identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7A2387FAD060FFFFFF45FF74E0080C5B.text	7A2387FAD060FFFFFF45FF74E0080C5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strongylidium koreanum Chae & Park & Min 2023	<div><p>Strongylidium koreanum n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–5; Table 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size 125–150 × 35–55 µm in vivo and 105 × 32 µm on average in protargol preparations. Body elliptical in outline, anterior end broader than the posterior end. Two macronuclear nodules and two to three micronuclei in the left cell. Cortical granules absent. Adoral zone with 26 membranelles on average. Three frontal cirri. Single buccal, fronto-ventral cirrus, and postoral ventral cirrus. Right and left ventral rows with 21 and 35 cirri on average, respectively; 37 cirri in right marginal row and 29 cirri in left marginal row. Right and left marginal rows with 37 and 29 cirri, respectively. Three bipolar dorsal kineties and three caudal cirri.</p> <p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.34992&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.404278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.34992/lat 33.404278)">Soil</a> from Jeju Island, South Korea, 33°24′15.4′′ N, 126°20′59.7′′ E.</p> <p>Material examined. A holotype slide (NIBRPR0000110849) and one paratype slide (NIBRPR0000110850) with protargol-impregnated specimens (including some dividers) were deposited at the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), South Korea. Each specimen is marked with circles or bars at the bottom of the slides. And, two non-type slides were deposited at Inha University (accession numbers: INHC314 and INHC315).</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the country where the species was discovered: South Korea.</p> <p>Gene sequence. The 18S rRNA gene sequence of S. koreanum n. sp. has been deposited in GenBank under accession number MW344121.</p> <p>Zoobank registration.</p> <p>Present work: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 629C287E-594A-4AFA-8030-C1568850ADAE</p> <p>Strongylidium koreanum n. sp.: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 56366467-DC77-4CC1-8DA9-D98DF1D918D8</p> <p>Description of interphasic specimens. Body size was 125–150 × 35–55 µm in vivo (n = 5), on average 105 × 32 µm in protargol preparations (Table 1). Slender body shape with tapered posterior end; grayish at low magnification, flexible (Figs. 1A, C, D, 2A–C, 3A–C). Two macronuclear nodules, ellipsoidal, 8–18 × 5–10 µm in size in stained cells, arranged in left half of cell. Two to three micronuclei, spherical, 2–4 × 2–4 µm in protargol preparations, adjacent to the macronuclear nodules (Figs. 1D, 2F, 3C). Contractile vacuole as approximately 10 µm in diameter when fully extended, slightly above the left mid-body (Figs. 1B, 2B), collecting canals not recognizable. Locomotion without peculiarities, usually moderately fast, creeping on the bottom of the Petri dish.</p> <p>Frontal and transverse cirri approximately 13 µm long in vivo; remaining cirri approximately 8.5 µm long. Three enlarged frontal cirri, fronto-ventral cirrus (III/2) below right frontal cirrus; one buccal cirrus; one postoral ventral cirrus, behind the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles; two ventral cirral rows, left ventral row with (=pseudorow; see Morphogenesis section) 27–42 cirri, commences approximately near right frontal cirrus, right ventral row with 15–28 cirri, starts slightly above mid-body. One left marginal row with 23–36 cirri commences above the level of the buccal vertex and extends the posterior cell end; one right marginal row with 30–46 cirri begins at the level of the right frontal cirrus, extends along the right cell margin, and terminates at a level similar to that of the left marginal row (Figs. 1A–C, 3A, B). Dorsal cilia approximately 3 µm long in vivo (Fig. 2G), each with one caudal cirrus at distal terminus.</p> <p>The oral zone is composed of 23–32 membranelles, occupying approximately the anterior fourth of the ventral side in the stained specimens. Paroral slightly curved inwards and endoral more or less straight, endoral starts at the level of the anterior buccal cirrus (Figs. 1A, C, 2E, 3A, B).</p> <p>Morphogenesis. In the middle stage, frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (FVTA) begin to develop and differentiate into dividers (Figs. 3D–G, 4A–D). In the late stage, the cirri segregate from anterior to posterior in the following manner. FVTA II produces the middle frontal and buccal cirrus; FVTA III produces the rightmost cirrus and cirrus III/2; FVTA IV differentiates two or five cirri of the middle part of the left ventral cirral row and originates the postoral ventral cirrus; FVTA V contributes to the posterior part of the left ventral cirral row; FVTA VI produces the whole right ventral cirral row and the anterior part of the left ventral cirral row (Figs. 3H–K, 4E–H). Finally, the new cirri arrange in a mature pattern and replace the parental structures.</p> <p>The marginal cirral row and dorsal kinety anlagen developed within the parental structures by intrakinetal proliferation (Figs. 3D–G, 4A–D). The parental cirri were replaced by new cirral rows and dorsal kineties. The two macronuclear nodules fused into a single mass. In the late dividers, the micronuclei and macronuclear segments began to divide (Figs. 3K, 4H).</p> <p>Molecular analyses. The 18S rRNA gene sequence was 1,585 bp and had a GC content of 44.9% (GenBank accession number MW344121). The species/genera of Strongylidiidae clustered with one group. This family consisted of the genera Hemiamphisiella, Pseudouroleptus, and Strongylidium in the ML and BI trees. The genus Strongylidium is distinct from the genera Hemiamphisiella and Pseudouroleptus. All Strongylidium species were clustered together with high supporting values. The support in the Bayesian inference analyses was high (posterior probability = 1.00) and ML analyses (bootstrap value &lt;80%) (Fig. 5). The pairwise similarities among the Strongylidium species range from 96.2% to 99.4% (Table 3).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A2387FAD060FFFFFF45FF74E0080C5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chae, Kyu-Seok;Park, Kyung-Min;Min, Gi-Sik	Chae, Kyu-Seok, Park, Kyung-Min, Min, Gi-Sik (2023): Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea. Zootaxa 5227 (2): 194-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5227.2.2
7A2387FAD067FFF4FF45F99AE7000AC4.text	7A2387FAD067FFF4FF45F99AE7000AC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strongylidium koreanum Chae & Park & Min 2023	<div><p>Comparison of S. koreanum n. sp. with morphologically related species</p> <p>In the comprehensive revision of Strongylidium by Paiva &amp; Silva-Neto (2007), Strongylidium spp. were divided into five groups. Group I is characterized by two long ventral and two marginal cirral rows, which includes the type species S. crassum Sterki, 1878. To date, 17 species have been assigned to group I, and S. koreanum n. sp. was found to belong to this group. S. koreanum n. sp. should be compared with S. orientale, S. pseudocrassum, S. contortus, and S. crassum, considering its two macronuclear nodules and position of the contractile vacuole (Table 2).</p> <p>Strongylidium orientale is highly similar to S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of adoral membranelles and the left ventral, left, and right marginal cirri. By contrast, both differ from anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (brackish water vs. terrestrial) (Chen et al. 2013).</p> <p>a AM, adoral membranelles; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; LVC, left ventral cirri; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; No., number; PVC, postoral ventral cirri; RMC, right marginal cirri; RVC, right ventral cirri.</p> <p>b Data from the illustrations.</p> <p>c Mean value.</p> <p>NA, not available (or not clearly recognizable).</p> <p>Strongylidium pseudocrassum can be distinguished from S. koreanum n. sp. by its macronuclear nodules (2–4 vs. 2), distance from the anterior edge of the cell to the anterior end of the right ventral cirral row (9–26 µm vs. 37–45 µm), anterior end of the right ventral cirri (above the proximal end of the adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), cortical granules (present vs. absent) and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Paiva &amp; Silva-Neto 2007).</p> <p>The data for S. contortus were insufficient because of the absence of a staining method. Thus, the characteristics seen in the illustrations were used. Strongylidium contortus differs from S. koreanum n. sp. in the number of right (ca. 46 based on the figure vs. 15–28, mean 21) ventral cirri, anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and habitat (freshwater vs. terrestrial) (Gelei 1954).</p> <p>Strongylidium crassum can be separated from S. koreanum n. sp. by the absence of a postoral ventral cirrus (vs. present), anterior end of right ventral cirri (above proximal end of adoral zone of membranelles vs. below), and single micronuclei located between two macronuclear nodules (vs. 2) (Kahl 1932).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A2387FAD067FFF4FF45F99AE7000AC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Chae, Kyu-Seok;Park, Kyung-Min;Min, Gi-Sik	Chae, Kyu-Seok, Park, Kyung-Min, Min, Gi-Sik (2023): Strongylidium koreanum n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), a new soil species from South Korea. Zootaxa 5227 (2): 194-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5227.2.2
