taxonID	type	description	language	source
7E578795D520A42EFF6CFC4FFD90F91E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From Mīšūnīš, ancient name of the current Mundo River; in the Mundo River valley, the most significant outcrops of specimens from which this genus is erected are found.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D520A42EFF6CFC4FFD90F91E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Misunithyris goyi sp. nov. (by monotypy); see below.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D520A42EFF6CFC4FFD90F91E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — As for the type species by monotypy.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D520A42EFF6CFC4FFD90F91E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — The supra-generic systematic arrangement of Misunithyris is debatable, depending on the diagnostic criteria selected. Exceptional concurrence of several internal and external features can make attributable this genus to different groups within Terebratulida. On the one hand, the new genus herein erected shows common features with the superfamily Dielasmatoidea Schuchert, 1913, which includes some genera with enveloped dental plates and cardinal process. However, the assignment to Dielasmatoidea can be problematic because Misunithyris does not evidence a dielasmoid-type brachidium (sensu Dagys 1974 or Smirnova 2008). In this sense, supplementary elements such as median ridges or vertical plates (even not forming part in the development of brachidium, as stated by Dagys 1974 and Smirnova 2008) have not been observed in the internal structure of Misunithyris. Furthermore, some Dielasmatoidea representatives show septum-supported architectures and often short-looped developments (e. g., Adygella Dagys, 1959; Dielasmina Waagen, 1882; Tunethyris Calzada, Peybernes, Kamoun, and Youssef, 1994). In addition, crural bases are given off dorsally instead the distinctive crural progress revealed in Misunithyris. Within Dielasmatoidea, higher similarity was expected with the anteriorly multicostate stock attributed to the Permian Dielasmina Waagen, 1882 and Hemiptychina Waagen, 1882 and the Permian – Triassic Costoconcha Jin, Sun, and Ye, 1979, since besides the anterior ribbed pattern, all genera share quite a few beak features and the presence of cardinal process, but the rest of the internal structure is totally different, mainly referred to the dental plates and the crural development, which is clearly a brachidium-supported structure in the first stages. Another dielasmatoid morphotype, widely distributed and to some extent contemporary with Misunithyris is represented by Coenothyris Douvillé, 1879. The species of this Triassic genus display comparable dental plates, undeveloped or fused with the thickened shell wall, evident cardinal process, and long loop. Conversely, it evidences an initial septum-supported structure, notable septalium and, especially, the external features (such as smooth shell, often with strong uniplication) are entirely different (e. g., Popiel-Barczyk and Senkowiczowa 1989; Török 1993; Senkowiczowa and Popiel-Barczyk 1996; Kaim 1997; Pálfy 2003; Feldman 2005). Arrangement within Zeillerioidea Allan, 1940 is the most plausible option, mainly because of the presence of dental lamellae, the well-developed and large dorsal median septum, and a clear zeilleroid-type brachidium (sensu Smirnova 2008) with a long-looped development, not connected to the median septum. However, some characters do not fully agree with the various families up to now determined in Zeillerioidea. Misunithyris shares with the family Eudessidae Muir-Wood, 1965 the envelopment of dental plates, the presence of a cardinal process and most of the beak features. The most remarkable difference to Eudessidae are in a short dorsal median septum and the crural bases given off dorsally, as well as the usual growth of a median cardinal plate of the later group and not perceived in Misunithyris. Some external diagnostic criteria are very different as well, since even showing Eudessidae multicostate shells, Misunithyris shows a marginal ribbing pattern instead the entire multicostate shell-length of Eudessidae. Folding pattern is also unrelated as the conspicuous dorsal sulcus developed by Misunithyris is not shared with any Eudessidae representatives. The affinities with the family Zeilleridae are found in several subfamilies. Some representatives of the subfamily Vectellinae Baker, 2006 exhibit a long-looped development and cardinal process as a knob or poorly developed callus. However, Middle – Late Triassic representatives of this subfamily are very different in both external and internal features to the new established genus. It is the case of Fletcherithyroides Dagys, 1977, Aulacothyroides Dagys, 1965, and Parantiptychia Xu and Liu, 1983, consisting on smooth morphotypes, also showing a long stage of crura supported by septal pillars. Probably the clearest affinity in this subfamily is found in the Upper Triassic? – lowermost Jurassic Tauromenia Seguenza, 1885, due to comparable anterior ribbing pattern and the beak features, as well as the well-developed dorsal median septum (Alméras et al. 2007; Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral 2012) and long-looped brachidium (Alméras et al. 2007). Finally, there are several arguments for and against assigning Misunithyris to the subfamily Zeilleriinae Schuchert, 1929 as was defined in Kaesler and Selden (1997 – 2007). The septum is clearly well-developed and the brachidium evidences a long-looped progression. Conversely, the presence of cardinal process is atypical in this subfamily, although some genera show primitive lobes as massive callus or small knobs (e. g., Antiptychina Zittel, 1880; Kolymithyris Dagys, 1965). On the other hand, some of them also reveal enveloped dental lamellae instead the typical strong and unenveloped dental plates characteristic of this subfamily. As for Tauromenia, the closer external affinities are found in the anteriorly ribbed representatives of this subfamily, i. e., Calpella Owen and Rose, 1997 and Parathyridina Schuchert and Le Vene, 1929, the internal structure of which remains poorly known except for the presence of a prominent median septum (e. g., Cooper 1983; Baker 2006; Alméras et al. 2010 b). In this sense, very close internal and external affinities have been recognized with the recent erected multicostate genus Menathyris Feldman, 2013, except for the cardinal process and the anterior folding pattern. It must be kept in mind that the subfamily Zeilleriinae Schuchert, 1929 was recently split into several subfamilies by Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral (2014) on the basis of the hinge plates-crural bases relationship, thus resulting three subfamilies (Aulacothyrinae Babanova, 1964, Zeilleriinae Schuchert, 1929, and Securininae Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral, 2014). Attending to this criterion, Misunithyris clearly shows a Bakonyithyris - type pattern and might be arranged into Aulacothyrinae. However, the representatives of Aulacothyrinae (sensu Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral 2014) have not evidenced cardinal process so far, and the progress of dental plates is rather different. Summarizing, the arrangement of Misunithyris into family Zeilleridae is the best plausible determination, but does not fully agree with the currently defined subfamilies. Combining external and internal features, it seems to be closer to the multicostate zeilleriid stock, such as Menathyris Feldman, 2013, Calpella Owen and Rose, 1997, or Tauromenia Seguenza, 1885. A new subfamily might be erected, either with Misunithyris as monotypic taxon, or together with the aforementioned genera, but further studies of internal structures in their representatives will be required to establish the validity of this approach, emphasizing examination of cardinal process and brachidium architecture in addition to the already known shared features. Stratigraphic and geographic range. — Misunithyris is so far a monospecific genus recorded in the Gevanites epigonus Chronozone of the Fassanian (lower Ladinian, Middle Triassic) from the Betic Range (Fig. 2).	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	description	Fig. 3.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	etymology	Etymology: In a tribute to Antonio Goy (Complutense University of Madrid), prominent Triassic and Jurassic palaeontologist, to whom the authors are very indebted for long term teaching and collaboration.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: DCTMA-BQ-TA 1.2 (Fig. 3 F; Table 1) from the Talave section. Paratype: DCTMA-BQ-AH 2.2 (Figs. 3 B, 4, 5). Intraspecific variability is shown through the paratypes (Fig. 3) and measured in Table 1. Type locality: Talave section (External Betic Zone, SE Spain). Type horizon: Upper member of Siles Formation, Fassanian (early Ladinian); Gevanites epigonus Biochronozone. Material. — Six specimens (BQ-CL 1.1, BQ-CL 1.2, BQ-TA 1.1, BQ-TA 1.2, BQ-AH 2.1, and BQ-AH 2.2), including type material, with diverse state of preservation. All individuals show articulated but generally fragmented and encrusted valves. Internal recrystallization is visible in two specimens.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Medium-sized and ventribiconvex zeilleriid, pyriform in outline with strong sub-labiate beak and epithyrid / permesothyrid foramen. The lateral commissure is straight and the anterior one is clearly sulcate. Sharp ribs (8 – 13) appearing only near the anterior margin (3 – 5 in the median sulcus), often bifurcate and occasionally intercalate. Deltidial plates present and well-developed striate cardinal process. Crural bases are given off dorsally and hinge plates initially fused and subparallel. Dorsal septum long, exceeding the length of the brachidium. Long descending branches, distally with ventral progression.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	description	Description. — External features (Fig. 3): Medium-sized ventribiconvex shells (Table 1), pyriform to subovoidal in dorsal outline. W / L ratio is rather variable, but all specimens show L> W. Thickness is about 3 / 5 of the length. Maximum convexity lies in the posterior third while maximum width lies in the anterior third of the shell. Maximum thickness is observed near the mid-length. The beak is massive, sub-labiate, and strong, erect to slightly incurved, with a medium-sized epithyrid to permesothyrid foramen; the beak ridges are well-perceived and blunt, developing short and narrow interareas. The lateral commissure is straight and the anterior one is clearly sulcate, with a wide and arcuate dorsal median sinus. Sulcation is generally shallow, being more pronounced in the larger specimens. Ribbing pattern is distinctive of this species. Ribs are absent in the posterior third of the shell; costation consists of 8 to 13 ribs on each valve, 3 – 5 of which can be present in the median sulcus. Ribs are wide, strong, and square in cross-section, becoming stronger and sharper near the anterior margin. They are often bifurcate; the thicker specimens possess a set of weaker, intercalated ribs. Costation is more evident in the ventral valve and on the flanks of the dorsal one. In the median dorsal sulcus, ribs are only noticed from the mid-length onwards. Concentric, dense and strong growth lines are present on the entire surface giving a reticulate aspect to the shell. Internal structure (Figs. 4, 5): This species shows a suboctagonal to ovoidal delthyrial cavity in cross-section where the remains of a short pedicle collar and well-developed deltidial plates are visible. Dental plates are difficult to distinguish as they are enveloped in a thickened-shell wall (Fig. 5). They are short and subparallel. Hinge teeth are massive with crenulations, inserted in broad, shallow, and also crenulated sockets; small denticula are also discernible. It has a noticeable cardinal process, striated and raised by a high cardinal platform where a central cavity is located under the myophore (Fig. 5). Hinge plates are initially horizontal, fused and subparallel. The dorsal median septum is long and well-developed up to 2 / 3 of the shell. A short elliptical septalium is discernible. Crural bases are located in the ventral area of the hinge plates but an incipient dorsal thickening emerge clearly showing an early dorsal development (Fig. 4), suggesting a Bakonyithyris - type hinge plate / crural base inter-relation (sensu Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral 2014). The descending branches of the brachidium show subparallell and vertical plates and they are developed in the commissural plane in the posterior third of the shell, acquiring a slight ventral development anteriorly. The transverse band is not visible.	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
7E578795D521A422FF99F8DCFDAAFD84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — In addition to the main biometric ratios (Table 1), intraspecific variability mainly lies in the number of ribs present in each valve, depending on the bifurcation or intercalation. The smooth posterior stage is also variable between ½ and ¼ of the shell. A single specimen shows an exceptionally wide sulcus giving to the anterior commissure an almost rectimarginate aspect, but analyzing in detail this individual the sinus can be noticed from the early stages in the posterior areas of the shell. Thus, even width of sulcus is rather stable, it ranges from mid-width in the BQ-TA 1.2 specimen up to wider developments (BQ-AH 2.1 and BQ-CL 1.1) occupying nearly the entire anterior margin. On the other hand, maximum width can be shifted toward the anterior third, resulting in a more trigonal dorsal outline. As it is discussed above in the supraspecific assignment, this species shows high singularity in the external and internal traits, probably because it is an endemic taxon. The closer affinity is shown with the Lower Jurassic (mostly anteriorly) multicostulate zeilleriids Tauromenia polymorpha, T. brevicostata, and Fimbriothyris spp. (Seguenza 1885; Dubar 1942; Elmi et al. 2003; Alméras et al. 2007; Baeza-Carratalá and García Joral 2012), mainly recorded in the southern part of Western Tethys and even with the Middle Jurassic Eudesiidae representatives recorded in both Tethyan margins and the Mid-East platforms (e. g., Alméras 1987; Cooper 1989; Mukherjee et al. 2000; Alméras et al. 2010 b), having in common with these last taxa several internal features (cardinal process present in several taxa, long median septum) but not sharing the brachidium architecture and the ribs covering the whole surface of the shell in the Middle Jurassic taxa. Among the Triassic representatives, the closer affinities are found in Menathyris wilsoni Feldman, 2013 from Israel, virtually contemporary with the Betic material, sharing the sulcate shape of the shell, the marginal ribbing pattern and comparable internal structure, except for the cardinal process, absent in M. wilsoni; however, sulcus is shallower and narrower, anterior commissure is generally rectimarginate and ribs are simple without bifurcation or intercalation in such species. Curious similarity concerning the internal structure is observed in one specimen of Coenothyris with a central umbonal chamber in the cardinal process, similarly to the Betic material, and several Aulacothyroides species developing wide cardinal process, all of them depicted by Senkowiczowa and Popiel-Barczyk (1996) in the Anisian – Ladinian from Poland. Stratigraphic and geographic range. — In the Betic Range, this new species has been recorded together with biostratigraphical marker of the Gevanites epigonus Biochronozone Pérez-Valera F. 2005; Pérez-Valera et al. 2011; Pérez-Valera 2015) of the Fassanian (early Ladinian).	en	Baeza-Carratalá, José Francisco, Pérez-Valera, Fernando, Pérez-Valera, Juan Alberto (2018): The oldest post-Paleozoic (Ladinian, Triassic) brachiopods from the Betic Range, SE Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 71-85, DOI: 10.4202/app.00415.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6ca80b91-ddf1-3ada-9801-704ee7a80d97/
