identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
847187CFFFA1FFA4FF521B2CFEFC3997.text	847187CFFFA1FFA4FF521B2CFEFC3997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dujardinascaris madagascariensis (Chabaud & Caballero 1966) Chabaud & Caballero 1966	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Dujardinascaris madagascariensis (Chabaud &amp; Caballero, 1966)</p>
            <p>Figures 1, 2 AB, 3, 5J</p>
            <p>Description. Medium sized nematode. Males smaller than gravid females (average 59% of their length). Cuticle transversally striated. Fixed specimens usually slightly coiled. Lips shield-shaped, with interlocking processes (Figs. 1 B, 3B, C). Middle anterior edge of lips semicircular, with toothed oral plate, 21–23 teeth with slightly rounded tips (Fig. 3 C), highness and thickness of teeth 0.82–1.33 µm, 0.82–1.79 µm respectively; pulp of dorsal lip extended to the border of lip in four distinct lobes, and towards double papillae (Fig. 3 A). Pulps of subventral lips asymmetrical, main mass extending towards amphid and lateral papilla. Triangular interlabia well developed, reaching anteriorly to the middle of lip height (Fig. 3 B). Oesophagus slender, relatively long, terminating in minute oval ventriculus. Long anterior intestinal caecum present (Fig. 1 A). Nerve ring encircling oesophagus at approximately 13–20% of its length (Fig. 1 A). Excretory pore approximately at level of nerve ring (Fig. 1 A). Deirids not observed. Cervical alae absent.</p>
            <p>Males (5 specimens): Length of body 10.2–13.1, maximum width 0.36–0.44 (Fig. 2 A). Ventriculus 0.099–0.113 long and 0.069–0.094 wide. Nerve ring and excretory pore approximately at the same distance from anterior extremity. Five pairs of preanal subventral papillae, last 2 pairs close together just anterior to cloaca, one papilla on upper cloacal lip, one pair of lateral paracloacal papillae, two pairs of subventral postanal papillae, and two pairs of subdorsal postanal papillae (Figs. 1 F, 3F, G). Lateral pair of phasmids in centre between dorsolateral pairs of postanal papillae (Figs. 3 G, J). Spicules equal or slightly subequal in length, very narrow, distal ends pointed (Fig. 2 B). Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 J) well sclerotised, its proximal end with dorsal projection in lateral view, longitudinally riffled straight tapering shaft and single sharp curved tip. Tail conical sharply pointed (Fig. 3 F, G). For detailed measurements see Table 2.</p>
            <p>Females (6 gravid specimens; measurements for one immature specimen is given in parentheses): Length of body 15.5–27.1, maximum width 0.63–1.46. Ventriculus 0.15–0.24 long and 0.099–0.173 wide (Fig. 1 A). Nerve ring and excretory pore approximately the same length from anterior extremity (Fig. 1 A). Vulva situated at first half of body, with the prominent papilla projecting outwards and forwards between two obtuse salient cuticular expansions (Figs. 1 C, 3D). Long vagina directed posteriorly. Eggs ranging from oval to almost spherical, thinwalled, with very fine reticulate surface; thickness of wall 0.85–1.73 µm. Content of eggs mostly uncleaved (Fig. 1 D) or cleaved into a maximum of 16 blastomeres. Tail slender, conical, with sharply pointed tip (Fig. 3 E); pair of phasmids outlets situated at 0.092–0.203 from tail tip. For detailed measurements see Table 3.</p>
            <p>Taxonomic summary.</p>
            <p> Host:  Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768) (Crocodylidae) . </p>
            <p>Site of infection: stomach.</p>
            <p>Locality: Lake Turkana, north-western Kenya, vicinity of Todonyang village on the west margin of the Omo River delta (4°27'10"N, 35°56'30"E) (collected 23rd September 2009).</p>
            <p>Intensity of infection: 29.</p>
            <p>Deposition of voucher specimens: Helminthological Collection of the Institute of Parasitology, BC ASCR, in České Budějovice, Czech Republic (Cat. No. N-1024).</p>
            <p> D. madagascariensis D. dujardini</p>
            <p> Sprent (1977) Our data Our data Sprent (1977) Our data Our data Molecular analysis /DNA characterisation of D. madagascariensis— 18S and ITS2 region. The 637 bp nucleotide sequence of the 18S rDNA gene of  D. madagascariensis was obtained. The gene has a 50.24% G+C content. The partial sequences of three species (  D. madagascariensis ,  D. waltoni , and  M. heterotis ) were compared over an alignment length of 637 bp.  Dujardinascaris madagascariensis had 99.5% identity with  D. waltoni and 98.6% identity with  M. heterotis . In the alignment of the sequences of  D. madagascariensis and  D. waltoni , three out of the 637 nucleotide positions were variable (three variable amino acid sites out of 212). The average nucleotide distance was 0.005 and amino acid distance was 0.015. Comparison of the 18S sequence of  D. madagascariensis with that of  M. heterotis revealed nine out of the 637 variable nucleotide sites (six variable amino acid sites out of 212). The values for average nucleotide and amino acid distances were 0.014 and 0.03. For  D. madagascariensis , the length of the ITS2 sequence was 448 bp with G+C content of ITS2 51.12%. Comparison of ITS 2 sequence with that of  D. waltoni was impossible due to lack of sequence data. </p>
            <p> Phylogenetic relationships among selected representatives of  Ascaridida (Fig. 4). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial 18S rDNA sequences produced four clades with high bootstrap support values (&gt;50%). First two clades consist of five species of  Heterocheilidae ;  D. madagascariensis formed one clade with  D. waltoni (92% bootstrap support), the second clade included  Heterocheilus tunicatus Diesing, 1839 ,  M. heterotis and Kreftascaris  sharpiloi Tkach, Kuzmin and Snyder, 2010 (71% bootstrap support).  Pseudoterranova decipiens ,  Anisakis pegreffi and  T. caballeroi represent third clade with 58% bootstrap support and  A. lumbricoides and  B. procyonis nest together in fourth clade with 82% bootstrap support. Tree topology strongly supports the separation of the heterocheilid (  Heterocheilidae ) clades, and groups nematode species from the hosts of the same class into highly supported clades. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/847187CFFFA1FFA4FF521B2CFEFC3997	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mašová, Šárka;Baruš, Vlastimil;Seifertová, Mária;Malala, John;Jirků, Miloslav	Mašová, Šárka, Baruš, Vlastimil, Seifertová, Mária, Malala, John, Jirků, Miloslav (2014): Redescription and molecular characterisation of Dujardinascaris madagascariensis and a note on D. dujardini (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), parasites of Crocodylus niloticus, with a key to Dujardinascaris spp. in crocodilians. Zootaxa 3893 (3): 261-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.2.6
847187CFFFA8FFA0FF521F9BFA3A3C10.text	847187CFFFA8FFA0FF521F9BFA3A3C10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dujardinascaris	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the males of  Dujardinascaris parasitizing crocodilians </p>
            <p> 1a.  Dujardinascaris (male specimens) parasitizing Old World crocodilians........................................... 2 </p>
            <p> 1b.  Dujardinascaris (male specimens) parasitizing New World crocodilians......................................... 14 </p>
            <p>2a. Spicules equal or slightly subequal in length (difference less than 10% of body length)............................... 3</p>
            <p> 2b. Spicules markedly (evidently) different in length, the ratio of their lengths 2:1 (0.34–0.40 versus 0.84–0.92); right spicule 9.2–9.7% of body length, left spicule 3.7–4.2% of body length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 A) with expanded head, brad shaft, and swollen scoop-like tip. Host:  Osteolaemus tetraspis ; distribution: Africa..................................  D. petterae</p>
            <p>3a. Spicules length less than 3, 5–34% of body length............................................................ 4</p>
            <p>3b. Spicules length more than 3, 23–92% of body length.......................................................... 9</p>
            <p>4a. Spicules length less than 1.5, 5–15% of body length.......................................................... 5</p>
            <p>4b. Spicules length 1.7–3.4, 20–46% of body length............................................................. 7</p>
            <p> 5a. Spicules length 1.25, 5% of body length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 B) dagger-like with narrow anterior “handle”, a straight shaft, and sharp tapering point. Host:  Gavialis gangeticus , distribution: India ..................................  D. woodlandi</p>
            <p>5b. Spicules length 0.90–1.25, more than 10% and less than 16% of body length....................................... 6</p>
            <p> 6a. Spicules length 0.9–1.20; gubernaculum length 0.18–0.27, tail length 0.12, 44–66% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 C) bifid proximal part with anterior and posterior expansion in lateral view, shaft straight, and tip blade-like and curved. Host:  Crocodylus niloticus , distribution: Africa.....................................................  D. puylaerti</p>
            <p> 6b. Spicules length 1.10–1.25; gubernaculum length 0.15–0.16, tail length 0.10, 62–67% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 D) with prominent expansion of head region, shaft blade-like and gently curved, and tip sharp, without hook. Host:  Crocodylus porosus , distribution: Papua New Guinea ...................................................  D. westonae</p>
            <p>7a. Spicules length 1.70–2.70, 14–34% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.09–0.24, tail length 0.05–0.21, 55–110% of gubernaculum length........................................................................................ 8</p>
            <p> 7b. Spicules length 2.66–3.40, 23–46% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.19–0.23, tail length 0.20–0.33, 105–145% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 E) with narrow head, tapered shaft, distal end with hook, and right angle to shaft. Host:  Crocodylus porosus , distribution: Philippines ..............................................  D. philippinensis</p>
            <p> 8a. Spicules length 1.7–2.7, 14% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.19–0.24, tail length 0.21, 87–100% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 F) with long, rectangular proximal part, straight shaft, and rounded tip. Host:  Crocodylus niloticus , distribution: Africa........................................................................  D. gedoelsti</p>
            <p> 8b. Spicules length 1.7–2.5, 24–34% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.09–0.10, tail length 0.05–0.10, 55–80% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 G) consisting of head region shaped like rifle-butt, hollow straight tapering shaft, and delicate bent tip with sharp point. Host:  Crocodylus johnstoni , distribution: Australia ............................  D. blairii</p>
            <p>9a. Spicules length 3.2–13.0, 36–92% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.12–0.34, tail length 0.07–0.25, 27–86% of gubernaculum length....................................................................................... 10</p>
            <p> 9b. Spicules length 5.0–6.6, 58–73% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.13–0.17, tail length 0.13–0.15, 93–100% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 H) with expanded and gently curved slender shaft prolonged to a fine tip. Host:  Crocodylus novaeguineae , distribution: Papua New Guinea.  D. harrisae</p>
            <p> 10a. Spicules length 6.3, 66–92% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.12, tail length 0.07; 58% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 I) with expansion on the proximal end, tapering shaft, distal end with hook, and right angles to shaft. Hosts:  Crocodylus porosus ,  C. novaeguineae ,  C. johnstoni (probably), distribution: Papua New Guinea, Australia .....  D. mawsonae</p>
            <p>10b. Spicules length 3.2–13.0, 35–70% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.13–0.34, tail length 0.09–0.25; 27–86% of gubernaculum length....................................................................................... 11</p>
            <p> 11a. Spicules length 3.5–7.3, 35–67% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.18–0.21, tail length 0.07–0.15; 40–83% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 J) head with dorsal projection in lateral view, longitudinally riffled straight tapering shaft, and single sharp tip curved to a small hook. Hosts:  Crocodylus niloticus ,  C. cataphractus , distribution: Madagascar, Africa......................................................................................  D. madagascariensis</p>
            <p>11b. Spicules length more than 7............................................................................ 12</p>
            <p> 12a. Spicules length 7.0–12.9, 34–55% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.33–0.34, tail length 0.09–0.12; 27–35% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 L) relatively long, with dorsal end that has a distinct posterior process, and tip trifurcate. Host:  Crocodylus niloticus , distribution: Africa.....................................................  D. dujardini</p>
            <p>12b. Spicules length less than 7............................................................................. 13</p>
            <p> 13a. Spicules length 3.2–6.2, 37–51% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.28–0.31, tail length 0.10–0.25; 36–80% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 K) relatively long, slender, with deeply cleft head, blade-like shaft, and sharp tip. Host:  Crocodylus porosus , distribution: Papua New Guinea .................................................  D. angusae</p>
            <p> 13b. Spicules length 5.1, 46–65% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.15, tail length 0.13; 86% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 M) is quite short, tip resembling a hypodermic needle, head of gubernaculum elongate and narrow, tip comprising two sharp points, posterior one shorter than anterior and without hook at tip. Host:  Crocodylus porosus ,  C. novaeguineae ; distribution: Australia, Papua New Guinea ..............................................  D. taylorae</p>
            <p>14a. Spicules length less than 1.5, 7–18% of body length......................................................... 15</p>
            <p>14b. Spicules length more than 2, 41–66% of body length......................................................... 16</p>
            <p> 15a. Spicules length 1.1, 17.7% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.10, tail length 0.10; 100% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 N) hook-like with complex tip, with small expansion at proximal end, thick cylindrical shaft and complex distal end, and composed of cup-like expansion on left side of tip and anchor-like process on right. Host:  Caiman crocodylus , distribution: Venezuela ........................................................................  D. chabaudi</p>
            <p> 15b. Spicules length 0.64–0.80, 7.1–7.2% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.12, tail length 0.11–0.17; 92–141% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 O) with a hook-like structure at its rounded tip. Host:  Caiman crocodylus , distribution: Brazil ..........................................................................................  D. paulista</p>
            <p> 16a. Spicules length 2.2–3.9, 43–46% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.06–0.10, tail length 0.11; 54–100% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 P) slender with small a non-expanded proximal end, slightly inflated rounded tip, and tapered shaft. Host:  Caiman crocodylus , distribution: Brazil, Venezuela .......................................  D. longispicula</p>
            <p>16b. Spicules length more than 4.5, 41–66% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.10 and more, tail length 0.13 and more; 115–207% of gubernaculum length....................................................................... 17</p>
            <p> 17a. Spicules length 4.8–5.9, 41–66% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.10–0.14, tail length 0.13–0.17, 115–127% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 Q) with expanded proximal part that curved back into posterior process and straight broad shaft tip with curved blade-like point. Hosts:  Crocodylus acutus ,  C. rhombifer ,  C. moreletii ; distribution: Molin (1860) - unknown locality, Cuba, Mexico, Zoos (San Diego, Amsterdam)........................................  D. helicina</p>
            <p> 17b. Spicules length 5.4–6.7, 48–54% of body length; gubernaculum length 0.14–0.19, tail length 0.20–0.29; 153–207% of gubernaculum length. Gubernaculum (Fig. 5 R) with proximal part expanded and usually cleft by fissure into two rounded processes, shaft of gubernaculum relatively wide and straight, and a tip forked with terminal cuticular bulb. Host:  Alligator mississippiensis ; distribution: USA ..........................................................................  D. waltoni</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/847187CFFFA8FFA0FF521F9BFA3A3C10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mašová, Šárka;Baruš, Vlastimil;Seifertová, Mária;Malala, John;Jirků, Miloslav	Mašová, Šárka, Baruš, Vlastimil, Seifertová, Mária, Malala, John, Jirků, Miloslav (2014): Redescription and molecular characterisation of Dujardinascaris madagascariensis and a note on D. dujardini (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), parasites of Crocodylus niloticus, with a key to Dujardinascaris spp. in crocodilians. Zootaxa 3893 (3): 261-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.2.6
