taxonID	type	description	language	source
A04FDDB59A2F24FCDFC848F2C55CBCF5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60134, PH- 1, 13 / 01 / 2005, Timur (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. Paratype: MSNG 60135, PH- 27, 13 / 01 / 2005, same locality as holotype, about 20 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A04FDDB59A2F24FCDFC848F2C55CBCF5.taxon	materials_examined	Other material. BU- 82, 22 / 03 / 2000, Lekuan II (Bunaken Island), 20 m depth. BU- 580, 27 / 06 / 2004, Alung Banua (Bunaken Island), 16 m depth. INDO- 079, 08 / 05 / 2005, Tanjung Kopi (Manado Tua), unknown depth, N 01 ° 39 ' 07.4 "; E 124 ° 41 ' 58.8 ". INDO- 278, 11 / 05 / 2005, Tansung Pisok (Manado), unknown depth, N 01 ° 34 ' 31.2 "; N 01 ° 34 ' 31.2 ". INDO- 336, 12 / 05 / 2005, Bualo (Manado), unknown depth, N 01 ° 37 ' 00.7 "; E 124 ° 41 ' 21.9 ". INDO- 339, 12 / 05 / 2005, Bualo (Manado), unknown depth, N 01 ° 37 ' 00.7 "; E 124 ° 41 ' 21.9 ".	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A04FDDB59A2F24FCDFC848F2C55CBCF5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cushion-shaped, sub-spherical sponge; yellow, brown or dark orange. Strongyloxeas, styles and subtylostyles not separable in size categories, forming ascending tracts protruding through the sponge surface.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A04FDDB59A2F24FCDFC848F2C55CBCF5.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is massive, sub-spherical or lobate (Fig. 2 A, B). The holotype (Fig. 2 A) is a fragment about 1.5 cm long and 1 cm thick, sampled from a large globular specimen; the paratype is a small portion, approximately 2.5 cm long and 1 cm thick, of a large cushion-shaped specimen approximately 60 cm across. The paratype (Fig. 2 B) shows a sort of lobate organisation, with roundish parts connected by bottleneck narrowings. The colour in life is yellow, varying between orange and brown according to light exposure; it is not uniform, but presents dark red spots or stripes (Fig. 2 A, B). The sponge is always yellow inside. Alcohol-preserved specimens are dark green-brown. The sponge surface is smooth, but microscopically hispid. Ostia, grouped in distinct areas on the sponge surface, have such a large diameter that they are visible to the naked eye. Oscula are flush, more or less circular, with a very low rim. Converging exhalant canals are visible in their lumen (Fig. 2 A). Consistency is hard when preserved. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is radiate, regular in the outer part of the sponge and more irregular in the deeper part. Due to high spicule density, spicule tracts are not easily detectable (Fig. 2 C, D). In the ectosome, the smallest styles are arranged in palisade and do not form brushes, whereas the spicules of intermediate size are concentrated in the sub-ectosomal layer and protrude through the surface with their tips (Fig. 2 C, D). Abundant spheroulous cells, approximately 12 µm in diameter, are detectable in the choanosome. Spicules. Three size categories of megascleres, partially overlapping at the extremities of their size-frequency distributions. The larger spicules are straight strongyloxeas with acerate or slightly stepped tips (Fig. 2 E) and often evident axial canal. Intermediate and small megascleres, straight or slightly curved, vary in shape from strongyloxeas to subtylostyles to thin styles (Fig. 2 F). The measurements are given in Table 2.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A04FDDB59A2F24FCDFC848F2C55CBCF5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the multi-lobate organisation of the sponge.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
3BB92867F5A1E5024EF42E4C9F079CDF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BU- 98, 23 / 03 / 2000, Lekuan II (Bunaken Island), 5 m depth. BU- 289, 17 / 05 / 2001, Raymond's Point (Bunaken Island), unknown depth. BU- 533, 21 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), about 8 m depth. BU- 545, 23 / 06 / 2004, Raymond's Point (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. BU- 562, 26 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), unknown depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
3BB92867F5A1E5024EF42E4C9F079CDF.taxon	description	Description. Encrusting sponge 3 - 6 mm thick; the largest examined specimen (BU- 289) is approximately 10 cm in diameter. The consistence is firm; the body of the sponge lacunose. The surface is irregular, with extended verrucous areas covered by sand and largely colonised by epibiotic ascidians, algae and hydroids (Fig. 3 A). In the microscopic observation, the surface appears micro-hispid. The colour of living specimens is orange; when preserved, the sponge becomes yellowish-green. Skeleton. Tethytimea tylota does not have a distinguishable ectosomal skeleton or a proper cortex; the choanosomal skeleton is formed by bundles of big tylostyles of 100 - 200 µm directed outwards (Fig. 3 B). Close to the surface, these main bundles support fans of small tylostyles hispidating the sponge surface (Fig. 3 B, C). Spicules. Megascleres are straight tylostyles with a slightly developed head (Fig. 3 D). They can be distinguished into two size classes (Fig. 3 E, F); tylostyles I measure 930 - (1,104.8 + / - 146.7) - 1,339 x 12.5 - (17.8 + / - 3.4) - 25 µm; tylostyles II (Fig. 3 D) measure 490 - (576.6 + / - 72.5) - 660 x 5 - (6.6 + / - 2.0) - 10 µm and form the superficial fans that protrude out of the surface; microscleres are two kinds of asters (Fig. 3 G-K). Oxyspherasters (Fig. 3 G-I) with thick ramified or rounded, often bifurcated rays, measuring 65 - (122.5 + / - 39.6) - 200 µm. Tylasters with rays variable in length ending with apical groups of spines variable in number (Fig. 3 J, K); they measure 7.5 - (11.1 + / - 1.9) - 16.3 µm. Microscleres are abundant throughout the sponge, but more concentrated close to the surface (Fig. 3 L), where the smallest tylasters form a thin, continuous layer (Fig. 4 H, inlet).	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60136, BU- 289, 17 / 05 / 2001, Raymond's Point (Bunaken Island), unknown depth. Paratype: MSNG 60137, BU- 562, 26 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), unknown depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A.taxon	materials_examined	Other material. BU- 533, 21 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Manado Tua Island), about 8 m depth. BU- 545, 23 / 06 / 2004, Raymond's Point (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. BU- 98, 23 / 03 / 2000, Lekuan II (Bunaken Island), 5 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massively rounded yellow sponge; the colour changes after fixation. Megascleres are anatriaenes with characteristic bending and a single type of oxeas; microscleres are represented by a heterogeneous set of tylasters and oxyasters.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is light yellow-lemon in vivo (Fig. 4 A); the colour changes in the preserved specimens, becoming dark-brown to blackish. It is almost totally covered by the associated epibiotic species T. tylota (see above), with the exception of the oscula that, protruding from the surface of T. tylota, are clearly distinguishable for their different colour (Figs 3 A, 4 A). Since the external sponge T. tylota is thinly encrusting, most of the mass of the associated sponges is due to S. tethytimeata sp. n. that can be as large as 10 cm across (Fig. 4 A, B). Skeleton. The cortex is a collagenous layer 400 - 700 µm thick (Fig. 4 B); the triaenes have their clades tangential to the surface and sometimes protrude from it (Fig. 4 C), merging in the tissue of the epibiotic T. tylota. The choanosomal skeleton is formed by tracts of oxeas without a clear radial arrangement with microscleres scattered in between (Fig. 4 D). Towards the sponge surface, the spicule density lowers and oxeas are more or less parallelly arranged (Figs 3 C, 4 B, D). Spicules. Megascleres are anatriaenes (Fig. 4 E), with straight, sharp-pointed rhabdome of 570 - (708.2 + / - 119.3) - 800 x 10 - (15.7 + / - 3.8) - 22.5 µm and clads of 80 - (113.4 + / - 43.3) - 225 x 7.5 - (9.0 + / - 2.6) - 12.5 µm with sharp tips and characteristic bending. Oxeas straight, fusiform, with sharp tips (Fig. 4 F), sometimes modified into styles; they measure 1274 - (1514.5 + / - 145.3) - 1950 x 20 - (24.5 + / - 3.9) - 30 µm. Microscleres encompass a heterogeneous set of tylasters and oxyasters (Fig. 4 G), with 4 - 9 rays, with spines along the rays or grouped at the extremities 20 - (27.2 + / - 4.4) - 35 µm.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
94FEE48A126E339AF767BB331C31391A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the association with Tethytimea tylota.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A7EB6EBBDC08087846718600B5C225D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BU- 560, 26 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Bunaken Island), unknown depth. BU- 575, 27 / 06 / 2004, Alung Bauna (Bunaken Island), 27 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
A7EB6EBBDC08087846718600B5C225D7.taxon	description	Description. The sponge has a massive and irregular shape, a large size, up to 50 cm in diameter, and was exclusively found partially covered by Amphimedon cf. sulcata (see below). In the part not covered by the epibiotic sponge, R. distincta is yellow-lemon (Fig. 5 A), or dark green (Fig. 5 B), turning black when cut or preserved. Wide oscular areas are often evident (Fig. 5 A, B). Skeleton. Spherasters are located in the outer part of the sponge, but do not form a real cortex (Fig. 5 C, D). The choanosomal skeleton consists of scattered oxeas which tend to form radial tracts towards the peripheral part (Fig. 5 C). Oxyasters and oxyspheraster are dispersed in the choanosome. Spicules. Megascleres are fusiform oxeas (Fig. 5 E) with rather sharp tips, 720 - (832.5 + / - 65.7) - 990 x 10 - (13.3 + / - 2.9) - 20 µm. Microscleres are spherasters of variable size, 12.5 - (29.5 + / - 6.4) - 35 µm in diameter (Fig. 5 F), with a large centre and thick rays with sharp or bifurcated tips; oxyasters (Fig. 5 G) with small centre and thin rays, 35 - (49 + / - 8.1) - 65 µm in diameter; oxyspherasters with well-developed centre (Fig. 5 H), 10 - (15.1 + / - 2.6) - 20 µm.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
187BE5BDD59BE9292C08E1E29007E28D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BU- 560, 26 / 06 / 2004, Bualo (Bunaken Island), unknown depth. BU- 575, 27 / 06 / 2004, Alung Bauna (Bunaken Island), 27 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
187BE5BDD59BE9292C08E1E29007E28D.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is flat, with a roundish contour, about 1 cm thick, without visible oscules. It is completely free of epibiotic organisms. Colour in situ may be greyish-white (Figs 5 A, 6 A) or pale cerulean (Figs 5 B, 6 B), off-white to greyish in the preserved state. The sponge shows ridges and grooves, covered by a very thin membrane, that give a typical convoluted or brain-like aspect to its surface (Fig. 6 B). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a reticulation of pauci-spicular tracts (3 - 4 spicules) (Fig. 6 C) organised in quite regular triangular meshes with scarce spongin at the nodes. The choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 6 D) is formed by a reticulation of multi-spicular tracts and round meshes of approximately 60 µm in diameter, with abundant scattered spicules. The spicule tract extremities barely protrude from the sponge surface, causing micro-hispidation. Spicules. Megascleres are straight or slightly curved oxeas with sharp tips; they measure 125 - (188.9 + / - 33.5) - 247.5 x 2 - (5.2 + / - 3.4) - 12.5 µm (Fig. 6 E); numerous thin oxeas are present (Fig. 6 F); microscleres are very thin, C-shaped, sigmas 10 - (12.9 + / - 1.5) - 15 x ≤ 1 µm (Fig. 6 G).	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
615801C4A5DED8497602A95C252D56F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60138, PH- 58, 17 / 01 / 2005, Tiwoho (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
615801C4A5DED8497602A95C252D56F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dark green, highly branched sponge with an irregular ectosomal skeleton of rectangular, paucispicular meshes and multispicular choanosomal fibres, forming an irregular reticulation. Oxeas are mucronate.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
615801C4A5DED8497602A95C252D56F6.taxon	description	Description. Highly branched sponge (Fig. 7 A) with repent habit. Anastomosing branches are flattened, 4 - 8 mm in diameter, creeping over the substrate. Colour in situ is dark green to dark brown, greenish in alcohol or in the dried state. Consistence soft and brittle; the sponge easily crumbles when dried. Surface slightly rough, irregular; when the transparent membrane is preserved, it gives a smooth appearance at the macroscopic observation. Oscula not visible. Numerous barnacles are embedded in the sponge tissue, with only their openings free (Fig. 7 B). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is an irregular reticulation of rectangular meshes 120 - 150 µm, up to 190 - 250 µm in diameter, formed by fibres 20 - 40 µm thick (Fig. 7 B, C). Fibres are cored by 4 - 6 spicules. In the well-preserved parts of the sponge, a thin dermal membrane covers the surface. When the membrane is damaged, the sponge surface is microhispid due to protruding fibres. The choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 7 D) is irregular, formed by primary multispicular (approximately 10 spicules) fibres, about 60 µm thick, directed towards the surface; secondary fibres are 20 - 35 µm in diameter. Secondary and primary fibres create an irregular reticulation of more or less circular meshes 170 - 300 µm across. Spongin is not abundant. Spicules. Megascleres are oxeas slightly curved, with sharp tips (Fig. 7 E, F), 97 - (111.6 + / - 6.7) - 122.4 x 2.6 - (4.5 + / - 1.2) - 5.2 µm.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
615801C4A5DED8497602A95C252D56F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the habitus of the sponge, characterised by anastomosing branches.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60139, PH- 47, 17 / 01 / 2005, Tiwoho (Bunaken Island), 20 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lamellate, azure-violet sponge, with differentiated inhalant and oscular faces. Skeleton is a regular reticulum of primary and secondary fibres, with superficial brushes hispidating the surface; megascleres are straight and sinuous oxeas. Microscleres are sigmas.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is a thin, irregular, folded lamina, attached to the substrate in few points (Fig. 8 A); its rim is more or less rounded, not regular (Fig. 8 B). The holotype consists in alcohol-preserved fragments, collected from a bigger specimen (Fig. 8 A, B). The largest observed specimen is approximately 8 x 4 cm long and 2 mm thick. The colour in life is azure-violet in the part exposed to light and beige on the shadowed side (Fig. 8 B). The sponge becomes white-bluish when dried. Consistence soft, slightly elastic. The aspect of the two sides of the laminar sponge is different: roundish vents, 700 - 1,300 µm in diameter, most probably acting as oscula, are concentrated on the excurrent side (Fig. 8 C); on the opposite side, a thin dermal membrane, pierced by numerous pores, covers several smaller apertures, not visible to the naked eye (Fig. 8 D). In the dried state, spicule brushes and small ridges (made by tracts of tangential oxeas connecting the brushes) create a microconulose surface, visible also to the naked eye, in both sides of the sponge. Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a reticulation of multispicular tracts (30 - 60 µm thick) forming polygonal (mostly quadrangular) meshes 340 - 900 µm in diameter, with brushes of spicules at the nodes (Fig. 8 D). The choanosomal skeleton is a not very regular reticulation, with elongated, almost rectangular meshes 400 - 800 µm across and empty spaces. The spicule tracts may be divided into ascending primary tracts, 55 - 100 µm thick, and secondary tracts, 25 - 35 µm thick, with a more or less transverse arrangement. The extremities of the ascending tracts protrude through the surface, forming brushes (Fig. 8 D). Very numerous pigmented (green) cells and abundant spicules, both megascleres and microscleres, are dispersed in the ectosome and choanosome. Spicules. Oxeas slightly curved or sinuous, rarely straight, with acerate tips (Fig. 8 E). They measure 150.8 - (163.37 + / - 7.0) - 176.8 x 2.5 - (3.7 + / - 1.1) - 5.2 µm. Sigmas C-shaped, sometimes with a part of the shaft almost straight (Fig. 8 F). They measure 13 - (17.0 + / - 3.18) - 23.4 µm x 1 µm.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
5040B59558A4CB3A0FB908AD3780FD1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the lamellate shape of the sponge.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60140, PH- 41, 14 / 01 / 2005, Timur (Bunaken Island), 22 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lobate, white sponge with oscular cavities at the top of the lobes. Thin armoured surface with sand and foreign spicules. Slightly fasciculated fibres, not very dense.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2.taxon	description	Description. Massive, lobate sponge with flush, roundish oscular cavities (about 1.5 cm) where the excurrent canals converge, located at the top of the lobes (Fig. 9 A). The deposited holotype consists of fragments 3 x 1.5 cm, coming from a larger specimen approximately 15 cm across (Fig. 9 A). The colour in life is white outside (Fig. 9 A) and cerulean inside; it becomes light cerulean after collection and beige after preservation in alcohol. Surface characterised by numerous small conules, 0.5 - 1 mm high and 2 mm apart, united by ridges (Fig. 9 A, B). Consistence soft, but elastic, difficult to tear apart. Skeleton. The surface is covered by a thin reticulation of sand and foreign spicules, forming regular, more or less circular, meshes 100 µm in diameter (Fig. 9 C), well visible in the stereo-microscope. The density of the fibres is moderate. The primary fibres of the choanosome are slightly fasciculated (Fig. 9 D), about 80 µm thick and cored with foreign debris and a few foreign spicules. The secondary fibres are thinner (20 µm in diameter) and free from inclusions (Fig. 9 D). The size of the ovoid meshes ranges from 50 x 80 to 57.5 x 115 µm; a few smaller meshes, 30 x 55 µm, are also present. Filaments, 2.5 µm thick, are numerous and dense.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
4FA81BE647413293785F899CE0FBFAF2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the white colour in life.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MSNG 60141, PH- 44, 15 / 01 / 2005, Timur (Bunaken Island), about 20 m depth. Paratype: MSNG 60142, BKA 25, 12 / 09 / 2014, Yellow coco (Bangka Island), about 20 - 25 m depth.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992.taxon	materials_examined	Other material. BU- 590, 27 / 07 / 2004, Timur (Bunaken Island), 25 m depth. INDO- 431, 13 / 05 / 2005, Jetty (Siladen), depth not stated, N 01 ° 37 ' 38.8 "; E 124 ° 48 ' 00.8 ".	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Soft and elastic cup-shaped Ircinia with a large, central cavity; conulose surface; heavily fasciculated fibres with foreign material.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992.taxon	description	Description. The sponge is columnar, reminding of a partially hollow cylinder, due to the presence of a wide central cavity (Fig. 10 A). It may be as high as 80 cm, with a wall 1 - 2 cm thick. The holotype is a fragment approximately 4.5 x 2 cm. The external colour is light brown with greenish tinges on the conules and on the rim of the cavity (Fig. 10 A). The freshly collected sponge is beige inside (Fig. 10 B). Alcohol-preserved specimens remain almost the same in colour. The sponge surface is strongly conulose, with rounded or slightly flattened conules 2 - 4 mm high (Fig. 10 A, B). The oscula (3 - 5 mm in diameter) are present in the inner part of the central cavity. Consistence is soft and elastic, but the sponge is difficult to tear off. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is formed by primary fibres cored by foreign spicules (Fig. 10 C, D), 180 - 350 µm in diameter and heavily fasciculated (Fig. 10 C). They are connected by secondary fibres 50 - 80 µm in diameter, sometimes cored by single spicules. The fibres form a reticulation of elongated meshes, 100 - 150 µm in size, and cribrose plates (Fig. 10 C). Very abundant thin filaments are mainly organised in tracts (Fig. 10 E), but also dispersed in the mesohyl. They are 3 - 5 µm thick and present an oval or rounded terminal knob (7.5 - 10 µm in diameter) (Fig. 10 F).	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
B5704444B0F0A3A50F3E462709D97992.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the sturdy and large size of the sponge.	en	Calcinai, Barbara, Bastari, Azzurra, Bavestrello, Giorgio, Bertolino, Marco, Horcajadas, Santiago Bueno, Pansini, Maurizio, Makapedua, Daisy M., Cerrano, Carlo (2017): Demosponge diversity from North Sulawesi, with the description of six new species. ZooKeys 680: 105-150, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.12135
