taxonID	type	description	language	source
0F46DEE09EC72B4E8A4E02690713EADD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Larva of Psalitrus can be distinguished from other known omicrine larvae (Omicrus Sharp, 1879, Peratogonus, and unidentified larva of Noteropagus or Paromicrus) by: (1) nasale with four distinct teeth; (2) asymmetrical median projection on nasale absent; (3) epistomal lobe absent; (4) mentum very deeply emarginate dorsally; and (5) legs four-segmented. The Psalitrus larva is also similar to other terrestrial sphaeridiine larvae; however, it can be distinguished by the addition of following combination of characters: (1) coronal line absent; (2) PA 6 and PA 13 absent; (3) antennomere 2 with a small basal additional pore dorsally; (4) antennal sensorium slender, long; (5) mandibles almost symmetrical, both mandibles with two teeth; (6) MN 1 close to MN 2; (7) MN 2 - 4 forming a triangular group; (8) maxillae symmetrical; (9) maxilla with well-sclerotised inner appendage; (10) submentum without large lateral extension; (11) labium without hypopharyngeal lobe; (12) LA 10 stout seta; (13) legs short, four-segmented; and (14) median lobe of spiracular atrium with median emargination posteriorly.	en	Minoshima, Yusuke N. (2019): First known larva of omicrine genus Psalitrus d'Orchymont (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (1): 107-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300
5A3807E5B365ECA76A331B8556268864.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 presumably first instar larva; see Table 1.	en	Minoshima, Yusuke N. (2019): First known larva of omicrine genus Psalitrus d'Orchymont (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (1): 107-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300
5A3807E5B365ECA76A331B8556268864.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of larva. See generic diagnosis.	en	Minoshima, Yusuke N. (2019): First known larva of omicrine genus Psalitrus d'Orchymont (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (1): 107-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300
5A3807E5B365ECA76A331B8556268864.taxon	description	Description of presumably first instar larva. General morphology. Length 1.2 mm in the specimen fixed by ethanol; head width 0.2 mm. Body (Fig. 1 A) maggot-like in shape, widest between abdominal segments 3 - 6. Colour. Head capsule and thoracic sclerites yellowish, membranous parts milky white. Head. Head capsule subquadrate (Fig. 2 A); cervical sclerites undetectable. Frontal lines U-shaped at base, then divergent laterally, ending behind outer margin of antennal socket; coronal line absent. Surface of head capsule smooth; stemmata present on each anterolateral portion of head capsule; number of stemmata unclear but two (groups of) stemmata detectable: posterior one oval; anterior one wider than posterior one. Posterior tentorial pits present, on midlength of and close to submental sulcus. Clypeolabrum symmetrical in shape (Fig. 3 C) but asymmetrical in arrangements of setae (see description of chaetotaxy). Nasale distinctly projecting, with four large teeth; all teeth almost similar in size and equidistant. Asymmetrical median projection absent. One pair of presumably egg-bursters present behind median two teeth of nasale. Epistomal lobe absent (Fig. 3 C); lateral part of epistome almost straight. Antenna (Fig. 4 A) three-segmented, short and stout; surface of antenna smooth. Antennomere 1 widest, distinctly wider than antennomere 2; antennomere 3 narrowest. Antennomeres 2 slightly shorter than antennomere 1; antennomere 3 slightly shorter than antennomere 2. Antennal sensorium present, as long as antennomere 3. Mandibles (Fig. 4 B) stout, distinctly widened in basal part, almost symmetrical; median part with two inner teeth; incisor area and basal margin of inner teeth weakly serrate. Maxilla (Fig. 4 C) six-segmented, stout, longer than antenna, asymmetrical. Cardo irregularly triangular. Stipes widest and longest, shorter than palpomeres 1 - 4 combined; maximum length of stipes as long as maximum width. Maxillary palpus somewhat stout, four-segmented; palpomeres 1 - 3 wider than long, 4 longer than wide. Approximate ratios of length of palpomeres 1 - 4 as follows: 1: 0.6: 0.6: 0.7. Palpomere 1 widest and longest, completely cylindrically sclerotised; inner process small, sclerotised. Palpomere 2 shorter and narrower than palpomere 1, as long as palpomere 4. Palpomere 3 shortest, narrower than palpomere 2. Palpomere 4 narrowest. Labium (Fig. 4 D) developed. Submentum subpentagonal, transverse, fused with head capsule; submental sulcus present. Submentum without large lateral extension, i. e., not fused with associate sclerites of cardo. Mentum subquadrate from ventral view; sclerite of dorsal face very deeply emarginated medially, narrowly and very strongly projected posteriorly at midwidth; border of sclerotised and membranous portions indistinct. Prementum subquadrate, transverse; median part of dorsal surface membranous. Ligula apparently absent or reduced to a minute membranous projection between palpomeres. Labial palpus moderately long, palpomere 1 wide, palpomere 2 narrower and distinctly longer than palpomere 1. Thorax. Thoracic segments bearing microtrichiae, which may catch and securely keep the dirt on its integument, except for ventral area between legs; this area bare and not bearing dust as other parts. Prothorax slightly wider than head capsule (Fig. 1 A). Proscutum formed by one large plate bearing several very long setae, subdivided by fine sagittal line, anterior and posterior margins weakly sclerotised. Prosternal sclerite transverse, not clearly detectable in the specimen. Mesothoracic spiracles forming small tubercle. Legs short, reduced to four segments, well sclerotised (Figs 1 B, 2 C). Trochanter and femur fused into a segment or trochanter reduced; coxa, tibiotarsus and claw (pretarsus) well defined. Abdomen 10 - segmented, widest in anterior half, then tapering posteriad (Fig. 1 A). Membranous part densely bearing microtrichiae, covered with dirt. One pair of spiracles on lateral part of dorsal surface, weakly tuberculate. Spiracular atrium (Fig. 1 C): segment 8 with oval dorsal sclerite bearing sparse microtrichiae and setae. Segment 9 trilobed, bearing long microtrichiae except for dorsal surface; median lobe of spiracular atrium with median emargination posteriorly. A pair of sclerotised urogomphi short, conical, bearing extremely long seta, fused basally, thus, outline of urogomphi looks to be V-shaped. Primary chaetotaxy of head. Frontale (Fig. 3 A, C). Rather long seta FR 1 situated mesally at midlength of frontale. FR 2 absent. FR 3 short seta, anterior and slightly mesal to FR 1. FR 4 - 6 located behind inner margin of antennal socket; FR 4 pore-like, slightly elongate, anterior to FR 5 and FR 6; rather long seta FR 5 and long seta FR 6 very closely situated, FR 5 mesal to FR 6. FR 7 on inner margin of antennal socket. Two sensilla close to inner margin of antennal socket; pore-like sensillum FR 14 mesal to antennal socket, rather short seta FR " 9 / 10? " behind FR 14. FR 13 absent. Pore-like sensillum FR 11 between FR 14 and gFR 1; left FR 11 situated more anteriorly on than right one. Two short, stout setae (FR 12 and additional seta) present between FR 11 and FR 14 (both marked as " 12? " in Fig. 3 C) on left; these absent on right. Pair of pore-like sensilla FR 15 behind median two setae of gFR 1. Six sensilla (gFR 1) present on anterior margin of nasale; mesal four short, stout setae; character state of lateral ones unclear. Parietale (Fig. 3 A, B). Dorsal surface with a group of five sensilla (PA 1 - 5) forming irregular longitudinal row in posterior part; PA 1 - 2 and 4 - 5 may be short setae, PA 3 pore-like. Minute additional pore present between PA 4 and PA 5. PA 6 absent. Probable PA 7 situated anterolaterally to PA 5; PA 7 may be a seta which is missing in the specimen. Very long seta PA 8 and pore-like sensillum (probable PA 10) anterior to PA 7; PA 8 close to frontal line; PA 10 between PA 7 and PA 8. Two rather short additional setae close and mesal to PA 8. Group of three long to very long setae lateral to PA 8 and PA 10; homology of them unclear (probably PA 12 - 14); PA 11 likely absent. Pore-like sensilla PA 15 situated laterally at anterior two-fifths. Long seta PA 9 posterolateral to antennal socket. PA 19 - 22 situated dorsolaterally on anterior corner of head capsule; PA 19 pore-like, dorsal to PA 20 - 22; PA 20 - 22 assumed very long to long setae, very closely aggregated; PA 20 anterior to PA 21; PA 22 ventral to PA 20 and PA 21. Pore-like sensilla PA 23 - 25 lateroventral, close to ventral mandibular articulation; PA 23 lateral to PA 24; PA 24 and PA 25 closely situated; PA 24 posterolateral to PA 25. Pore-like sensilla PA 17 situated lateroventrally on anterior fourth of head capsule. Two very long setae (PA 16 and PA 18) posterior to PA 17, precise homology of respective sensilla unclear. Very long seta PA 26 close and mesal to PA 17. PA 27 and PA 28 situated on median part of parietale, slightly anterior to midlength of head capsule; PA 27 pore-like, anterior to PA 28, PA 28 seta. PA 29 pore-like, posteromesal to PA 28. Pore-like sensillum PA 30 laterally on midlength of ventral surface. Head appendages. Antenna (Fig. 4 A). Antennomere 1 with five pore-like sensilla (AN 1 - 5). AN 1 situated dorsally on midlength of dorsal surface of sclerite. AN 2 anterolateral to AN 1, close to borderline between sclerite and membrane. AN 3 and AN 4 apically on intersegmental membrane or borderline between sclerite and membrane; AN 3 on inner face, AN 4 lateral face. AN 5 apically on ventral surface. Antennomere 2 with seven sensilla. AN 6 dorsally on subapical part of sclerite. One small additional or secondary pore-like sensillum on basal margin of sclerite. Minute setae AN 7 and AN 8, long seta AN 10, short seta AN 11, and sensorium SE 1 on intersegmental membrane between antennomeres 2 and 3. AN 7 and AN 8 dorsally on lateral part, behind SE 1. AN 9 absent. AN 10 and AN 11 on lateral face. SE 1 situated on outer face, slender and long, as long as antennomere 3, partly sclerotised. Antennomere 3 with group of apical sensilla (gAN) in apical membranous area. One ventral seta of gAN situated posterior to remaining sensilla; although borderline between membrane and sclerite hardly visible and almost undetectable, the seta seems to be on the borderline based on examination of very fine line indicated borderline. Mandibles (Fig. 4 B). Five sensilla (MN 1 - 5) on anterior one-third to two-fifths; MN 1 and MN 5 short setae, MN 2 - 4 pore-like sensilla. MN 1 on anterior to midlength of mandible. MN 2 mesal to MN 1. MN 4 anterior to MN 2, between MN 2 and MN 5. MN 3 lateral to MN 2 and MN 4. MN 5 anterior to MN 4. MN 6 undetectable; three sensilla-like structures present on subapical part of mandible. Maxilla (Fig. 4 C). Cardo with one ventral seta (MX 1). Inner face of stipes with irregular longitudinal row of five rather short setae (MX 7 - 11); MX 7 at base, slenderer than others; MX 8 - 11 stout. Pore-like sensilla MX 2 and MX 3 situated ventrally on median part, MX 2 posterolateral to MX 3. Pore-like sensilla MX 4, rather long seta MX 5, and long seta MX 6 situated subapically and ventrally on lateral face. MX 6 lateral to MX 4, MX 5 posterior to MX 4. Rather long seta MX 16 basally on inner face of palpomere 1. Pore-like sensillum MX 12 and rather long seta MX 13 situated subapically on lateral face; MX 12 anterior to MX 13. MX 14 ventrally and subbasally on inner part of sclerite. Pore-like sensillum MX 15 ventrally on membrane behind inner appendage; MX 17 absent. Inner appendage with few short apical setae of variable length (gAPP). Palpomere 2 with pore-like sensillum MX 18 and minute seta MX 27 on sclerite. MX 18 lateroventral ly at midlength; MX 27 basally on lateral face. Pore-like sensillum PA 19 on inner face of intersegmental membrane between palpomeres 2 and 3. Palpomere 3 with two pore-like sensilla (MX 20 and MX 22), and two setae (MX 21 and MX 23). MX 23 and MX 20 on subapical part of sclerite; MX 23 dorsal, MX 20 lateral. MX 21 apically on lateroventral part. MX 22 on posteroventral part of inner face. Palpomere 4 with three sensilla (MX 24 - 26) on sclerite. MX 24 seta on inner face; digitiform (MX 25) and pore-like (MX 26) sensilla on lateral face, MX 25 dorsal, MX 26 ventral. Apical membranous area of palpomere 4 with several minute setae (gMX). Labium (Fig. 4 D). Submentum with two pairs of setae (LA 1 and LA 2); LA 1 trichoid, situated mesally to LA 2; LA 2 short, leaf-like, on lateral part. Mentum with one pair of very long setae (LA 3) and pore-like sensilla (LA 4) on lateroventral face; LA 4 at base, LA 3 anterior to LA 4. Prementum with 5 pairs of sensilla (LA 5 - 8, LA 10). LA 5 - 7 situated laterally on ventral face; minute seta LA 5 at base; long seta LA 6 and pore-like sensillum LA 7 on apical part of sclerite; LA 7 lateral to LA 6. LA 8 pore-like, dorsally on median part. Stout short seta LA 10 anterolateral to LA 8. LA 9, LA 11, and LA 12 absent. Labial palpomere 1 with minute seta LA 13 lateroventrally at base. Pore-like sensillum (LA 14) dorsally on intersegmental membrane between palpomeres 1 and 2. Palpomere 2 with one pore-like sensillum (LA 15) situated subbasally on outer face; several minute sensilla of variable shape and length (gLA) on apical membranous area.	en	Minoshima, Yusuke N. (2019): First known larva of omicrine genus Psalitrus d'Orchymont (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (1): 107-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300
5A3807E5B365ECA76A331B8556268864.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Adults and the larva were collected from leaf litter (for the photograph of collecting locality, see Minoshima 2018: fig. 1 H). They were collected together with adults and larvae of Peratogonus reversus (Omicrini), Cercyon sp., and Armostus ohyamatensis Hoshina & Sato, 2006 (both Megasternini).	en	Minoshima, Yusuke N. (2019): First known larva of omicrine genus Psalitrus d'Orchymont (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66 (1): 107-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.34300
