous, of the same shading as thorax and vertex, with very simplified forewing pattern: three light ochreous beige irregular patch-like markings are present on sub-basal, mid and sub-apical parts of forewing; a non-edged straight strigula, exceeding the mid of forewing is present on the sub-basal part of dorsal margin, irregular non-edged fascia with broader parts at costa and dorsum present on mid of forewing and just scattered light beige spots without defined shape and edges are present at sub-apical margin; apical line absent, the transition at termen to fringe is smooth, hardly visible. Fringe rich ochreous, concolourous with ground colour at termen, dark fuscous at tornus, abruptly light grey at dorsal margin of the forewing, fringe rather short, shorter at termen and dorsal margin, the longest at tornus. Hindwing rather broad in comparison with other Gracillariidae species, elongate, with gently rounded apex, ground colour fuscous with light golden shading, fringe of median length, ca. 2 × longer than the width of hindwing at the base, lighter than the colour of hindwing, with strong golden shine. Fore femur rich golden ochreous with loosely hanging ochreous short scales, fore tibia thick, dark ochreous, covered with loosely attached darker scales, tarsomere I as long as tibia, light ochreous, tarsomere II ca. 2 × shorter than tarsomere I, terminal tarsomeres short with loosely attached light ochreous with golden shine scales; mid femur richly ochreous, covered with raised darker scales in a similar way as fore femur, mid tibia lighter ochreous covered with pressed ochreous scales, mid tarsus unicolourous, darker ochreous at outer side and light ochreous at inner side, tip of tarsus dark ochreous; hind femur ochreous, hind tibia broader at apical part, apex of hind tibia covered with lose hanging light ochreous piliform scales, median spurs long, as long as about 1 / 2 of tibial length, light ochreous, apical spurs slightly shorter, golden, tarsomere I slightly curved, all tarsomeres light ochreous with golden shine, some erected short piliform scales at apices, the tip of hind tarsus grey. Abdomen (Figs 608 – 611, 615, 616): dorsally light fuscous, intersegmental areas covered with brushes of light ochreous short scales, ventrally ochreous, intermixed with dirty white, genital segments light beige with orange shading. Abdominal opening trapezoid with rounded and thickened posterior corners, margins of abdominal opening are strongly sclerotised, anterior margin of lateral arms is thickened; sternal joint of abdominal opening on sternum II is incomplete, with strongly sclerotised arms of transverse joint initiating at the corners, the mid part of the joint is crossed by convex enlargement of sternal plate; sternal apodemes very long, reaching the posterior margin of sternum II, rather thick, strongly sclerotised, straight or slightly bent at apices; tergal apodemes slightly shorter than the sternal apodemes, slender, straight or gently bent, just not reaching the mid of segment II; sternal plate strongly sclerotised, thick, with curled suture running parallel the sclerotised arms of transverse joint. Anterior margin of each sternite is sclerotised in both sexes. Anterior S 8 in males with parabola-shaped melanised plate. In females, similar anterior structures absent. The cuticle of abdominal segments in both sexes is covered with tiny pointed sclerotised dust. Male genitalia (Figs 612, 613): Tegumen about 1 / 3 shorter than valva, with teguminal arms running parallel until gently rounded apex; sub-scaphium developed as a parabola-shaped plate, tegumen setae free; valvae rather broad, with enlarged cucullus, upraised, with gently bent costal and ventral margins, the inner surface of apical and ventral sub-apical sectors covered with dense, thin, long setae; valval basal apodemes long with additional strongly sclerotised, sharply pointed appendages, meeting and crossing each other, in this way forming a transverse support; transtilla absent; basal saccular area with strongly sclerotised arms running deep into the vinculum; vinculum trapezoid, fully sclerotised, saccus well-developed, mid-sized, a gentle truncate prolongation of vinculum. Aedeagus about 2 × shorter than valva, slender, with enlarged vesica that ends in an arrow-shaped double tip; the main body of aedeagus with a prolonged sclerotised appendage. Female genitalia (Fig. 614): Papillae anales fused only with sub-anterior inner lateral sides, papillae anales bean-shaped, covered with long erect, straight or curved setae; apophyses posteriores rather short, entering mid of segment VIII, with prolonged broadened triangular bases; apophyses anteriores with very broad basal semi-ring, occupying almost entirely segment VIII, anterior slender part ca. as long as basal part, the length of slender anterior part of apophyses posteriores and anteriores is almost equal, apices of apophyses anteriores enter the posterior part of segment VII. Segment VII lightly sclerotised with numerous tiny tubercules, sterigma is as narrow sclerotised bow on anterior margin of sternum VII. Ostium bursae in the form of a longitudinal slit; a great part of this slit is on the posterior part of sternum VII, but the posterior tip of this slit is on the membranous part posterior to sternum VII while the anterior part of the ostium is not visible due to non-transparency of sternum VII, because this sclerite overlaps the membranous area between segments VII and VIII. Ductus bursae long, narrow, not sclerotised, surpassing segments VII and partly VI; the distinction between ductus and corpus bursae very clear; corpus bursae small, round, with thin melanised wall, without signum; bulla spermathecae situated in segment VII, enters ductus bursae in the mid part of segment VII. Individual variation: a substantial individual and intraspecific variation is observed in wing pattern and size of specimens. The wing pattern is marked by lighter irregular patches, without any geometrical form. Patches on forewing are hardly visible; they are of different shapes, irregular and scattered on the forewing without any repeating pattern. The position, number and form of patches vary within the same specimen (left and right forewing) and among the specimens known for this species. Only internal morphology, bionomics, and mitogenomic characters can serve for a more or less stable diagnosis of this species. Bionomics (Figs 605, 617): Larvae of this species tunnel in the stem of Myoporum insulare R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae). BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The two sampled populations of this species (from South Australia and Victoria) differ noticeably in the mitochondrial genome sequences (about 1.4 % uncorrected pairwise distance), but the monophyly of the species is maximally supported in all analyses (Fig. 636). The species’ placement as sister to Euspilapteryx is only moderately supported (see genus above; Fig. 639). Distribution: Known from three regions: Australia: Victoria, Mornington Peninsula and East Gippsland; South Australia, Kangaroo Island. Etymology: The specific epithet derives from the generic name of the host plant Myoporum insulare R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae). The specific epithet is a noun of the feminine gender in the nominative case, in apposition. 38. Murwillumbah De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. “ Murwillumbah De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Cyphosticha panconita Turner, 1913, by present designation and monotypy. Diagnosis: A highly diagnosable genus from external characters as presented for the type species Murwillumbah panconita (Turner, 1913) below. Broad basal transverse fascia is strongly diagnostic character to recognise externally Murwillumbah species. The second external character that is easily applied to diagnose the genus Murwillumbah is the exceptionally pilose apical half of mid tibia giving the impression of pilose ‘ boots’ (Fig. 619). Male genitalia with broad straight cucullus and very narrow base of valva is diagnostic for the genus. In female genitalia small bulla-shaped corpus bursae with huge sickle-shaped signa, short triangular, with arced bases apophyses anteriores is highly diagnostic. The undoubtful diagnostic characters separating this genus from its relatives are found in mitogenomics. This new genus Murwillumbah is part of the sister lineage of the clade Euspilapteryx + Kallia gen. n., both genera assigned to Gracillariinae. Description: Wingspan 6.0 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.9 – 3.3 mm (Figs 618, 619). Head: vertex with a bunch of smooth piliform scales, occiput with two tufts of slightly raised scales, frons smooth. Labial palpus long, slender, with curved apical parts distancing from each other. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, with a strong bronze shine, scape large, ca. as long as three flagellomeres with a row of hanging pecten. Thorax: light beige, dotted. Forewing pattern is highly diagnostic: geometrical marking absent, in general colouration is speckled with tiny dots and irregular small patches with three irregular fasciae that are distinguishable in fresh specimens from general dotted forewing pattern. Apical spot is not visible but might be detectable, apical line and fringe line are absent though prolonged fringe scales at apex, termen and tornus are darker and contrastively differ from the rest of the colouration pattern of the fringe. Hindwing with sharply pointed apex. Fore and midlegs with contrastive white / dark fuscous markings. Mid tibia exceptionally pilose, carries porrect brush-like scales. Dark fuscous ochreous apices of all hind tarsomeres are strongly contrastive from the dominant white colour of hind tarsus. Abdomen: Abdominal opening broad, trapezoid, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, especially posterior corners on sternum II, they are with two broad triangular appendages; ventral crossing joint slightly concave; sternal apodemes strong, rather thick, and exceptionally long reaching posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II; tergal apodemes equally slender, very long, approaching the posterior margin of segment II. Anterior margin of sterna IV – VI with narrow melanised suture, sternum II in both sexes with convex melanised fold. Sternum VII in males with two brushes of androconial coremata. Male genitalia: Tegumen extended, broad cone-shaped, lateral teguminal arms and apical part narrow strongly sclerotised; sub-scaphium not developed, anal tube protrudes the apical part of tegumen; socii are well developed; valva slightly longer than tegumen, narrow at base and very broad, enlarged at cucullus, valvae appraised; cucullus area with additional extended flap; cucullus, inner sub-apical surface and ventral sub-apical margin carry long, thin, very dense, waving setae; sacculus area with fold (s) or sclerotised extensions; transtilla present and well developed, vinculum V-shaped, fully sclerotised, with strongly developed lateral sides that are folded inwards; saccus well developed, narrow, slender appendage. Aedeagus slightly shorter than valva, tubular shaped, with rather sharp vesica, a supportive sclerotisation extends along the entire length of aedeagus body; coecum short, irregular shaped. Female genitalia: Papillae anales very strongly flattened and fused into one broad ring with narrow and clearly defined basal ringed sclerotisation with long, sharp, needle-like setae on lateral sides; apophyses posteriores rather thick and long, almost reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII. Segment VIII short, reduced, moderately melanised, carries broadly arced bows of basal parts of apophyses anteriores; apophyses anteriores as short broad triangular appendages. Apophyses anteriores are significantly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Sterigmatic sclerotisations on sternum VII absent. Ostium bursae opens in the membrane between segments VII and VIII (in most cases invisible due to the non-transparency of the cuticle of segments VII and VIII); antrum differs morphologically from ductus bursae, ductus bursae is very long, corpus bursae is situated in anterior abdominal segments. The transition between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is very strongly distinct. Corpus bursae bulla-shaped, with thick squamous wall and two strongly shaped, sclerotised signa. Bulla seminalis situated close to anterior margin of segment VII, enters ductus bursae with several convolutions. Mitogenomic data: The mitochondrial genome sequences of the single sampled species form a maximally supported clade in all analyses (Fig. 636). The genus is part of a maximally supported monophylum that includes additionally Caloptilia, Kallia gen. n. and Euspilateryx, but its placement within this monophylum as sister to the clade Euspilapteryx + Kallia gen. n. is only recovered with moderate support by CODON, DEGEN and AA analyses, but not NT (Fig. 639). BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 370219 GenBank data: No data. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: New South Wales, Queensland. Etymology. The genus name Murwillumbah derives from the locality of occurrence Murwillumbah town in New South Wales. This name is derived from an Aboriginal term meaning a “ good campsite ” (see: https: // www. murwillumbahhistoricalsociety. org. au / murwillumbah. htm). The genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in nominative case. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species. Type species: Murwillumbah panconita (Turner, 1913), comb. n. (Figs 618 – 631, 636) “ Cyphosticha panconita, n. sp. ” — Turner, A. J., 1913. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 187. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6407216	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: [Australia] Q. [ueensland], Brisbane. Type specimens: Type in the coll. Turner, (♂ and ♀), number not stated, “ A long series ”, coll. Turner, in ANIC (Canberra). Specimens examined: Holotype ♂ (Fig. 618), [1] ‘ Brisbane / 10 - 3 - 04 ’ (printed on light beige paper), [2] ‘ Cyphosticha panconita Turn. ’ (handwritten in black Indian ink on a beige paper), [3] ‘ ANIC Image’, [4] ‘ HOLOTYPE / Cyphosticha panconita Turn. ’ (the word Holotype printed, the species name handwritten in black Indian ink on a red hard carton paper), [5] ‘ ANIC Database No / 31 074442 ’ [printed on white paper], in ANIC (Canberra). Paratype 1 (♀): New South Wales: Murwillumbah, 28.3274 ° S 153.3958 ° E, 22 - 12 - 1912, leg. Nihil, ID: 31 053766, DNA sample NULT 023444, genitalia slide ANIC 6265. Paratype 2 (♂) (Fig. 619): Queensland: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, 24 - 03 - 1904, DNA voucher specimen, Sample ID: 11 ANIC- 16149, BOLD Proc ID: ANICY 149 - 11, leg. Nihil, DNA sample NULT 023204, genitalia slide ANIC 6263, ANIC Acc. no 31 053765. Paratype 3 (♀): Kuranda, Townsville, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E, November 1905, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 4 (♀): Kuranda, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E September 1906, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 5: Kuranda, Cairns, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E, no date, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 6: Kuranda, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E, September 1906, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 7: Ditto label data except the date October 1906, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 8: Ditto label data. Paratype 9 (♂): Same locality data, no date, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 10: Same locality data, October 1905, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P. Paratype 11 & 12: Same locality data, no date, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P., in ANIC (Canberra). Additional verified specimens: Queensland: Specimen 1: Brisbane, 27.4705 ° S 153.0260 ° E, without abdomen, September, no precise data, leg. Nihil. Specimen 2 (♀): Rockhampton, The Caves, 23.3786 ° S 150.5089 ° E, 01 - 04 - 1948, leg. Common I. F. B., DNA sample NULT 023329, genitalia slide ANIC 6264, ANIC Acc. no 31 085611. Specimen 3 & 4: Kuranda, 16.8193 ° S 145.6360 ° E, October 1906, without abdomen, leg. Dodd F. P., in ANIC (Canberra). Morphological diagnostic characterisation: Highly diagnosable species based from external characters as presented below. Wingspan 6.0 – 7.0 mm; length of the forewing 2.9 – 3.3 mm (Figs 618, 619). Head (Figs 620 – 623): vertex with a bunch of smooth piliform light beige scales with a light intermixture of fuscous ochreous scales at occiput and at lateral sides of vertex, occiput with two tufts of slightly raised beige scales intermixed with fuscous ochreous, frons light beige smooth. Labial palpus long, slender, with curved apical parts distancing from each other, beige, basal palpomere brown at base with brightly yellow apical part. Antenna slightly longer than forewing, with a strong bronze shine, scape large, ca. as long as three flagellomeres with a row of hanging light beige pecten. Thorax (Figs 618, 619, 624): light beige, dotted with ochreous fuscous. Forewing pattern is highly diagnostic: no any geometrical marking, in general colouration is light, speckled with tiny dots and irregular small ochreous fuscous patches with three irregular fasciae that are distinguishable in fresh specimens from general dotted forewing pattern. Apical spot is not visible but might be detectable, since apical part of forewing is covered with dark ochreous fuscous scales, apical line and fringe line are also absent though prolonged fringe scales at apex, termen and tornus brown, significantly darker than the light grey colour of forewing and hindwing fringe. Hindwing with sharply pointed apex, dark grey. Fore and midlegs with contrastive white / dark fuscous markings. Mid tibia exceptionally pilose, carries porrect brush-like scales. Dark fuscous ochreous apices of all hind tarsomeres are strongly contrastive from the dominant white colour of hind tarsus. Abdomen (Figs 630, 631): tergites ochreous with light bronze shine, sternites light grey with a very strong silver shine, genital segments yellow-ochreous, matte. Abdominal opening broad, trapezoid, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, especially posterior corners on sternum II, they are with two broad triangular appendages, strengthening the bases of sternal apodemes; ventral crossing joint very thick with rough unequal margins, slightly concave; sternal apodemes strong, rather thick, and exceptionally long reaching posterior 1 / 3 of sternum II, apices straight, gently blunt; tergal apodemes initiate at mid part of tergum I, with slightly bent bases approaching each other; the main part of tergal apodemes equally slender; tergal apodemes very long, just not reaching but approaching close to posterior margin of segment II, the most anterior part of tergal apodemes is not well perceptible since they are hidden under the thick cuticle of sternum II. Mid part of all abdominal segments is stronger melanised in both sexes, anterior margin of sterna IV – VI with narrow melanised suture, sternum II in both sexes with convex melanised fold. Sternum VII in males with extended androconial protrusions and narrow bands; two bunches, consisting of two contrastive brushes of androconial coremata are present in males: a brush with long light beige piliform coremata and the second brush with shorter dark brown, almost black thicker and tighter piliform coremata. Male genitalia (Figs 625, 626): Tegumen extended, broad cone-shaped with gently rounded apex, lateral teguminal arms and apical part narrow but very strongly sclerotised forming a prolonged arc; sub-scaphium not developed, anal tube broad cylindrical shaped, with cut apex, significantly protruding the apical part of tegumen; two huge socii, broad, curved, tape-shaped with sharp apices are well developed; valva slightly longer than tegumen, narrow at base and very broad, enlarged at cucullus, valvae appraised, with more or less straight costal margin and curved, almost semi-round ventral margin; cucullus area horizontally cut with additional extended flap gently following the cucullar margin; cucullus, inner sub-apical surface and ventral sub-apical margin carry long, thin, very dense, waving setae; sacculus area with two triangular, very long, sharply pointed folds, a strong, long sharp, irregularly shaped sclerotisation extends from sacculus toward vinculum forming a frame of basal lateral vincular support; transtilla present and well developed, consisting of joint connecting prolonged valval basal apodemes and two long extensions reaching the basal part of vinculum, vinculum V-shaped, fully sclerotised, without mid suture, but strongly developed lateral sides that are folded inwards; saccus well developed, as long as about half of length of valva, narrow, slender appendage with gently blunt apex. Aedeagus slightly shorter than valva, tubular shaped, with rather sharp vesica, a supportive sclerotisation extends along the entire length of aedeagus body; coecum short, irregularly shaped. Female genitalia (Figs 627 – 629): Papillae anales strongly flattened and fused into one broad round circle with narrow and clearly defined basal ringed sclerotisation; anterior margin of papillae anales flat, tuberculose, carrying short erect setae, lateral sides of papillae anales carry long, sharp, needle-like setae; apophyses posteriores rather thick and long, almost reaching the anterior margin of segment VIII with gently rounded apices. Segment VIII short, reduced, moderately melanised, carries broadly arced bows of basal parts of apophyses anteriores; apophyses anteriores as short broad triangular appendages, entering the posterior margin of segment VII, with gently rounded apices; apophyses anteriores are significantly shorter than apophyses posteriores. Segment VII short trapezoid shaped, posterior margin only slightly narrower than anterior margin; posterior margin with tuberculate sclerotisation. Sterigmatic sclerotisations on sternum VII absent. Ostium bursae opens in the membrane between segments VII and VIII as a sclerotised ring that forms a anterior part of short melanised antrum; antrum at the connection with ductus bursae narrow, drop-shaped, ductus bursae initiates with a swelling which is situated at mid of segment VII, then continues as a very long narrow melanised canal with several loops and turns at the entrance to corpus bursae; the length of ductus bursae is about twice of the length of segments VII + VIII. The transition between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is very strongly distinct. Corpus bursae round, bulla-shaped, with thick squamous wall; two very big, sharp, sickle-shaped signa are situated at the basal part of corpus bursae just at sides of the entrance of ductus bursae. Bulla seminalis is rectangularly shaped, situated close to anterior margin of segment VII, enters ductus bursae with four convolutions. BOLD data: https: // boldsystems. org / index. php / TaxBrowser _ TaxonPage? taxid = 370219 GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The monophyly of the species is maximally supported in all analyses (Fig. 636), but its placement as sister to the clade Kallia gen. n. + Euspilapteryx is only moderately supported (see genus above; Fig. 639). Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australia: New South Wales, Queensland (Turner 1913: 187). 39. Polka De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FE8FCC0043ADF51BFCE5FF49.taxon	description	“ Polka De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, gen. n. ” — original citation. Type species: Polka commoni De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov., by present designation and monotypy. Diagnosis: Highly diagnosable genus from external characters as presented for the type species Polka commoni sp. nov. below. The peculiar wing pattern with two bright yellow dots on forewing makes this genus distinctive even from external characters. The main generic differences need to be searched in the molecular data. The lineage Polka gen. n. forms a basal clade for the rest of the treated Australian Gracillariinae genera: Caloptilia + Ornica gen. n. clade. Description: Wingspan ca. 6.0 – 6.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.1 mm (Fig. 632). Head: vertex covered with pressed piliform scales; occiput with two rather small tufts; frons smooth covered by pressed dark ochreous scales, labial palpus short, erected, with sharp apex; labial palpus light ochreous, significantly lighter than frons, upturned, darker at apical part. Antenna dark; pedicel shorter and thicker than the second flagellomere; scape tube-shaped, enlarged, as large as ca. three flagellomeres. Thorax: dark, tegula concolourous with thorax; forewing slightly narrowing at apical part; ground colour dark with, eye catching spots, fringe line fused with fringe at apex, termen and tornus. Hindwing narrow, with sharp apex. Forelegs dark, mid tibia strongly thicken, covered with long piliform scales, tibial spurs ca, as long as 1 / 3 of mid tibia; hind tibia bears a row of erect stout scales, tarsi monochromous. Abdomen: dorsally brown fuscous with metal shine, ventrally sternites of lighter shading with stronger metal lustre. Abdominal opening broad, arc-shaped, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, especially lateral and anterior margins on sternum II, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint sclerotised only at lateral parts; the ventral joint of abdominal opening is doubled by a sclerotised anterior margin of abdominal plate that is slightly convex in the middle; abdominal segments without any sclerotisations, abdominal cuticle tuberculose. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia: Papillae anales strongly flattened. Apophyses posteriores with broad basal part, anterior part thick with blunt apices, entering the mid sector of segment VIII. Segment VIII, with a semi-circular sclerotised ring forming the bases of apophyses anteriores; anterior part of apophyses anteriores ca. 2 × longer than apophyses posteriores. Sterigmatic sclerotisations on sternum VII absent. Ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior part of sternum VII; antrum small cup-shaped, colliculum long, extending segment VII, well-sclerotised; ductus bursae long, 3 × longer than the length of the segment VII; the distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is very clear. Corpus bursae small, oval shaped with huge signum, occupying entirely the surface of corpus bursae. BOLD data: No data. GenBank data: No data. Mitogenomic data: The single mitochondrial genome sequence obtained from the holotype of the type species of this genus is very distinct from all other sequences and placed with maximum support in all analyses as a sister to all other Gracillariinae sequenced. Bionomics: No data. Distribution: Australian Region: Australia: New South Wales: Batemans Bay and Church Point. Etymology: The genus name Polka derives from the design pattern consisting of an array of large filled dots of the same size. This polka dot design strongly resembles the forewing pattern of the type species Polka commoni sp. nov. The genus-group name is a noun of the feminine gender in nominative case. Species richness: World: 1 species; Australian Region: 1 species.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEBBCC1E43ADF673FD0FFF01.taxon	description	(Figs 632 – 635, 636) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Batemans Bay. Type specimens: Holotype ♀ (Fig. 632): [labels verbatim] [1] Depot Beach / 16 km NE of / Batemans Bay / N. S. W. [New South Wales] / 28 Dec. [ember] 1975 / I. F. B. Common. DNA sample NULT 023611, genitalia slide ANIC 6297, ANIC Acc. no 31 085629, in ANIC (Canberra). Paratypes 2 specimens: Paratype 1 (♀): New South Wales, Church Point, 33.6458 ° S 151.2841 ° E, 03 - 05 - 1959, leg. Common I. F. B. Paratype 2 (♀): the same collecting data as for paratype 1, in ANIC (Canberra). Type depository: Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Diagnosis: Highly distinctive species with the dark ochreous ground colour of forewings with a light pink lustre and two bright yellow spots, one at sub-apical part on the costal margin, the second at mid the dorsal margin of the forewing. Very easily diagnosable based on external habitus characters. Female genitalia are also highly diagnostic due to a huge signum occupying almost entirely the wall of the corpus bursae. Mitogenomic data are diagnostic as well. Description: Wingspan ca. 6.0 – 6.2 mm; length of the forewing 2.8 – 3.1 mm (Fig. 632). Head: vertex covered with pressed dark ochreous with strong copper shine piliform scales; occiput with two rather small tufts of short dark ochreous scales directed posteriorly; frons smooth covered by pressed dark ochreous with rather strong pink shine scales, labial palpus short, erected, matte, light ochreous with dark ochreous apex; labial palpus light ochreous, significantly lighter than frons, upturned, darker at apical part. Antenna ochreous with intermixture of dark fuscous at dorsal side; pedicel shorter and thicker than the second flagellomere, dark ochreous; scape straight tube-shaped, enlarged, as large as ca. three flagellomeres, dark ochreous, with strong copper shine, pecten not perceptible. Thorax (Fig. 632): dark ochreous with pink shine, tegula concolourous with thorax; forewing slightly narrowing at apical part; ground colour solid dark ochreous, two, bright, eye-catching spots are present on each forewing, at sub-apical part on costal margin and at mid part on dorsal margin; apical spot absent, apical line absent, fringe at apex, termen and tornus is dark ochreous, significantly darker than at dorsal margin. Hindwing narrow, with sharp apex, dark brown, with light bronze shine, fringe is much lighter than the colouration of forewing of median length, light ochreous, matte. Forelegs dark ochreous, mid tibia strongly thicken, dark ochreous, covered with long piliform scales, tibial spurs dark ochrous, mid tarsus lighter is colouration than tibia, with light bronze shine; hind tibia copper shining, bearing a row of erect stout scales, hind tarsus unicolourous with strong bronze metal shine. Abdomen (Fig. 635): dorsally brown fuscous with metal shine, ventrally sternites of lighter shading with stronger metal lustre. Abdominal opening broad, arc-shaped, margins of abdominal opening on sternum II broadly and strongly sclerotised, especially lateral and anterior margins on sternum II, posterior corners of abdominal opening gently rounded; ventral crossing joint sclerotised only at lateral parts; the ventral joint of abdominal opening is doubled by a sclerotised anterior margin of abdominal plate that is slightly convex in the middle; sternal apodemes not developed; tergal apodemes follow the lateral margin of abdominal opening, slightly bent, slender with sharp apices, enter the mid of sternal plate; abdominal segments without any sclerotisations, abdominal cuticle tuberculose. Male genitalia: No data. Female genitalia (Figs 633 – 634): Papillae anales strongly flattened and fused, covered with setae of different lengths, shorter in mid part and longer, erect, sharp at the lateral sides. Apophyses posteriores with broad basal part, anterior part thick with blunt apices, entering the mid sector of segment VIII. Segment VIII, moderately melanised, carries a semi-circular sclerotised ring of the bases of apophyses anteriores; the anterior part of apophyses anteriores ca. 2 × longer than apophyses posteriores; apophyses anteriores are slender, with sharp apices that reach the mid sector of segment VII. Sterigmatic sclerotisations on sternum VII absent. Ostium bursae opens at sub-posterior part of sternum VII; antrum small cup-shaped with sclerotised margins, colliculum long, extending segment VII, well-sclerotised; ductus bursae long, 3 × longer than the length of the segment VII, broad; the distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae is strict. Corpus bursae small, oval shaped with wrinkled bursal wall; signum is huge occupying a full surface of corpus bursae, signum oval in shape with melanised furrows and two sclerotised appendages at the joint between corpus bursae and ductus bursae. Individual variation: Some variation is observed in the shape and size of two yellow patches. However, their position on the forewing is stable. The holotype bears a tiny additional spot at the apex of the forewing that is absent in both paratypes. This character is considered part of the intraspecific variation. Bionomics: No data. Mitogenomic data: The single mitochondrial genome sequence obtained from the holotype is very distinct from all other sequences and placed with maximum support in all analyses as a sister to all other Gracillariinae sequenced. Distribution: Known from two localities: Australia: New South Wales: Batemans Bay, and Church Point. Etymology: The specific epithet is formed from the personal name of the collector I. F. B. Common. It is a noun in the genitive case that has been latinised and it is formed in accordance with the rules of Latin grammar (Art. 31.1.1.). List of taxa treated in the current study	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF61EFDF3FDA9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Peru, Cajamarca Department, San Marcos Province, Huayobamba Forest, ex Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, in USNM (Washington DC); Paratypes 9 ♂, 18 ♀, genitalia slides USNM 34600 ♂, 34601 ♀ wing venation slide USNM 34605 ♂, 34602 ♀, in IDEA (Arica), MEKRB (Lima), USNM (Washington DC).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF57EFBFCFD7D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: U. S. A., Ohio, Cincinnati. Type specimens and depository: 2 ♂ syntypes, coll. Braun, depository unknown.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF5C2FBCDFC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀ ANIC Acc. no. 31 085519, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♀ ANIC Acc. no. 31 085559, genitalia slide ANIC 6177, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF4EAFE79FB11.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula Municipality, Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, in DZUP (Curitiba); Paratypes 2 ♂, 2 ♀, in DZUP (Curitiba), MCTP (Porto Alegre).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF3F6FC5BFA2D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Chile, I Región, Chaca. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, MHNG ENTO 00011906, in MHNG (Genève); Paratypes 15 ♂ and 14 ♀, genitalia slides MHNG 2749, BL 1562, BL 1563, in NHMUK (London), MHNG (Genève), IDEA (Arica), MNNC (Santiago), and USNM (Washington DC).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1E43ADF2F2FB46F9E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria North. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7422, in TMSA (Pretoria).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA5CC1F43ADF146FEE2FC5D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: New Zealand, Taranaki [New Plymouth]. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated by Dugdale (1988: 72), NHMUK (London); 9 paralectotypes, BMNH (E) 1405849, genitalia slide 22189 ♂, in NHMUK (London). 8. Conopomorpha antimacha Meyrick, 1907 Type locality: Australia, Western Australia, Geraldton. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂ BMNH (E) 1405928, in NHMUK (London). 9. Conopomorpha chionochtha Meyrick, 1907 Type locality: Australia, South Australia, Quorn. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1405880, in NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1405886, in NHMUK (London). 10. Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen, 1904) Synonym: Acrocercops hierocosma Meyrick E. 1912 b. Australia, Northern Territory, Port Darwin. Holotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1324973, NHMUK (London). A junior subjective synonym of Gracilaria cramerella Snellen, 1904, synonymised by Bradley (1985: 29). Type locality: Indonesia, Java, Salatiga. Type specimen and depository: Lectotype [gender unknown], designated in the current study, RMNH. INS 27246, in RMNH (Leiden). 11. Conopomorpha habrodes Meyrick, 1907 Type locality: Australia, Western Australia, Geraldton. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1406171, in NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1405834, in NHMUK (London). 12. Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley, 1986 Type locality: Malaysia, West Malaysia, Selangor, Serdang. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1412090, in NHMUK (London); Paratypes 2 ♂ and 2 ♀, BMNH (E) 1412067 ♀, NHMUK 015359539 ♀, NHMUK 015359540 ♀, in NHMUK (London), No Grc- 2409 ♂, in HUM (Sapporo). 13. Conopomorpha oceanica Bradley, 1986 Type locality: New Hebrides [Vanuatu], Aneityum [Anatum], Red Crest, 1200 ft. 3 m [miles] NE of Anelgauhat. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1412184, genitalia slide 21153 ♂, in NHMUK (London); Paratypes 3 ♀, BMNH (E) 1412157, BMNH (E) 1412165, NHMUK 015359542, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA4CC1F43ADF323FD79FB59.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide G 7151, in TMSA (Pretoria); Allotype [recte Paratype] ♀, genitalia slide G 7152, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratypes 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, genitalia slides G 6745, G 6746, in TMSA (Pretoria), ZMHB (Berlin).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA4CC1F43ADF22EFE4FFA71.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Kakadu National Park. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no. 31 085520, genitalia slide ANIC 6200, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA4CC1D43ADF2D7FA8BFD7D.taxon	description	16. Type species: Cuphodes thysanota Meyrick, 1897 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Rosewood. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1055696, genitalia slide 4542 ♀, in NHMUK (London). 17. Cuphodes acrolitha (Meyrick, 1908 a), comb. n. Type locality: Ceylon [Sri Lanka], Maskeliya. Type specimens and depository: Syntypes 3 ♀, in NHMUK (London). 18. Cuphodes albomarginata (Stainton, 1862), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, North Australia [Northern Territory], Moreton Bay. Type specimen and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], in NHMUK (London). 19. Cuphodes callimacha (Meyrick, 1920), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1055777, in NHMUK (London). 20. Cuphodes calycanthae De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085521, genitalia slide ANIC 6215, in ANIC (Canberra). 21. Cuphodes didymosticha Turner, 1940 Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype [gender unknown], designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 087189, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 087190, in ANIC (Canberra). 22. Cuphodes drypette De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085582, genitalia slide ANIC 6214, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085581, genitalia slide ANIC 6245. 23. Cuphodes habrophanes Turner, 1940 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 075714, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotypes 2 specimens [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 053585, 31 075715, in ANIC (Canberra). 24. Cuphodes holoteles (Turner, 1913) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Eumundi, near Nambour. Type specimens and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no. 31 010796, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 075716 ♀, 31 085617 ♂, 31 075814, 31 053815, 31 053816, in ANIC (Canberra). 25. Cuphodes lechriotoma (Turner, 1913) Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Cardwell. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010797, in ANIC (Canberra). 26. Cuphodes leucoptera De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Red Island Point, Cape York. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085619, genitalia slide ANIC 6278, in ANIC (Canberra). 27. Cuphodes lithographa (Meyrick, 1912) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Cairns. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1055698, NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1406572, in NHMUK (London). 28. Cuphodes maculosa Turner, 1940 Type locality: [Australia], Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype [gender unknown], designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 087220, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotypes 7 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 053582, 31 053583, 31 087221, 31 087222, 31 087223, 31 087224, in ANIC (Canberra). 29. Cuphodes microta (Turner, 1894), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 010800, in ANIC (Canberra). 30. Cuphodes niphadias (Turner, 1913) Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Cairns. Type specimens and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 010798; Paratypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 31. Cuphodes pandoxa (Turner, 1913), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Stradbroke Island. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010801, genitalia slide ANIC 6231, in ANIC (Canberra). 32. Cuphodes profluens (Meyrick, 1916 a) Type locality: India, Bengal [Bihar], Pusa. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1406664, genitalia slide 22238 ♂, in NHMUK (London). 33. Cuphodes pterocola (Meyrick, 1914 b), comb. n. Type locality: India, Karnataka, North Coorg, 3500 ft. Type specimens and depository: Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, in NHMUK (London). 34. Cuphodes pyrochroma (Turner, 1894), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 087225, genitalia slide ANIC 6235, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 087226, genitalia slide ANIC 6234, in ANIC (Canberra). 35. Cuphodes zophopasta (Turner, 1913) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 010799, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA6CC1A43ADF5C3FC63FC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Limpopo], Soutpansberg District, Louis Trichardt. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria). 37. Diphtheroptila auris De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 053789, genitalia slide ANIC 6259, in ANIC (Canberra). 38. Diphtheroptila breynella De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Berry Springs. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085528, genitalia slide ANIC 6174, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 7 specimens (6 ♂, 1 ♀), ANIC Acc. no 31 085558, 31 085554, 31 085556, 31 085557, 31 085555, genitalia slides ANIC 6201 ♀, 6175 ♂, 6193 ♂, 6194 ♂, 6192 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). 39. Diphtheroptila cairna De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype: ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085522, genitalia slide ANIC 6198, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 4 specimens ANIC Acc. no 31 085573, 31 085572, 31 081107, 31 085645, genitalia slides ANIC 6199 ♀, 6197 ♂, 6309 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 40. Diphtheroptila cornuta De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085527, genitalia slide ANIC 6190, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 5 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 085567, 31 085569, 31 085570, 31 085565, genitalia slides ANIC 6191 ♀, 6189 ♀, 6188 ♂, 6185 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). 41. Diphtheroptila crotonella De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085544, genitalia slide ANIC 6216, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 13 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 085583, 31 085584, 31 085575, 31 085579, 31 085580, genitalia slides ANIC 6218 ♂, 6217 ♀, 6206 ♀, 6210 ♀, 6211 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). 42. Diphtheroptila djabu De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085523, genitalia slide ANIC 6213, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype 1 specimen, in ANIC (Canberra). 43. Diphtheroptila glochidia De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085524, genitalia slide ANIC 6182, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 15 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 085568, 31 085560, 31 085561, 31 085562, 31 085563, 31 085571, 31 075735, genitalia slides ANIC 6183 ♀, 6178 ♂, 6179 ♂, 6180 ♂, 6181 ♂, 6195 ♀, 6196 ♀, Grc- 5694 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 44. Diphtheroptila glochidiella De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085534, genitalia slide ANIC 6186, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085566, genitalia slide ANIC 6187, in ANIC (Canberra). 45. Diphtheroptila nix De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085525, genitalia slide ANIC 6212, in ANIC (Canberra). 46. Diphtheroptila ochridorsellum (Meyrick, 1880) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1406200, NHMUK (London); Paralectotypes 1 ♂, 2 specimens, BMNH (E) 1406455, BMNH (E) 1406327, BMNH (E) 1406235, in NHMUK (London). 47. Diphtheroptila virosae De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085526, genitalia slide ANIC 6172, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 4 ♂, 9 ♀, 2 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 085551, 31 085552, 31 085553, genitalia slides ANIC 6171 ♀, 6173 ♀, 6184 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA1CC1A43ADF4EAFB46FBE9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South-West Africa [Namibia], Otjiwarongo District, Abachaus. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7697, in TMSA (Pretoria).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA1CC1843ADF3BFFD62FD8D.taxon	description	Synonym: Epicephala frugicola, Turner, 1913. Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Syntypes (♂ and ♀), coll. Turner, in ANIC (Canberra). A junior subjective synonym of Epicephala colymbetella Meyrick, 1880, synonymised by A. J. Turner (1940: 56). Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1406200, NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1406783, in NHMUK (London). 50. Epicephala acrobaphes (Turner, 1900) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 010789, in ANIC (Canberra). 51. Epicephala acrocarpa Meyrick, 1927 Type locality: Samoa Islands, Upolu, Malololelei, 2000 ft. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London) [not found in June 2023]. 52. Epicephala albistriatella (Turner, 1894) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Lectotype [gender unknown], designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 074483, in ANIC (Canberra). 53. Epicephala bathrobaphes Turner, 1947 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Toowoomba. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 010795, in NKU (Tianjin). 54. Epicephala breyniphaga De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Burrewara Point. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085533, genitalia slide ANIC 6225, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 2 ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085607, 31 085590, genitalia slides ANIC 6256, 6227, in ANIC (Canberra). 55. Epicephala doddi De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085530, genitalia slide ANIC 6248, in ANIC (Canberra). 56. Epicephala dunkensis De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Dunk Island. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085529, genitalia slide 6250, in ANIC (Canberra). 57. Epicephala eugonia Turner, 1913 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010788, in ANIC (Canberra). 58. Epicephala lomatographa Turner, 1913 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Stradbroke Island. Type specimen and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 010791, in ANIC (Canberra). 59. Epicephala nephelodes Turner, 1913 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda, near Cairns. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, in NKU (Tianjin). 60. Epicephala periplecta (Diakonoff, 1955) Type locality: New Guinea, Araucaria Camp, 800 m. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide D 1073, in RMNH (Leiden). 61. Epicephala philippa De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085531, genitalia slide 6224, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (3 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 specimens), ANIC Acc. no 31 085587, 31 085588, genitalia slides ANIC 6222 ♂, 6223 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). 62. Epicephala spinula Clarke, 1986 Type locality: French Polynesia, Marquesas Islands, Fatu Hiva, Mt. Teaoaiua, 2000 ft (610 m). Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, nr. 100839, in USNM (Washington DC); Paratypes 2 ♂, genitalia slide USNM 24630 ♂ and 3 ♀, genitalia slides USNM 24560 ♀, 24628 ♀, 24629 ♀, in USNM (Washington DC), NHMUK (London). 63. Epicephala spumosa Turner, 1947 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Stradbroke Island. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, [depository unknown]. 64. Epicephala stephanephora Turner, 1923 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane; Stradbroke Island. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, in NKU (Tianjin); Paralectotype ♂ [depository unknown]. 65. Epicephala sydnea De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no. 31 053778, genitalia slide 6249, in ANIC (Canberra). 66. Epicephala trigonophora (Turner, 1900) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Mt. Tambourine. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 074487, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotypes 3 ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 074484, 31 074485, 31 074486, in ANIC (Canberra). 67. Epicephala xerocarpa De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Solar Village. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085532, genitalia slide ANIC 6220, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 1 ♂, 1 ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085585, 31 085586, genitalia slides ANIC 6219 ♂, 6221 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 68. Epicephala zalosticha Turner, 1940 Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 053788, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotypes 4 specimens [gender unknown], ANIC Acc. no 31 053788, 31 053787, 31 053786, 31 074489, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA3CC1843ADF553FC15FC89.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Argentina, Misiones Province, Road 12, 2 km N Libertad. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, in USNM (Washington DC); Paratypes 27 ♂, 19 ♀, in MACN (Buenos Aires), DZUP (Curitiba), USNM (Washington DC).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA3CC1843ADF45FFECBF929.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: India, Karnataka, Kanara, Manchikeri; Bengal [Bihar], Pusa. Type specimens and depository: Syntypes 3 ♂, 1 ♀, in NHMUK (London). 71. Liocrobyla desmodiella Kuroko, 1982 Type locality: Japan. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀ ELKU (Fukuoka); Paratypes 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, in EIHU (Sapporo), NHMUK (London). 72. Liocrobyla kuranda De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085535, genitalia slide ANIC 6162, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (3 ♂, 1 ♀, 6 specimens), ANIC Acc. no 31 085546, 31 085548, 31 085550, 31 085547, genitalia slides ANIC 6163 ♂, 6164 ♂, 6168 ♂, 6166 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 73. Liocrobyla pinnatae De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀. ANIC Acc. no 31 085536, genitalia slide ANIC 6167, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (1 ♂, 3 ♀, 8 specimens), ANIC Acc. no 31 085549, 31 085605, genitalia slides ANIC 6165 ♂, 6169 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 74. Liocrobyla saturata Bradley, 1961 Type locality: Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal Island, Tapenanje. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London) (not found in the coll. on 12 June 2023).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA3CC1843ADF1FFFDD0F8C1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Austria. Type specimen and depository: We are not aware about the whereabouts of the holotype. Most probably a neotype needs to be designated.	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA3CC1943ADF0A7FB3EFF65.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: U. S. A. Type specimen and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], in ANSP (Philadelphia).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA2CC1943ADF63AFD38FE1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: U. S. A., Texas, Brownsville. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, Paralectotypes 11 ♀, designated by Davis (in Davis et al. 1991: 31), in USNM (Washington DC).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA2CC1943ADF6E3FD5CFD35.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], Inanda District, Umhlanga. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide G 7165, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratypes 2 ♂, genitalia slide G 7059, in TMSA (Pretoria).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA2CC1943ADF58BFC67FC89.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Germany, Province Posen. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA2CC1943ADF45FFC1FFBA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Mpumalanga], Barberton. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, genitalia slide G 7233 ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paralectotype 1 ♀, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEA2CC1643ADF306FB50FC5D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: U. S. A. Type specimens and depository: Holotype [gender unknown], in ANSP (Philadelphia). 82. Parectopa acaciella De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Mount Ainslie. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 075854, genitalia slide ANIC 6272, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 075853, genitalia slide ANIC 6271, in ANIC (Canberra). 83. Parectopa alysidota (Meyrick, 1880) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Bulli Pass. Type specimen and depository: Lectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1404493, designated by Dugdale (1988: 70), in NHMUK (London). 84. Parectopa braidella De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Braidwood. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 053807, genitalia slide 6286 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 85. Parectopa clethrata Lower, 1923 Type locality: Australia, South Australia, Wayville. Type specimens and depository: 3 ♂ syntypes (1 ♂ syntype is present in SAM (Adelaide) comm. B. Parslow 03 June 2024). 86. Parectopa epimicta (Turner, 1913), comb. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 010793, in ANIC (Canberra). 87. Parectopa leucocyma (Meyrick, 1889) Type locality: New Zealand, Auckland. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1407053, in NHMUK (London). 88. Parectopa leucographa Turner, 1940 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Bunya Mountains, 3500 ft. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 036702, in ANIC (Canberra). 89. Parectopa lyginella (Meyrick, 1880) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Parramatta. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, only pin remaining, in NHMUK (London). A neotype needs to be designated. 90. Parectopa melanoxyla De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales: Braidwood. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085622, genitalia slide ANIC 6283, in ANIC (Canberra). 91. Parectopa mnesicala (Meyrick, 1880) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimen and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1407070 ’, in NHMUK (London). 92. Parectopa ophidias (Meyrick, 1907) Type locality: Australia, South Australia, Quorn. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1407612, in NHMUK (London). 93. Parectopa toxomacha (Meyrick, 1882) Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, near Sydney. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1055794, in NHMUK (London). 94. Parectopa tyriancha Meyrick, 1920 Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1407829, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEADCC1643ADF323FE7DFB59.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Hawaii, Maui, Olinda, Haleakala, 4000 ft. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, NHMUK 010305341, designated by Kobayashi et al. (2018: 118); Paralectotypes 17 specimens (2 ♂, 1 ♀, 14 specimens [gender unknown], genitalia slide BM 2755 ♂, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEADCC1643ADF22FFC67F9B9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills. Type specimens and depository: 6 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London). 97. Phrixosceles fibulatrix Meyrick, 1922 Type locality: Fiji; Cuvu. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEADCC1643ADF10FFC99F8C1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Gauteng, Pretoria District, Beynespoort. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7235 ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratype 1 ♀, NHMUK (London). 99. Pogonocephala heteropsis (Lower, 1894) Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Biloela. Type specimens and depository: Neotype ♀, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 085537, genitalia slide ANIC 6289, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEADCC1743ADF0A7FEF3FC89.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Transvaal [Mpumalanga], Barberton. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, genitalia slide G 7229, in TMSA (Pretoria). 101. Polydema eubenangee De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Eubenangee Swamp National Park. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085541, genitalia slide ANIC 6204, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 102. Polydema macaranga De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085539, genitalia slide Grc- 5692, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 081108, genitalia slide Grc- 5691, in ANIC (Canberra). 103. Polydema mallota De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085540, genitalia slide ANIC 6203, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (1 ♂, 2 ♀), ANIC Acc. no 31 085574, genitalia slides ANIC 6202 ♂, Grc- 5695 ♀, Grc- 5696 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 104. Polydema virgula De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085538, genitalia slide ANIC 6205, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEACCC1743ADF45FFB62FABD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, East London. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7301, in TMSA (Pretoria); Paratypes 2 ♀, genitalia slide G 7363, in TMSA (Pretoria). 106. Polysoma eumetalla (Meyrick, 1880) Synonym: Polysoma heliopla (Meyrick, 1907), comb. n., syn. n. Australia, Tasmania, Hobart. Syntypes 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, NHMUK (London). Conopomorpha heliopla Meyrick, 1907 is a junior subjective synonym of Gracilaria [sic] eumetalla Meyrick, 1880, synonymised in the current study. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1055711, NHMUK (London), designated by Dugdale (1988: 71); 3 Paralectotypes ♂, ♀, BMNH (E) 1406955 ♀, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEACCC1743ADF203FB69FA55.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: South Africa, Natal [KwaZulu-Natal, Durban District], Sarnia. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, genitalia slide G 7153 ♀, in TMSA (Pretoria).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEACCC1743ADF12BFCD1F90D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas. Type specimens and depository: Syntypes 2 ♂, BMNH (E) 1409340, left wings missing, BMNH (E) 1409348, genitalia slides 6090 ♂, 6091 ♂, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEACCC1743ADF1D3FD72F809.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, São Francisco de Paula Municipality, Condomínio Alpes de São Francisco, 29 ° 27 ’ 9.2 ” S 50 ° 37 ’ 6.6 ” W. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, in DZUP (Curitiba); Paratypes 2 ♂, 3 ♀, in DZUP (Curitiba), MCNZ (Porto Alegre), MCTP (Porto Alegre).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAFCC1443ADF29EFEF3F9E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Kuranda Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085517, genitalia slide ANIC 6239, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAFCC1443ADF7AEFA9CFC31.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: India, West Bengal, Calcutta [Kolkata]. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1407957, in NHMUK (London); Paratype 1 ♀, in NZSI (Kolkata). 111. Stomphastis dhileepani De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Gladstone Creek. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085543, genitalia slide ANIC 6238, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (5 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 specimen), ANIC Acc. no 31 085597, 31 085598, genitalia slides ANIC 6236 ♂, 6237 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra). 112. Stomphastis labyrinthica (Meyrick, 1918) Synonym: Epicephala eridopa Meyrick, 1928. India, Bihar, Pusa, Lectotype ♂, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), in NHMUK (London); Paralectotypes 2 ♂, NHMUK (London). A junior subjective synonym of Acrocercops labyrinthica Meyrick, 1918; synonymised by Yuan (1992: 207). Type locality: India, Bengal [Bihar], Pusa. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1407535, designated by Yuan (1992: 207), NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♂, BMNH (E) 1407536, genitalia slide 23993, NHMUK (London) (Meyrick mentioned in the original description 13 syntypes (♂ and ♀), in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAFCC1443ADF496FA16FABD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, North Queensland, Dunk Island. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♂, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 075717, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 053596, in ANIC (Canberra). 114. Toowoomba toowoomba De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Toowoomba, Prince Henry Heights. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085545, genitalia slide ANIC 6281, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085621, genitalia slide ANIC 6282, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAFCC1543ADF146FB1AFEAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Fitzroy Falls. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 053844, genitalia slide ANIC 6301, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (1 ♀, 1 specimen), ANIC Acc. no 31 053845, genitalia slide ANIC 6302 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra). 117. Gibbovalva lomatiae De Prins, Sruoga & Zwick, sp. nov. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Woolgoolga. Type specimens and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 053846, genitalia slide ANIC 6303, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 5 specimens, ANIC Acc. no 31 075748, in ANIC (Canberra). 118. Gibbovalva zaplaca (Meyrick, 1907), comb. n. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Sydney. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, BMNH (E) 1406222, in NHMUK (London); Paralectotype ♀, BMNH (E) 1406225, in NHMUK (London).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAECC1543ADF45FFAB2FB75.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Victoria, Mornington Peninsula. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 085518, genitalia slide ANIC 6242, in ANIC (Canberra); 26 specimens (2 ♂, 6 ♀, 18 specimens), ANIC Acc. no 31 085595, 31 085596, 31 085593, 31 085594, genitalia slides ANIC 6240 ♀, 6241 ♀, 6243 ♀, 6244 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra), Museums Victoria (Melbourne). 122. Kallia murtfeldtella (Busck, 1904), comb. n. Type locality: U. S. A., Missouri, Kirkwood. Type specimen and depository: Holotype, nr. 7869 (gender not stated), USNM (Washington DC).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAECC1543ADF3CBFEF3FA71.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 074442, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes (2 ♂, 3 ♀, 7 specimens), ANIC Acc. no 31 053765, 31 053765, genitalia slides ANIC 6265 ♀, 6263 ♂, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAECC1543ADF672FB2BFE45.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane. Type specimens and depository: Lectotype ♀, designated in the current study, ANIC Acc. no 31 087228, in ANIC (Canberra); Paralectotype ♂, ANIC Acc. no 31 087227, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAECC1543ADF2D7FC87F929.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Batemans Bay. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085629, genitalia slide ANIC 6297, in ANIC (Canberra); Paratypes 2 ♀, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
847B87A1FEAECC1543ADF51AFEF3FD7D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Australia, Northern Territory, Darwin. Type specimen and depository: Holotype ♀, ANIC Acc. no 31 085542, genitalia slide ANIC 6170, in ANIC (Canberra).	en	Prins, Jurate De, Hartley, Diana, Sruoga, Virginijus, Nicholls, James, Wallace, Jesse, Zwick, Andreas (2025): Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa 5616 (1): 1-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
