identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
84468797FFB1BF79D2E07923FD2AC040.text	84468797FFB1BF79D2E07923FD2AC040.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinodermata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Echinodermata as Deuterostomes </p>
            <p> The extant Deuterostomia (“second mouth”) are usually defined as animals in which the mouth develops from a second opening in the embryo, opposite to the initial opening, the blastopore, of the rudimentary gut. In addition the coelom develops by enterocoely, or pouching from the primitive gut. Smith (2004b) noted that there was fossil evidence to show that the major deuterostome groups were established by about 520 million years ago (see below under “Other  extinct classes of echinoderms”). Composition of the extant Deuterostomia has changed in recent years. At present, it is usually regarded as comprising the phyla Chordata, Hemichordata, and  Echinodermata (Cameron et al., 2000) , as well as the recently-defined phylum Xenoturbella (Bourlat et al., 2006). In echinoderms with planktotrophic larval stages, the deuterostome affinities of the group are evident. Fell (1948) and others have pointed out that in a significant percentage of echinoderms 1) the coelom develops from a splitting in mesoderm and not from pouching, and 2) the larval mouth becomes the adult mouth. Pawson and Kerr (2001) reported presence of chitin in one species of sea cucumber. Chitin is usually unknown in deuterostomes, but it has been reported from a blenniid fish (Wagner et al., 1993). These various exceptions to the deuterostome “norm” are believed to be relatively minor, and the echinoderms are regarded as fully qualified members of the Deuterostomia. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84468797FFB1BF79D2E07923FD2AC040	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pawson, David L.	Pawson, David L. (2007): Phylum Echinodermata *. Zootaxa 1668: 749-764, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180113
84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040.text	84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Extinct	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Other  Extinct Classes of Echinoderms </p>
            <p>A useful and comprehensive classification of fossil echinoderm groups is provided by Simms et al. (1993). Mooi (2001) discussed (Figure 3) and critically assessed publications on fossil echinoderms for the period 1980-2000. Ausich and Webster (in press) undoubtedly contains comprehensive summaries of the status of most fossil echinoderm groups, along with an extensive list of references.</p>
            <p> Loven’s law and ray homologies are described in echinoids,  ophiuroids , edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid by Hotchkiss (1995). In a related study with broad implications, Sumrall &amp; Wray (2007) discuss pentamerous symmetry and its origin in the 30 Cambrian-Ordovician clades of echinoderms. </p>
            <p>Shu et al. (2004) describe, and Smith (2004b) comments on, what are believed to be ancestral echinoderms (“velulocystids”) from the Lower Cambrian of China (Figure 4). The vetulocystids have a globose theca and a tail. Smith (2004a) studied phylogeny of deuterostomes, and anatomy of carpoids, and concluded that early deuterostomes with a stereom skeleton and gill slits may have existed, but it is not likely that sterom and a notochord co-occurred. These conclusions support in part (gill slits), and disagree in part (notochord) with the ideas of Jefferies et al. (1996). David et al. (1999), applying the extraxial/axial theory, regard the four non-pentamerous classes comprising the homalozoans as early echinoderms, but not indicative of the plesiomorphic morphology of the phylum. Further, the Homalozoa is not a monophyletic assemblage. Lefebvre (2007) studied in detail the palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of cornutes and mitrates. Parsley (1999), using a cladistic approach, determined that the Cincta (Homostelea) are blastozoans.</p>
            <p>Ophiocistioids have been reviewed by Haude (2004), and Reich &amp; Haude (2004).</p>
            <p>Dominguez-Alonso (1999) presented new data on the structure of ctenocystoids and proposed a new approach to the early evolution of echinoderms.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pawson, David L.	Pawson, David L. (2007): Phylum Echinodermata *. Zootaxa 1668: 749-764, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180113
