taxonID	type	description	language	source
805287BEFFA03538FE42D368FC37F1B2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FF 9 FC 2 BD-D 935 - 4 B 83 - B 345 - 228 C 74 D 457 B 2 Fig. 2; Table 3	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFA03538FE42D368FC37F1B2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after the presence of imperfect rhabdostyles.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFA03538FE42D368FC37F1B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena E; 44.613885 ° S, 72.94149 ° W; depth 30 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 63; MSGN 60889. Paratype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena F (Punta Angostura); 44.6312,35 ° S, 72.904239 ° W; depth 25 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 43; DISTAV.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFA03538FE42D368FC37F1B2.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Encrusting, 5 mm thick and 5 cm long (Fig. 2 A). Surface rugose and hispid, with visible canals converging towards oscules. Colour in life bright orange (Fig. 2 A). Consistency of live specimens friable. SKELETON. Choanosomal skeleton formed by bundles of long styles and tylostyles with heads embedded in basal layer of rhabdostyles and sinuous sub-tylostyles. SPICULES. Megascleres: Smooth styles, long and thin, sometimes with modified heads (Fig. 2 B), 800 – (888.33) – 1000 μm long and 5 – (7.16) – 10 μm thick. Smooth tylostyles 410 – (552.5) – 700 μm long and 15 – (18.9) – 25 μm thick (Fig. 2 C). Rather short rhabdostyles with heads variable in shape and with pointed or round extremities (Fig. 2 D), 140 – (252.42) – 415 μm long and 7.5 – (9.75) – 12.5 μm thick. Rhabdostyles often sinuous or modified into oxeas or strongyles (Fig. 2 E). Habitat Species lives on a rocky cliff at a depth of 25 – 30 m; Chilean fjords.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFA03538FE42D368FC37F1B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Out of the nine species of Hymerhabdia previously described around the world (Table 3), none have been recorded along Chilean coasts. The only species of this genus from the Southern Hemisphere is Hymerhabdia oxeata (Dendy, 1924) recorded at a depth of 183 m in northern New Zealand. Hymerabdia imperfecta sp. nov. differs from H. oxeata in having a red colour whereas in H. oxeata the colour is dark brown. As to spicules, H. oxeata has oxeas whereas the new species has tylostyles and rhabdostyles that are not present in H. oxeata. Moreover, the styles of the new species are much larger (Table 3). A comparison with the other 8 species of Hymerhabdia (from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea reported in Table 3) shows remarkable differences in presence or absence of spicules (oxeas, rhabdostrongyles, toxostrongyles) and in their shape and size.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAC3534FE26D0E6FDE5F1B2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 21616 DF 2 - 8 C 48 - 428 E- 8631 - C 6 A 2553 E 214 C Figs 3 – 4; Table 4	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAC3534FE26D0E6FDE5F1B2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after the body shape.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAC3534FE26D0E6FDE5F1B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena B; 44.650167 ° S, 72.89085 ° W; depth 20 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 1; MSGN 61493. Paratypes CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863 ° S, 72.958312 ° W; depth 18 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky bottom by scuba diving; CILE 37; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena E; 44.613885 ° S, 72.941490 ° W; depth 15 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 23; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena D; 56.616666 ° S, 72.716666 ° W; depth 20 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 81; DISTAV.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAC3534FE26D0E6FDE5F1B2.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. All of the specimens have a regular cylindrical shape (5 – 7 cm high, ca 1 cm in diameter) (Fig. 3 A). Surface lightly hispid, consistence firm. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 3 A). SKELETON. Skeleton formed by network of thin ascending plurispicular fibres forming quadrangular meshes with abundant spongin (Fig. 3 B). Choanosome differentiated in axial compressed region (Fig. 3 D) and extra-axial plumoreticulate part (Fig. 3 C – D). Ectosome formed by erect spicule brushes, hispidating sponge surface, supported by terminal part of choanosomal ascending fibres (Fig. 3 C – D). SPICULES. Megascleres: Styles smooth, straight or slightly curved, with regular, round heads (Fig. 4 A), 700 – (832.5) – 960 μm long and 20 – (25.2) – 32.5 μm thick in holotype. Rhabdostyles smooth with pronounced basal bend (Fig. 4 B), 240 – (296.5) – 435 μm long and 15 – (17) – 20 μm thick in holotype. Oxeas smooth, more or less folded, 197.5 – (346) – 425 μm long and 12.5 – (18.7) – 22.5 μm thick in holotype. The thinnest ones are almost straight or slightly flexuous (Fig. 4 C). Measurements of spicule of all collected specimens (holotype and paratypes) are reported in Table 4. Habitat This species lives on a rocky cliff covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 15 and 20 m.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAC3534FE26D0E6FDE5F1B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks We have recorded two new species of the genus Axinella and have therefore chosen to make a single discussion after their description.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAB352DFE28D24BFE6DF54A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 29550 A 2 F-F 048 - 40 D 5 - B 473 - 906 EB 62 DC 478 Figs 5 – 6; Table 5	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAB352DFE28D24BFE6DF54A.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after the crown of thin styles surrounding single tylostyles.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAB352DFE28D24BFE6DF54A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena B; 44.650167 ° S, 72.89085 ° W; depth 20 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 22; MSGN 61494. Paratypes CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena E (Punta Tabla); 44.613885 ° S, 72.94149 ° W; depth 22 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 9; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena C; 44.631113 ° S, 72.929130 ° W; depth 25 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 15; DISTAV.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAB352DFE28D24BFE6DF54A.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Fan shaped sponge, 2 cm high, very thin (2 mm maximum), with short basal stem. Surface very hispid with tufts of macroscleres coming out from surface (Fig. 5 A – B). Consistency hard but friable. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 5 A – B). SKELETON. Plumose, formed by multi-spicular primary tracts, radiating from axis towards surface (Fig. 5 C – D), ending in single tylostyle surrounded by crown of thin styles that projects slightly through sponge surface (Fig. 5 E – F). SPICULES. Megascleres: Tylostyles slightly curved (Fig. 6 A), 1300 – (1962) – 2200 μm long and 10 – (17.42) – 25 μm thick. Long, smooth and thin styles, with shaft slightly thickened in distal third (Fig. 6 B), 1200 – (1500) – 1800 μm long and 2.5 – (3.3) – 5 μm thick. Styles to tylostyles or subtylostyles more or less bent near head as true rhabdostyles (Fig. 6 C), 460 – (505) – 590 μm long and 10 – (15.62) – 20 μm thick. Thin and sinuous styles, with round heads and slightly rounded points (Fig. 6 D), 460 – (556.5) – 600 μm long and 2.5 – (3.5) – 5 μm thick. Habitat Recorded on rocky cliffs and walls covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 20 and 25 m.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFAB352DFE28D24BFE6DF54A.taxon	discussion	Remarks The attribution of A. cylindrica sp. nov. and A. coronata sp. nov. to the genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 is based on the skeleton architecture characterised by a choanosomal skeleton differentiated in the axial (compressed or vaguely reticulated) and extra-axial (plumoreticulated) regions. The only species of this genus present on the Chilean coast is A. crinita Thiele, 1905. This species differs from the two newly described species in external shape (very ramified with cylindrical branches (Desqueyroux 1972 )), absence of rhabdostyles (present in A. cylindrica sp. nov.) and presence of long thin styles with curved head (absent in A. coronata sp. nov.). In Table 5, the other geographically close species of Axinella and other species recorded in the Southern Hemisphere are reported. All of these species differ from A. cylindrica sp. nov. and A. coronata sp. nov. in the external morphology, and the type and size of spicules. Moreover A. cylindrica sp. nov. differs from all the other species in the presence of rhabdostyles (Table 5).	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB53528FE20D2BBFD81F7A5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DD 1 D 8 BC 5 - DCF 9 - 4294 - 9 FA 4 - 80 FFD 911417 C Figs 7 – 8; Table 6	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB53528FE20D2BBFD81F7A5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after its orange colour.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB53528FE20D2BBFD81F7A5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena G; 44.763254 ° S, 72.891581 ° W; depth 15 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 20; MSGN 61497. Paratype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; same collection data as for holotype; CILE 6; DISTAV.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB53528FE20D2BBFD81F7A5.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Cushion-shaped sponge, almost spherical, 3.5 cm in diameter and ca 2 cm thick. Canal system visible, converging towards round flush oscula. Surface slightly hispid, colour in life bright orange (Fig. 7 A – B). Consistency soft and friable. SKELETON. Plumoreticulate choanosome (Fig. 7 C) with spongin fibres cored by bundles of spicules typical of Biemnidae. Sponge surface appears slightly hispid due to single protruding spicules (Fig. 7 C). SPICULES. Megascleres: Smooth sinuous styles, with regular, round heads (Fig. 8 A), 700 – (842.5) – 920 μm long and 2.5 – (4.8) – 7.5 μm thick. Tylostyles sometimes slightly bent near head (Fig. 8 B), 120 – (269.25) – 380 μm long and 5 – (12.9) – 20 μm thick. Microscleres: two categories of raphids; I, long and thin raphids, curved or slightly sinuous, 105 – (129.5) – 200 μm long, with microspined extremities (Fig. 8 C); II, short and thick raphidioid microxeas with small scattered spines (Fig. 8 D), 27.5 – (35.6) – 40 × 2 μm long. C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities, divided into two size categories: sigmas I, 130 – (160.8) – 170 μm long and × 5 – (5.7) – 7.5 μm thick (Fig. 8 E); sigmas II, 12.5 – (13.12) – 17.5 μm long (Fig. 8 F). Habitat Species lives at a depth of 20 m on a vertical wall.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB53528FE20D2BBFD81F7A5.taxon	discussion	Remarks We have recorded three new species of the genus Biemna and have therefore decided to make combined remarks after their description.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB03528FE02D351FD81F1B2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 0 A 045 BB-EE 04 - 4239 - 94 C 8 - C 3025 A 29 B 450 Figs 9 – 10; Table 6	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB03528FE02D351FD81F1B2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after its growth form.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB03528FE02D351FD81F1B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863 ° S, 72.958312 ° W; depth 20 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a vertical wall by scuba diving; CILE 74; MSGN 61496.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB03528FE02D351FD81F1B2.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Fan-shaped lamellar sponge, about 3 mm thick and 3.5 cm long, with basal peduncle. Surface very hispid caused by megascleres protruding from surface. Colour in life pale yellow, tending to orange (Fig. 9 A – B). Consistency soft, compressible and friable in dry state. SKELETON. Plumose skeleton formed by dense fibres of spicules whose extremities protrude through surface of sponge, resulting in hispid appearance (Fig. 9 C). Choanosome differentiated into two regions composed of axial compressed and extra-axial plumose fibres (Fig. 9 D – E). Basal peduncle formed by ascending central fibres with radial spicules (Fig. 9 F). SPICULES. Megascleres: Styles smooth and sinuous, with regular round heads (Fig. 10 A), 1810.5 – (2033.3) – 2295 μm long and 15 – (17.5) – 20 μm thick; tylostyles / subtylostyles slightly curved near the head (Fig. 10 B), 350 – (607.5) – 960 μm long and 10 – (18.75) – 30 μm thick. Microscleres: Two categories of raphids; I, sinuous and thin raphids (Fig. 10 C), 87.5 – (115) – 167.5 μm long; II, short and thick raphids, with small scattered spines, similar to raphidioid microxeas, 23.4 – (36.55) – 42.5 μm long and 2 μm thick (Fig. 10 D). C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities clearly divided into two size categories: sigmas I, (Fig. 10 E), 140 – (159.5) – 180 μm long and 5 – (5.7) – 7.5 μm thick; and sigmas II, (Fig. 10 F), only 10 – (14.5) – 17.5 μm long. Habitat Species lives on a vertical wall at a depth of 20 m.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB03528FE02D351FD81F1B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks We have recorded three new species of the genus Biemna and have therefore decided to make combined remarks after their description.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFBF3524FE02D073FED7F789.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 00 C 6 E 35 C-E 9 FE- 4 F 3 D-A 752 - 1 A 91 D 11 BAC 1 C Figs 11 – 12; Table 6	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFBF3524FE02D073FED7F789.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after its spicule complement typical of the genus.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFBF3524FE02D073FED7F789.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena G; 44.763254 ° S, 72.891581 ° W; depth 15 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 28; MSGN 61495.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFBF3524FE02D073FED7F789.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Massive, cushion shaped sponge, rather regular, ca 2 cm long and 2 cm thick, with very hispid surface. Colour in life bright red, remaining unchanged out of the water. Sponge compressible and friable (Fig. 11 A). SKELETON. Structure typical of Biemnidae, plumose and with variable development of spongin fibres (Fig. 11 B). Choanosome plumoreticulate, with spongin fibres covered by bundles of spicules (styles) and oxeote spicules that – protruding through sponge surface – make it hispid. Ectosomal skeleton composed of brushes of megascleres (Fig. 11 C – D). SPICULES. Megascleres: Styles I smooth, straight, slightly sinuous and thin, with regular, round heads (Fig. 12 A), 1275 – (1450.8) – 1632 μm long and 5.2 – (6.5) – 7.8 μm thick; styles II smooth, curved and very thin (Fig. 12 B), 293.6 – (340.3) – 365.22 μm long and 2 – (2.25) – 2.5 μm thick; styles III straight, curved or doubly bent, sometimes modified to rhabdostyles (Fig. 12 C), 220 – (409.7) – 640 μm long and 10.4 – (13.76) – 20.8 μm thick. Microscleres: two raphid categories; raphids I, straight or sinuous (Fig. 12 D), 87.5 – (115) – 167.5 μm long; raphids II, short and thick, similar to raphidioid microxeas with one microspined tip (Fig. 12 E), 23.4 – (36.55) – 42.5 μm long. C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities clearly divided into two size categories: sigmas I, (Fig. 12 F), 145.5 – (136.7) – 152 μm long and 2.6 μm thick; sigmas II, (Fig. 12 G), 12.5 – (19.8) – 22.5 μm long. Habitat Species lives on a rocky slope covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 15 and 20 m.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFBF3524FE02D073FED7F789.taxon	discussion	Remarks The three new species, Biemna aurantiaca sp. nov., B. erecta sp. nov. and B. typica sp. nov., differ from each other primarily in their external morphology and colour (see descriptions above and Table 6). Regarding megascleres, B. aurantiaca sp. nov. has smaller styles and tylostyles than B. erecta sp. nov., while B. typica sp. nov. has only three categories of styles, with no tylostyles. Furthermore, the microscleres differ in size between the three new species which are, therefore, clearly distinguishable from each other. From the cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere, twelve species of the genus Biemna are known (Table 6). Two of these have been reported on the Chilean coast: B. chilensis Thiele, 1905 and B. lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019. The new species described in the present study differ from these two species in the presence of more categories of styles and different forms of spicules. Additionally, only one category of raphids is present in B. chilensis (see Table 6). Biemna typica sp. nov. differs from all other Biemna listed in Table 6 in the presence of only one category of styles. Biemna erecta sp. nov. and B. aurantiaca sp. nov. have spicule complements similar to B. rhabderemioides Bergquist, 1961 and B. rhabdostyla Uriz, 1988, but the latter two species possess much smaller styles and subtylostyles (Table 6). In conclusion, the three species described here (Biemna aurantiaca sp. nov., B. erecta sp. nov and B. typica sp. nov.) differ from each other in the size and shape of the spicules, and should be considered as new species.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB93521FE24D0D9FC6AF1B2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 C 1 EE 9 CB- 2950 - 4449 - AD 77 - D 32 D 9 A 781 E 9 C Fig. 13; Table 7	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB93521FE24D0D9FC6AF1B2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after the cribrose surface of the sponge.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB93521FE24D0D9FC6AF1B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Jacaf Canal N; 44.271194 ° S, 73.209222 ° W; depth 20 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 32; MSGN 61498.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB93521FE24D0D9FC6AF1B2.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Encrusting sponge 5 mm thick and 10 cm long (Fig. 13 A). Surface slightly conulose with visible oscula, ostia and canal network. Slightly hispid. Colour in life reddish orange (Fig. 13 A). Consistency soft. SKELETON. Choanosomal skeleton consisting of bundles of thin styles entirely enclosed in spongin. Dendritic fibres rising up from basal spongin plate. Low spicular density. SPICULES. Megascleres: Smooth styles, bent near the head, ending with tip not pointed but almost rounded (Fig. 13 B – C), 520 – (1616.15) – 2091 μm long and 2.5 – (23.25) – 32.5 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth of 20 m, on a rocky slope covered by coralline algae.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFFB93521FE24D0D9FC6AF1B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks From five species of the Scopalina genus known in the Southern Hemisphere (Table 7), only Scopalina bunkeri Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 has been recorded from Chilean coast by Bertolino et al. (2019). The new species differs from S. bunkeri in having a very spiky surface and by the presence of smaller styles (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. australiensis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982) from Eastern Australia in its external morphology, having an erect habit, large body and spicule size, but much smaller styles (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. erubescens Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 from the Falklands / Malvinas in its pale pink colour, a conulose surface, and styles that are four times shorter than those of S. erubescens (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. hapalia (Hooper, Cook, Hobbs & Kennedy, 1997) from Australia both in the colour and the presence of strongyles, which are lacking in the new species. Finally, regarding species of the Southern Hemisphere, S. cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. incrustans (Lendenfeld, 1887) from Australia by its larger styles. The nine species of Scopalina reported from the Northern Hemisphere differ from S. cribrosa in the size of spicules, and often in their shape (Table 7). We, therefore, propose that Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. should be considered as a species new to science.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF85351BFE41D0EDFB58F728.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 78052288 - 83 C 4 - 4 D 9 F- 91 DE- 6275 C 19187 CE Fig. 14	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF85351BFE41D0EDFB58F728.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is so named for the presence of strongyloid styles in the spicules.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF85351BFE41D0EDFB58F728.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863 ° S, 72.958312 ° W; depth 25 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a vertical wall by scuba diving; CILE 65; MSGN 61499.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF85351BFE41D0EDFB58F728.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Small erect sponge, 5 cm high, with thin stalk (5 mm in diameter) which divides into two branches with peariform extremities (Fig. 14 A). Two round oscula visible. Surface hispid. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 14 A). Consistency strong but compressible. SKELETON. Stalk characterized by axial compact skeleton that diverges into thinner secondary axes in branches. Close to surface ectosomal skeleton composed of brushes of spicules. SPICULES. Megascleres: Smooth, slightly curved, long tylostyles (Fig. 14 B), 841.5 – (1466.3) – 2320.5 μm long and 17.5 – (21.75) – 30 μm thick. Shorter, straight or curved, often fusiform tylostyles, with different heads (Fig. 14 C), 175 – (230.25) – 320 μm long and 10 – (14.1) – 17.5 μm thick. Smooth strongyloid styles, more or less curved (Fig. 14 D), 200 – (274.55) – 340 μm long and 10 – (18.75) – 25 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth between 20 and 25 m on a vertical wall.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF85351BFE41D0EDFB58F728.taxon	discussion	Remarks Only one species of this genus has been reported from the channels and fjords of southern Chile: Rhizaxinella spiralis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886). The new species R. strongylata sp. nov. described here differs from R. spiralis in external morphology, shape and size of styles / tylostyles, and in the presence of strongyloid spicules. In fact, R. spiralis has a stipitate cylindrical shape and two categories of tylostyles / styles that measure 1000 × 13 μm and 400 μm (width not reported in original description). Four other Rhizaxinella species are present in the Southern Hemisphere and so geographically closer to the new species. Rhizaxinella australiensis Hentschel, 1909 (North Patagonian Gulf, East Antarctic Wilkes Land, West Australia) is ramified with vertical branches; tylostyles are sinuous, straight or strongyloid and measure 500 – 1200 × 9 – 19 μm and 240 – 500 × 9 – 12 μm. Rhizaxinella dichotoma Lévi, 1993 (New Zealand, New Caledonia) is pedunculate with multiple branches, has principal tylostyles (725 – 1200 × 15 – 30 μm) and peripheral tylostyles (400 – 800 × 4 – 10 μm). Rhizaxinella durissima (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Southwest Australia) with pedunculate shape has straight styles / tylostyles (240 × 6.3 μm) and fusiform tylostyles (1500 × 15.7 μm). The species morphologically closest to the new species, based on the large spicules and the presence of strongyloid forms, appears to be R. radiata Hentschel, 1909 (West Australia) which has a pedunculate shape, straight styles (1100 – 2150 × 27 – 45 μm), styles / subtylostyles (250 – 800 × 10 – 17 μm) and strongyles (250 – 350 × 7 – 11.2 μm). Even allowing for the lesser importance of sponge shape and a degree of morphological variability within the genus, the present description of type and size of spicules of R. strongylata sp. nov. merits the establishment of a new species.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF83351BFDAFD353FCB6F2D0.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Darwinella muelleri (Schultze, 1865).	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF83351BFDAFD353FCB6F2D0.taxon	diagnosis	Emended diagnosis In the Darwinella, the dendritic fibre skeleton is supplemented by fibrous spicules which can be diactinal, triactinal or polyactinal. There is no sand in the fibres but dispersed cellular elements can occur. The sponges are fleshy, encrusting, or massive to lobate; to which fibrous spicule with style shape may be added (emended from Müller 1865).	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF83351BFDAFD353FCB6F2D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks The species of Darwinella may be confused with those belonging to the genus Aplysilla Schulze, 1878 because of the similarity in external shape; however, Darwinella is characterized by the presence of diactinal, triactinal or polyactinal fibrous spicules (Pronzato 1975). In the present study we described a new fibrous spicule type for the Darwinella genus.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF833519FE35D5CAFED7F546.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FA 17 C 8 DB- 1973 - 4 E 6 F- 9 AB 9 - A 025 F 68 D 38 F 5 Fig. 15	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF833519FE35D5CAFED7F546.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after Professor Roberto Pronzato (DISTAV – Università degli Studi di Genova) in recognition of his significant contributions to taxonomic studies on horny sponges.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF833519FE35D5CAFED7F546.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena C; 44.631113 ° S, 72.929130 ° W; depth 15 m; 5 – 10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 100; MSGN 61500.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF833519FE35D5CAFED7F546.taxon	description	Description HABITUS. Encrusting sponge about 5 cm long and 1.5 cm thick, with regular conulose surface. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 15 A). Live specimens soft, very fragile, showing numerous oscula with low rim (Fig. 15 A). Ostia also visible on sponge surface (Fig. 15 A) SKELETON. Structure typical of Darwinella genus with ascending dendritic fibres supporting surface conules. Several dendritic fibres arise from common basal plate. Red dendritic fibres laminated, linear and sinuous, 14 – (15) – 16 mm long and 70 – (80) – 90 μm thick, with opaque core (Fig. 15 B); axial core 10 – (11) – 12 μm thick. SPICULES. Smooth, straight, slightly curved or sinuous horny styles, with visible axial core (Fig. 15 C), 87.5 – (436) – 830 μm long and 9 – (12.5) – 16 μm thick; axial core 2.5 – (8.3) – 13 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth of 15 m in a shady area on rocky wall.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
805287BEFF833519FE35D5CAFED7F546.taxon	discussion	Remarks Up to now, there was no evidence of the presence of the genus Darwinella from the Chilean coasts. Thirteen species belonging to this genus have been described worldwide, eleven of which have multiradiate spicules and one species, Darwinella tango (Poiner & Taylor, 1990), has no spicules. Only two species are characterized by monaxonic spicules: D. gardineri Topsent, 1905, characterised by curved horny oxeas (1600 – 2000 × 20 μm), and D. oxeata Bergquist, 1961, having horny spined oxeas (530 – 2083 × 4.2 – 29.8 μm). Due to the presence of smooth, straight, slightly curved or sinuous horny styles, D. pronzatoi is clearly different from both these species, therefore it should be considered as a species new to science.	en	Bertolino, Marco, Costa, Gabriele, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Pansini, Maurizio, Daneri, Giovanni (2020): New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.715
