taxonID	type	description	language	source
81628786FFF56D45FEF1FD63CDD2431F.taxon	description	(Figures 2 and 3 A)	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF56D45FEF1FD63CDD2431F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Drosophila m. mojavensis can be distinguished from the other subspecies by the shape of the aedeagus (Figure 3 A). Internal margin of aedeagus / external margin of aedeagal apodeme index 51.0 (0.99 – 1.01; n 530); ventral margin of aedeagus / wide aedeagal apodeme index 53.7 (3.65 – 3.92). Tip of aedeagus with a small pointy protuberance; dorsal and ventral aedeagus margins almost form an isosceles triangle. Aedeagus ventral margin almost straight with a small protuberance in the middle zone. Redescription Male. Head. Front brownish; frontal length 0.32 (0.30 – 0.34) mm; frontal index 50.83 (0.76 – 0.88). Frontal triangle pale brown, more or less distinct. Ocellar triangle slightly prominent and lighter than front, pollinose. Interfrontal setulae in ‘‘ V’ ’ shape. Frontal vittae brownish; orbital plates wider at the or 1 level, almost a pointed shape. Orbital setae black, or 2 just slightly posterior to or 1; or 1 / or 3 ratio 50.90 (0.76 – 1.07); or 2 / or 1 ratio 50.60 (0.56 – 0.68); vibrissal index 50.51 (0.41 – 0.61). Face brownish. Carina broad below and sulcate, central area similar colour as vittae; distal lateral sections light brown. Cheek index ca. 5.70 – 9.86. Eye red; eye index 51.17 (1.11 – 1.25). Occiput yellowish, brown above foramen. Antennae tannish brown, pedicel slightly darker, third joint darker; arista with three dorsal, two ventral, and about four small inner branches, plus terminal fork. Proboscis yellowish, clypeus brownish. Palpus pale yellow with about three strong setae along external ventral margin. Thorax. Length: 1.01 (0.98 – 1.04) mm. Mesonotum light brownish-yellow; setae arising from brown spots; eight rows of acrostichal setulae. Upper / lower postpronotal setae (h index) 51.20 (1.19 – 1.20); anterior / posterior dorsocentral setae (dc index) 50.63 (0.60 – 0.65). Scutellum dark brownish with margin slightly clear. Basal setae slightly convergent, apical scutellar convergent; basal / apical scutellar setae (scut index) 50.82 (0.73 – 0.90). Pleura brownish, shining, with a narrow, dark brown stripe from upper margin of katepisternum to below procoxa. Faint darker brown stripes, one visible along upper margin, and a second stripe on the middle part of anepisternum; this strip prolonged faintly to the anepimeron. Anterior / posterior katepisternal setae (sterno index) 50.72 (0.64 – 0.80), median katepisternal seta about 52 – 61 % of the anterior one. Haltere yellow with slightly brownish colouration on anterior side of knob. Legs yellow, with a faint brownish postbasal band on tibia which it is darker on hind leg. Procoxa and all fifth tarsal segments slightly darker than the rest of the legs; preapical setae on all tibiae, apical seta on mesotibia. Abdomen (Figure 2 A). Pale yellow; apical band on tergites well defined in dorsal area with interruption between sides. On the upper margin of the lateral area, apical band curves slightly and expands as a diffuse extension to almost touch the margin of the anterior tergite. Background colour in lateral area brownish-yellow, diffuse; most of the margin in lateral areas from tergites 1 – 4 covered by a dark irregular spot; colour of lateral area spots lighter than apical band; colour gradually disappears from ventral to dorsal area; spot almost completely disappears at posterior margin of tergite 5. Testes yellow with 2.5 inner and 3 outer coils. Wings. Hyaline, veins brown. Apex of subcostal break slightly black with two well-developed setae. Third costal section with heavy bristles on its basal third. Crossveins clear. Wing length 1.70 (1.60 – 1.80) mm, length to width ratio 51.82 (1.73 – 1.88). Indices: Costa (C index) 52.91 (2.69 – 3.06), C-III / C-IV (ac index) 52.27 (2.00 – 2.57), C-III / M-III (4 C index) 50.92 (0.80 – 1.05), M-IV / M-III (4 v index) 51.81 (1.67 – 1.91), CuA (apical section) / dM-Cu (5 x index) 51.26 (1.00 – 1.44), CuA (apical section) / M-III (M index) 50.48 (0.43 – 0.53), Basal R 4 + 5 / M-III (prox. X index) 50.67 (0.64 – 0.71). Genitalia. Cerci with few microtrichose, many long setae, and fused anteriorly to epandrium. Epandrium barely microtrichose on dorsal area; three to five setae on the apical margin in the medial section; ventral lobe enlarged and bare, with filament-like setae, forming a rounded toe that partially overlaps surstylus laterally. Surstylus not microtrichose; 9 – 11 peg-like prensisetae almost rounded on tip, with the two anterior setae slightly larger and pointed; three to four inner setae larger than prensisetae; seven to eight outer setae. Cerci barely microtrichose; hypandrium slightly longer than epandrium. Aedeagus fused to aedeagal apodeme (Figure 3 A). Aedeagal apodeme upper half smaller than aedeagus. Ventral rod almost twice as long as width of aedeagal apodeme. Female. Identical to male, except as follows. Abdomen similar to male except lateral light area on tergite 5 diffuse, darker than male (Figure 2 B). Wings. Wing length 1.78 (1.62 – 1.87) mm, length to width ratio 52.01 (1.93 – 2.05). Indices: Costa 53.20 (2.45 – 3.43), C-III / C-IV 52.34 (2.13 – 2.57), C-III / M-III 50.86 (0.77 – 1.03), M-IV / M- III 51.64 (1.51 – 1.74), CuA (apical section) / dM-Cu 51.19 (1.00 – 1.38), CuA (apical section) / M-III 50.52 (0.46 – 0.58), Basal R 4 + 5 / M-III 50.80 (0.70 – 1.00). Genitalia. Valve of oviscapt distally rounded, ventrally almost straight, with ca. 6 distal and 12 – 13 marginal, peg-like, mostly roundish-tipped, outer ovisensi 1 la; inner ovisensi 1 la: four thin, trichoid-like, distally positioned, and one long, straight, subterminal. Distribution and host cactus Mojave Desert (southern California to northwestern Arizona; Figure 1). Host cactus: barrel cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus). Remarks Referring to many newly described species of Drosophila, including D. m. mojavensis, Patterson (1943) commented that type specimens are widely scattered in private collections and museums. Whether a holotype was designated is not stated in either Patterson and Crow (1940) or Patterson (1943), but a ‘‘ cotype’ ’ (either a syntype or paratype) of D. m. mojavensis from Mesquite Springs, Death Valley, California is deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. We did not examine the ‘‘ cotype’ ’. Material examined External and internal (genitalia) measurements were conducted on 30 males and 12 females from laboratory culture ANZA 406 started with flies from California (USA), near Borrego Springs, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, San Diego County, April 2006, collected by L. K. Reed and T. A. Markow. Voucher specimens (all from isofemale line culture ANZA 406 - 4): 10 males and 12 females deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (acquisition nos. 461 – 470 (males) and 471 – 482 (females )); 10 males and 10 females deposited at the Smithsonian Diptera Collection, United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, DC.	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF16D44FE62FEF0CC894012.taxon	description	(Figure 3 B)	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF16D44FE62FEF0CC894012.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Drosophila m. baja can be distinguished from the other subspecies by the shape of the aedeagus (Figure 3 B). Internal margin of aedeagus / external margin of aedeagal apodeme index 52.04 (1.36 – 2.30; n 520); ventral margin of aedeagus / wide aedeagal apodeme index 55.30 (4.08 – 5.89). Dorsal margin of aedeagus in the anterior part has a depressed curve that is less pronounced than in D. m. sonorensis; aedeagus tip is pointed and looks like a spine (some individuals appear to have two small spines). Distribution and host cactus Baja California peninsula and the islands of the western Gulf of California (Figure 1, but see remarks below). Host cactus: pitaya agria (Stenocereus gummosus). Remarks In Mettler’s (1963) brief description, no mention is made of type specimens or a type locality. Flies assigned to D. m. baja by Mettler (1963) were collected over a wide geographic area of northwestern Mexico, including the states of Baja California Sur (La Paz and Mulege´), Baja California (near Cabo San Miguel on the Gulf of California) and mainland Sonora (Sonoita and Magdalena). Here we are restricting the definition of D. m. baja to include only the peninsular populations (with the possible exception of flies from the San Felipe region in northeastern Baja California) and those from islands in the western gulf; the Sonoran populations are here assigned to D. m. sonorensis (see following account). In the absence of evidence that types were ever designated, and to avoid confusion in future taxonomic studies of the D. mojavensis subspecies group, we have designated a neotype of Drosophila mojavensis baja from La Paz, Baja California Sur (see Material examined) in accordance with Article 75 of the Code of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). This designation is necessary to clarify the taxonomic status of D. m. baja and to fix a type locality. The subspecies assignment of flies from the San Felipe region in northeastern Baja California needs to be confirmed with molecular markers and examination of genitalia, but some evidence suggests that D. m. sonorensis, or possibly D. m. mojavensis, might be found there. Richardson et al. (1977) reported that the Adh- 2 S allele was fixed in flies from San Felipe, suggesting that they belonged to D. m. sonorensis, although number of individuals analyzed was not given (San Felipe was not sampled in the Adh study of Zouros (1973 )). Material examined Neotype. Male: Baja California Sur (Mexico), La Paz, February 2001, L. Matzkin, deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (acquisition no. 527 from laboratory culture MJBC 113 started from flies collected on Stenocereus gummosus). Neoparatypes (same collection data as neotype): 14 males and 15 females deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection (acquisition nos. 528 – 541 (males) and 542 – 556 (females )); 10 males and 10 females deposited at the Smithsonian Diptera Collection, United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, DC. External measurements were conducted on 20 males and 20 females from laboratory culture MJBC 113; internal (genitalia) measurements were conducted on 20 males.	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF06D47FEB3FDF5CC454049.taxon	description	(Figure 3 C)	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF06D47FEB3FDF5CC454049.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype. Male: Sonora (MEXICO), Guaymas, June 1999, L. Matzkin, deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (acquisition no. 557 from laboratory culture MJ 122). Paratypes (same collection data as holotype): 15 males and 10 females deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection (acquisition nos. 558 – 572 (males) and 573 – 582 (females )); 10 males and 10 females deposited at the Smithsonian Diptera Collection, United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC. Diagnosis Drosophila m. sonorensis can be distinguished from the other subspecies by the shape of the aedeagus (Figure 3 C). Internal margin of aedeagus / external margin of aedeagal apodeme index 51.21 (1.19 – 1.27; n 515); ventral margin of aedeagus / wide aedeagal apodeme index 54.33 (4.26 – 5.16). Compared to D. m. mojavensis, ventral margin of aedeagus in D. m. sonorensis is larger with stronger protuberances; dorsal margin of aedeagus has a depressive curve resulting in a narrow aedeagal tip. Distribution and host cactus Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico to southern Arizona, USA (Figure 1). Host cactus: organ pipe (Stenocereus thurberi), except in the region of El Desemboque, Sonora where pitaya agria (Stenocereus gummosus) is also utilized. Remarks High frequencies of the Adh- 2 S allele in flies from islands adjacent to Sonora in the eastern Gulf of California, including Tiburón Island (Richardson et al. 1977; Heed 1978), suggest that they belong to D. m. sonorensis. Also, Etges (1993) found D. mojavensis on pitaya agria in the El Desemboque region of mainland Sonora, about 5 km from Tiburón Island, which from their size and behaviour were typical of the mainland population, D. m. sonorensis. Material examined External measurements were conducted on 20 males and 20 females from laboratory culture MJ 122; internal (genitalia) measurements were conducted on 15 males. Etymology Subspecies name suggested by Hocutt (2000) was sonora for the state of Sonora, Mexico, the geographic centre of its distribution, here changed to sonorensis to follow ICZN recommendations.	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF36D46FEC2FD3BCA4F4049.taxon	description	(Figure 3 D)	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
81628786FFF36D46FEC2FD3BCA4F4049.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype. Male: California (USA), Santa Catalina Island, 20 October 2007, V. Carlin-Harris, deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (acquisition no. 483 from collection CI 1007). Paratypes (same collection data as holotype): 15 males and 15 females deposited at the San Diego Drosophila Stock Center collection (acquisition nos. 484 – 498 (males) and 499 – 513 (females )); 10 males and 10 females deposited at the Smithsonian Diptera Collection, United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC. Diagnosis Drosophila m. wrigleyi can be distinguished from the other subspecies by the shape of the aedeagus (Figure 3 D). Internal margin of aedeagus / external margin of aedeagal apodeme index 51.37 (1.35 – 1.49; n 515); ventral margin of aedeagus / wide aedeagal apodeme index 53.97 (3.47 – 4.27). Ventral margin of aedeagus is almost straight; anterior dorsal margin has a slight depressive curve with small protuberances appearing like a saw with two teeth. Distribution and host cactus Currently known only from Santa Catalina Island off the coast of southern California, USA (Figure 1). Host cactus: prickly-pear (Opuntia spp., including O. littoralis). Remarks Fasolo and Krebs (2004) found that D. m. wrigleyi showed significantly greater thermal tolerance than both D. m. sonorensis from southern Arizona (Santa Rosa Mountains) and San Carlos, Sonora, and D. m. baja from Baja California Sur (Ensenada de los Muertos). Fasolo and Krebs (2004) also noted that preliminary mtDNA studies using 16 S rRNA showed D. m. wrigleyi possessed three apparently unique base substitutions compared to flies here assigned to D. m. baja and D. m. sonorensis. Material examined External measurements were conducted on 20 males and 20 females from collection CI 1007; internal (genitalia) measurements were conducted on 15 males. Etymology Subspecies name suggested by Hocutt (2000) in honor of the Wrigley family, and especially William Wrigley, Jr., for their efforts in protecting Santa Catalina Island.	en	Pfeiler, E., Castrezana, S., Reed, L. K., Markow, T. A. (2009): Genetic, ecological and morphological differences among populations of the cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis from southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico, with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Natural History 43 (15 - 16): 923-938, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610535, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610535
