taxonID	type	description	language	source
7511857C6441FF957700774C590C7E5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — Including the species described herein, there are 18 known species of Harpinia (Barnard and Karaman, 1991). All are united by their possession of a straight rostrum and short antennae as well as by the absence of eyes. Specific differentiation occurs mainly by comparison of females, as males are generally rare in collections. Specific differences are often based on the morphology of the basis of pereopod 7, the posterodisital corner of epimeron 3, the uropodal rami and coxae.	en	King, Rachael A. (2004): A description of Harpinia karamani sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) from the Mediterranean, with a redescription of Harpinia truncata Sars, 1891. Zootaxa 724: 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158003
7511857C6441FF91770071B35F77792A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. — HOLOTYPE: ‘ Harpinia falsa ’, NW di Ischia Porto, Napoli 32, mud, 110 m, 17 / 1 / 1970, U. Schiecke, MVRCr 433. PARATYPES: ‘ Harpinia falsa ’, NW di Ischia Porto, Napoli 32, mud, 110 m, 17 / 1 / 1970, U. Schiecke, MVRCr 433. Other material: ‘ Harpinia falsa ’, Forio sand banks, Ischia, 150 m, 1 / 8 / 1970, U. Schiecke, MVRCr in alcohol without number. ‘ Harpinia truncata ’, Napoli 15, MVRCr in alcohol without number. ‘ Harpinia truncata ’, Forio, Ischia, 100 m, 6 / 5 / 1968, U. Schiecke, MVRCr in alcohol without number. Type Locality. — Ischia, Italy. Description. — Female. 2.5 mm. Head with lateral edges rounded and not extended into spines. Antenna 1 flagellum with 5 – 7 articles, accessory flagellum with 4 – 6 articles. Antenna 2 with developed ensiform process; flagellum with 5 – 7 articles. Maxilliped palp article 5 very small, with long unguis (3 times length of last article). Coxae 1 – 3 without posterodistal marginal spines, each with 4 – 5 marginal plumose setae. Gnathopod 1 propodus narrow, twice the length of carpus, posterodistal margin developed into a small blunt spine with a large robust seta inserted posteriorly; dactylus half length of propodus. Gnathopod 2 propodus wider than in Gnathopod 1, posterodistal margin produced into a large blunt spine with robust seta inserted posteriorly; dactylus half length of propodus. Pereopods 3 – 4 carpus with 3 – 4 plumose long setae and 2 – 3 distal robust setae on the anterior margin; propodus with 2 distal robust setae reaching to end of dactylus; dactylus slightly shorter than propodus. Pereopod 5 with stout articles, dactylus as long as propodus. Pereopod 6 about 3 times the length of pereopod 7; basis posterior margin with lobe, anterior margin with robust plumose setae; dactylus as long as propodus. Pereopod 7 basis short (about twice length of ischium, margin irregularly serrated with 4 – 5 moderately sized setae inserted in some serrations, anterodistal corner with two plumose setae reaching past ischium; ischium as long as carpus, anterodistal margin with 1 – 2 short plumose setae and two very long plumose setae reaching to the dactylus; merus with long distal setae on the anterior and posterior margins; dactylus as long as propodus. Epimeron 2 with up to 5 marginal plumose setae. Epimeron 3 with 1 – 2 lateral plumose setae, posterodistal corner with small excavated notch with seta. Uropod 1 peduncle subequal length to rami, with large robust seta distally; rami with up to two robust spines. Uropod 2 peduncle subequal length to rami, rami relatively free of setae. Uropod 3 peduncle as long as inner ramus, with 3 ­ 4 robust setae distally; inner ramus reaching just past article 1 of outer ramus, with distal seta not reaching past outer ramus; outer ramus article 2 long (about ¾ length of article 1), with similar length robust seta inserted subapically. Telson with a pair of dorsolateral setae and subapical setae on each lobe. Distribution. — At present, known only from Ischia, Italy.	en	King, Rachael A. (2004): A description of Harpinia karamani sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) from the Mediterranean, with a redescription of Harpinia truncata Sars, 1891. Zootaxa 724: 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158003
7511857C6441FF91770071B35F77792A.taxon	description	Male. Unknown. Remarks. — Harpinia truncata and Harpinia karamani sp. nov. are morphologically similar, however, there can be no doubt that H. karamani is a separate species. H. karamani is distinctly smaller (2 ­ 3 mm vs. 6 + mm for Norwegian specimens), the basis of pereopod 7 does not have the clearly truncated posterodistal margin of H. truncata and the marginal setae are longer and fewer, also the anterodistal setae on the basis and ischium are much longer than in H. truncata. Importantly, article 2 of the outer ramus of uropod 3 is large and the lengths of the apical seta of the rami are distinctly shorter than in H. truncata. While some variation in the number of setae has been seen in different sized individuals, the length of the uropodal articles and the shape of the basis in pereopod 7 are regarded as highly conserved characters. These character differences, combined with a lack of recorded individuals from the British Isles supports the designation of a new species and not a disjunct distribution of H. truncata. Karaman (1993) reported some variability in the specimens he examined. The variation included the strength of the serration of the basis of pereopod 7, the presence / absence of a lobe on the posterior margin of pereopod 6 basis, the number of dorsal setae on pleonites, and the number of lateral setae on epimeron 3. In this examination, it was noted that smaller individuals had less distinct marginal serration on the basis of pereopod 7 than found in larger individuals. Similarly, the number of lateral setae on epimeron 3 varied with the size of the individual (1 in smaller individuals, up to 2 in larger individuals). No clear variation or pattern was found regarding the posterodistal expansion of the basis of pereopod 6 or in the number of setae present dorsally on the pleonites. Within the material labelled as ‘ Harpinia falsa ’ examined in this investigation were equivalent sized (2 ­ 3 mm) specimens of H. crenulata. H. crenulata was easily distinguished from H. karamani by the crenulated basis of pereopod 7, with long setae, when examined under a microscope. It is possible that more specimens of H. karamani may be present in other Harpinia collection material from the Mediterranean, where small specimens have not been closely examined. Etymology. — This species is named for Gordan S. Karaman who detected the unusual specimens of ‘ Harpinia falsa ’ and ‘ Harpinia truncata ’ in the Verona collections.	en	King, Rachael A. (2004): A description of Harpinia karamani sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) from the Mediterranean, with a redescription of Harpinia truncata Sars, 1891. Zootaxa 724: 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158003
7511857C6445FF9C7700768E598E79FA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. — Trondhjemsfjorden, Norway, 1 female, ZMO F 13092. Risør, Norway, many female specimens, ZMO F 13235. Location unrecorded, 3 males, ZMO F 13236. Location unrecorded, 2 females, ZMO F 13151. Distribution. — Norway, Iceland, Western Atlantic to 38 ° N. Diagnosis. — Female. 6.0 mm. Coxal plates 1 – 3 without spines on posterodistal corner. Antenna 1 flagelum of seven articles, accessory flagellum with six. Antenna 2 flagellum with seven articles. Gnathopod 2 propodus much larger than gnathopod 1. Pereopod 7 basis broad, posterior margin somewhat truncated entire posterior margin with at least six indistinct spines associated with small setae, anterior margin with three long plumose setae and two short simple setae above insertion of ischium; ischium with 3 plumose setae and two simple setae above insertion of merus; dactylus as long as propodus. Epimeron 2 with 8 distal setae; epimeron 3 posterodistal corner with excavated notch and a small spine with associated seta, with 3 long setae on lateral face. Uropod 3 outer ramus article 2 less than 1 / 3 as long as article 1, with long seta (as long as entire ramus), article 1 with three to five lateral setae; inner ramus not reaching to article 2 of outer ramus, with apical seta (reaching just past article 2 of outer ramus). Description. — Male. (Sexually dimorphic characters) 5.0 – 6.0 mm. Head without spine on dorsolateral margins. Antenna 1 with tufts of long, fine setae on peduncular articles 1 ­ 3 and flagellar article 1, article 1 of flagellum elongate; flagellum with four to five articles, accessory flagellum with five articles. Antenna 2 with tufts of fine setae on peduncular articles 3 and 4; flagellum with six articles. Coxa 1 – 3 without spines on posterodistal corner. Gnathopods 1 and 2 with an elongate, narrow propodus, with robust seta defining palm. Pereopod 6 missing in specimen. Pereopod 7 basis extending to distal margin of ischium, without distinct spines or setae on posterior margin; all articles lacking long plumose setae seen in female. Urosomites narrow, urosomal segment 3 with dorsal elevation anterior to insertion of telson. Epimeron 2 without distal setae; epimeron 3 posterodistal corner with excavated notch and a small spine, with an associated small seta, without long setae on lateral face. Uropod 3 rami elongate, outer ramus article 2 about 1 / 3 length of article 1, without apical seta, inner ramus as long as outer ramus, without apical seta. Remarks. — The female of Harpinia truncata was well described by Sars (1891) from specimens from Trondhjemsfjord, Norway and the coast of Bohuslän, Sweden, therefore a diagnosis is given for comparison with the male. The males examined here were found in a large sample of Harpinia specimens containing females of H. truncata and H. pectinata. The males of H. pectinata have been described (King et al., 2004) leading to the conclusion that the males were those of H. truncata. In addition, previous studies by this author suggest that the morphology of Harpinia males somewhat reflects that of the female, for instance, if the female possesses a distinct posterodistal spine on epimeron 3, then the male will have a smaller version; if the female has a small spine or notch, the male will also have a notch. Also, it has been noted that in the males of species that possess a posterodistal spine on epimeron 3, the gnathopods tend to be elongate and do not have a robust seta defining the palm. The male specimens described here as H. truncata match the female H. truncata in all the characters described above. Unfortunately, the locality of the specimens was not recorded on the label but they are from the Sars collection in the ZMO, Norway and are assumed to be from the Norwegian area. The male of Harpinia truncata is most similar to the males of H. laevis and H. crenulata (See King et al., 2004) in that the posterodistal corner of epimeron 3 is not produced into a distinct spine but rather an excavate notch with associated small seta and that there is a robust seta on the propodus of gnathopod 1. The male of H. truncata differs from the male of H. laevis by the possession of a smooth posterior margin on the basis of pereopod 7, more triangular shaped propodus of gnathopod 1 and the thick tuft of setae on the antennal peduncular articles. The male H. truncata differs from the male of H. crenulata by the possession of a broad basis on pereopod 7 with a smoother distal margin and by the morphology of uropod 3: in males of H. truncata the rami are sub equal, while in males of H. crenulata the inner ramus is half the length of the outer ramus.	en	King, Rachael A. (2004): A description of Harpinia karamani sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Phoxocephalidae) from the Mediterranean, with a redescription of Harpinia truncata Sars, 1891. Zootaxa 724: 1-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158003
