identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FB61FC835866.text	765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FB61FC835866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochlis Roding 1798	<div><p>Genus Cochlis Röding, 1798</p><p>Type species. Cochlis flammea Röding, 1798 (= Nerita vittata Gmelin, 1791), by subsequent designation of Hedley, 1916. Pliocene (Italy) to Recent (western Mediterranean, East Atlantic).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FB61FC835866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FC41FD9D592D.text	765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FC41FD9D592D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Littorinimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov 1975	<div><p>Order Littorinimorpha Golikov &amp; Starobogatov, 1975</p><p>Superfamily Naticoidea Guilding, 1834</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFEDFF93FF09FC41FD9D592D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFEDFF97FF09FA52FB395F0B.text	765787B1FFEDFF97FF09FA52FB395F0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochlis odovychenorum Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Cochlis odovychenorum sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 23.1−13)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 19 paratypes (Table 3).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Nadiia Odovychena (wife of Bruno Dell’Angelo) and her children (Roman and Liudmyla) for the support provided during the field research in Ukraine.</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10019 (56 shells); NP 10020 (2 opercula); MZB 50511 (1 operculum, Fig. 23.11a−b); MZB 50512 (1 operculum, Fig. 23.12); BD 159 (338 shells); BD 160 (26 opercula); MS 102 (8 shells). Horodok: NP 10017 (3 shells); NP 10018 (1 operculum); BD 161 (13 shells); BD 162 (2 opercula). Velyka Levada: NP 10021 (3 shells); BD 163 (5 shells). Zalistsi: NP 10031 (6 shells).</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell globose with low to moderately elevated spire and globose last whorl. Umbilicus deep, moderate to small. Parietal callus subrectangular; anterior lobe roundly angular, sometimes obsolescent. Funicle cord-like, broad and depressed; umbilical callus thick, roundly triangular, separated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by arched, shallow notch. Colour pattern of whitish to brown, uneven collabral lines over uniform light brown background. Operculum moderately thick, with two marginal grooves and two ridges. Outer groove narrow, inner groove a deeper and wider asymmetrical depression. Outer ridge thin, sharp; inner ridge massive, round to flat-topped, markedly wider than outer one.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, low turbiniform, composed of 1.3 convex, smooth whorls, tip medium-sized. Teleoconch globose, thick. Spire broadly conical, low to moderately elevated, whorls convex; subsutural shelf flat on spire whorls, gently sloping on last one. Suture fine, adpressed. Last whorl globose, slightly expanded toward aperture. Aperture D-shaped, in slightly prosocline plane. Parietal callus subrectangular, thickened adapically, slightly narrowing abapically, with concave abapertural outline in most specimens. Anterior lobe roundly angular, sometimes obsolescent, especially in fully grown specimens, touching basal fasciole below level of umbilical border. Umbilicus deep, moderate to small, slit-like in a few young shells. Funicle cord-like, broad, markedly depressed, filling umbilicus to varying extent, separated from umbilical wall by shallow spiral furrow of variable breadth. Umbilical callus thick, located at abapical one-third of inner lip, roundly triangular, separated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by rounded, shallow notch, poorly defined in a few larger specimens. Basal fasciole broad, prominent, bounded abaxially by rounded step. Surface with rather dense growth lines, stronger on subsutural shelf and basal fasciole. A few specimens retain uniform pale brown background with pattern of whitish to brown, uneven collabral lines. Operculum moderately thick. Inner margin straight, with obscure transverse wrinkles; tubercles present in a few specimens. Inner surface flatly convex, nucleus scarcely protruding. Outer surface slightly concave at level of nucleus; central callus prominent to flat, tongue shaped, not reaching half-height of operculum. Marginal area gently sloping inward, with 2 marginal grooves and 2 ridges. Outer groove narrow, inner groove a deeper and wider asymmetrical depression. Outer ridge thin, sharp; inner ridge massive, round to flat-topped, markedly wider than outer one.</p><p>Remarks. Cochlis odovychenorum sp. nov. resembles Natica eximia, a species proposed by Eichwald (1830, p. 218), who published a concise diagnosis without figures: “ Testa ovato-rotundata, albo rufoque transversin fasciata, spira abbreviata, laterali, umbilico maximo, lato et profundo, submedio, apertura semicirculari; plerumque 6–10 lin., raro 1½ poll. longa ”. Eichwald based this new species on shells from various Ukraine collecting localities (Shukowze = Zhukivtsi; Bilka; Salisze = Zalistsi; Alt-Potschaiow = Staryi Pochaiv; Tarnaruda). Later, he confirmed the validity of the species and discussed the characters that distinguish N. eximia from some known species such as Natica millepunctata, N. glaucina, N. helicina, N. epiglottina and N. guilleminii Payraudeau, 1826 (Eichwald 1840, p. 9). Finally, he published a good description with comments of one operculated specimen (Eichwald 1853, p. 254), and included in the synonymy of N. eximia all the naticid species from Szuskowce (= Shushkivtsi) in Volhynia, figured by Du Bois de Montpéreux (1831, p. 44, pl. 2, figs 34, 35; pl. 3, figs 42−44). Eichwald (1859, pl. 10, fig. 42a−d) provided an excellent figure of an operculated shell of N. eximia, with no information on the collecting locality (he only mentioned “ espèce de Volhynie ” in the text). This specimen is very similar to one of those illustrated by Du Bois de Montpéreux (1831, pl. 3, figs 42, 43) and referred to as Natica glaucina Lin., a nomen dubium (Kabat 1990, pp. 21, 22).</p><p>We have not found specimens of N. eximia belonging to the type series, therefore it is really difficult to clarify the characters of this species; additional material is required to settle a decision in this respect. Anyhow, on the basis of the excellent figure published by Eichwald (1859), it appears that N. eximia differs from C. odovychenorum sp. nov. by having an operculum with two deeper and larger marginal grooves, a less elevated spire, a parietal callus without an anterior lobe, and a smaller overall size.</p><p>Pusch (1837, p. 100, pl. 9, fig. 14a−c) figured an operculated specimen from an unspecified Ukrainian locality referred to as Natica glaucinoides, an Eocene species, which is the type species of the genus Euspira (Pastorino 2005; Pedriali &amp; Robba 2009; Robba et al. 2016). On the basis of its teleoconch and opercular characters, this shell differs markedly from N. glaucinoides and belongs in the genus Cochlis . Pusch’s specimen has a teleoconch shape and operculum that are quite similar to those of C. odovychenorum sp. nov. and could be this species. However, not having examined the specimen, we include it in the synonymy of C. odovychenorum sp. nov. with reservation.</p><p>Cochlis odovychenorum sp. nov. is quite similar to the early−middle Miocene European species Cochlis tigrina (Figs 23.14−17) in teleoconch shape, but can be readily distinguished from it in having: 1) a protoconch with 0.5 more whorls, a greater diameter (average values 0.884 mm and 0.676 mm, respectively), and greater diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.323 mm and 0.164 mm, respectively); 2) a longer parietal callus with an anterior lobe (absent in C. tigrina); 3) a more prominent basal fasciole; 4) a different colour pattern of uneven collabral lines (a reddish-brown pattern of dots and spots often forming collabral rows in C. tigrina); and 5) a thinner and more concave operculum, with an elevated marginal area, gently sloping inward and incised by two narrower and shallower grooves.</p><p>Cochlis ukrainensis sp. nov. (see below) is easily distinguished from C. odovychenorum sp. nov. by having: a smaller size, a protoconch with smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.195 mm and 0.323 mm, respectively), a less globose teleoconch, a smaller aperture width (see Fig. 13), a thinner and more prominent funicle, a narrower abapical sulcus (see Fig. 22), and a smaller umbilical callus (see Figs 18, 21), separated from the anterior lobe of the parietal callus by a more angular deeper notch.</p><p>Cochlis odovychenorum sp. nov. is morphologically similar to the subspecies C. raropunctata obliquicallosa from the early Pliocene of Central Italy (Fig. 23.18−20), but its protoconch differs by having a greater diameter (with a value of 0.698 mm in C. raropunctata obliquicallosa). In addition, C. odovychenorum sp. nov. is readily distinguished from C. raropunctata obliquicallosa in having: 1) a longer parietal callus (nearly twice the length), with distinct anterior lobe (indistinct in C. raropunctata obliquicallosa); 2) a last whorl less expanded toward the aperture; 3) a smaller umbilicus; 4) a broader, more depressed funicle; 5) a different, less variable colour pattern of collabral lines (a reddish-brown pattern of dots, often arranged in collabral rows, spots and irregular spiral broken lines in C. raropunctata obliquicallosa); and 6) a thinner operculum, with less elongate central callus, sloping inward marginal area (horizontal, lying upon the surface of the operculum in C. raropunctata obliquicallosa) bearing two grooves and two ridges of different proportions.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFEDFF97FF09FA52FB395F0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFE9FF89FF09FDF7FB395FDF.text	765787B1FFE9FF89FF09FDF7FB395FDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochlis ukrainensis Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Cochlis ukrainensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 24.1−6)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 6 paratypes (Table 5).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to Ukraine, the country where the village of Varovtsi is located.</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10023 (2 shells); MZB 50516 (1 shell, Fig. 24.6); BD 164 (2 shells); MS 103 (2 shells). Horodok: NP 10022 (1 shell).</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell globose with depressed, low-conical spire and globular last whorl. Umbilicus deep, mediumsized. Parietal callus subrectangular, thick; anterior lobe flat and rounded. Funicle cord-like, thick; umbilical callus small, thick, semicircular in outline and separated from parietal callus by broad, regularly arched notch. Colour pattern of whitish to brown, uneven collabral stripes over a uniform light brown to brown background.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, depressed turbiniform, of 1.75 gently convex, apparently smooth whorls, tip medium-sized. Teleoconch globose, solid. Spire low-conical, rather depressed, whorls convex, suture slightly incised. Last whorl globular, moderately produced toward aperture, slightly expanded in a few young specimens. Subsutural shelf wide, flat or gently sloping, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped, in prosocline plane. Pari- etal callus moderately thick, subrectangular, with rounded, flat anterior lobe at level of umbilical border. Umbilicus deep, medium-sized. Funicle cord-like, moderately thick, separated from umbilical wall by narrow spiral furrow. Umbilical callus small, thick, semicircular in outline, located at abapical one-third of inner lip, separated from parietal callus by broad, regularly arched notch. Basal fasciole wide, depressed. Surface with rather dense, thin growth lines, stronger on subsutural shelf and basal fasciole; faint spiral striation present on body whorl. Background uniform light brown to brown, with pattern of uneven whitish collabral stripes. No opercula found.</p><p>Remarks. Cochlis ukrainensis sp. nov. is quite similar to the late Miocene to early Pleistocene South European subspecies C. raropunctata raropunctata (Fig. 24.7−9), but differs from it in having: 1) a protoconch with 0.5 more whorls, with smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.195 mm and 0.357 mm, respectively); 2) a wider, subrectangular parietal callus, with a better developed anterior lobe; 3) a smaller umbilicus; 4) an umbilical callus demarcated from the parietal callus by a broad, arched notch (reverse J-shaped in C. raropunctata raropunctata); 5) a depressed basal fasciole, not sharply edged abaxially by a low step; and 6) a different and less variable colour pattern of uneven whitish to brown collabral stripes (a reddish-brown pattern of dots or spots, often arranged in collabral rows, spirally elongated spots, chevron marks, and irregular spiral broken lines in C. raropunctata raropunctata). It is also worth noting that C. ukrainensis sp. nov. attains a smaller size.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFE9FF89FF09FDF7FB395FDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFF7FF89FF09FCBBFF195E8C.text	765787B1FFF7FF89FF09FCBBFF195E8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tectonatica Sacco 1890	<div><p>Genus Tectonatica Sacco, 1890</p><p>Type species. Natica tectula Bonelli, 1826 MS [= Natica (Tectonatica) tectula Sacco, 1890], by monotypy. Miocene to Pliocene, Italy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFF7FF89FF09FCBBFF195E8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFF7FF8BFF09FC74FB3958F4.text	765787B1FFF7FF8BFF09FC74FB3958F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tectonatica anistratenkorum Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Tectonatica anistratenkorum sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 25.1−5)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 4 paratypes (Table 7).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Vitaliy and Olga Anistratenko (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NAS Ukraine and Institute of Geological Sciences of NAS Ukraine), for their contribution to the study of Recent and fossil molluscs.</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: MZB 50517 (1 operculum, Fig. 25.4a-b); NP 10025 (2 shells); BD 165 (1 shell); MS 104 (1 shell). Zalistsi: NP 10032 (1 shell).</p><p>Diagnosis. Globose shell with conical spire and inflated last whorl. Umbilicus completely plugged or with a semicircular mid-abapical chink in a few specimens. Umbilical callus thick, wide, in middle of inner lip, semicircular, not separated from parietal callus. Parietal callus thin, subrectangular. Basal fasciole poorly differentiated. Colour pattern composed of darker subsutural band and uneven whitish to brown collabral lines over light brown background. Operculum with smooth outer surface incised by very narrow, distinct marginal groove and with flat central callus slightly protruding abapically.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, depressed turbiniform, of 2.50−2.75 gently convex, apparently smooth whorls, tip very small. Teleoconch globose, thick. Spire conical, moderately elevated, whorls gently convex, suture fine, adpressed. Last whorl inflated, rather depressed, slightly produced toward aperture. Subsutural shelf indistinct, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in prosocline plane. Parietal callus subrectangular, rather thin. Umbilicus completely or partially filled by umbilical callus (in latter case, a semicircular mid-abapical chink). Funicle not visible in most specimens; only one specimen with more open umbilicus shows broad and thick funicle. Umbilical callus wide, rather thick, located at middle of inner lip, semicircular in outline, not separated from parietal callus. Abapertural outline of inner lip calluses (parietal + umbilical) concave. Basal fasciole poorly differentiated. Surface with rather dense, thin growth lines, stronger on basal fasciole; microscopic spiral striation present on body whorl. Background uniform pale brown, with pattern of uneven whitish to brown collabral lines and darker subsutural band. Operculum with smooth outer surface incised by very narrow, distinct marginal groove bounding narrow peripheral area, and with flat central callus slightly protruding abapically.</p><p>Remarks. Tectonatica anistratenkorum sp. nov. is identical to the Burdigalian to late Pliocene European species T. tectula in teleoconch shape, but can be distinguished from it because of its protoconch with a smaller diameter (average values 0.798 mm and 1.107 mm, respectively). The late Miocene (Tortonian) to late Pliocene Italian species T. astensis (Fig. 25.10−13) and the Pliocene to Recent (western Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic) species T. prietoi (Fig. 25.14−16) are similar to T. anistratenkorum sp. nov., but can be easily differentiated from it in that the protoconch has a greater diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.111 mm, 0.120 mm and 0.081 mm, respectively, and also the protoconch diameter, with an average value of 1.275 mm, is greater in T. astensis), a smaller umbilical callus (see Fig. 19) and a more widely open umbilicus. We have found a young operculated specimen of T. anistratenkorum sp. nov. and a loose operculum, referable to this species; their characters are peculiar of species belonging in the genus Tectonatica . These opercula resemble that of T. tectula (Fig. 25.6−9), but are readily distinguished by the greater thickness, the less convex inner surface, with a less protruding nucleus, and the wider central callus, tongue-shaped (bean-shaped in T. tectula) and more protrusive abapically. The identical teleoconch shape and very similar opercula confirm that T. anistratenkorum sp. nov. and T. tectula are closely related species.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFF7FF8BFF09FC74FB3958F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFF5FF8DFF09F9AAFB395DEB.text	765787B1FFF5FF8DFF09F9AAFB395DEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tectonatica pseudoprietoi Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Tectonatica pseudoprietoi sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 26)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 3 paratypes (Table 9).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. From Greek ψευδηζ (pseudes) = false and prietoi = the name of the most closely similar species, i.e., Tectonatica prietoi .</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10026 (2 shells); BD 166 (2 shells); MS 105 (2 shells).</p><p>Diagnosis. Globose shell with conical spire and inflated last whorl. Umbilicus a comma-like chink, wider adapically and gradually narrowing downward. Parietal callus thin, subrectangular, funicle low and broad; umbilical callus wide, thick in mid-abapical part of inner lip and with reverse S-shaped adaxial outline. Basal fasciole indistinct. Colour pattern of uneven, whitish to brown collabral lines over pale brown background.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, depressed turbiniform, of 2.30−2.40 gently convex, apparently smooth whorls, tip very small. Teleoconch globose, thick. Spire conical, moderately elevated, whorls slightly convex, suture linear, adpressed. Last whorl inflated, rather depressed, slightly produced toward aperture; subsutural shelf indistinct, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped, in prosocline plane. Parietal callus subrectangular, moderately thin, ending at level of umbilical border, anterior lobe absent. Umbilicus a comma-like chink, wider adapically and gradually narrowing downward. Funicle broad and low, separated from umbilical wall by narrow spiral furrow. Umbilical callus rather thick, located at mid-abapical part of inner lip, bounded adaxially by reverse S-shaped outline and merging into parietal callus. Basal fasciole indistinct. Surface with rather dense, thin growth lines, stronger on subsutural shelf; microscopic spiral striation occurs on body whorl. Background colour uniform light brown, with pattern of uneven, whitish to brown collabral lines. No opercula found.</p><p>Remarks. Tectonatica pseudoprietoi sp. nov. is identical to the Pliocene to Recent (western Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic) species T. prietoi (Fig. 25.14−16) in teleoconch shape, but can be separated from it because of its protoconch with a smaller first half-whorl diameter (average values 0.094 mm and 0.120 mm, respectively) and its smaller overall size. Tectonatica pseudoprietoi sp. nov. is similar also to the late Miocene (Tortonian) to late Pliocene species T. astensis (Fig. 25.10−13), but it is readily differentiated from Sacco’s species in having: 1) a pro- toconch of about 0.5 fewer whorls, with a smaller diameter (average values 0.814 mm and 1.275 mm, respectively); and 2) a more widely open umbilicus. The values of the characteristic elements of the protoconch of T. anistratenkorum sp. nov. are basically identical to those measured for T. pseudoprietoi sp. nov.; however, T. anistratenkorum sp. nov. is readily differentiated from T. pseudoprietoi sp. nov. in having a more closed umbilicus and a greater width of the umbilical callus (see Fig. 19). Future recovering of specimens with the operculum filling the aperture will better clarify the relationships between these species.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFF5FF8DFF09F9AAFB395DEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFF3FF80FF09FBABFB395FBB.text	765787B1FFF3FF80FF09FBABFB395FBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euspira protracta (Eichwald 1830)	<div><p>Euspira protracta (Eichwald, 1830)</p><p>(Fig. 27.1−8)</p><p>Natica protracta Eichwald, 1830: p. 218 .</p><p>Natica protracta: Eichwald 1840, p. 9; Eichwald 1851, p. 124, pl. 10, fig. 43; Eichwald, 1853, p. 255; Eichwald 1859, pl. 10, fig. 43a, b.</p><p>? Natica helicina (non Brocchi, 1814): Du Bois de Montpéreux 1831, p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 44; Laskarev, 1914, p. 645.</p><p>? Natica (Lunatia) catena var. helicina (non Brocchi, 1814): Friedberg 1923, p. 429, pl. 26, figs 4, 5.</p><p>? Natica catena var. prohelicina (non Sacco, 1891): Friedberg, 1923, p. 432, text-fig. 77.</p><p>Type material. Natica protracta Eichwald, 1830, type material not seen. The syntypes of this species were probably housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (Russia), but they have not been found and are possibly lost.</p><p>Material examined. Varovtsi: MPUM 11741 (1 shell, Fig. 27.1a–c); MZB 32148 (1 shell, Fig. 27.2a-b); IGS NANU B-III-7/2018 (1 shell, Fig. 27.3a–c); MPUM 11742 (1 shell, Fig. 27.8a–c); ZISP 3/62198 (1 shell); NP 10027 (2 shells). Zalistsi: MZB 50518 (1 shell, Fig. 27.6a–b); MPUM 11743 (1 shell, Fig. 27.7); MZB 32149 (1 shell). Tarnoruda: ZISP 1/62196 (1 shell, Fig. 27.4a–b); ZISP 1/62197 (1 shell, Fig. 27.5).</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, turbiniform, of 2.0−2.1 convex whorls, tip small; protoconch I bearing un- evenly noded, evenly spaced spiral threads over abapical two-thirds. Teleoconch small, globose, higher than wide, moderately thick. Spire conical, rather elevated, whorls gently convex; suture fine, adpressed. Last whorl globoseoval, slightly extended toward aperture; subsutural shelf indistinct; periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in slightly prosocline plane; outer lip semicircular, inner lip nearly straight. Parietal callus thick, subquadrangular, with concave abapertural outline, ending at level of umbilical border with pointed, small anterior lobe. Umbilicus deep, moderately wide to small, subtriangular, rounded abapically, angular adapically. Umbilical wall arched, basal fasciole indistinct. Funicle small, depressed, separated from umbilical wall by shallow spiral furrow and merging into anterior lobe of parietal callus. Outer surface with fine growth lines; microscopic spiral striation present on last whorl. One well preserved specimen retains uniform whitish background with pattern of uneven pale-brown collabral stripes, darker subsuturally.</p><p>Remarks. Eichwald (1830) introduced the new species Natica protracta on the base of material from Sawa- dynze (= Zavadyntsi), Ukraine. He published (Eichwald 1830, p. 218) a concise diagnosis without figures: “ Testa elongato-ovata, spira elongato-protracta, apertura semicirculari, umbilico magno laterali; color fusco-rufus ” [Elongated oval shell, spire elevated and protracted, aperture semicircular, umbilicus large and lateral; reddishbrown color]. Pusch (1837, p. 101), included with doubt Eichwald’s species in the synonymy of Natica hemiclausa J. Sowerby, 1824 . Three years later, Eichwald (1840, p. 9) confirmed the validity of his species stating that “ Meine Natica protracta … ve schieden von der N. hemiclausa Sow., mit der sie H. Pusch verwechselt ” [My Natica protracta … is separated from N. hemiclausa Sow. with which she was confused by H. Pusch] and that his short diagnosis of the species was sufficient for species separation. Finally, Eichwald (1853, p. 255) published an exhaustive description and a good figure (1859, pl. 10, fig. 43) of a shell of N. protracta, without specifying the collecting locality among those listed, i.e., Zukowce, Zawadynce and Korytnice (= Zhukivtsi, Zavadyntsi and Korytnytsya). We have examined good quality photographs of three shells from Eichwald’s collection housed in the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg (Russia), and of the manuscript label accompanying these shells; on this label it is written ‘ Natica protracta, Eichw., Tarnaruda (510)’ (= Tarnoruda). According to Boris Sirenko (pers. comm.), it is not sure whether these shells are Eichwald’s syntypes, and other inquiries about the location of Eichwald’s type material gave negative results. In addition, Tarnoruda is not one of the collecting localities of this species listed by Eichwald in his papers; Tarnoruda is cited only referring to another species, N. eximia . We have selected and figured (Fig. 27.4 and 5) two of these specimens, but neither is eligible to be the lectotype of the species, since their status of possible syntypes need to be confirmed. They appear to be strikingly similar in teleoconch shape and umbilical characters to some specimens collected by one of the present authors (BD) from Varovtsi and Zalistsi, which we assign to N. protracta . Two of these specimens, one from Varovtsi and one from Zalistsi, retain a well preserved protoconch.</p><p>Euspira protracta is very similar in teleoconch shape to E. helicina helicina (Fig. 27.9−27.11), a subspecies known from the Burdigalian to the late Pliocene of Europe and from the Serravallian of Turkey. However, E. protracta is readily distinguished from E. helicina helicina in having a protoconch of about 0.5 fewer whorls with protoconch I sculptured with more numerous spiral threads present over the abapical two-thirds of it and not only over its most abapical part as in E. helicina helicina .</p><p>The Pliocene to Recent (Harmer 1921, p. 698) North European species Natica hemiclausa (Fig. 27.12) is superficially similar to E. protracta, but can be easily distinguished from it by having a protoconch with a smaller diameter of the first half-whorl, a spire with more flattened whorls, and a longer parietal callus largely covering an umbilicus with a shallower inner spiral furrow.</p><p>In order to clarify the relationships between Euspira protracta and E. helicina helicina, Janssen (1969, 1984) examined several specimens from the Reinbekian (middle Miocene) deposits of Dingden, Germany (Janssen 1969), and from the Hemmorian (early Miocene) deposits of Winterswijk-Miste, the Netherlands (Janssen 1984); only on the basis of teleoconch characters he affirmed that the first species was to be considered a subspecies of the latter, and referred the German specimens (Janssen 1969, pp. 163, 165) to as Polinices (Euspira) helicinus protractus (Eichwald, 1830) and Polinices (Euspira) helicinus helicinus (Brocchi, 1814), and the Dutch shells (Janssen 1984, p. 197) to as Euspira helicina protracta (Eichwald, 1830) .</p><p>Bałuk (1995, p.196, pl. 15, figs 2–3), used the name Polinices protractus (Eichwald, 1853) for specimens from lower Badenian of Korytnica, Poland, on the basis of teleoconch characters and of the assumption that the holotype of this species was coming from this locality. We examined some similar specimens from this outcrop and noted that they surely belong to another species because they have a protoconch with smaller diameter of the first half-whorl; in addition, Eichwald (1830, p. 218) created the species Natica protracta based on material from another locality, Sawadynze (=Zavadyntsi), Ukraine (see remarks above).</p><p>Thus, the presence of E. protracta in Janssen’s and Bałuk’s materials could be confirmed only by protoconch examination and therefore the specimens cited and figured by these authors are herein excluded from the synonymy of the species.</p><p>More recently, Landau et al. (2013, p. 105), summarized the complex nomenclatural history of E. protracta, concluding that Eichwald’s taxon is to be considered a valid species, and that it is readily distinguished from E. helicina helicina (Brocchi, 1814) on the basis of teleoconch differences.</p><p>From the above, it may be concluded that the presence of E. protracta outside Ukraine needs to be confirmed by the recovery of specimens retaining the protoconch.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFF3FF80FF09FBABFB395FBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFFEFF82FF09FD67FB375E93.text	765787B1FFFEFF82FF09FD67FB375E93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euspira sirenkoi Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Euspira sirenkoi sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 28.1−4)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 4 paratypes (Table 12).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Boris Sirenko, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, who provided material relevant to the present study.</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: MZB 50519 (1 shell, Fig. 28.3); BD 167 (2 shells); MS 106 (1 shell).</p><p>Diagnosis. Small, oval shell with rather elevated spire and broadly oval last whorl. Protoconch I sculptured with spiral threads. Umbilicus deep, narrowly bean-shaped, largely covered by parietal callus (a narrow chink in most specimens); funicle small, depressed. Parietal callus thick, covering adapical part of umbilicus. Basal fasciole narrow, prominent. Colour pattern of uneven, whitish-brown collabral stripes over uniform, light brown background.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, turbiniform, of 1.9−2.1 convex whorls, tip very small; protoconch I sculptured with unevenly noded, evenly spaced spiral threads. Teleoconch small, oval, higher than wide, thick. Spire conical, rather elevated, whorls gently convex; suture fine, adpressed. Last whorl broadly oval, narrowing abapically; subsutural shelf indistinct; periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in slightly prosocline plane; outer lip semicircular, inner lip nearly straight. Parietal callus thick, with straight to sligtly convex abapertural outline, ending with rounded, scarcely distinct anterior lobe, reaching basal fasciole. Umbilicus deep, very small, largely covered by parietal callus (a narrow chink in most specimens). Umbilical wall steep, narrowly arched and bounded abapically by basal fasciole. Funicle small, depressed, separated from umbilical wall by narrow, moderately deep spiral furrow and merging into anterior lobe of parietal callus. Basal fasciole narrow, prominent and bounded abapically by rounded step. Outer surface with fine growth lines; microscopic spiral striation present on last whorl. One specimen retains remnants of uniform, light brown background with pattern of uneven whitish-brown collabral stripes.</p><p>Remarks. Euspira sirenkoi sp. nov. is very similar to the Burdigalian to late Pliocene subspecies E. helicina helicina (Figs 27.9−11) in teleoconch shape, but differs from it by having: 1) a protoconch of about 0.5 fewer whorls, with smaller diameter (average values 0.634 mm and 0.937 mm, respectively) and smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.088 mm and 0.122 mm, respectively), 2) a higher spire, which grows much faster with increasing shell height (Fig. 10), 3) a slight to indistinct anterior lobe (well-developed in E. helicina helicina), 4) an umbilical callus with straight abapertural outline (convex in E. helicina helicina), 5) a larger umbilicus (see Fig. 16), 6) a narrowly prominent basal fasciole (indistinct in E. helicina helicina), and 7) a smaller size.</p><p>The early Miocene to late Pliocene northwestern Italian species Euspira subobturata (Figs 28.5, 28.6) is also similar, but can be readily distinguished from E. sirenkoi sp. nov. in having a protoconch with larger diameter (average values 1.155 mm and 0.634 mm, respectively) and larger diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.194 mm and 0.088 mm, respectively), a more globose teleoconch, a distinct, rounded anterior lobe of the parietal callus, a wider, depressed basal fasciole, and a larger size.</p><p>The early Miocene French species Euspira benoisti (see Fig. 28.7, 28.8) is morphologically similar to E. sirenkoi sp. nov. and the values of the characteristic elements of its protoconch are basically identical to those measured for E. sirenkoi sp. nov. However, E. benoisti is readily differentiated from E. sirenkoi sp. nov. in that it has: 1) protoconch I sculptured with undulating, interconnected spiral cordlets forming an irregular somewhat reticulated pattern; 2) a more globose teleoconch with more convex whorls; 3) a rounded and wide anterior lobe of the parietal callus; 4) a wider, depressed basal fasciole; and 5) a larger size.</p><p>Finally, E. sirenkoi sp. nov. differs from E. protracta (Fig. 27.1−27.8) by having a protoconch with smaller di- ameter (average values 0.634 mm and 0.844 mm, respectively) and diameter of the first half-whorl (average values 0.088 mm and 0.164 mm, respectively, about half the size), protoconch I sculptured with coarser and less numerous spiral threads, a higher spire (see Fig. 10), a wider umbilicus (see Fig. 16) and a large size.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFFEFF82FF09FD67FB375E93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFFCFF82FF09FC55FBBD5937.text	765787B1FFFCFF82FF09FC55FBBD5937.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Payraudeautia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1883	<div><p>Genus Payraudeautia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg &amp; Dollfus, 1883</p><p>Type species. Natica intricata Donovan, 1803, by original designation. Recent, Mediterranean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFFCFF82FF09FC55FBBD5937	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFFCFF85FF09FBE3FB375C77.text	765787B1FFFCFF85FF09FBE3FB375C77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Payraudeautia ermesi Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 29.1−3)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 9 paratypes (Table 14).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for Ermes Pedriali, father of one of the present authors (LP).</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10030 (8 shells); BD 168 (9 shells); MS 107 (10 shells). Horodok: NP 10038 (2 shells). Zalistsi: NP 10037 (3 shells); BD 169 (6 shells).</p><p>Diagnosis. Globose-oval shell with rather elevated spire and inflated last whorl. Umbilicus deep, narrow, with broad, depressed funicle and slightly prominent abapical spiral ridge. Parietal callus large, with small adapical knob and semielliptical anterior lobe; umbilical callus thick, semicircular, demarcated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by slight transverse groove. Colour pattern of uneven whitish-brown collabral stripes, darker subsuturally and on lower base, over uniformly pale brown background; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, turbiniform, of 2.20−2.25 convex, smooth whorls, tip small. Teleoconch glo- bose-oval, solid. Spire conical, rather elevated, whorls convex; suture thin, adpressed. Last whorl inflated, slightly expanded toward aperture. Subsutural shelf indistinct, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in slightly prosocline plane. Parietal callus large, with concave abapertural outline, moderately thick, with small adapical knob and semielliptical anterior lobe, not reaching basal fasciole. Umbilicus deep, narrow; umbilical border rounded; umbilical wall concave, incised by weak, shallow groove and bearing scarcely prominent, narrowly round-topped spiral ridge bent toward interior of umbilicus and terminating in subtriangular, asymmetric plug on lowermost part of inner lip. Funicle broad, rather depressed, separated from abapical spiral ridge by broad, shallow groove. Umbilical callus thick, semicircular, demarcated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by slight transverse groove. Basal fasciole poorly defined. Surface with very fine growth lines. One well preserved specimen retains uniform pale brown background with pattern of uneven whitish-brown collabral stripes, darker subsuturally and on lower base; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Remarks. Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. is closely similar to P. fasciolata (Figs 29.4, 29.5), a species from late Miocene to late Pliocene deposits of Northern and Central Italy, but differs from it in that it has: 1) a protoconch with smaller diameter (averages 0.746 mm and 1.037 mm, respectively); 2) a more elevated spire (see Fig. 11), with more convex whorls; 3) an adapical knob on parietal callus; 4) a greater aperture width (see Figs 14, 15); 5) a broader umbilical callus (see Fig. 20); and 6) a smaller umbilicus with a thinner inner spiral ridge, separated from the umbilical wall by a narrower and shallower groove.</p><p>The late Miocene to Recent Mediterranean species Payraudeautia intricata (Fig. 29.6−8) is also similar, but can be easily differentiated from P. ermesi sp. nov. by having: 1) a sculptured protoconch of 0.5 fewer whorls, with greater diameter of the initial half-whorl (average values 0.320 mm and 0.103 mm, respectively); 2) a less elevated spire with less convex whorls; 3) a parietal callus devoid of knob; 4) a smaller aperture width (see Figs 14 and 15); 5) a larger umbilicus; and 6) a more excavated umbilical wall bearing a more prominent spiral ridge. It is also worth noting that P. intricata attains a larger size.</p><p>Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. resembles the Tortonian northwestern Italian species P. bituberculata (Figs 30.7, 30.8), but is readily distinguished from it because of its protoconch of 0.7 fewer whorls, with significantly smaller diameter (averages 0.746 mm and 1.082 mm, respectively) and greater diameter of the first half-whorl, its higher spire (see Fig. 11), with more convex whorls, its parietal callus with an anterior lobe instead of a knob,and its broad- er umbilical callus (see Fig. 20), of different shape (semicircular and not subtriangular as in P. bituberculata).</p><p>Payraudeautia pigeonblancensis Van Dingenen, Ceulemans &amp; Landau, 2016, described from the early Pliocene (Zanclean) of North West France (protoconch measures given by the authors: DHW 0.085 mm, PD 1.000 mm), is easily differentiated from Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. by its protoconch with greater diameter, its incised suture, its larger umbilicus, and its more excavated umbilical wall bearing a more prominent spiral ridge. Payraudeautia sabrinae sp. nov. and Payraudeautia varovtsiana sp. nov. (see below), can be separated from P. pigeonblancensis on the basis of the same teleoconch characters; moreover, these latter species exibit a protoconch with fewer whorls (respectively of 1.5 to 1.6 for P. sabrinae sp. nov. and 1.65 for P. varovtsiana sp. nov. instead of 2.60 as in P. pigeonblancensis), and with smaller diameter (average 0.742 mm, 0.706 mm and 1.000 mm, respectively) and greater diameter (average 0.306 mm, 0.191 mm and 0.085 mm, respectively) of the first half-whorl.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFFCFF85FF09FBE3FB375C77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFFBFFB8FF09FE23FB375C0F.text	765787B1FFFBFFB8FF09FE23FB375C0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Payraudeautia sabrinae Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Payraudeautia sabrinae sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 30.1−6)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 17 paratypes (Table 16).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for Cinzia Brunelli, familiarly called Sabrina, wife of one of the authors (LP).</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10035 (135 shells); BD 170 (619 shells); MS 108 (88 shells). Horodok: NP 10034 (4 shells); BD 171 (15 shells); MS 109 (9 shells). Velyka Levada: NP 10033 (3 shells); BD 172 (32 shells); MS 110 (8 shells). Zalistsi: NP 10042 (10 shells); BD 173 (7 shells); MS 111 (7 shells).</p><p>Diagnosis. Globose shell with moderately depressed spire and inflated last whorl. Umbilicus deep, narrow, with broad, depressed funicle and narrowly round-topped spiral ridge. Parietal callus wide, with adapical knob and tongue-shaped, massive anterior lobe; umbilical callus depressed and rather thick, semicircular, forming right angle with abapical side of anterior lobe. Colour pattern of uneven whitish-brown collabral stripes, darker subsuturally and on lower base, over uniform pale brown background; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, turbiniform, of 1.5−1.6 convex and smooth whorls, tip medium-sized. Teleo- conch globose, moderately depressed, rather solid. Spire low-conical, moderately depressed, whorls gently convex; suture thin, adpressed. Last whorl inflated, slightly expanded toward aperture; subsutural shelf indistinct, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in slightly prosocline plane. Parietal callus rather wide, with concave abapertural outline, thick to very thick, with adapical knob and tongue-shaped, massive anterior lobe, reaching basal fasciole and partially filling umbilicus. Umbilicus deep, narrow; umbilical border flatly rounded; umbilical wall concave, with attenuate groove and bearing faint to thin, narrowly round-topped spiral ridge, bent toward interior of umbilicus and terminating in subtriangular, asymmetric plug on lowermost part of inner lip. Funicle broad and rather depressed, separated from inner spiral ridge by narrow groove with gently sloping outward adaxial side. Umbilical callus depressed and rather thick, semicircular, forming right angle with abapical side of anterior lobe. Basal fasciole broad and robust, scarcely prominent. Surface with very fine growth lines arched subsuturally. Some well preserved specimens retain uniform pale brown background with pattern of uneven whitish-brown collabral stripes darker subsuturally and on lower base; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Remarks. The teleoconch shape and the values of the characteristic elements of the protoconch of Payraudeautia sabrinae sp. nov. are similar to those of the closely related late Miocene to Recent Mediterranean species P. intricata (Fig. 29.6−8). However, P. sabrinae sp. nov. differs from P. intricata in having: 1) an unsculptured protoconch; 2) a parietal callus with an adapical knob and a strong anterior lobe; 3) a greater aperture width (see Figs 14 and 15); 4) a narrower umbilicus (see Fig. 17); 5) a weak spiral ridge not separated from umbilical wall by a broad groove; and 6) a different colour pattern of uneven collabral stripes (whitish mottles and reddish-brown irregular chevron or flammulate markings arranged into 4−5 spiral rows in P. intricata). The parietal callus is the most obvious distinguishing character.</p><p>The late Miocene to late Pliocene Payraudeautia fasciolata (Fig. 29.4, 29.5), is another similar Italian species, differing from P. sabrinae sp. nov. by having a protoconch with 1 more whorl, with greater diameter (average values 1.037 mm and 0.742 mm, respectively) and smaller diameter (average values 0.097 mm and 0.306 mm, respectively) of the first half-whorl (one-third of the size), a less elevated spire (see Fig. 11), a narrower aperture (see Figs 14 and 15), a parietal callus with somewhat smaller anterior lobe, a larger umbilicus (see Fig. 17) and a more excavated umbilical wall.</p><p>The Tortonian northwestern Italian species Payraudeautia bituberculata (Fig. 30.7, 30.8) is also similar to P. sabrinae sp. nov., but can be easily differentiated from it because of its protoconch with 1.4 more whorls, with greater diameter (average values 1.082 mm and 0.742 mm, respectively) and smaller diameter (average values 0.058 mm and 0.306 mm, respectively) of the first half-whorl (one-fifth of the size), its lower spire (see Fig. 11), its parietal callus ending with rounded knob instead of a strong and massive lobe, and its wider umbilicus (see Fig. 17).</p><p>Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. (see above) differs from P. sabrinae sp. nov. by having a protoconch of 0.5 more whorls, with smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average 0.103 mm and 0.306 mm, respectively), a thinner parietal callus, a fainter anterior lobe, a wider umbilicus (see Fig. 17), a more incised umbilical wall bearing a more elevated and wider spiral ridge, separated from the funicle by a broader groove. It is also worth noting that P. ermesi sp. nov. attains a smaller size.</p><p>P. sabrinae sp. nov. and Payraudeautia obelixi Landau, Ceulemans &amp; Van Dingenen 2018 recovered from upper Miocene (Tortonian) of North West France have similar protoconch characters (protoconch measures reported by the authors: DHW 0.270 mm, PD 0.820 mm) and cannot be differentiated on this basis; however, P. sabrinae sp. nov. differs from P. obelixi in having a massive and stronger anterior lobe, a wider and thicker parietal callus, not interrupted in the mid portion as in P. obelixi, and a thinner spiral ridge separated from umbilical wall by a weaker groove.</p><p>Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. and Payraudeautia varovtsiana sp. nov. (see below), can be easily separated from P. obelixi by having a protoconch with smaller diameter of the initial half-whorl (average value 0.103 mm, values 0.191 mm and 0.270 mm, respectively), a broader and more prominent funicle and a weaker spiral ridge, separated from umbilical wall by a shallower groove. In addition, P. ermesi sp. nov. differs from P. obelixi because of its protoconch of 0.70 more whorls.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFFBFFB8FF09FE23FB375C0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFC6FFBAFF09FEEBFB395FE3.text	765787B1FFC6FFBAFF09FEEBFB395FE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Payraudeautia varovtsiana Pedriali & Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2019	<div><p>Payraudeautia varovtsiana sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 31)</p><p>Type material. Holotype and 4 paratypes (Table 18).</p><p>Type locality. Varovtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the type locality, the village of Varovtsi, Ukraine.</p><p>Other material. Varovtsi: NP 10036 (3 shells); BD 174 (1 shell).</p><p>Diagnosis. Globose, robust shell with rather depressed spire and inflated last whorl. Umbilicus deep, large, with broad, rather depressed funicle and prominent, narrowly round-topped spiral ridge. Parietal callus wide, with small adapical knob and pointed anterior lobe; umbilical callus thick, semicircular, separated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by faint transverse groove. Colour pattern of uneven, dense whitish to brown collabral stripes and lines darker subsuturally and on lower base, over uniform pale brown background; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, turbiniform, of 1.65 convex whorls, smoth except for small tip sculptured with unevenly noded, well spaced spiral threads. Teleoconch somewhat globose, moderately depressed, rather solid. Spire low-conical, rather depressed, whorls sligtly convex; suture thin, adpressed. Last whorl inflated, slightly expanded toward aperture; subsutural shelf indistinct, periphery above midline. Aperture D-shaped in slightly prosocline plane. Parietal callus large, with concave abapertural outline, thicker at both ends, with small, flat-topped adapical knob and pointed anterior lobe, ending near basal fasciole. Umbilicus deep, large; umbilical border rounded; um- bilical wall concave, incised by shallow groove, narrow to broad, bearing prominent, narrowly round-topped spiral ridge, inclined toward interior of umbilicus and terminating in subtriangular, asymmetric plug on lowermost part of inner lip. Funicle broad and rather depressed, separated from inner spiral ridge by broad and shallow groove. Umbilical callus thick, semicircular, separated from anterior lobe of parietal callus by slight to obsolescent transverse groove. Basal fasciole poorly defined. Surface with very fine growth lines, arched subsuturally. One well preserved specimen retains uniform pale brown background with pattern of uneven, dense whitish to brown collabral stripes and lines darker subsuturally and on lower base; apex, parietal and umbilical calluses whitish.</p><p>Remarks. Payraudeautia varovtsiana sp. nov. differs from the late Miocene to Recent Mediterranean species P. intricata (Fig. 29.6−8) in that it attains a smaller size and has: 1) a protoconch with a smaller initial half-whorl (0.191 and average 0.320 mm, respectively), 2) an adapical knob on the parietal callus 3) a greater aperture width (see Figs 14 and 15), 4) a narrower umbilicus, 4) a thinner spiral ridge separated from umbilical wall by a weaker groove, and 5) a different colour pattern of uneven, dense collabral stripes and lines (mottles, chevron and flammulate markings in P. intricata, see above remarks on P. sabrinae sp. nov.).</p><p>The unsculptured protoconch with about 1 more whorl, with greater diameter (average 1.037 and 0.706 mm, respectively) and smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average 0.097 and 0.191 mm, respectively) is the primary element differentiating the late Miocene to late Pliocene Italian species P. fasciolata (Figs 29.4, 29.5) from P. varovtsiana sp. nov.</p><p>The Tortonian northwestern Italian species P. bituberculata (Figs 30.7, 30.8) is also similar to P. varovtsiana sp. nov., but differs from it in having an unsculptured protoconch of 1.3 more whorls, with greater diameter (average 1.082 and 0.706 mm, respectively), smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average 0.058 and 0.191 mm, respectively, one-third of the size), and a narrower umbilical callus (Fig. 20), which is subtriangular and not semicircular as in P. varovtsiana sp. nov.</p><p>Payraudeautia ermesi sp. nov. (see above) is distinguished from P. varovtsiana sp. nov. in having an unsculptured protoconch of 0.5 more whorls with a smaller diameter of the first half-whorl (average 0.103 and 0.191 mm, respectively), a higher spire (see Fig. 11) with more convex whorls, and a shorter anterior lobe.</p><p>Payraudeautia sabrinae sp. nov. (see above) can be easily distinguished from P. varovtsiana sp. nov. because of its unsculptured protoconch with larger diameter of the first half-whorl (average 0.306 and 0.191 mm, respectively), its higher spire (see Fig. 11), its markedly thicker parietal callus and anterior lobe, its smaller umbilical callus (see Fig. 20), its narrower umbilicus (see Fig. 17), with weaker inner spiral ridge, and its larger overall size.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (Upper Badenian) in Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFC6FFBAFF09FEEBFB395FE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFC4FFBAFF09FCDFFF195ED0.text	765787B1FFC4FFBAFF09FCDFFF195ED0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polinices Montfort 1810	<div><p>Genus Polinices Montfort, 1810</p><p>Type species. Polinices albus Montfort, 1810 (= Nerita mammilla Linnaeus, 1758), by original designation. Recent, Indo-Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFC4FFBAFF09FCDFFF195ED0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFC4FFBCFF09FB88FCE45FE3.text	765787B1FFC4FFBCFF09FB88FCE45FE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polinices staszici (Friedberg 1923)	<div><p>Polinices staszici (Friedberg, 1923)</p><p>(Fig. 32.1−5)</p><p>Natica (Poliniceps) Staszici Friedberg, 1923: p. 435, pl. 26, figs 8, 9.</p><p>Natica Staszici var. revoluta Friedberg, 1923: p. 436, pl. 26, figs 10, 11, text-fig. 79.</p><p>Natica (Polynices) redempta staszici: Strausz 1966, p. 232, pl. 47, figs 33−35, pl. 48, figs 1−4.</p><p>Type material. Natica Staszici Friedberg, 1923, p. 435, pl. 26, figs 8, 9. Type material not seen.</p><p>Material examined. Varovtsi: MPUM 11756 (1 shell, Fig. 32.1a–c); MZB 50509 (1 shell, Fig. 32.2a–b); IGS NANU B-III-16/2018 (1 shell, Fig. 32.3a–c); ZISP 1/62207 (1 shell, Fig. 32.4a–c); MZB 50520 (1 shell, Fig. 32.5a–b); BD 176 (1 shell); NP 10040 (2 shells). Velyka Levada: NP 10079 (1 shell).</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, low turbiniform, of 1.8 moderately convex whorls, tip medium-sized. Teleoconch large, globose, robust. Spire broadly conical, moderately elevated, somewhat stepped, whorls convex; subsu- tural shelf indistinct. Suture thin, almost flush. Last whorl inflated, somewhat depressed, expanded toward aperture. Aperture D-shaped in moderately prosocline plane. Parietal callus thick, subrectangular, slightly expanded adapically to meet suture. Umbilicus almost completely plugged by umbilical callus in most specimens; a mid-abapical groove, slit-like to narrow in a few specimens, separates umbilical callus from umbilical wall and exposes thick funicle. Umbilical callus also thick, with arched abapical outline, touching basal fasciole, fused with parietal callus. Abapertural outline of inner lip calluses (parietal + umbilical) concave. Basal fasciole broad, depressed. Outer surface with fine growth lines. One specimen retains vestige of uniform pale brown background with pattern of uneven whitish to brown collabral stripes; basal fasciole, parietal and umbilical calluses pale reddish-brown.</p><p>Remarks. The species was introduced by Friedberg (1923) on the basis of shells from some Polish localities. We have not seen the original material but the shells from Varovtsi in our collection fully conform to those figured by Friedberg. A few specimens have a less expanded umbilical callus and perfectly agree with those included by Friedberg (1923) in his variety revoluta of Natica staszici . We do not consider this difference sufficient to warrant separation from the typical form. Strausz (1966) regarded Polinices staszici as a subspecies of the middle to late Miocene European and Turkish species P. redemptus (Fig. 32.6−8), which has a similar teleoconch. We do not con- cur with Strausz’s opinion and note that P. staszici differs from P. redemptus by having: 1) a more globose shell, with more stepped spire and convex whorls; 2) a higher spire (see Fig. 12); 3) a last whorl more expanded toward aperture; 4) a smaller umbilical callus; 5) a more depressed basal fasciole, not bounded by a shallow groove; and 6) a different colour pattern of collabral stripes (crescent-shaped marks in P. redemptus).The lack of the subsutural spiral groove, always present in P. redemptus, is another relevant distinguishing element.</p><p>Also the Burdigalian European species Polinices proredemptus (Figs 32.9, 32.10) is quite similar in teleoconch shape, but can easily be distinguished from P. staszici in having: 1) a protoconch of about 0.65 more whorls, with smaller diameter of the first half-whorl, at a size of 0.137 mm; 2) a lower, not stepped spire (see Fig. 12); 3) a wider umbilical callus completely covering the umbilicus; and 4) a uniform pale brown background without any pattern.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys, Lower Badenian of Poland and Hungary (Friedberg 1923; Strausz 1966); Upper Badenian of Ukraine (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFC4FFBCFF09FB88FCE45FE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFC2FFBCFF09FC17FB0B5EF9.text	765787B1FFC2FFBCFF09FC17FB0B5EF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinum Roding 1798	<div><p>Genus Sinum Röding, 1798</p><p>Type species. Helix haliotoidea Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent designation (Dall 1915). Recent, Indo-Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFC2FFBCFF09FC17FB0B5EF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
765787B1FFC2FFBDFF09FBA6FF2E5ACF.text	765787B1FFC2FFBDFF09FBA6FF2E5ACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinum affinis (Eichwald 1830)	<div><p>Sinum affinis (Eichwald, 1830)</p><p>(Fig. 33.1−4)</p><p>Sigaretus affinis Eichwald, 1830: p. 215; Eichwald 1840, p. 8; Eichwald 1851, p. 124, pl. 11, fig. 1; Eichwald 1853, p. 257; Eichwald 1859, pl. 11, fig. 1a, b.</p><p>Sigaretus haliotoïdeus (non Linnaeus, 1758): Du Bois de Montpéreux 1831, p. 43, pl. 3, figs 47, 48.</p><p>Sigaretus striatus (non de Serres, 1829): Pusch 1837, p. 93, pl. 9, fig. 6a, b.</p><p>? Sigaretus affinis: Laskarev 1914, p. 645 .</p><p>? Sigaretus striatus (non de Serres, 1829): Friedberg 1923, p. 423, pl. 25, fig. 10.</p><p>Type material. Sigaretus affinis Eichwald, 1830, lectotype (designated herein): the unique syntype presently existing in ZISP and figured herein (Fig. 33.1a–e), ZISP 1/62208, height 9 mm, Zhukivtsi, Ukraine (see remarks below).</p><p>Type locality. Zhukivtsi, Ukraine .</p><p>Type stage. Middle Miocene (Upper Badenian) .</p><p>Material examined. Varovtsi: MZB 50510 (1 shell, Fig. 33.2a–b); MZB 50521 (1 shell, Fig. 33.3a–b); MPUM 11757 (1 broken shell, Fig. 33.4a–c); BD 177 (1 shell).</p><p>Dimensions. Only 1 shell measured (MZB 50521, Fig. 33.2a–b). DHW = 0.097 mm; PD = 0.910; H = 12.74 mm; D = 20.02 mm; SH = 2.41 mm: AH = 10.33 mm; AW = 13.82 mm; IS = 35°; SA = 143°. DHW and PD measured also for the shell MPUM 11757 (Fig. 33.4a–c): 0.097 and 0.910, respectively.</p><p>Description. Protoconch small, low-turbiniform, of 2.80 rather convex whorls, tip very small; protoconch I apparently smooth, protoconch II with first half-whorl sculptured with even, widely spaced axial riblets, which are replaced by obtuse, even spiral cordlets on subsequent half whorl; cordlets gradually vanishing toward end of protoconch. Teleoconch auriculate, depressed, wider than high, rather thin. Spire broadly dome-shaped, depressed, whorls slightly convex. Suture adpressed. Last whorl lenticular, moderately depressed, quickly expanding toward aperture. Subsutural shelf indistinct; narrowly rounded periphery nearly at midline. Aperture large, broadly oval, rather strongly prosocline, wider than high. Parietal callus thin, adapically concave in outline, narrowing abapically, extended to cover the small and narrow umbilical area. Outer lip arched and thin; basal lip semicircular. Inner lip round-edged, with narrow, flat callus sloping inward, reflected toward the umbilical area and merging into the parietal callus. Umbilicus absent. Funicle and umbilical callus absent. Basal fasciole indistinct. Surface sculptured by quite uniform flat-topped spiral cords, thinner subsuturally, occasionally with intervening threads or incised by spiral furrow; interspaces shallow and flat-bottomed, as wide as cords. Base with finer cordlets. Fine and dense growth lines occur throughout. One specimen retains remnants of uniform, pale brown background apparently without any colour pattern.</p><p>Remarks. The nomenclatural history of this species is very complex. Eichwald (1830) proposed the new species Sigaretus affinis on the basis of middle Miocene material from Shukowze (= Zhukivtsi), Ukraine. He noted (p. 215) a striking resemblance to Sigaretus haliotoïdeus (Linnaeus, 1758), “ der dem Sig. haliotideus auffallend gleicht ”, but he regarded the two species as distinct. A year later, Du Bois de Montpéreux (1831, p. 43) assigned to S. haliotoïdeus a specimen from Szuskowce (= Shushkivtsi), a locality about 10 km from Zhukivtsi, and included Eichwald’s species in the synonymy of S. haliotoïdeus . He also gave a good description and figures of the shell (Du Bois de Montpéreux 1831: pl. 3, figs 47, 48). Pusch (1837, p. 93) identified the specimens from Krzeminiec (= Kremenets) and Zuckowce (= Zhukivtsi) as Sigaretus striatus, and included in the synonymy of this species the Sigaretus species dealt with by Eichwald (1830) and Du Bois de Montpéreux (1831). He refined the description of S. haliotoïdeus published by Du Bois de Montpéreux (1831, p. 43, pl. 3, figs 47, 48), and illustrated a shell (Pusch 1837, pl. 9, fig. 6), without specifying the place of collecting, since in the explanation to the plate he indicated only “ Tertiär ” (Pusch 1837, p. 216). Eichwald (1840, p. 8) reaffirmed the validity of his species stating that “ Mein Sigaretus affinis ist wirklich neu und nicht Sig. striatus M. Serr. ” [My Sigaretus affinis is really new and not Sig. striatus M. Serr.] and that his diagnosis of the species was sufficient for separation. Finally, Eichwald (1853, p. 257) published an exhaustive description and later also a good figure (Eichwald 1859, pl. 11, fig. 1) of a specimen of S. affinis from Zhukivtsi. We have obtained a good quality photograph of a shell from Eichwald’s collection housed in the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg (Russia), and of the two manuscript labels accompanying this shell. According to Boris Sirenko (pers. comm.), it is not certain whether this shell is Eichwald’s type. However, two notes can be made: 1) on one label (Fig. 33.1d), the script ‘ Sigaretus affinis Eichw., Zukowce (688)’ qualifies the specimen as a topotype, thus a relevant one; 2) the other label (Fig. 33.1e) states ‘ Sigaretus affinis m, Zukowce’. We think that the letter m following affinis could be a short for the Latin word mihi. Should this be correct, this label would have been written personally by Eichwald and the shell be a syntype. Other inquiries about the location of Eichwald’s type material gave negative results. In these circumstances, it seems advisable to designate the considered syntype as the lectotype of Sigaretus affinis (ZISP 1/62208) in order to clarify and fix the characters of this species (ICZN 1999, Article 74 and Recommendation 74D of the Code).</p><p>The Recent, Indo-Pacific species Sinum haliotoideum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 33.5, 33.6) somewhat resembles the present species, but differs from it in having: 1) protoconch II sculptured after the first half-whorl with even, dense subsutural riblets,with faint threads located in the middle part of the last half-whorl (obtuse, even spiral cordlets, gradually vanishing toward the end of the protoconch in S. affinis); 2) a more flattened teleoconch; and 3) very different ornamentation, consisting of fine growth lines crossed by closely spaced, rather even spiral bands devoid of longitudinal furrows.</p><p>The middle Miocene to Pliocene European species Sinum striatum (Fig. 33.7, 33.8) appears to be the most similar species, but it differs from S. affinis in that it attains a larger size, has a flatter shell and a differently sculptured protoconch (rows of uneven, elongated microscopic granules instead of axial wrinkles and spiral cordlets), protoconch with a smaller diameter, at a size of 0.582 mm.</p><p>The Italian Pliocene species Sinum perregulare (Fig. 33.9, 33.10) is also similar but is readily distinguished from S. affinis by having: 1) a differently sculptured protoconch (spiral threads), with a greater diameter (averages 1.347 mm and 0.897 mm, respectively) and greater diameter of the first half-whorl, almost twice the size (averages 0.186 mm and 0.097 mm, respectively); 2) a teleoconch with spiral ribbons and intervening threads; and 3) a smaller overall size.</p><p>The Oligocene to early Miocene northeastern Atlantic and proto-Mediterranean species Sinum patulum (Grateloup, 1847) (Figs 33.11, 33.12) is relatively similar, but differs from S. affinis in having a more conical shell and a sculpture of ribbons with threads or cordlets in the interspaces.</p><p>Distribution. Middle Miocene: Central Paratethys (upper Badenian) in Ukraine (Eichwald 1830 and this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/765787B1FFC2FFBDFF09FBA6FF2E5ACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pedriali, Luca;Sosso, Maurizio;Dell’Angelo, Bruno	Pedriali, Luca, Sosso, Maurizio, Dell’Angelo, Bruno (2019): Naticid gastropods from the middle Miocene of western Ukraine. Zootaxa 4700 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4700.2.1
