taxonID	type	description	language	source
7B07532BD5512F081DE5FBE9462CF969.taxon	description	Linnaeus (1758) described Cicada foliata as “ foliacea rotundata, nigra arcu albo [rounded foliaceous, black with white arc] ” and indicated a figure at plate 5 of Merian’s work (Merian 1705) (Figure 1). The indicated illustration thus represents the taxon he intended to describe. Nevertheless, he commented (in other words) that other examined specimens exhibited a different arrangement of the white fasciae on the pronotum. He considered them conspecific and attributed these variations to sexual dimorphism. According to him, the forms varied among specimens, some having only one fascia in form of arc and others with two fasciae: one vertical, followed by another in C-shape before apex. He also cited “ DeGeer ”, the collection to which the examined specimens likely belonged. Among those specimens there were, in fact, more than one species, as DeGeer (1773) demonstrated later on. Probably examining the same material used by Linnaeus, DeGeer separated the specimens into three different species: the aforementioned C. foliata L., plus C. foliata-fasciata and C. foliata-arcuata, which he described as new. He considered C. foliata as diagnosed by Linnaeus and also indicated Merian’s illustration; C. foliata-fasciata would be that with two white fasciae, one vertical and the other in C-shape; and C. foliata-arcuata, that with only one curved fascia. He also commented that Linnaeus erroneously considered all of them as sexual dimorphic variants of C. foliata. Unfortunately, the work of DeGeer (1773) was overlooked or not well understood by subsequent taxonomists, who continued interpreting the identity of M. foliata in different ways, based on Linnaeus’ description. Fabricius (1775) erected the genus Membracis and included, among others, Membracis foliata, repeating the description given by Linnaeus (l. cit.) “ … thorace foliaceo, rotundato, atro: arcubus albis [thorax foliaceous, rounded, black: white arc] ”. However, on this occasion, he actually had to hand a specimen different from that described by Linnaeus, so he added, at the end, the following remarks: “ in meo specimine fasciae tres flavae in thorace [in my specimen with three yellow fasciae on thorax] ”. Later on, Fabricius (1787) defined M. foliata in a different way, in comparison to the diagnosis given by Linnaeus (l. cit.): “ thorace foliaceo rotundato flavo: fascia maculaque atris [pronotum foliaceous rounded yellow: with band and spot black] ” Figures 1 – 7. Membracis species, lateral view. (1) Merian’s illustration (plate 5, 1705), showing M. foliata (L.) on a manihot root on the right, and in detail on the left; (2) M. foliata (L.) (lectotypus ♀, LC); (3) M. expansa Walker (holotype ♀, BMNH), junior synonym of M. foliata (L.); (4) M. surgens Walker (holotype ♀, BMNH), junior synonym of M. foliata (L.); (5) M. curvilinea Walker (lectotype ♀, BMNH), junior synonym of M. foliataarcuata (DeGeer); (6, 7) M. lunata Fabricius (♀♀ syntypes, ZMUC), syn. nov. of M. foliatafasciata (DeGeer). Note: Scale bar, 2 mm. and indicated “ Stoll, Cicad. tab. I. figure 2. ”, which is similar to Merian’s illustration. He might have realized that his latter remarks were incorrect and, therefore, described M. lunata from the specimens that probably were previously identified as M. foliata. He defined M. lunata as follows: “ thorace foliaceo rotundato atro, lunulis tribus albis [pronotum foliaceous, rounded, black, with three white moon-shaped bands] ”. In the description of M. lunata, Fabricius also said that the two posterior fasciae could be sometimes united – “ lunulis tribus albis, quarum posteriores interdum connatae ”. Gmelin (1789), on the other hand, considering all those specimens yet as Cicada foliata, included the following species as synonyms: M. lunata Fabricius and C. foliatafasciata DeGeer and also cited Merian’s figure. Also, he presented C. flaveola as a new name for M. foliata sensu Fabricius, 1787 (based on Stoll’s pl I, Figure 2). Fabricius (1794) redescribed M. foliata with the same words used in his previous work, but among the references he erroneously cited DeGeer’s Table 32, Figures 9 and 10, which illustrate two other Membracis species, M. foliatafasciata and M. foliataarcuata, respectively. In the Linnean Collection there is one female specimen labelled “ foliata ” (certainly a syntype of Cicada foliata L.) (Figure 2), which corresponds to that illustrated by Merian (1705). This confirms the determination of Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) in the sense that we present here. Up to now, Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) has the following synonyms: Membracis expansa Walker, 1851 (Figure 3, holotype ♀, BMNH), Membracis surgens Walker, 1851 (Figure 4; holotype ♀, BMNH) and Membracis jessica Goding, 1920. Although the holotype of the latter species was not examined, it could be readily determined with the illustration provided in Goding (1920 b, figure 1). Furthermore, the description of M. jessica (Goding 1920 a) perfectly matches with M. foliata: “ Nearly identical in form and size with foliata, from which it differs in being yellow with a broad vertical band extending from lateral angles to middle of dorsum and a large quadrangular spot before apex of posterior process, sooty black. Long. 15 mm.; alt. 8 mm. ” Lectotypus ♀, here designated for Cicada foliata Linnaeus, 1758 As stated previously, it is clear that Linnaeus based his description of Cicada foliata on specimens from more than one species. His remarks on different patterns of white fasciae on the pronotum, which he attributed to sexual dimorphism, have prevented accurate identification of this taxon until now. As the type-species of the family’s type-genus, the correct determination of its identity is crucial to nomenclatural stability in the group. Therefore, we designate as lectotype the female specimen in the Linnean Collection labelled “ foliata ”, which perfectly matches the figure presented by Merian, cited by Linnaeus in the original description. Additional labels are placed in the same pin, as follows: “ Cicada foliata Linnaeus, 1758 ”, “ LECTOTYPUS ” (red, square card), “ Lectotype designated by Sakakibara and Evangelista 2010 ”. Material examined Cicada foliata Linnaeus (lectotypus ♀, LC); Membracis expansa Walker (holotype ♀, BMNH), Membracis surgens Walker (holotype ♀, BMNH). Additional non-type material from ECUADOR: Sucumbios (Shushufindi: 1 ♀, MNHN); GUYANA: “ Courantyne River ” (13, BMNH); “ Trinidad ” (1 ♀, BMNH) and “ Amazon ” (1 ♀, BMNH).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5552F091DC8FF7940E4FB96.taxon	description	Cicada foliata-arcuata [sic] De Geer, 1773, p 206, pl 32, Figure 10 – 13 (type-locality: Surinam).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5552F091DC8FF7940E4FB96.taxon	description	M. foliataarcuata is very similar to M. sanguineoplaga Schmidt, 1906, being distinguished by the absence of a red spot before the apex of the posterior process. The arcuate yellowish band extends from the margin of the anterior lobe of metopidium, in front of the head, until near apex of posterior process, curved above humeral angles, then close to lateral margins.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5552F091DC8FF7940E4FB96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Membracis curvilinea Walker (lectotype ♀, BMNH). Additional non-type material from FRENCH GUYANA: “ Cayenne ” (1 ♀, NHRS).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5552F041D07FB44468CFDEB.taxon	description	Fabricius (1787) considered this form as a variation of M. lunata, in which the two posterior white bands would be connected, forming a C-shaped Figure. As stated previously (see the Membracis foliata section), Fabricius had previously attributed all these features to Membracis foliata and then corrected himself later on, but all these remarks have somehow prevented accurate determination of these three species. In the description of M. lunata, Fabricius (1775) stated that there were three yellow bands on the pronotum and that sometimes the two posterior fasciae could be united. Therefore, the identity of M. lunata has been usually linked to those Membracis that had three distinct vertical yellow bands on the pronotum. However, the examination of the type-series in Fabricius’ collection (ZMUC) proved that these specimens do not actually have three distinct yellow bands as he described. There are three syntypes in the collection (Zimsen 1964), all of them nearly identical, two of which have been photographed (Figures 6 – 7). Two syntypes have two conspicuous yellow bands (as in Figure 6, female syntype, ZMUC); an arcuate vertical anterior fascia followed by a C-shaped band. The third syntype (Figure 7, female syntype, ZMUC), on the other hand, seems to be a teneral; the pronotum is not as black as in the others and the posterior C-shaped band is less evident, giving the impression that it is divided into two separate bands. We believe that Fabricius erroneously interpreted it as having three bands instead of two and based the description mainly on this specimen. The type-series of M. lunata is nevertheless conspecific, thus the species is herein considered as junior synonym of M. foliatafasciata. The indicated type-locality of M. lunata is “ Cayenne ” [French Guyana], in the Amazon Rainforest, which corroborates our indication. Examined specimens of M. foliatafasciata also exhibit a remarkable variation of size and conformation of the C-shaped white band, which is illustrated in Figures 10 – 13. Other synonyms include: Membracis c-album Fairmaire syn. nov., 1846, Membracis flexa Walker, 1858 syn. nov. (Figure 8, lectotype female, BMNH) and Membracis suctifructus Boulard and Couturier, 1991 syn. nov. (Figure 9, holotype male, INPA).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5552F041D07FB44468CFDEB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Membracis lunata Fabricius (3 syntypes ♀, ZMUC); Membracis flexa Walker (lectotype ♀, BMNH); Membracis suctifructus Boulard and Couturier (holotype ♀, INPA). Additional non-type material from BRAZIL: Rondônia (Vilhena: 9 ♀), Roraima (Ilha de Maracá: 13), Amazonas (Manaus: 1 ♀; Tefé: 1 ♀; Itacoatiara: 1 ♀; Canutama: 3 ♀♀ 233), Pará (Jacareacanga: 1 ♀; Óbidos: 1 ♀), Acre (Rio Branco: 7 ♀♀ 2 33) and Mato Grosso (Cárceres: 2 ♀♀; Sinop: 333; Vila Vera: 1 ♀) (DZUP).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5582F041D88FD894603FA8E.taxon	description	(Figure 14)	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5582F041D88FD894603FA8E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Membracis mimica Walker (lectotype 3 and paralectotype 3, BMNH). Additional non-type material from BRAZIL: Rondônia (Ariquemes: 3 ♀♀ 533), Espírito Santo (Conceição da Barra: 10 ♀♀ 0233), Pará (Belém: 2 ♀♀; Mocajuba, Mangabeira: 10 ♀♀ 13; Alça Viária: 2 ♀♀ 13), Maranhão (Imperatriz: 1 ♀), Tocantins (Ilha do Bananal: 2 ♀♀), Bahia (Feira de Santana: 44 ♀♀ 2133; Barro Preto: 1 ♀; Salvador 17 ♀♀ 0633) and Mato Grosso (Chapada dos Guimarães: 333) (DZUP).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5582F051E45FA6C40C9FD43.taxon	description	(Figure 15)	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5582F051E45FA6C40C9FD43.taxon	description	M. celsa (Fig 15, holotype female, BMNH) ressembles M. foliata in the shape of pronotum and the pattern of the yellow bands. However, it is not as large as M. foliata and the horizontal arm of the L-shaped band is not extended to the apex of pronotum, but turns up before reaching the tip of posterior process, black. Although lacking an illustration, the description of M. rectangula Costa is quite clear and detailed, which enabled us to synonymize it with M. celsa. The other synonym of M. celsa, Membracis flavofasciata Sakakibara, 1971, is also illustrated (Figure 16, holotype male, DZUP).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5582F051E45FA6C40C9FD43.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Membracis celsa Walker (holotype ♀, BMNH); Membracis flavofasciata Sakakibara (holotype ♀, paratypes 47 ♀♀ 1233, DZUP). Additional non-type material from BRAZIL: Minas Gerais (Ibiá: 43 ♀♀ 013, DZUP).	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5592F051DE1FD314620FB13.taxon	description	Goding (1928) named it M. fairmairi, with the following diagnosis “ Dorsum with a transverse white band extended to and along lateral margins to subapical band, anterior half of pronotum immaculate black ”. M. fairmairi closely ressembles M. celsa, except for the anterior vertical white band on the pronotum, which is absent in the former species. No specimens of this species were examined. The type-locality is “ Cayenne ” [French Guyana], as indicated by Fairmaire.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5592F031DF8FAC1430CFE03.taxon	description	(Figure 17)	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5592F031DF8FAC1430CFE03.taxon	description	Comparing the type specimen of M. fusifera Walker (Figure 17, lectotype female, BMNH) with the illustration provided by Buckton (1901) to P. subtecta (pl III, Figure 7), we found that these two species are morphologically identical. Both typelocalities are also the same, therefore they are herein considered synonyms.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5592F031DF8FAC1430CFE03.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Membracis fusifera Walker (lectotype ♀, BMNH). New species	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD55F2F011D52FDF14046FD18.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Pronotum black, with broad yellow longitudinal band extended from the anterior margin to near the tip of posterior process, delimited superiorly by the sutural line and inferiorly by the lateral margins; in lateral view, pronotum fusiform, highly elevated above humeral angles and gradually descending towards apex of posterior process. Measurements Male / female (mm): total length 10.25 / 9.87; length of pronotum 8.50 / 8.25; length of tegmina 7.50 / 7.75; width of head 2.00 / 1.93; width between humeral angles 2.56 / 2.50; length of head 1.37 / 1.43. Description Male. Pronotum black; broad longitudinal yellow band extended from anterior margin above the head to near tip of posterior process, delimited superiorly by the sutural line and inferiorly descending from above the head to lateral margins, passing over humeral angles. Head black, eyes and ocelli castaneous. Tegmina dark, opaque; hind wings hyaline, slightly amber. Ventral surface of head, thorax, abdomen and legs concolorous with pronotum, except for brown tarsi. Head approximately as wide as long, finely punctuate and pubescent, especially above epistomal suture; vertex weakly convex, lateral borders very slightly curved anteriorly; epistomal suture indistinctly grooved; superior margin inconspicuously sinuous; ocelli prominent, closer to eyes than each other; suprantennal ledges somewhat straight, foliaceous, vertical, almost parallel to each other; postclypeus diamond shaped, as long as wide, extended half its length beyond lower margins of vertex, apex truncate, covered with dense and shining pubescence. Pronotum finely punctuate, sparsely pubescent; highly elevated above humeral angles, almost twice as long as high and then gradually arcuate to apex; in lateral view, fusiform, distinctly projected for a short distance anterior to head, anterior lobe rounded and weakly projected downwards, not reaching the level of ocelli; humeral angles obsolete; apex of posterior process acute, reaching distal angle of fifth apical cell of tegmina. Sutural line uniformly arcuate, almost parallel to dorsal margin. Tegmina with veins R, M and Cu divergent at base; one discoidal and five apical cells; transverse veins s, r-m and 2 m-cu present; veins distinct, weakly punctuate throughout. Genitalia closely resembling that of other Membracis species: aedeagus U-shaped, shaft directed vertically, anterior surface denticulate apically; styles slender, apical hook of shank curved, apex truncate with sharp edges, the ventral edge more pronounced; gonopore large, eliptical, subapical on posterior surface, membrane not produced. Female. Identical to male, slightly smaller. Holotype male. “ Hacienda La Union, San Domingo | de Los Colorados, Ecuador | 7.11.1965 | Axel M. Hemmingsen ” (ZMUC). Paratypes: 1 male with the same label data as the holotype (DZUP); 1 female, plus 1 specimen of unknown sex: “ Fusagasuga | Colombie | 8. viii. 1948 ”; “ Museum Paris ” (MNHN); 01 female: “ S. [outh] Am. [erica] Colombia | Bolivar, Batatal | 1938 – 1939 | coll. M. Althén-Dahl ” (LUND); 01 female: “ ECUADOR jan – feb 1964 | Provincia: Cotopaxi | Cantón Pujili | Parroquia: Manguila | Hacienda Tres Coronas | A. Burcharat ” (NHRS); 1 female: “ DEPT. NARINO GUAYACANA | 80 m. 21 - xi- 1968 ”; “ Muséum Paris | COLOMBIE | M. Descamps rec. ” (DZUP); 1 specimen of unknown sex: “ COLOMBIA: Narino, | Barbacoas, 80 m. | 2 - 5. i. 1972 | M. Cooper | B. M. 1972 - 275 ” (BMNH). Distribution	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD55F2F011D52FDF14046FD18.taxon	materials_examined	COLOMBIA: Bolivar [unknown municipality], Nariño [Guayacana and Barbacoas], Sumapaz [Fusagasugá]; ECUADOR: Cotopaxi [Pujili], Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas [Santo Domingo de los Colorados]. Remarks Membracis latifasciata sp. nov. strongly resembles M. fusifera Walker and also M. foliataarcuata (DeGeer) regarding the shape of pronotum and the lateral yellowish bands. In the former, the yellow band is more or less fusiform and does not reach the anterior margin; in the latter species, on the other hand, the pronotum is more expanded, regularly rounded and the yellow band is much narrower, extending from the anterior margin to near the apex. In this new species, the yellow area of pronotum is far more extensive than the black area.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD55D2F1E1D41FCF1460BF969.taxon	description	(Figures 19, 25, 28) Diagnosis Pronotum black, with vertical yellow band on anterior margin extended from anterior lobe to dorsum and, another, running along lateral margins above humeral angles to apex of posterior process; in lateral view, fusiform, highly elevated above humeral angles and gradually descending towards apex of posterior process. Measurements Male / female (mm): total length 10.62 / 12.62; length of pronotum 8.87 / 10.62; length of tegmina 8.12 / 9.87; width of head 2.25 / 2.37; width between humeral angles 2.81 / 3.18; length of head 1.25 / 1.50. Description Female. Pronotum black; in lateral view, with two yellow bands: one vertical, occupying all the anterior margin, from anterior lobe to dorsum at the highest point; the second one, running obliquely from above humeral angles downwards to lateral margin and expanded dorsally at the apex of posterior process. Head blackish, eyes and ocelli castaneous. Tegmina dark, opaque; hind wings hyaline, slightly amber. Ventral surface of head, thorax, abdomen and legs, concolorous with pronotum, except for brown tarsi. Head approximately as wide as long, finely punctuate and pubescent, especially above the epistomal suture; vertex weakly convex, lateral borders very slightly curved anteriorly; epistomal suture indistinctly grooved; superior margin inconspicuously sinuous; ocelli prominent, closer to eyes than each other; suprantennal ledges somewhat straight, foliaceous, vertical, almost parallel to each other; postclypeus diamond shaped, as long as wide, extended half its length beyond lower margins of vertex, apex truncate, covered with dense and shining pubescence. Pronotum finely punctuate, sparsely pubescent; highly elevated above humeral angles, almost twice as long as high and then gradually arcuate to apex; in lateral view, fusiform, distinctly projected for a short distance anterior to the head, anterior lobe rounded and weakly projected downwards, not reaching the level of ocelli; humeral angles obsolete; apex of posterior process acute, reaching distal angle of fifth apical cell of tegmina. Sutural line uniformly arcuate, almost parallel to dorsal margin. Tegmina with veins R, M and Cu divergent at base; one discoidal and five apical cells; transverse veins s, r-m and 2 m-cu present; veins distinct, weakly punctuate throughout. Male. Identical to female, smaller. Genitalia closely resembling that of other Membracis species: aedeagus U-shaped, shaft directed vertically, anterior surface denticulate apically; styles slender, apical hook of shank curved, apex truncate with sharp edges, the ventral edge more pronounced; gonopore large, eliptical, subapical on posterior surface, membrane not produced. Holotype female. “ Equateur | Versant Amazonien | Shushufindi | vi. 1985 | B. Perthuis réc. ”. Paratypes: 1 male and 4 females with the same label data as holotype (MNHN) and 1 female: “ DEPT. PUTUMAYO RIVE DROITE DU RIO | PUTU- MAYO EL PAUJIL 300 M. 12 - XI- 1968 ”, “ Muséum Paris | Colombie | M. Descamps rec ” (MNHN); 1 male with the same label data as holotype and 2 females: “ EQUA- TEUR | VERSANT AMAZONIEN ”; “ SHUSHUFINDI | vi. 1985 | B. PERTHUIS REC ” (DZUP). Distribution	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD55D2F1E1D41FCF1460BF969.taxon	materials_examined	ECUADOR: Sucumbios [Shushufindi]. Remarks Membracis obliquifasciata sp. nov. superficially resembles M. foliata (L.) in having the frontal yellow band covering the anterior margin of pronotum and the posterior band running along the lateral margins until the apex. It differs, however, in the form of pronotum, being fusiform instead of semicircular and the posterior yellow band somewhat oblique, not curved in a straight angle up to the dorsal margin.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5432F1C1D71FF7943C6FA9E.taxon	description	(Figures 20 – 23, 26, 29) Diagnosis Pronotum highly elevated, semicircular; black, with three translucent yellowish bands: the anterior one, narrow, arcuate, more or less vertical and parallel to the sutural line; the median one, shorter and next to the anterior band, juxtaposed to the semicircular impression, very small and roughly shaped; the posterior one, preapical, more or less elliptical, larger than the second and well defined, reaching the inferior margin. Measurements Male / female (mm): total length 7.50 / 10.00; length of pronotum 6.25 / 8.37; length of tegmina 6.00 / 7.62; width of head 1.93 / 2.31; width between humeral angles 2.37 / 2.93; length of head 1.25 / 1.43. Description Female. Pronotum black, with three narrow translucent yellowish bands disposed more or less vertically and in sequence: the anterior one, largest, arcuate, extended from anterior lobe up to dorsum but only attaining sutural line; the median, smallest, very short and roughly shaped, located between lateral margin and sutural line; the posterior one, more or less elliptical, well defined, preapical, also delimited by sutural line, reaching the inferior margin. Head black, eyes castaneous and ocelli yellow. Tegmina and veins dark opaque. Ventral surface of head, thorax, abdomen and legs concolorous except brown tarsi. Head approximately as wide as long, finely punctuate and pubescent, especially above epistomal suture; vertex weakly convex, lateral borders very slightly curved forwards; epistomal suture distinctly grooved; superior margin inconspicuously sinuose; ocelli prominent, closer to eyes than each other; suprantennal ledges somewhat straight, foliaceous, vertical, almost parallel to each other; postclypeus diamond shaped, as long as wide, extended half its length beyond lower margins of vertex, apex truncate, covered with dense and shining pubescence. Pronotum foliaceous, highly elevated, semicircular, almost twice as wide as long, finely punctuate, sparsely pubescent; in lateral view, projected anteriorly to the head, anterior lobe rounded and weakly developed, not reaching the level of ocelli; humeral angles obsolete; dorsal outline regularly arcuate from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest at midlength; apex of posterior process acute, reaching the distal angle of the fifth apical cell of tegmina. Sutural line arcuate anteriorly, curved from base of metopidium, near border, to humeral angles, almost parallel to dorsal line, then abruptly descending, distinctly sinuous until reaching the tip of posterior process. Tegmina entirely exposed, veins distinct, weakly punctuate throughout; veins R, M and Cu divergent from base; one discoidal and five apical cells; transverse veins s, r-m and 2 m-cu present. Male. Identical to the female, slightly smaller. Genitalia closely resembling that of other Membracis species: aedeagus U-shaped, shaft directed vertically, anterior surface denticulate apically; styles robust, apical hook of shank curved, apex truncate with sharp edges, the ventral edge with a finger-like projection; gonopore large, eliptical, subapical on posterior surface, membrane not produced. Holotype female. “ BRAZIL: Paraiba State, João | Pessoa, 01. ii. 2009 | Evangelista leg ”. Paratypes: with the same label data as holotype, 9 males and 2 females in DZUP, 2 females in each of the following institutions: BMNH, INHS, INPA, MNHN, MNRJ, MZUSP, NCSU, NHRS, UFPB and ZMUC; 12 females and 3 males “ BRAZIL: Paraiba State, João | Pessoa, Campus I UFPB | 11. iv. 2009 | Mendonça and Creão leg ” (DZUP). Distribution	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
7B07532BD5432F1C1D71FF7943C6FA9E.taxon	materials_examined	BRAZIL: Paraiba [João Pessoa]. Remarks Membracis luizae sp. nov. is similar to M. mimica Walker in nearly all aspects. It differs, however, in having narrower yellow bands, especially the middle spot, the shape of which can vary among specimens. It is very small or absent in almost all examined specimens, but occasionally it can be a little larger, roughly shaped, extended for a short distance towards the inferior margin (Figures 21 – 23 illustrate this variation). Host plant records Tropical almond, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae). Ornamental tree originated in tropical Asia, commonly found in the municipality of João Pessoa (and in others seashore cities along Brazilian Atlantic coast), popularly known as “ castanheira-dapraia ”, “ castanhola ” or “ sombreiro ”. M. luizae sp. nov. is highly polyphagous and was also found in many other host plants, such as Trema micrantha Blume (Ulmaceae), Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae), Cupania revoluta Radlk. (Sapindaceae), Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae) and Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth (Leguminosae, Fabaceae). Etymology This species is named in honour of Maria Luiza M. Evangelista, who resides near the location where type-specimens were collected. In northeastern Brazil M. luizae sp. nov. is popularly known as “ soldadinho ” [“ tiny trooper ” / “ tiny soldier ”] or “ viuvinha ” [“ little widow ”], names that are also attributed to other resembling Membracis species, like M. mimica.	en	Sakakibara, Albino M., Evangelista, Olívia (2010): Membracis foliata (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae) and allied species: an effort towards their correct determination. Journal of Natural History 44 (35 - 36): 2131-2148, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.485702, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.485702
