identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
77323C29FFCBB43DFEE09F37FB9BFC17.text	77323C29FFCBB43DFEE09F37FB9BFC17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euparkeria capensis Broom 1913	<div><p>Euparkeria capensis Broom, 1913</p><p>Age . Scythian-Anisian.</p><p>Occurrence. Cynognathus assemblage zone of the Beaufort Group, South Africa.</p><p>Diagnosis. Premaxilla with a vertical, dorsally rounded postnarial process.</p><p>Remarks. Ever since its original description (Broom 1913), Euparkeria (Text-fig. 4a) has played a pivotal role in the discussion of archosaur interrelationships. Long believed to be ancestral to dinosaurs and sometimes birds (Heilmann 1926; Welman 1995), it is now generally considered to be the sister group of the clade comprising all the recent representatives of Archosauria (see Gower and Wilkinson 1996 and references therein). Because of this basal phylogenetic position, its unspecialized morphology and our relatively complete knowledge of its anatomy, Euparkeria is used here as the most basal outgroup to dinosaurs, and it is the taxon used to root the tree.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCBB43DFEE09F37FB9BFC17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFCBB43DFEE19A6FFDFCF8B7.text	77323C29FFCBB43DFEE19A6FFDFCF8B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasuchus lilloensis (Romer 1972) Romer 1972	<div><p>Marasuchus lilloensis (Romer, 1972)</p><p>Age . Ladinian.</p><p>Occurrence. Los Chanares Formation, La Rioja, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Posterior cervical neural spines project anterodorsally; neural spines of mid- to posterior dorsal vertebrae contact each other dorsally.</p><p>Remarks. Marasuchus lilloensis is a small carnivorous dinosauriform from the Middle Triassic of South America. The taxon was originally described as a new species of Lagosuchus by Romer (1972) and later even synonymized with the type species of the genus, Lagosuchus talampayensis (Bonaparte 1975) . However, Sereno and Arcucci (1994) argued that the holotype of Lagosuchus talampayensis is undiagnostic and consequently referred Lagosuchus lilloensis to a new genus, Marasuchus .</p><p>Marasuchus is closely related to dinosaurs (Sereno and Arcucci 1994; Novas 1996 «) and is therefore used as an outgroup here.</p><p>Triassic OTUs</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCBB43DFEE19A6FFDFCF8B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFCBB43CFEE2992EFCE1FD6D.text	77323C29FFCBB43CFEE2992EFCE1FD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophysis bauri (Cope 1887) Cope 1887	<div><p>Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887); metataxon</p><p>Age . Norian.</p><p>Occurrence. Chinle Formation, Arizona, New Mexico;?Dockum Group, exas, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Coelophysis differs from Eoraptor, Herrerasaurus and Staurikosaurus in the presence of pleurocoels in the dorsal vertebrae, the more elongated dorsal vertebrae, five fused sacral vertebrae, dolichoiliacic ilium, presence of a small lateral projection on the distal end of the tibia and the functionally tridactyl foot with a Mt I that is attached to Mt II and does not reach the ankle joint. It differs from Gojirasaurus in the relatively lower dorsal neural spines and the significantly smaller size, from Liliensternus in the absence of a broad ridge that extends from the posterior end of the diapophyses to the posterior end of the vertebral centra in cervical vertebrae and the smaller size, from Procompsognathus in the considerably larger overall size, from Shuvosaurus in the lack of any of the derived cranial features of the latter taxon, and from the slightly younger, but very similar Syntarsus in the lack of a postnasal fenestra.</p><p>Remarks. In agreement with Colbert et al. (1992), the name Coelophysis bauri is used here for the common small theropod dinosaur of the Ghost Ranch locality in New Mexico. A problem with the Ghost Ranch material is the variation between individuals. Colbert (1989, 1990) noted many differences between several individuals of Coelophysis from this locality and explained them as either ontogenetic differences or sexual dimorphism. Other workers believe that there is more than one species of theropod represented in the material from this locality (Cuny, pers. comm. 1998). Although my own observations of specimens and close inspections of published photographs revealed several differences between different specimens from this locality, these differences seem to be too insignificant to indicate different taxa. Pending a detailed revision of the Ghost Ranch material, it is assumed here that all the material represents a single species, Coelophysis bauri (Text-fig. 4f).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCBB43CFEE2992EFCE1FD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFCAB43CFF139CAAFA40FB07.text	77323C29FFCAB43CFF139CAAFA40FB07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eoraptor lunensis Sereno, Forster, Rogers and Monetta 1993	<div><p>Eoraptor lunensis Sereno, Forster, Rogers and Monetta, 1993</p><p>Age. Camian.</p><p>Occurrence. Ischigualasto Formation, San Juan, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Strongly heterodont dentition, with leaf-shaped anterior maxillary tooth crowns; ventral process of the postorbital flexed sharply anteriorly in its lower part.</p><p>Remarks. Eoraptor (Text-fig. 4d) is one of the oldest and most primitive dinosaurs known to date, but preliminary cladistic analyses indicate that it is a member of the Theropoda (Sereno et al. 1993), although this is not yet generally accepted (Holtz 1995a; Holtz and Padian 1995; Langer 2001). The taxon is represented by two almost complete skeletons (Sereno et al. 1993; Sereno, pers. comm. 1997), and a detailed description of its anatomy is presently under way by P. Sereno.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCAB43CFF139CAAFA40FB07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFCAB43CFF129B30FE1EF6D9.text	77323C29FFCAB43CFF129B30FE1EF6D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gojirasaurus quayi Carpenter 1997	<div><p>Gojirasaurus quayi Carpenter, 1997; metataxon</p><p>Age. Norian.</p><p>Occurrence. Cooper Canyon Formation of the Dockum Group, New Mexico, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from Coelophysis and Lilienstemus in the greater relative height of the neural spines of the mid to posterior dorsals; from Eoraptor, Herrerasaurus, and Staurikosaurus in the elongation of the dorsal vertebrae and the presence of a small lateral projection on the distal end of the tibia; and from Procompsognathus in the significantly larger overall size. There are no elements that can be compared with known remains of Shuvosaurus (see comments below).</p><p>Remarks. The holotype material of Gojirasaurus was first described as ‘procompsognathid indet.’ by Parrish and Carpenter (1986), and only later designated as the holotype of a new taxon of theropod (Carpenter 1997).</p><p>The presence of a premaxilla of the edentulous theropod Shuvosaurus in the same quarry as the type of Gojirasaurus is interesting (Parrish and Carpenter 1986, fig. 11.8; Carpenter 1997). The holotype skull of Shuvosaurus is approximately 17 cm long (Chatterjee 1993), but represents a juvenile individual, indicating that adult Shuvosaurus would have been among the largest known Triassic theropods. Since the holotype of Gojirasaurus represents the largest theropod postcrania known from the Triassic of North America (Carpenter 1997), it seems quite possible that Gojirasaurus quayi Carpenter, 1997, might be a junior synonym of Shuvosaurus inexpectatus Chatterjee, 1993 . However, given the uncertain association of the remains, and the lack of comparable elements in the holotype specimens, both taxa are treated separately here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCAB43CFF129B30FE1EF6D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFCAB43EFF13971DFA09FE2D.text	77323C29FFCAB43EFF13971DFA09FE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig 1963	<div><p>Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963</p><p>Age . Camian.</p><p>Occurrence. Ischigualasto Formation, San Juan, Argentina. Diagnosis. Large premaxillary-maxillary fenestra; dorsal part of supratemporal fenestra less than half as wide as ventral part; pronounced suborbital ridge on the jugal; lateral depression on quadratojugal process of squamosal; very slender posterior dorsal process of the dentary.</p><p>Remarks. In 1963, Reig described three taxa of saurischian dinosaurs from the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina as Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Ischisaurus cattoi, and Triassolestes romeri . Herrerasaurus (Text-fig. 4e) received relatively little attention until the discovery of a complete skeleton in the late 1980s (Sereno and Novas 1992). The osteology of this taxon was described in detail in a series of papers by Novas (1993), Sereno (1993) and Sereno and Novas (1993). The type specimens of Ischisaurus and Triassolestes, and other theropod specimens from the Ischigualasto Formation described as Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by Novas (1986), and cf. Staurikosaurus sp. by Brinkman and Sues (1987), respectively, were referred to Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Novas 1993) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFCAB43EFF13971DFA09FE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFC8B43EFF2C9C5DFD26FAC7.text	77323C29FFC8B43EFF2C9C5DFD26FAC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liliensternus airelensis Cuny and Galton 1993	<div><p>Lilienstemus airelensis Cuny and Galton, 1993</p><p>Age . Rhaetian-Hettangian.</p><p>Occurrence. Moon-Airel Formation, Normandy, France.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cervical vertebrae with dorsoventrally narrow, anteroposteriorly elongated posterior pleurocoel; deep infradiapophyseal fossa in anterior cervical vertebrae; horizontal ridge at the basis of the neural spine in cervical vertebrae; ilium with a triangular lateral bulge above the supraacetabular crest.</p><p>Remarks. Larsonneur and Lapparent (1966) described associated and partially articulated remains of a theropod dinosaur from the Moon-Airel Formation of Normandy and referred them to Halticosaurus sp., based on comparisons with Halticosaurus liliensterni (now Lilienstemus lilienstemi) from the Norian of Germany. The material received little attention in the following decades, until Cuny and Galton (1993) redescribed it and showed that it represents a distinct taxon. They designated the specimen as the holotype of a new species of the genus Lilienstemus, Lilienstemus airelensis . Although the material is very incomplete, the rather large number of apomorphic characters in the cervical vertebrae alone clearly establishes it as a valid taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFC8B43EFF2C9C5DFD26FAC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFC8B421FF2C9BE2FBC8FCE7.text	77323C29FFC8B421FF2C9BE2FBC8FCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lilienstemus liliensterni (Huene 1934) Huene 1934	<div><p>Lilienstemus liliensterni (Huene, 1934); metataxon</p><p>Age . Norian.</p><p>Occurrence. Knollenmergel, ThÜringen and WÜrttemberg, Germany;?Frick, Switzerland.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from all other theropods, with the exception of Lilienstemus airelensis, in the presence of a broad rounded ridge on the cervical vertebrae that extends from the posterior end of the diapophyses to the posteroventral end of the vertebral centrum (less well-developed than in Lilienstemus airelensis).</p><p>Differs from Lilienstemus airelensis in the presence of only one pair of pleurocoels in the cervical vertebrae, the less-developed infradiapophyseal fossa, the absence of a horizontal ridge at the base of the cervical neural spines, and the absence of a lateral bulge on the ilium.</p><p>Remarks. Lilienstemus liliensterni (Text-fig. 4g) is the best represented Triassic theropod from Europe. The taxon was originally described as Halticosaurus liliensterni by Huene (1934) based on the associated, but disarticulated remains of two individuals from the Knollenmergel of ThÜringen (MB R. 2175). Later, Welles (1984) showed that Halticosaurus liliensterni cannot be referred to the genus Halticosaurus and assigned the species to the new genus Lilienstemus. Welles (1984, p. 166) also designated the larger individual as the lectotype. It must be noted, however, that the material may represent more than two individuals, and it seems almost impossible to separate the remains belonging to the larger and smaller individual (pers. obs. and Heinrich, pers. comm. 1996); therefore it seems, at present, best to retain the entire material as the syntypes for the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFC8B421FF2C9BE2FBC8FCE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD7B421FED29D01FB24F87A.text	77323C29FFD7B421FED29D01FB24F87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ornithischia Seeley 1887	<div><p>Ornithischia Seeley, 1887</p><p>Included taxa. Lesothosaurus, Technosaurus, Pisanosaurus, Thyreophora, Ornithopoda, and Marginocephalia, and all dinosaurs that are more closely related to these taxa than to saurischians.</p><p>Temporal range. Camian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Distribution. Global.</p><p>Diagnosis. Ossified palpebral over the orbit; presence of an unpaired predentary; maxillary and dentary tooth crowns triangular in lateral view; ossified epaxial tendons along the neural spines; ilium with elongate, dorsoventrally low preacetabular process; opisthopubic pelvis; pubic shafts slender, rod-like.</p><p>Remarks. Seeley (1887, 1888) first noted the fundamental differences in the pelvic girdles of different taxa of dinosaurs, and referred all the opisthopubic members then known to a clade he named Orn ithischia, in reference to the opisthopubic condition of the pelvis in birds. Whereas the monophyly of the other major group of dinosaurs, the Saurischia, has repeatedly been doubted (e.g. Charig et al. 1965; Bakker and Galton 1974; Bakker 1986), the Orn ithischia were generally accepted as a monophyletic group, even after the discovery of nonavian theropod dinosaurs with an opisthopubic pelvis (Barsbold 1979).</p><p>The monophyly of the Omithischia is supported by a large number of synapomorphies (Sereno 1986), many of which are in some way related to the herbivorous diet of all known members of this clade. Following Sereno (1986, 1991 b, 1997), Lesothosaurus (Text-fig. 4b) and basal Thyreophora (Scutellosaurus, Scelidosaurus, Emausaurus) are regarded here as some of the most basal taxa of o rn ithischians, and most character codings are based on these animals.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD7B421FED29D01FB24F87A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD7B420FED399AAFEA5FCE3.text	77323C29FFD7B420FED399AAFEA5FCE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procompsognathus triassicus Fraas 1913	<div><p>Procompsognathus triassicus Fraas, 1913; metataxon</p><p>Age . Norian.</p><p>Occurrence. Weisser Steinbruch, Pfaffenhofen, Baden-WÜrttemberg, Germany; Middle Stubensandstein of the middle Keuper.</p><p>Diagnosis. Small theropod; differs from the contemporaneous Lilienstemus liliensterni in the overall size and the greater elongation of the posterior dorsal vertebral centra. Differences from the contemporaneous taxon Coelophysis are difficult to establish due to the inadequate preservation of the type specimen and the probable close relationships of these two taxa. However, the distal hindlimb elements are slightly more elongated in Procompsognathus triassicus than in any specimen of Coelophysis measured by Colbert (1989), although this might be size-related (Holtz 1 995b), and the scapular blade seems to be wider in the latter taxon. Furthermore, even if the holotype is a juvenile individual, adult P. triassicus probably were of slightly smaller average size than Coelophysis . Procompsognathus differs from herrerasaurids in the presence of pleurocoels in the cervical vertebrae, the much more elongated posterior dorsal vertebrae, the elongated distal hindlimb elements, and attachment of Mt I to the shaft of Mt II and not reaching the ankle joint proximally. The genus differs from Alwalkeria maleriensis in the more elongated dorsal vertebrae and the shorter femoral neck. Differences from Liliensternus airelensis are again found in the more elongated posterior dorsal vertebrae of P. triassicus and the significantly larger size of the former taxon.</p><p>Remarks. Procompsognathus triassicus was named by Fraas (1913) on the basis of ‘... the major part of an extremely delicate dinosaur skeleton, including the skull, the middle part of the body with the legs and the anterior part of the tail ’ (p. 1099; my translation). In 1992, Sereno and Wild reviewed the type material and argued that the skull and the postcranial skeleton represent different animals. Thus, the name Procompsognathus is used here only for the partial postcranial skeleton (see Rauhut and HungerbÜhler 2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD7B420FED399AAFEA5FCE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD6B420FF189D0CFCB7F5F4.text	77323C29FFD6B420FF189D0CFCB7F5F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sauropodomorpha Huene 1932	<div><p>Sauropodomorpha Huene, 1932</p><p>Included taxa. Saturnalia, prosauropods, sauropods, and all dinosaurs that are more closely related to these taxa than to theropods.</p><p>Temporal range. Camian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Distribution. Global.</p><p>Diagnosis. Relatively small skull (about 5 per cent of body length); lanceolate teeth with coarsely serrated crowns; at least ten elongate cervical vertebrae; very large pollex with enlarged ungual; fused, deep, apron-like pubes that are twisted proximally.</p><p>Remarks. Huene (1932) proposed the Sauropodomorpha to include those members of the Saurischia that are more closely related to the Sauropoda than to the Camosauria. In his phylogenetic scheme, sauropodomorphs and camosaurs were grouped together as Pachypodosauria and seen as the sister group to coelurosaurs. The supposedly close relationships between camosaurs and prosauropods was based on the association of remains of certainly carnivorous archosaurs (see e.g. Huene 1932). Although they accepted the association of cranial remains of carnivorous archosaurs and prosauropod-like postcrania, Colbert (1964) and Charig et al. (1965) argued that coelurosaurs and camosaurs formed a monophyletic Theropoda and concluded that all prosauropods were more closely related to the Sauropoda than to the Theropoda . This view has since been accepted and was supported by more recent cladistic analyses (Gauthier 1986; Benton 1990). Galton (1 985a, b) and Benton (1986) argued that the association of cranial remains of carnivorous archosaurs with prosauropod postcrania is either erroneous or not demonstrable, and Galton (1985 b) made a strong argument that all prosauropods for which clearly referable cranial material is known were herbivorous.</p><p>The interrelationships of taxa within Sauropodomorpha are still problematic. While the monophyly of the Sauropoda is generally accepted (Gauthier 1986; Benton 1990; Upchurch 1995, 1998; Wilson and Sereno 1998), the relationships between basal taxa are poorly understood. Sereno (1989), Galton (1990), and Upchurch (1995) argued for a monophyletic Prosauropoda to include all known basal forms, whereas Benton (1990) regarded prosauropods as paraphyletic. A solution to this problem will have to come from a more detailed analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships.</p><p>The character codings in this analysis are mainly based on the Late Triassic taxon Plateosaurus (Text-fig. 4c), with additional information taken from Thecodontosaurus, Sellosaurus, and Massospondylus . Sauropodomorphs form the immediate outgroup to theropods, but they are also an important terminal taxon in this analysis in the light of the problematical phylogenetic position of Eoraptor, Herrerasaurus, and Staurikosaurus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD6B420FF189D0CFCB7F5F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD5B423FEE29EB5FA2AF8C1.text	77323C29FFD5B423FEE29EB5FA2AF8C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shuvosaurus inexpectatus Chatterjee 1993	<div><p>Shuvosaurus inexpectatus Chatterjee, 1993</p><p>Age . Norian.</p><p>Occurrence. Cooper Canyon Formation of the Dockum Group, exas and New Mexico, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Maxilla block-like, strongly reduced in length and almost entirely excluded from the ventral rim of the antorbital fenestra; nasal forms the dorsal rim of the internal antorbital fenestra anteriorly; jugal elongated underneath the antorbital fenestra and forms a peg-and-socket articulation with the maxilla anteriorly; jugal without posterior quadratojugal process; quadratojugal with two anterior process, which subdivide the infratemporal fenestra in a smaller ventral and a larger dorsal part; postorbital with broad posterior process, overlapping the anterior end of the squamosal; dentary with medial platform anteriorly.</p><p>Remarks. Shuvosaurus is one of the most bizarre of supposed theropods described recently (Text-fig. 4h). The taxon is based on a fairly well-preserved skull of a juvenile individual, to which additional skull elements and a few postcranial bones were referred (Chatterjee 1993). However, only the cranial parts that show some overlap with the holotype are accepted here as belonging to this taxon, since all the material came from the Post Quarry in the Dockum Group of Texas, which has yielded hundreds of specimens of all kinds of Triassic vertebrates (e.g. Chatterjee 1985, 1991, 1993; Long and Murry 1995), and thus the association of isolated postcranial material is rather questionable.</p><p>The genus was originally referred to the O rnithomimosauria by Chatterjee (1993). Long and Murry (1995) tentatively referred the holotype skull of Shuvosaurus to the genus Chatterjeea, a taxon of a possible poposaurian archosaur they named from the same locality. The reasons for this referral were the matching size of the specimens, the comparable preservation, and the lack of other cranial material that could have been referred to the otherwise common crurotarsan (Long and Murry 1995, p. 162). However, Shuvosaurus is radically different from all known crurotarsans in skull morphology (see e.g. Walker 1964; Krebs 1976; Chatterjee 1985; Parrish 1993; Long and Murry 1995), including the edentulous crurotarsan archosaur Lotosaurus (Zhang 1975; pers. obs. of a mounted skeleton in the IVPP). Rauhut (1997) presented a new reconstruction of the skull (Text-fig. 4h) and listed the following characters in favour of dinosaurian, saurischian, and theropodan affinities for Shuvosaurus: lack of postfrontal (convergent in crocodiles), paroccipital processes directed ventrolaterally rather than laterally or dorsolaterally as in other archosaurs, lacrimal elongated dorsoventrally and in the shape of an inverted L, presence of a deep basisphenoid recess, and possibly the presence of a deep ventral recess in the ectopterygoid (the identification of this element is questionable). Therefore, Shuvosaurus is included in the analysis here, although the highly apomorphic cranial morphology of this taxon makes it difficult to establish its theropod affinities beyond doubt, unless more material becomes available. As noted above, it might be possible that Gojirasaurus represents a junior synonym of Shuvosaurus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD5B423FEE29EB5FA2AF8C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD5B423FEE399EFFA76F5FA.text	77323C29FFD5B423FEE399EFFA76F5FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert 1970	<div><p>Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970</p><p>Age . Camian.</p><p>Occurrence. Santa Maria Formation, Rio Grande del Sul, Brazil.</p><p>Diagnosis. Postacetabular process of ilium abbreviated and straight posteriorly; pubic boot confluent with pubic shafts posteriorly; distal end of tibia roughly circular in outline.</p><p>Remarks. Staurikosaurus was described by Colbert (1970) on the basis of an incomplete skeleton from the Santa Maria Formation of Brazil. The material was redescribed by Galton (1977). The taxon has variously been regarded as a close relative of Herrerasaurus, and included in the same family with this taxon (Benedetto 1973; Gauthier 1986; Novas 1989, 1992 b), or as a more remotely related basal dinosaur (Galton 1977; Brinkman and Sues 1987; Benton 1990; Sues 1990).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD5B423FEE399EFFA76F5FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD4B422FF109F78FDEFFBF2.text	77323C29FFD4B422FF109F78FDEFFBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Welles 1954) Welles 1954	<div><p>Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Welles, 1954)</p><p>Age .?Sinemurian-Pliensbachian.</p><p>Occurrence. Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Lacrimal with thickened dorsoposterior rim; cervical neural spines with a distinct central ‘cap ’ and an anterior and posterior ‘shoulder ’; scapular blade with squared distal expansion.</p><p>Remarks. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Text-fig. 5a) was originally described as a new species of Megalosaurus by Welles in 1954, but it was not until 1984 that a detailed description of the holotype was published (Welles 1984). The most striking feature of the skull are the two large, very thin cranial crests, best preserved in a so-far undescribed skull (UCMP V6468). However, since similar crests have been reported for Syntarsus (Rowe 1989) and another species from the Lower Jurassic of China [based on the presence of these crests, this species was originally referred to the genus Dilophosaurus as D. sinensis (Hu 1993), but this referral has recently been doubted (Lamanna et al. 1998)], this character cannot be used to define the genus or species, but D. wetherilli shows enough other apomorphies to establish it as a valid genus and species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD4B422FF109F78FDEFFBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD4B422FF139A15FBDFF9CB.text	77323C29FFD4B422FF139A15FBDFF9CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Segisaurus halli Camp 1936	<div><p>Segisaurus halli Camp, 1936</p><p>Age .?Sinemurian-Pliensbachian.</p><p>Occurrence. Navajo Sandstone, Arizona, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large oval foramen in the pubic process of the ischium.</p><p>Remarks. Although the holotype and only known specimen of Segisaurus halli is rather fragmentary, the species is certainly valid, and has been of considerable interest since it contains the first clavicle that was described in any theropod dinosaur (Camp 1936).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD4B422FF139A15FBDFF9CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD4B422FF1398E5FEAEF5EF.text	77323C29FFD4B422FF1398E5FEAEF5EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Syntarsus Raath 1969	<div><p>Syntarsus Raath, 1969</p><p>Included taxa. Syntarsus kayentakatae Rowe, 1989; Syntarsus rhodesiensis Raath, 1969 .</p><p>Temporal range.?Hettangian-Pliensbachian.</p><p>Occurrence. Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; Forest Sandstone, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe; Upper Elliot Formation, Cape Province, South Africa.</p><p>Diagnosis. Presence of a postnasal fenestra between nasal, prefrontal, and frontal.</p><p>Remarks. Syntarsus (Text-fig. 5b) is among the best-represented taxa of theropod dinosaur. Both species are known from more than 15 specimens (Rowe and Gauthier 1990), but, unfortunately, only the holotypes of the species have been described in detail so far (Raath 1969; Rowe 1989). Since its original description, Syntarsus has been regarded as a close relative of the Triassic North American theropod Coelophysis (e.g. Raath 1969; Colbert 1989), and has sometimes even been synonymized with the latter genus (Paul 1988 «, 1993). However, according to Colbert (1989), Coelophysis lacks the postnasal fenestra, a character that is diagnostic for Syntarsus . Given this morphological disparity, the stratigraphical difference, and the fact that Coelophysis must be regarded as a metataxon (Padian 1986), it seems best to retain them as different genera.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD4B422FF1398E5FEAEF5EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD3B425FEE99EBDF872FAA6.text	77323C29FFD3B425FEE99EBDF872FAA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnosaurus Huene 1932	<div><p>Magnosaurus Huene, 1932</p><p>Included taxa. Magnosaurus nethercombensis (Huene, 1923); Magnosaurus oxoniensis (Walker, 1964) .</p><p>Temporal range. Bajocian-Callovian.</p><p>Occurrence. Inferior Oolite, Dorset; Middle Oxford Clay, Oxfordshire, England.</p><p>Diagnosis. Lateral nutrient foramina placed in a shallow longitudinal groove with a subrectangular crosssection on posterior part of dentary; squamosal with lateral flange on the rim of the infratemporal fenestra.</p><p>Remarks. The taxon Magnosaurus nethercombensis was originally described by Huene (1923, see also Huene 1926 «) as a new species of Megalosaurus, based on a pair of dentaries and fragmentary associated postcrania from the Bajocian of Dorset. Magnosaurus oxoniensis is based on a partial skull (Text-flg. 5c) and postcranial skeleton from the Callovian Oxford Clay of Oxfordshire, which was named Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis by Walker (1964).</p><p>Although comparisons are limited by the fragmentary nature of the remains of Magnosaurus nethercombensis, this taxon and Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis share several characters unseen in other Middle Jurassic theropods, including a slight dorsoventral and transverse expansion of the anterior part of the dentary, the presence of a significantly enlarged third dentary tooth, and the probable synapomorphy of a shallow, longitudinal groove with a rectangular cross-section on the dentary. Since all the other skeletal elements preserved in both species are, furthermore, almost indistinguishable, Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis Walker, 1964, can be referred to the genus Magnosaurus Huene, 1932 . The stratigraphical separation of the two type specimens, and slight differences in the proximal extent of the pubic apron indicate that M. nethercombensis and M. oxoniensis should be tentatively regarded as different species. Since all character codings are identical in the two species, they can be treated as a single OTU.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD3B425FEE99EBDF872FAA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD3B425FEEE9BDAFAD9F820.text	77323C29FFD3B425FEEE9BDAFAD9F820.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monolophosaurus jiangi Zhao and Currie 1993	<div><p>Monolophosaurus jiangi Zhao and Currie, 1993</p><p>Age . Middle Jurassic.</p><p>Occurrence. Wucaiwan Formation, Xinjiang, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large midline crest on skull, formed by the premaxillae, nasals, lacrimals and anterior ends of the frontals.</p><p>Remarks. Monolophosaurus is the only theropod from the Middle Jurassic of China for which good skull material is known (Text-fig. 5d; Zhao and Currie 1993). Although its major apomorphic character is the presence of the unusual medial crest on the skull, the postcranium is sufficiently different from that of the probable contemporaneous taxa Gasosaurus, 4Szechuanosaurus' zigongensis, and Xuanhanosaurus to establish it as a separate genus beyond any reasonable doubt.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD3B425FEEE9BDAFAD9F820	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD3B425FEEE965FFE6FF5F2.text	77323C29FFD3B425FEEE965FFE6FF5F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piatnitzkysaurus floresi Bonaparte 1979	<div><p>Piatnitzkysaurus floresi Bonaparte, 1979</p><p>Age . Callovian.</p><p>Occurrence. Canadón Asfalto Formation, Chubut, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Basis of the ascending process of the maxilla strongly inflated.</p><p>Remarks. Piatnitzkysaurus is based on two associated partial skeletons from the upper Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, described by Bonaparte (1979, 1986). Being the only Middle Jurassic theropod from the Southern Hemisphere known from good skeletal material, it is of great phylogenetic and biogeographic interest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD3B425FEEE965FFE6FF5F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD2B424FF179EBFFADBFC29.text	77323C29FFD2B424FF179EBFFADBFC29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poekilopleuron bucklandii Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838	<div><p>Poekilopleuron bucklandii Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838</p><p>Age . Bathonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Calcaire de Caen, Calvados, France.</p><p>Diagnosis. Radius with elongated medial process on the midshaft; metacarpal I with small lateral flange behind distal articular facet.</p><p>Remarks. Poekilopleuron was the first theropod that was described on the basis of associated material, although much of the skeleton had unfortunately been destroyed by erosion prior to collection (Eudes-Deslongchamps 1838). The species is based on a partial postcranial skeleton, including caudal vertebrae, ribs, and limb elements. All of the material was destroyed in an allied air raid on Caen in 1944.</p><p>Huene (1926 a, 1932) argued that both the manus and the pes of Poekilopleuron retained five digits (as also shown in Eudes-Deslongchamps’ reconstruction of the manus; 1838, pl. 7, fig. 27). Unfortunately, the element that Huene considered to be a fifth metacarpal has never been figured nor described in detail, and is now lost, as is the rest of the material. However, the fact that no known theropod retains a fifth digit makes me doubt this interpretation. The same applies to the pes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD2B424FF179EBFFADBFC29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD2B424FF179A43F920F8DA.text	77323C29FFD2B424FF179A43F920F8DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward 1910) Woodward 1910	<div><p>Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910)</p><p>Age . Bathonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Great Oolite at Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England.</p><p>Diagnosis. Ascending process of premaxilla overhangs the alveolar border of this bone; external nares enlarged, subequal in length to internal antorbital fenestra, and with squared anterior end; horn-core or medial crest on the nasals, starting at approximately mid-length of the nares.</p><p>Remarks. This species is based on a partial skull from the Great Oolite of England, originally described as Megalosaurus bradleyi by Woodward (1910). Huene (1926 «) removed the species from the genus Megalosaurus and proposed the new genus Proceratosaurus . As indicated by the name, Huene believed this taxon to be a close relative of the Upper Jurassic genus Ceratosaurus, based on the presence of a dorsal projection on the anterior end of the nasals, the only part of the skull roof preserved. However, the position of this projection is unlike that of the horn core in Ceratosaurus, and, because of the incompleteness of the skull roof, it cannot be determined if it represents a nasal horn, or a median cranial crest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD2B424FF179A43F920F8DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD2B427FF1F99F6FB2BFD43.text	77323C29FFD2B427FF1F99F6FB2BFD43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Szechuanosaurus zigongensis Gao 1993	<div><p>‘Szechuanosaurus' zigongensis Gao, 1993; metataxon</p><p>Age . Bathonian-Callovian.</p><p>Occurrence. Xiashaxiamo Formation, Sichuan, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from Gasosaurus and Xuanhanosaurus in the more rectangular deltopectoral crest and the proximal part of the humerus being less expanded transversely; from Monolophosaurus and Eustreptospondylus in the gradually sloping anterior rim of the maxilla and the lack of opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae; from Piatnitzkysaurus in the gradually sloping anterior rim of the maxilla and the less expanded proximal humerus; from Iliosuchus in the lack of a vertical ridge on the ilium; from Poekilopleuron in the more strongly pronounced olecranon process of the ulna and the lack of a medial process on the radius; from Metriacanthosaurus in the less steeply sloping posterodorsal rim of the ilium; from Proceratosaurus in the more massive and relatively shorter posterior part of the maxilla. There are no elements preserved that overlap with Megalosaurus or Piveteausaurus .</p><p>Remarks. ‘ Szechuanosaurus" zigongensis is one of five theropod taxa described from the Xiashaxiamo Formation of China. However, two of these taxa, Chuandongocoelurus primitivus and Kaijiangosaurus lini, are here regarded as nomina dubia, and there seem to be sufficient differences between ‘5.’ zigongensis and Gasosaurus and Xuanhanosaurus to regard the former species as a tentatively valid metataxon. It should be noted, however, that the discovery of more material might prove ‘S.9 zigongensis to be a junior synonym of Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis, since these two taxa are very similar in all comparable elements with the exception of the humerus.</p><p>It is rather unclear why ‘ Szechuanosaurus" zigongensis has been referred to the considerably younger genus Szechuanosaurus . The type material of this genus is not diagnostic, and the material referred to the type species by Dong et al. (1983) differs significantly from the type skeleton of ‘5.’ zigongensis . Thus, the latter species should be removed from Szechuanosaurus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD2B427FF1F99F6FB2BFD43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD1B427FEED9D65FD8DF6D3.text	77323C29FFD1B427FEED9D65FD8DF6D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis Dong 1984	<div><p>Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis Dong, 1984</p><p>Age . Bathonian-Callovian.</p><p>Occurrence. Xiashaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Glenoid articular facet of humerus forms a raised horizontal ridge that overhangs the humeral shaft posteriorly.</p><p>Remarks. Xuanhanosaurus is based on fragmentary material from the Middle Jurassic of the Xiashaxiamo Formation of China (Dong 1984). However, the specimen is remarkable since it includes one of the best preserved forelimbs for any Middle Jurassic theropod. Despite the fragmentary nature of the holotype, it seems to be clearly different from all other Middle Jurassic theropods with the possible exception of " Szechuanosaurus " zigongensis. Apart from the possible autapomorphy given in the diagnosis, the most striking character of Xuanhanosaurus is the very robust humerus which has strongly expanded proximal and distal ends and is reminiscent of the humeri in Torvosaurus (Galton and Jensen 1979) and baryonychids (MNN GDF 500, BMNH R 9951; Charig and Milner 1997). A further similarity to these taxa is the very strongly keeled anterior dorsal vertebrae.</p><p>Some comments on the anatomy of the animal might be added. The element identified as a sternum by Dong (1984, fig. 2) is a part of the right coracoid that is only preserved as an impression in the sediment. Thus the coracoid is much larger than figured by Dong and it is high oval in shape, with a moderate, rounded ventral process anteriorly.</p><p>In contrast to a statement by Molnar (1990, p. 317), carpal and phalangeal joints of the manus do not differ significantly from those of other theropods. An enlarged distal carpal overlaps the proximal ends of metacarpal I and parts of metacarpal II, and although this carpal does not show a semilunate morphology, its shape and development is comparable with other basal tetanurans like Afrovenator . In particular the distal articular end of metacarpal II indicates that a great degree of extension and flexion was possible at the basis of the second digit. Whereas metacarpal I is closely appressed to the basal half of metacarpal II, phalanx 1-1 is directed slightly medially, indicating that the first digit was somewhat opposable, as in many other theropods (e.g. Galton 1971). Unfortunately, the phalanges and metacarpals are in articulation and the manus is still contained within a slab of matrix, so that no detailed analysis of the morphology can be carried out. The ungual of the first digit is unusual for theropod manual unguals in being rather broad and not very strongly curved. However, despite the robustness of the forelimb, it seems rather unlikely that it was used in locomotion as argued by Dong (1984), since the humerus is rather short when compared to the size of the vertebrae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD1B427FEED9D65FD8DF6D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD1B426FEED97FDF821FBAD.text	77323C29FFD1B426FEED97FDF821FBAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allosaurus Marsh 1877	<div><p>Allosaurus Marsh, 1877</p><p>Included taxa. Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877; Allosaurus maximus (Chure, 1995); Allosaurus sp. nov. (to be described by D. Chure).</p><p>Temporal range. Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Oklahoma, all USA; Lourinha Formation, Portugal.</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinct ‘step’ in the ventral margin of the jugal, leading to a significant ventral displacement of the posterior part in relation to the anterior part; neomorph element present in lower jaw (antarticular in Madsen 1976); well-developed notch in the anteroventral margin of the prearticular.</p><p>Remarks. Although it is one of the best known and best represented of theropod dinosaurs, the taxonomy of Allosaurus (Text-fig. 5e) is problematic. Originally described by Marsh (1877) on the basis of rather poor material, it was later often synonymized with the genus Antrodemus (e.g. Gilmore 1920), but Madsen (1976) argued that the latter taxon represents a nomen dubium. This view is followed here. Another matter of debate is the number and taxonomy of the species included in the genus Allosaurus . Pending a detailed revision of the genus, I recognize three different species within the genus: Allosaurus fragilis, which is the most common large theropod of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation; Allosaurus maximus, which is based on the remains of at least two individuals of a very large theropod from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma that differ in some anatomical details from A. fragilis (Chure 1995; Smith 1998), and a new, undescribed species from Dinosaur National Monument, which exhibits all the synapomorphies of the genus, but differs from both of the other species in several morphological details (Chure, pers. comm. 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD1B426FEED97FDF821FBAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB.text	77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aves Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Aves Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Definition. Following Padian and Chiappe (1998), and in contrast to Gauthier (1986), Aves are defined here with their fossil stem-group representatives included. Thus, Aves may be defined as Archaeopteryx and Neornithes, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.</p><p>Temporal range. Tithonian-Recent.</p><p>Distribution. Global.</p><p>Diagnosis. Asymmetric, aerodynamic contour feathers; humerus longer than femur; radius longer than humerus.</p><p>Remarks. Birds are the only living group of dinosaurs. More than 9000 extant species of birds are known, and our knowledge of their fossil history is increasing rapidly. In 1960, Brodkorb estimated the total number of bird species that have existed as more than 1-5 million; of course, such estimates are rather speculative, but they might give an idea of the disparity in taxonomic diversity between this OTU and others.</p><p>Unfortunately, improved knowledge of the anatomy of advanced theropods and the discovery of connecting links has made a formal diagnosis of Aves increasingly difficult, since the acquisition of avian characters in theropod evolution was gradual. The matter is further complicated by the high diversity of birds; the characters listed in the diagnosis above are lost in many avian lineages, and the first reversals might have occurred soon after the origin of this group (see Chiappe 1995; Chiappe et al. 1996; Padian and Chiappe 1998). However, it is assumed here that flight arose only once in birds, and it is the main diagnostic feature of this group, as expressed by aerodynamic feathers and forelimb proportions. Following Chiappe et al. (1996) and Novas (1996Z?), alvarezsaurids are regarded here as basal birds (see Sereno, 1999, for an alternative view) and are thus not treated as a separate OTU.</p><p>Since Archaeopteryx (Text-fig. 5f) is the most basal bird (Chiappe 1995), character codings are mainly based on this taxon; only if character states cannot be determined in Archaeopteryx is information from other basal birds used, mainly Rahonavis (UA 8656; Forster et al. 1998), Confuciusomis (GPI, JM, three unnumbered specimens), Hesperomis, and Ichthyornis (Marsh 1880; Elzanowski 1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDFB428FEE89EBDFE96FDCB.text	77323C29FFDFB428FEE89EBDFE96FDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh 1884	<div><p>Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh, 1884</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Utah, Colorado, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Narrow rounded ho rn core centrally placed on the fused nasals; median oval groove on nasals behind hom core; pubis with large, rounded notch underneath the obturator foramen; small epaxial osteoderms.</p><p>Remarks. Ceratosaurus (Text-fig. 5 g) certainly represents one of the more distinctive theropods of the Morrison Formation. The taxon long remained enigmatic, but the recent description of two new specimens by Madsen and Welles (2000) has greatly improved our knowledge of the anatomy of this genus, hitherto only known from the type specimen (Marsh 1884, 1892, 1896; Hay 1908; Gilmore 1920). However, the referral by Madsen and Welles (2000) of these new specimens to two new species, C. dentisulcatus and C. magnicornis is not accepted here, since the differences used to distinguish them are subjective (e.g. relative ‘massiveness ’) or size-related and most probably lie within the individual variation of a single species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDFB428FEE89EBDFE96FDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDEB428FF139CFCFCE6F9C7.text	77323C29FFDEB428FF139CFCFCE6F9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelurus fragilis Marsh 1879	<div><p>Coelurus fragilis Marsh, 1879</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Wyoming, Utah, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cervical vertebrae with one or two small, slit-like pneumatic foramina above the parapophyses; pubic boot almost half as long as pubic shafts and strongly convex ventrally.</p><p>Remarks. The species Coelurus fragilis was first described by Marsh (1879) on the basis of several vertebrae from Quarry 13 of the Como Bluff outcrop area of the Morrison Formation of Wyoming. The same author later (1884) erected a new species, Coelurus agilis, on the basis of mainly limb and girdle elements from the same quarry. Marsh (1881 b, 1896) furthermore referred material from Quarries 9 and 12 to the same genus (see Ostrom 1980, pp. 255-256, for a list of the material).</p><p>Gilmore (1920, pp. 127-129) revised the original material referred to Coelurus fragilis and Coelurus agilis by Marsh. He synonymized Ornitholestes with Coelurus fragilis, which was subsequently accepted by many authors (e.g. Romer 1956, 1966; Steel 1970). The first detailed taxonomic review of Coelurus since Gilmore’ s (1920) paper was carried out by Ostrom (1980), who made a strong case that all the material from Quarry 13 represented a single individual, and thus that Coelurus agilis Marsh, 1884 is a junior objective synonym of Coelurus fragilis Marsh, 1879 b . He furthermore showed that Coelurus is quite different from Ornitholestes and must thus be regarded as a valid taxon. This view has been widely accepted, and it is followed here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDEB428FF139CFCFCE6F9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDEB42BFF1398F8FDBAFC2F.text	77323C29FFDEB42BFF1398F8FDBAFC2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Compsognathus longipes Wagner 1861	<div><p>Compsognathus longipes Wagner, 1861</p><p>Age .?Kimmeridgian-Early Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Solnhofener Plattenkalk, Bavaria, Germany; Lithographic limestones of Canjuers, Var, France;?Alcobaca Formation, Leiria, Portugal.</p><p>Diagnosis. Posterior half of the premaxilla edentulous, resulting in a diastema between the premaxillary and maxillary teeth; premaxillary and anterior dentary teeth with rounded, inflated base, lacking serrations and carinae, and abruptly recurved in their upper third.</p><p>Remarks. Compsognathus longipes, originally described as a new genus and species of lizard (Wagner 1861), was the first theropod dinosaur known from a reasonably well-preserved, articulated skeleton. The species is of great historical importance because of the role it played in the initial discussion about evolution (Desmond 1982). It is, therefore, not surprising that many well-known vertebrate palaeontol ­ ogists have commented on the specimen (e.g. Cope 1867; Huxley 1868; Marsh 1881 «, 1895, 1896; Huene 1925, 1926 «, 1932; Stromer 1934#). However, it was not until 1978 that a detailed description of the specimen was published (Ostrom 1978^</p><p>In 1972, Bidar et al. described a new, slightly larger specimen of Compsognathus from the lithographic limestones of Canjuers, and made it the type of a new species, C. corallestris . However, Ostrom (1978) argued strongly that C. corallestris was only a larger, probably more mature individual of C. longipes . Recently, Zinke (1998) described isolated teeth from the Alcobaça Formation of Portugal which might be referable to that taxon, although they are slightly older (Kimmeridgian) than the other two specimens (Early Tithonian).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDEB42BFF1398F8FDBAFC2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDDB42BFEEF9A5AF82EF797.text	77323C29FFDDB42BFEEF9A5AF82EF797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch 1920	<div><p>Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian.</p><p>Occurrence. Middle Dinosaur beds, Tendaguru, Tanzania.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cervical vertebrae with thin lateroventral laminae bordering the posterior pleurocoel ventrally; cervical vertebrae strongly concave ventrally, the ventral margin arching above the mid-height of the anterior articular facet at its highest point; scapular blade broader than height of vertebral column; brevis fossa of ilium extremely widened so that the brevis shelf forms an almost horizontal lateral flange.</p><p>Remarks. Elaphrosaurus bambergi is known from a partial postcranial skeleton from the famous dinosaur beds of Tendaguru, Tanzania. It was first described briefly by Janensch in 1920, followed by a detailed description in 1925 and some additional notes on its anatomy in 1929. In the latter paper, Janensch referred previously unrecognized ribs and pectoral girdle elements, as well as an isolated left radius to the same species. Since the ribs and pectoral girdle are from the type locality and probably even from the type specimen, their referral is accepted here. The radius, however, came from another locality in the Upper Dinosaur beds, while the holotype is from the slightly older Middle Dinosaur beds. Since the radius is, furthermore, not preserved in the type, the element from the Upper Dinosaur beds (MB R. 1755) cannot be shown to belong to Elaphrosaurus with any certainty.</p><p>Nopcsa (1928) first referred Elaphrosaurus bambergi to the Ornithomimidae, a view that became widely accepted in the 1970s-1980s (Russell 1972; Russell et al. 1980; Galton 1982; Barsbold and Osmólska 1990; Smith and Galton 1990). However, the o rn ithomimid status of Elaphrosaurus has recently been questioned by several authors (Paul 1988«; Holtz 1994; Sereno 1997; Rauhut 1998), who argued for close relationships with more basal taxa. Therefore,. bambergi is treated separately here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDDB42BFEEF9A5AF82EF797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDDB42AFEE996C9F8F6FD13.text	77323C29FFDDB42AFEE996C9F8F6FD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ornitholestes hermanni Osborn 1903	<div><p>Ornitholestes hermanni Osborn, 1903</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Premaxillary teeth massive, larger than maxillary teeth, with distally flattened tip, and without serrations; articular facet of quadrate subrectangular in outline; retroarticular processes offset medially from lateral margin of mandible.</p><p>Remarks. Orn itholestes (Text-fig. 5h) is the only small theropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation that is represented by a fairly complete skeleton and is, therefore, of considerable interest. The original material comprises a crushed skull and partial postcranium (Osborn 1903, 1916). A partial articulated manus from the same locality was referred to the same taxon (Osborn 1903), although this referai is questionable (Holtz 2000, pers. comm. 2001). It is rather surprising that no detailed description of the material has been published so far. Fortunately, the type skull (AMNH 619) has recently been reprepared, so that many important cranial characters are visible now for the first time.</p><p>Paul (1988tz, 6) argued for a close relationship between Orn itholestes and Proceratosaurus, and reconstructed the skull of the former taxon with a nasal horn. My observations of the type specimen of Ornitholestes (AMNH 619) revealed little evidence for the presence of such a structure; the apparent upward flexure of the posterior border of the external nares on the left side of the skull is caused by a break and subsequent ventral displacement of the ascending process of the maxilla and the nasals.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDDB42AFEE996C9F8F6FD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDCB42AFF1F9D35F884F8D4.text	77323C29FFDCB42AFF1F9D35F884F8D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinraptoridae Currie and Zhao 1993	<div><p>Sinraptoridae Currie and Zhao, 19936</p><p>Included taxa. Sinraptor dongi Currie and Zhao, 19936; Sinraptor hepingensis (Gao, 1992); Yangchuanosaurus magnus Dong, Zhou and Zhang, 1983; Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis Dong, Chang, Li and Zhou, 1978 .</p><p>Temporal range. Late Jurassic.</p><p>Occurrence. Shishugou Formation, Xinjiang, China; Shangshaxiamiao Formation, Sichuan, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Promaxillary foramen enlarged and larger than maxillary foramen; large, deep excavatio pneumatica in the ascending process of the maxilla, enclosing one or several pneumatic openings; a further synapomorphy of sinraptorids may be the presence of a medial posterior prong in the jugal; the existence of this prong is known in S. dongi, but its presence cannot be confirmed in the other species because these taxa are based on articulated skulls.</p><p>Remarks. Although all of the taxa included in the Sinraptoridae have been described as separate species, their morphology seems to be almost identical, as far as can be judged from published accounts (Dong et al. 1983; Gao 1992; Currie and Zhao 19936). Since both species of Yangchuanosaurus are also from the same formation, it seems possible that all the specimens represent only one species. The differences between Sinraptor dongi and Sinraptor hepingensis listed by Currie and Zhao (19936, p. 2039) are very slight and probably lie within the limits of individual variation. However, since I have not examined this material, all described species are provisionally retained as valid taxa, pending a revision of the Sinraptoridae . Given that all character codings within sinraptorids are identical, they are treated as one operational unit.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDCB42AFF1F9D35F884F8D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDCB42DFF1C99F3FC5FFE2A.text	77323C29FFDCB42DFF1C99F3FC5FFE2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stokesosaurus clevelandi Madsen 1974	<div><p>Stokesosaurus clevelandi Madsen, 1974; metataxon</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Utah, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from all other Late Jurassic theropods in the presence of a sharply defined vertical ridge on the ilium above the acetabulum.</p><p>Remarks. Although Stokesosaurus clevelandi is based only on an isolated ilium from the Cleveland Lloyd Quarry in the Morrison Formation of Utah (Madsen 1974), the specimen is distinct from all other Jurassic theropods. In the original description, Madsen (1974) also referred a premaxilla to the same species, and just recently, Chure and Madsen (1998) described a braincase from the type locality as IStokesosaurus . Although the braincase in particular may well be referable to Stokesosaurus, this assignment is not accepted here, since there is no information about the association of these remains, and the Cleveland Lloyd Quarry has yielded thousands of theropod bones of at least four different species (Chure and Madsen 1998).</p><p>Despite its fragmentary nature, Stokesosaurus clevelandi is of considerable interest since the type ilium and referred ilia (Madsen 1974) show many similarities to tyrannosaurids, a group that is otherwise only known from the Cretaceous. Therefore, Stokesosaurus is included in the analysis, although only a few characters can be coded for this taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDCB42DFF1C99F3FC5FFE2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDBB42DFEE99BB8F7F5F7E9.text	77323C29FFDBB42DFEE99BB8F7F5F7E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afrovenator abakensis Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil and Sues 1994	<div><p>Afrovenator abakensis Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil and Sues, 1994</p><p>Age . Pre-Aptian Early Cretaceous (?Barremian).</p><p>Occurrence. Tiouaren Formation, northern Niger.</p><p>Diagnosis. Third cervical vertebra with a low, rectangular, almost axis-like neural spine; metacarpal I with broad flange for articulation against Me II.</p><p>Remarks. Afrovenator abakensis is one of the very few theropods from the Cretaceous of Africa known from an associated skeleton, including parts of the skull and all regions of the postcranial skeleton, and is, therefore, of considerable interest. Its very generalized, basal tetanuran morphology makes a formal diagnosis based on apomorphic characters difficult. However, the species is clearly different from all other theropods described, and the few possible autapomorphies listed above indicate that it is not a metataxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDBB42DFEE99BB8F7F5F7E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDBB42CFED5961FFCF1FE81.text	77323C29FFDBB42CFED5961FFCF1FE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caudipteryx zoui Ji, Currie, Norell and Ji 1998	<div><p>Caudipteryx zoui Ji, Currie, Norell and Ji, 1998</p><p>Age . Barremian.</p><p>Occurrence. Jiulongsong Member of the Chaomidianzi Formation, Liaoning, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Elongate, hooked premaxillary teeth; teeth only present in the premaxilla.</p><p>Remarks. Caudipteryx is one of the most important theropod dinosaurs to be described recently (Ji et al. 1998). It is especially noteworthy for the preserved feathers along its arms and at the tip of the tail, since the animal clearly represents a non-avian theropod. Together with the filaments in Sinosauropteryx, Beipiaosaurus, and Sinornithosaurus, and the feathers in Protarchaeopteryx, Caudipteryx provides clear evidence for the presence of feathers in non-avian coelurosaurs and thus greatly strengthens the arguments for the theropod origin of birds.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDBB42CFED5961FFCF1FE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDBB42DFED59C5EFE78FACA.text	77323C29FFDBB42DFED59C5EFE78FACA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Torvosaurus tanneri Galton and Jensen 1979	<div><p>Torvosaurus tanneri Galton and Jensen, 1979</p><p>Age . Kimmeridgian-Tithonian.</p><p>Occurrence. Morrison Formation, Colorado,?Wyoming,?Utah, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae with a pronounced flat rim around the anterior ball; fenestra in neural arch of dorsal vertebrae in front of hyposphene.</p><p>Remarks. Torvosaurus is one of the most recent species to be recognized as a distinct taxon of theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation. The original type material included the long bones of a left and right forelimb from the Dry Mesa Quarry of western Colorado to which a dentary and a variety of postcranial elements from the same locality were referred (Galton and Jensen 1979). More material from the same quarry was referred to Torvosaurus by Jensen (1985) and Britt (1991). Britt (1991, p. 10) noted that the elements of the type were not found in association and designated the left humerus as the lectotype. The species Edmarka rex, described on the basis of fragmentary material from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming (Bakker et al. 1992), probably represents a junior synonym of Torvosaurus (Sues, pers. comm. 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDBB42DFED59C5EFE78FACA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDAB42CFF1E9B79FA40F6E6.text	77323C29FFDAB42CFF1E9B79FA40F6E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilantaisaurus maortuensis Hu 1964	<div><p>'Chilantaisaurus' maortuensis Hu, 1964</p><p>Age . Aptian/Albian.</p><p>Occurrence. Unnamed unit, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Maxilla very high underneath the antorbital fenestra; medial crest on the fused frontals; caudal vertebrae with a small, deep depression underneath the transverse process.</p><p>Remarks. 'Chilantaisaurus' maortuensis is based on an incomplete skull, an axis and several caudal vertebrae (Hu 1964). The material comes from a different locality and slightly lower horizon than C. tashuikouensis . The two species were referred to the same genus because of similarities in the teeth and caudal vertebrae (Hu 1964, p. 63). However, the teeth of 'C.' maortuensis do not differ significantly from teeth of other theropods, such as Afrovenator and Torvosaurus, and the teeth referred to C. tashuikouensis cannot be shown to belong to this taxon with any certainty. Three vertebrae in the collections of the IVPP bear the same specimen number (IVPP V 2884) as the holotype of C. tashuikouensis . One of them shows the same depressions underneath the transverse process as found in ‘ C.’ maortuensis', however, this specimen is much too small to belong to the gigantic holotype of C. tashuikouensis . The two other vertebrae are the right size, but they are very unlike the vertebrae of ‘ C maortuensis, and one of them seems to represent a sauropod rather than a theropod. Furthermore, the holotype of ' C.' maortuensis represents a considerably smaller animal than that of C. tashuikouensis, although the intensive fusion of some of the skull bones (frontals, braincase) indicates that it represents an adult individual. Thus, it seems very unlikely that both species can be referred to the same genus and a new generic name for ‘ C.’ maortuensis will be proposed in a forthcoming publication by D. Chure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDAB42CFF1E9B79FA40F6E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDAB42CFF129FA7F892FB4F.text	77323C29FFDAB42CFF129FA7F892FB4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu 1964	<div><p>Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964</p><p>Age . Aptian-?Albian.</p><p>Occurrence. Unnamed unit, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Humerus with distally placed, subrectangular, pterosaur-like deltopectoral crest.</p><p>Remarks. Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis is based on a partial postcranial skeleton, including elements of both the fore- and hindlimbs, from the Lower Cretaceous of China (Hu 1964). In the original description, Hu (1964) described two species of Chilantaisaurus, based on non-comparable material. However, it seems very unlikely that both species belong to the same genus (Chure 1998; see below). Since C. tashuikouensis is the first-described taxon in the original paper, it is designated as the type species of the genus here.</p><p>The species Allosaurus sibiricus Riabinin, 1914 has also been referred to the genus Chilantaisaurus (Molnar et al. 1990) . However, this species is only based on an Allosaurus-hke metatarsal that is specifically and generically indeterminate, and should, therefore, be regarded as a nomen dubium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDAB42CFF129FA7F892FB4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFDAB42FFF169719F8F2FDCC.text	77323C29FFDAB42FFF169719F8F2FDCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Compsognathinae	<div><p>Compsognathinae indet. SMNK 2349 Pal</p><p>Age .?Albian.</p><p>Occurrence. Santana Formation, Pernambuco, Brazil.</p><p>Remarks. The specimen SMNK 2349 Pal represents a three-dimensionally preserved partial skeleton, including dorsal and sacral vertebrae, most of the pelvis and parts of the hindlimb, of a generically and specifically indeterminate small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil (Martill et al. 2000). The pelvis and dorsal vertebrae show great similarities to those of Compsognathus, suggesting that SMNK 2349 Pal represents a closely related taxon. Since all other closely related species are so far only known from compressed, rather two-dimensionally preserved lithographic limestone specimens (Wagner 1861; Bidar et al. 1972; Chen et al. 1998), SMNK 2349 Pal might provide important additional anatomical information for these animals, and thus it is included as a separate OTU in this analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFDAB42FFF169719F8F2FDCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD9B42FFED59CFCF95AFAEE.text	77323C29FFD9B42FFED59CFCF95AFAEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ligabueino andesi Bonaparte 1996	<div><p>Ligabueino andesi Bonaparte, 1996</p><p>Age . Hauterivian.</p><p>Occurrence. La Amarga Formation, Neuquén, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Femur with a deep longitudinal groove on its anterior side, below the lesser trochanter.</p><p>Remarks. Ligabueino, known from only a few postcranial elements (Bonaparte 1996), is one of the smallest known theropods, with a femur length of 61 mm. The articular surfaces of the femur are well formed, and the neural arch of a caudal vertebra is fused with the centrum without any visible suture, indicating that the holotype does not represent a hatchling or very young individual. Despite the fragmentary nature of the type material, it is thus of great potential interest, being one of the few small theropods known from the Cretaceous of Gondwana. The morphology of the ilium, and especially the greater and lesser trochanters on the femur, indicate that it is a non-avian theropod.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD9B42FFED59CFCF95AFAEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD9B42FFED59B03FE75F799.text	77323C29FFD9B42FFED59B03FE75F799.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microvenator celer Ostrom 1970	<div><p>Microvenator celer Ostrom, 1970</p><p>Age . Aptian-Albian.</p><p>Occurrence. Cloverly Formation, Montana and Wyoming, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cervical neural arches without neural spines; cervical vertebral centra with two pairs of pleurocoels, the posterior pair being significantly smaller than the anterior pair, slightly dorsal to them and located at the midlength of the centrum.</p><p>Remarks. Microvenator is an enigmatic small theropod, so far only known from the holotype (Ostrom 1970; Makovicky and Sues 1998). The taxon was originally referred to the Coeluridae by Ostrom (1970), but recently Makovicky and Sues (1998) made a strong case for Microvenator to represent one of the oldest known oviraptorosaurs. Unfortunately, not much is known of the skull of this taxon, with the exception of some rather uninformative fragments (Makovicky and Sues 1998). Since the diagnosis of Oviraptorosauria, as presented here, is mainly based on cranial characters, M. celer is treated as a distinct taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD9B42FFED59B03FE75F799	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD9B42EFED596B5FCE1FE8A.text	77323C29FFD9B42EFED596B5FCE1FE8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neovenator salerii Hutt, Martill and Barker 1996	<div><p>Neovenator salerii Hutt, Martill and Barker, 1996</p><p>Age . Barremian.</p><p>Occurrence. Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight, England.</p><p>Diagnosis. Nares trapezoidal and very large; pila interfenestralis very thin, rod-like; pedal unguals with longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface.</p><p>Remarks. Neovenator is the only theropod from the famous English Wealden deposits of the Isle of Wight that is represented by good skeletal material, but unfortunately, only a preliminary description of its anatomy has been published so far (Hutt et al. 1996), although some new illustrations have been published very recently (Naish et al. 2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD9B42EFED596B5FCE1FE8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD8B42EFF299FBEFC1AFBE2.text	77323C29FFD8B42EFF299FBEFC1AFBE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siamotyrannus isanensis Buffetaut, Suteethom and Tong 1996	<div><p>Siamotyrannus isanensis Buffetaut, Suteethom and Tong, 1996</p><p>Age . Neocomian.</p><p>Occurrence. Sao Khu Formation, Phu Wiang, Thailand.</p><p>Diagnosis. Two parallel vertical ridges on iliac blade above and in front of the acetabulum; ischial peduncle of pubis with ventral flange, forming the posterior and most of the ventral rim of the obturator foramen, which is open ventrally anteriorly.</p><p>Remarks. Siamotyrannus is the only large theropod known from the Lower Cretaceous of south-east Asia. In the original description it was referred to the Tyrannosauridae by Buffetaut et al. (1996), but the species shows several primitive characters and lacks any of the tyrannosaurid synapomorphies used to define the group here, so it is treated as a separate OTU.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD8B42EFF299FBEFC1AFBE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD8B42EFF299A06FA91F93A.text	77323C29FFD8B42EFF299A06FA91F93A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinosauropteryx prima Ji and Ji 1996	<div><p>Sinosauropteryx prima Ji and Ji, 1996</p><p>Age . Barremian.</p><p>Occurrence. Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Tail with more caudal vertebrae (64) than any other known theropod; ungual of the first manual digit subequal in length to radius.</p><p>Remarks. Sinosauropteryx is known from three articulated specimens from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Unfortunately, the bone preservation is rather poor, so many anatomical details cannot be seen. However, the taxon is of great interest since it preserves integumentary structures that may be proto-feathers (Chen et al. 1998; Unwin 1998). Thus, its systematic position is of importance, because it might indicate when an insulatory body cover evolved in theropods.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD8B42EFF299A06FA91F93A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFD8B411FF2E9928FC7BFDFB.text	77323C29FFD8B411FF2E9928FC7BFDFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Avimimus portentosus Kurzanov 1981	<div><p>Avimimus portentosus Kurzanov, 1981</p><p>Age . Santonian-Campanian.</p><p>Occurrence. Djadochtan Svita, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai, Mongolia.</p><p>Diagnosis. Pleurocoels in mid-cervical vertebrae on mid-length of vertebral centrum, behind the parapophyses; ectepicondyle of humerus significantly expanded anteroposteriorly.</p><p>Remarks. Avimimus is a very interesting, but unfortunately also problematical small theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Asia. In his detailed description of the holotype, Kurzanov (1987) referred a partial skull, several vertebrae, an ischium, and a pair of articulated ilia to the same taxon. However, there is some uncertainty as to whether all these elements really represent a single taxon (Novacek 1996, p. 251; Unwin, pers. comm. 1998). Based on my own observations on a cast of the material (ROM 46144), the vertebrae are thought to represent a single taxon or even a single individual, because of their closely corresponding morphology and size, and the cranial remains also correspond well in size with the rest of the material. Thus, pending a revision of the taxon, all the material is provisionally regarded as representing a single species here.</p><p>Even if the association of the material is provisionally accepted, a comment on the anatomy of the animal should be made. Kurzanov (1987) reconstructed Avimimus with a short, bird-like tail, although no sacral or caudal vertebrae are known. However, the well-developed fourth trochanter on the femur (the insertion of the m. caudofemoralis longus) and the long presacrai vertebral column make this reconstruction seem rather unlikely.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD8B411FF2E9928FC7BFDFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE7B411FEDC9C2DFB89FAC1.text	77323C29FFE7B411FEDC9C2DFB89FAC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bagaraatan ostromi Osmolska 1996	<div><p>Bagaraatan ostromi Osmolska, 1996</p><p>Age . Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia.</p><p>Diagnosis. Mandible with two surangular foramina; anterior end of dentary almost straight and obliquely inclined dorsorostrally at an angle of approximately 55 degrees (angle between ventral and anterior margins); hyposphene-hypantrum articulations present up to the mid-tail region; anterior caudal vertebrae with subrectangular, very strongly caudally-directed transverse processes; iliac blade with large lateral depressions.</p><p>Remarks. Although only known from fragments of the lower jaw and the posterior part of the postcranium (Osmolska 1996), Bagaraatan can be clearly distinguished from other small to medium-sized dinosaurs of the Nemegt Formation by the characters listed above. Furthermore, it is one of the few theropods from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia that cannot readily be referred to one of the suprageneric taxa defined below, and might thus be of considerable interest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE7B411FEDC9C2DFB89FAC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE7B411FEDD9BEFF890F79C.text	77323C29FFE7B411FEDD9BEFF890F79C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Deltadromeus agilis Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson 1996	<div><p>Deltadromeus agilis Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996</p><p>Age . Cenomanian.</p><p>Occurrence. Kem Kem beds, eastern Morocco.</p><p>Diagnosis. Coracoid with slight concavity in anterior rim; femur with accessory trochanter on posteromedial side distal of the fourth trochanter; well-developed ridge medially on anterior side of distal end of femur.</p><p>Remarks. Deltadromeus is very similar to the contemporary Bahariasaurus from the Baharia Oasis of Egypt, and some of the elements described by Stromer (1934 b) as Bahariasaurus might be referable to this genus (Sereno et al. 1996). Unfortunately, the holotype of Bahariasaurus no longer exists, and no diagnostic characters for this genus are apparent in Stromer’s (1934 b) figures. Therefore, it seems best to regard Bahariasaurus as a nomen dubium, although it may be congeneric with Deltadromeus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE7B411FEDD9BEFF890F79C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE7B410FEDE96B4F8A2FE31.text	77323C29FFE7B410FEDE96B4F8A2FE31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Unenlagia comahuensis Novas and Puerta 1997	<div><p>Unenlagia comahuensis Novas and Puerta, 1997</p><p>Age . Turonian-Coniacian.</p><p>Occurrence. Rio Neuquén Formation, Neuquén, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Deep lateral pits at the bases of the posterior dorsal and sacral neural spines; scapular blade strongly twisted against the glenoid region; postacetabular iliac blade distinctly concave dorsoposteriorly.</p><p>Remarks. Despite the fragmentary nature of the holotype specimen, Unenlagia is an important taxon supposedly close to the ancestry of birds (Novas and Puerta 1997). According to a phylogenetic analysis in Forster et al. (1998), it represents a member of basal birds that also includes Rahonavis and Archaeopteryx . However, the forearm proportions of Unenlagia, as far as can be judged from the preserved humerus, do not agree with a position within volant birds and Norell and Makovicky (1999) pointed out several characters shared with dromaeosaurids. Therefore, the species is treated as a separate OTU here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE7B410FEDE96B4F8A2FE31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE6B410FF1E9C58F916FBE4.text	77323C29FFE6B410FF1E9C58F916FBE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Velocisaurus unicus Bonaparte 1991	<div><p>Velocisaurus unicus Bonaparte, 1991a</p><p>Age . Coniacian.</p><p>Occurrence. Rio Colorado Formation, Neuquén, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shafts of Mt II and IV strongly reduced, and less than half as wide as the shaft of Mt III; Mt III straight and of subequal width throughout its length.</p><p>Remarks. Although Velocisaurus is based on an incomplete hindlimb (Bonaparte 1991 a), it is a diagnosable taxon due to the peculiarities of the foot. As one of the few small theropods known from Gondwana, V. unicus is of potentially great phylogenetic and biogeographical importance.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE6B410FF1E9C58F916FBE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE6B413FF1C9ADFFE1BF6AC.text	77323C29FFE6B413FF1C9ADFFE1BF6AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abelisauridae Bonaparte and Novas 1985	<div><p>Abelisauridae Bonaparte and Novas, 1985</p><p>Included taxa. Abelisaurus comahuensis Bonaparte and Novas, 1985; Camotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985; Genusaurus sisteronis Accarie, Beaudoin, Dejax, Friès, Michard and Taquet, 1995; Ilokelesia aguadagrandensis Coria and Salgado, 2000; Indosuchus raptorius Huene, 1932; Majungatholus atopus Sues and Taquet, 1979; Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano and Forster, 2001; Noasaurus leali Bonaparte and Powell, 1980; Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei Martinez, Giménez, Rodriguez and Bochatey, 1986</p><p>Temporal range. Albian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Allen Formation, Rio Negro, Argentina; La Colonia Formation, Chubut, Argentina; unnamed unit (green clays and glauconitic sands of Bevons), Alpes de Haute-Provence, France; Lameta Formation, Madhya Pradesh, India; Maevarano Formation, Majunga, Madagascar; Lecho Formation, Salta, Argentina; Bajo-Barreal Formation, Chubut, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Maxilla in front of the antorbital opening very short and high; posterior border of lacrimal convex over its entire length; anterior process of lacrimal reduced; jugal process of postorbital expanded, strongly anteriorly directed and intrudes into the orbit (convergently present in Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex, but not in other tyrannosaurids); epipophyses in the cervical vertebrae hypertrophied and higher than the neural spines.</p><p>Remarks. Abelisaurids have recently been recognized as a distinct family of theropod dinosaurs (Bonaparte and Novas 1985). Their diagnosis and taxonomy is still problematic, mainly due to the fragmentary nature of the remains of all members of the family with the exception of Camotaurus (Bonaparte et al. 1990) and recently described new specimens of Majungatholus (Sampson et al. 1998) . Given the many peculiarities in the skeleton of these genera, it seems very probable that the discovery of more complete material of other taxa will provide more diagnostic characters for this family.</p><p>Camotaurus sastrei (Text-fig. 6a), Majungatholus atopus, and Abelisaurus comahuensis share all of the cranial synapomorphies listed above, and so their referral to the Abelisauridae is well supported. However, many other, very incompletely known taxa have been assigned to this family (Martinez et al. 1986; Bonaparte et al. 1990; Molnar 1990; Bonaparte 1991 b; Le Loeuff and Buffetaut 1991), and many of these assignments are problematical. Therefore, a short review of poorly known taxa that are included in the Abelisauridae here is given below.</p><p>Noasaurus leali was originally assigned to its own family, Noasauridae (Bonaparte and Powell 1980) . Later, Bonaparte (1991 /?) noted the close similarities between Noasaurus and abelisaurids and created the superfamily Abelisauroidea to include these two families (Bonaparte 1991 /?, p. 22). Noasaurus shares the first diagnostic character with Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus, and Majungatholus, and the fifth character with Carnotaurus and Majungatholus, and may therefore be regarded as a close relative of these taxa. Since the differences between the Noasauridae and Abelisauridae, as defined by Bonaparte (1991 /?), are only slight and may partly reflect size-dependant and/or ontogenetic differences, the recognition of two families is not accepted here. Although Coria and Salgado (2000) presented a cladogram of neoceratosaurs supporting the distinction of noasaurids and abelisaurids, their results must be seen as preliminary since only some taxa of the Abelisauria were included, characters were restricted to synapomorphies defining each node, and the majority of abelisaurid taxa considered in this analysis are known from less than 20 per cent of the skeleton. A more inclusive analysis might yield quite different results; therefore, all abelisaurs known are included in a single clade, Abelisauridae, here. However, apart from Noasaurus, the recently described Masiakasaurus also indicates an important diversity of small abelisaurids (Sampson et al. 2001).</p><p>Although based on very fragmentary material, Ilokelesia aguadagrandensis can be demonstrated to be an abelisaur with some certainty, since it shares the pecularities of the postorbital and the hypertrophied cervical epipophyses with other abelisaurid taxa (Coria and Salgado 2000).</p><p>Indosuchus raptorius was described by Huene (1932) and Huene and Matley (1933) on the basis of a posterior end of a skull roof from the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation of India, and more material was later referred to this taxon (Chatterjee 1978; Chatterjee and Rudra 1996). Sometimes considered to be a tyrannosaurid (Chatterjee 1978; Paul 1988 «), Indosuchus has recently been placed in the Abelisauridae by several authors (Bonaparte and Novas 1985; Buffetaut et al. 1988; Bonaparte et al. 1990; Bonaparte 1991 /?). Since there seem to be several large theropods in the Lameta Formation, the material referred to Indosuchus by Chatterjee (1978) cannot be shown to represent this taxon with certainty (Molnar 1990). However, the type specimen shows the same arrangement of the supratemporal fenestrae as found in Abelisaurus, Majungatholus, and Carnotaurus; thus, this species is referred to the Abelisauridae .</p><p>Genusaurus sisteronis was described as a ceratosaurian theropod by Accarie et al. (1995) on the basis of several vertebrae and an incomplete pelvis and hindlimb. Genusaurus clearly represents a valid taxon, based on the peculiar morphology of the anterior end of the ilium (Accarie et al. 1995, fig. 4a; the anterior end of this element seems to be lacking only minor parts, and its overall morphology is real, not a result of preservation; Carrano, pers. comm. 1999). Although none of the diagnostic characters of the abelisaurids is evident from the published illustrations, Genusaurus is referred here to this clade, since it shares two apomorphic characters with Carnotaurus: the almost completely straight dorsal margin of the ilium, and the very long and vertically oriented ischial peduncle of the ilium. These characters are not present in an ilium of Majungatholus (UA 8678; Sampson et al. 1998, fig. 2f), indicating that, within abelisaurids, Genusaurus may be more closely related to Carnotaurus than to Majungatholus .</p><p>Xenotarsosaurus is based on a dorsal vertebra and hindlimb elements, including femur, tibia, fibula, and astragalocalcaneum, from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina (Martinez et al. 1986). Although none of the diagnostic characters of the family as diagnosed here is found in the holotype, the taxon is tentatively referred to the Abelisauridae, based on the great overall similarity of the preserved elements to the comparable elements of Carnotaurus .</p><p>The recently described supposed abelisaurid Tarascosaurus salluvicus Le Loeuff and Buffetaut, 1991, from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France, is based on extremely fragmentary material that does not show any diagnostic characters and is, therefore, regarded as a nomen dubium. However, the presence of abelisaurids in the Upper Cretaceous of southern Europe is also supported by other material (Buffetaut et al. 1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE6B413FF1C9ADFFE1BF6AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD.text	77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Baryonychidae Charig and Milner 1986	<div><p>Baryonychidae Charig and Milner, 1986</p><p>Included taxa. Angaturama limai Kellner and Campos, 1996; Baryonyx walkeri Charig and Milner, 1986; Irritator challenged Martill, Cruickshank, Frey, Small and Clark, 1996; Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915, partim; Suchomimus tenerensis Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998 .</p><p>Temporal range. Barremian-Cenomanian.</p><p>Occurrence. Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation, Ceara, Brazil; Upper Weald Clay, Surrey, England; Baharia Formation, Marsa Matruh, Egypt; Elrhaz Formation, Agadez, Niger; Kem Kem beds, Morocco.</p><p>Diagnosis. Dentary with strongly developed anterior expansion; anterior dentary teeth much larger than the relatively small and closely spaced posterior teeth; medial alveolar border is as high as the lateral border and formed by a sheet of bone of the denary rather than by separately ossified interdental plates; teeth almost round in basal cross section and only slightly recurved; very long premaxillae, forming a rostral rosette; seven premaxillary teeth; ventral margin of premaxilla strongly concave; anterior ramus of maxilla strongly elongated; angle between anterior and ventral ramus of the lacrimal less than 45 degrees; dorsal vertebrae with several small vertical laminae connecting the transverse process with the neural spine dorsally; humerus extremely robust, with strongly expanded internal tuberosity and distal condyles; ulna with a broad and very strongly developed olecranon process; ischium with a long and low obturator flange.</p><p>Remarks. The family Baryonychidae (Text-fig. 6b) was proposed by Charig and Milner (1986) to include a single species, Baryonyx walkeri . Buffetaut (1989, 1992) noted similarities between the jaws of Baryonyx and the slightly younger Spinosaurus from the Cenomanian of Egypt, and concluded that both animals probably belong to the family Spinosauridae . This view has since been accepted by several authors (e.g. Sereno et al. 1994, 1996, 1998). Although Charig and Milner (1997) retained Baryonyx in its own family, they acknowledged the similarities between this genus and Spinosaurus and united the Baryonychidae and the Spinosauridae in the superfamily Spinosauroidea.</p><p>The matter is complicated by the problematic status of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus . The holotype of this genus was found in the Baharia Oasis of Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century and was subsequently described by Stromer (1915). The material consisted of two dentaries, a maxillary fragment, and several vertebrae. The only other accounts of the original specimen were by Stromer (1934 b, 1936), before all the material was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944.</p><p>In the introduction to his original description Stromer (1915, p. 3) commented on the association and preservation of the specimen:</p><p>‘Many of the bones had already been broken and deformed in the sediment; furthermore, the remains were completely jumbled. The skull seems to have originally been present, but due to its exposed position had been almost completely eroded away. Especially the maxillary fragment shows signs of erosion of an exposed bone; cracks in the posterior ends of the lower jaws and the especially anteriorly eroded cervical vertebrae also indicate a superficial position of the fossils.</p><p>No parts of the appendicular skeleton were found, indicating that the skeleton was already incomplete when it was covered by sediment. The soft parts had surely decayed before burial, thus allowing the dislocation of the bones. Several teeth, some of them already loosened by erupting replacement teeth, fell out of the jaws, complete with their roots, and all the bones were jumbled, perhaps due to scavengers or water flow. However, given the preservation of fine details and the lack of abrasion, prolonged transport of the bones can be excluded. In the sediment, the fossils suffered from pressure, probably caused by gypsum- and salt-flow rather than by tectonic events.</p><p>Given their positions in the sediment and their preservation, the remains represent one individual. Only the size of the sacral and caudal vertebrae are problematic in this respect, which will be discussed in the respective descriptions.’ (my translation).</p><p>Stromer later (1934 b, p. 21) stated that: ‘It remains questionable, if... especially the oversized anterior caudal vertebra n... belongs to Spinosaurus at all.’ (my translation). Judging from Stromer’s illustration (1915, pl. 1, fig. 1a -b) the vertebra in question looks more like an o rn ithischian caudal than a theropodan element. Given this probable mix of taxa in the original type material, it cannot be excluded that the rest of the material also represents more than one taxon. The following points may indicate that the holotype of S. aegyptiacus actually represents a mixture of remains of different theropods:</p><p>1. The dentary figured by Stromer (1915, pl. 1, figs 6, 12) agrees with dentaries of Baryonyx and material referred to Suchomimus in almost every detail and shows all the baryonychid synapomorphies listed above. 2. The dorsal vertebrae of the type of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus lack the strong pneumatisation and additional laminae seen in both Baryonyx and Suchomimus . Their principal characters are comparable to those seen in allosauroids, with the exception of the strongly elongated neural spines. Elongated neural spines are present in the carcharodontosaur Acrocanthosaurus, though to a lesser degree than in S. aegyptiacus (Stovall and Langston 1950) . Since large carcharodontosaurs are present in Baharia, the vertebrae might represent these animals.</p><p>3. The cervical vertebrae figured by Stromer (1915, pl. 2, figs 1-2) differ significantly from the dorsal vertebrae in respect of the height of their neural spines. This difference is so marked that it might be questionable that they belong to the same taxon, although an abrupt change in spine height is present in other high-spined dinosaurs (e.g. Ouranosaurus; Taquet 1976).</p><p>Given this uncertainty of the association of the holotype material of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, it seems at present better to use the family name Baryonychidae than the name Spinosauridae until new material becomes available to clarify the status of Spinosaurus . However, the dentary of the type of Spinosaurus can at least be referred to the Baryonychidae .</p><p>Suchomimus tenerensis from the Aptian of Niger is based on a partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GDF 500) and several referred specimens, including a partial skull (MNN GDF 501; see Sereno et al. 1998). All the material is very similar to Baryonyx, and can thus be referred to the Baryonychidae with certainty.</p><p>Two baryonychids from South America were described in 1996: Irritator challengeri, based on a skull lacking the anterior part of the snout (SMNS 58022), by Martill et al., and Angaturama limai, based on the tip of a snout, by Kellner and Campos. Irritator (SMNS 58022) shows the diagnostic angle in the lacrimal, as well as a braincase that is very similar to that of Baryonyx and can, therefore, be referred to the Baryonychidae . Angaturama can also be referred to this clade, based on the presence of a rostral rosette and a premaxilla with seven tooth positions (Kellner 1996; Kellner and Campos 1996). Since both specimens come from the same horizon, they might represent the same taxon (in which case the name Irritator challengeri would be the senior synonym), but more material is needed to confirm this (see Kellner 1996).</p><p>The recently described species Spinosaurus marocannus Russell, 1996, and Cristatusaurus lapparenti Taquet and Russell, 1998, are regarded as nomina dubia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE3B415FEE8980BFD5BF5EA.text	77323C29FFE3B415FEE8980BFD5BF5EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharodontosauridae Stromer 1931	<div><p>Carcharodontosauridae Stromer, 1931</p><p>Included taxa. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis Stovall and Langston, 1950; Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (Depéret and Savomin, 1927); Giganotosaurus carolimi Coria and Salgado, 1995 .</p><p>Temporal range. Aptian-Cenomanian.</p><p>Occurrence. Antlers Formation, Oklahoma; Twin Mountains Formation, exas, USA; ‘Continental intercalaire’, Wilaya Adrar, Algeria; Baharia Formation, Marsa Matruh, Egypt; Kem Kem beds, Kasr-es-Souk, Morocco; Rio Limay Formation, Neuquén, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis. Dentary with squared anterior end (unknown in Carcharodontosaurus saharicus); femoral head strongly elevated.</p><p>Remarks. The species Megalosaurus saharicus was first described by Depéret and Savomin (1927) on the basis of isolated teeth from the Albian of Algeria. Later, Stromer (1931) referred a partial skeleton from the Cenomanian of Egypt to the same species and changed the generic name to Carcharodontosaurus . Recently, Sereno et al. (1996) described an almost complete skull from the Cenomanian of Morocco, which is referable to C. saharicus (Text-fig. 6c). Together with the data published by Stromer (1931, 1934, 1936) this new material allowed the identification of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis Stovall and Langston, 1950, and Giganotosaurus carolimi Coria and Salgado, 1995, as members of the same family, Carcharodontosauridae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE3B415FEE8980BFD5BF5EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE2B417FF139EBCFCFEFE89.text	77323C29FFE2B417FF139EBCFCFEFE89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dromaeosauridae Matthew and Brown 1922	<div><p>Dromaeosauridae Matthew and Brown, 1922</p><p>Included taxa. Adasaurus mongoliensis Barsbold, 1983; Bambiraptor feinbergi Bumham, Derstler, Currie, Bakker, Zhou, and Ostrom, 2000; Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 a; Dromaeosaurus albertensis Matthew and Brown, 1922; Hulsanpes perlei Osmólska, 1982; Megaraptor namunhaiquii Novas, 1998; Microraptor zhaoianus Xu, Zhou and Wang, 2000; Saurornitholestes langstoni Sues, 1978; Sinornithosaurus millenii Xu, Wang and Wu, 1999; Utahraptor ostrommaysi Kirkland, Burge and Gaston, 1993; Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924 .</p><p>Temporal range. Barremian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Nemegt Svita, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; Cloverly Formation, Montana and Wyoming, USA; Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA; Barun Goyot Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Rio Neuquén Formation, Neuquén, Argentina; Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA; Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA; Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China; Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA; Djadokhta Formation, Beds of Toogreg, Omnogov, Mongolia; Minhe Formation, Bayan Mandahu redbeds, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Quadratojugal is in the form of an inverted T-shape; paroccipital processes very long, extending laterally to the head of the quadrate; enlarged, triangular internal mandibular fenestra; fusion of interdental plates to each other and the margin of the jaws without clearly visible suture in adults; Mt. II with strongly ginglymoid distal articular facet. The following characters are not preserved in Dromaeosaurus, the type genus of the family, but probably represent synapomorphies of the family: mid-cervical vertebrae with hypertrophied epipophyses, pointing laterally; distal caudal vertebrae with extremely elongate prezygapophyses (equivalent to the length of more than two centra); distal chevrons inverted T-shaped and extremely anteroposteriorly elongated; second digit of the pes bearing a strongly enlarged ungual, with an asymmetric arrangement of the claw grooves and a sharp ventral margin.</p><p>Remarks. The first dromaeosaurid, Dromaeosaurus albertensis, was described in 1922 by Matthew and Brown, followed by the description of Velociraptor mongoliensis (Text-fig. 6d) in 1924 by Osborn. However, it was not until the discovery of Deinonychus antirrhopus that the peculiar anatomy of these animals became known and their significance for theropod phylogeny was recognized (Colbert and Russell 1969; Ostrom 1969 tz, b, 1972, 1973). Since then, our knowledge of the anatomy of these animals has rapidly increased following the discovery of more species and further studies of known taxa (Ostrom 1974 «, 1976 b, 1990; Sues 1977, 1978; Osmólska 1982; Barsbold 1983; Kirkland et al. 1993; Currie 1995; Norell and Makovicky 1997, 1999; Norell et al. 1997; Xu et al. 1999; Xu and Wang 2000).</p><p>Unfortunately, Dromaeosaurus, the type genus of the family, is based mainly on an imperfect skull and very fragmentary associated pedal remains. Originally, the recognition of Dromaeosaurus as a close relative of the much better known Deinonychus was based largely on the enlarged claw on the second pedal digit (Colbert and Russell 1969). Subsequent work showed that troÖdontids, which also have an enlarged second pedal ungual and were, therefore, thought to be very closely related to Dromaeosaurus, are sufficiently different from taxa such as Deinonychus and Velociraptor to merit their own family (Barsbold 1974, 1983; Currie 1985, 1987), so that the simple presence of this character cannot be used to define dromaeosaurids. Furthermore, Currie (1995) pointed out that the claw figured and described by Colbert and Russell (1969, fig. 15d) may actually belong to the contemporaneous dromaeosaurid Saurornitholestes . However, similarities in skull morphology between Dromaeosaurus and the better known velociraptorines seem to be sufficient to justify their treatment as a single clade (see Currie 1995).</p><p>Megaraptor was described as a coelurosaurian theropod of uncertain systematic position on the basis of extremely fragmentary material from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina (Novas 1998). However, the presence of asymmetric claw grooves and a sharp ventral margin of the second pedal ungual indicates a dromaeosaurid relationship for this taxon (Rauhut and Werner 1995). Novas (1998) hesitated to refer the taxon to the Dromaeosauridae because of the presence of a straight shaft and an enlarged olecranon in the ulna, both regarded as primitive characters. However, a bowed ulnar shaft is present not only in maniraptorans but also in most theropods and even prosauropods, although in these groups the bend is usually less striking in lateral view due to the expansion formed by the olecranon process (see also discussion of this character in the materials and methods section), and this also seems to be the case in Megaraptor (Novas 1998, fig. 1b). An enlarged olecranon is found in some coelurosaurs, including the basal bird Mononykus (Perle et al. 1994), and its presence in Megaraptor might be an autapomorphy of this taxon within dromaeosaurids.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE2B417FF139EBCFCFEFE89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFE1B419FEEF9FBFF879FDD4.text	77323C29FFE1B419FEEF9FBFF879FDD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ornithomimosauria Barsbold 1976	<div><p>Ornithomimosauria Barsbold, 1976 a</p><p>Included taxa. Deinocheirus mirificus Osmólska and Roniewicz, 1969; Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981; Harpymimus okladnikovi Barsbold and Perle, 1984; Pelecanimimus polyodon Pérez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega and Rasskin-Gutman, 1994 . Ornithomimidae Marsh, 1890: Anserimimus planinychus Barsbold, 1988; Archaeornithomimus asiaticus (Gilmoje, 1933); Dromiceiomimus brevitertius (Parks, 1926); Dromiceiomimus samueli (Parks, 1928); Gallimimus bullatus Osmólska, Roniewicz and Barsbold, 1972; Ornithomimus edmontonicus Sternberg, 1933; Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890; Struthiomimus altus (Lambe, 1902) .</p><p>Temporal range.?Hauterivian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Baynshiren Svita, Omnogov, Mongolia; Shinekhuduk Svita, Dundgov, Mongolia; Calizas de La Huérguina Formation, Cuenca, Spain; Nemegt Svita, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; Iren Dabasu Formation, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada; Denver Formation, Colorado, USA; Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Maxilla excluded from external nares by broad posterior ascending process of the premaxilla (this is a reversal to the ancestral dinosaurian condition, convergently present in Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis', condition unknown in Harpymimus okladnikovi)', humerus long, slender and straight; manual unguals only slightly curved or straight, with reduced, distally placed flexor tubercles; obturator process on ischium is small, triangular and placed entirely on the uppermost fifth of the ischial shaft (unknown in H. okladnikovi and P. polyodon)', pedal unguals ventrally flattened, with a semicircular depression instead of a flexor tubercle.</p><p>Remarks. Orn ithomimids (Text-fig. 6e) have long been recognized as a monophyletic clade of theropods (e.g. Marsh 1890; Osborn 1916; Russell 1972; Barsbold 1976 Óz; Barsbold and Osmólska 1990). However, the discovery of primitive forms intermediate between o rnithomimids and other theropods during the last 25 years (Barsbold 1981; Barsbold and Perle 1984; Pérez-Moreno et al. 1994) makes a formal diagnosis of this group more problematic, since several characters that were usually used to define o rnithomimids (e.g. Russell 1972) are absent from these more primitive forms or convergently present in other theropods.</p><p>Deinocheirus mirificus has repeatedly been compared with, or even referred to, the Ornithomimosauria (Ostrom 1972; Gauthier 1986; Paul 1988a), but it was listed as a theropod of uncertain taxonomic position by Norman (1990 a). However, the differences between ornit homimids and Deinocheirus listed by Nicholls and Russell (1985) all represent plesiomorphies in the latter taxon, and might, therefore, only indicate that Deinocheirus is not a member of the most advanced ornithomimosaurs, the ornithomimids. D. mirificus shares with all ornithomimosaurs the apomorphic presence of an especially long, slender and straight humerus, and with all members of this clade which are more derived than Harpymimus the apomorphic characters of the first metacarpal being subequal in length to metacarpal II, and the presence of a reduced, proximally placed, triangular deltopectoral crest on the humerus. Therefore, the taxon is referred to the Ornithomimosauria here.</p><p>Even after the inclusion of the more primitive members, the monophyly of the o rnithomimo saurs is still well supported by apomorphic characters (see above); therefore, they are treated as a single OTU. The phylogenetic relationships within ornithomimosaurs are probably ( Harpymimus ( Pelecanimimus,? Deinocheirus ( Garudimimus, O rnithomimidae))) (modified from Barsbold and Osmólska 1990).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE1B419FEEF9FBFF879FDD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEFB418FEEE9C0DFECDFE58.text	77323C29FFEFB418FEEE9C0DFECDFE58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oviraptorosauria Barsbold 1976	<div><p>Oviraptorosauria Barsbold, 1976 a</p><p>Included taxa. Caenagnathidae Sternberg, 1940: Caenagnathasia martinsoni Currie, Godfrey and Nessov, 1993; Chirostenotes elegans (Parks, 1933); Chirostenotes pergracilis Gilmore, 1924 a; Elmisaurus rarus Osmólska, 1981 . Oviraptoridae Barsbold, 1976 b: Citipati osmolskae Clark, Norell and Barsbold, 2001; Conchoraptor gracilis Barsbold, 1986; Ingenia yanshini Barsbold, 1981; Khaan mckennai Clark, Norell and Barsbold, 2001; Nomingia gobiensis Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie and Tsogtbataar, 2000; Oviraptor mongoliensis Barsbold, 1986; Oviraptor philoceratops Osborn, 1924 .</p><p>Temporal range. Turonian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Bissekty Formation, Uzbekistan; Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA; Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Red beds of Khermeen Tsav, Omnogov, Mongolia; Beds of Bugeen Tsav, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; Djadokhta Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Bayan Mandahu Red beds, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China.</p><p>Diagnosis. Maxilla with broad palatal shelf bearing two longitudinal ridges and with posteromedial toothlike process; dentary with medial ridge; dorsal margin of dentary deeply concave; dentary with two long posterior processes separated by the external mandibular fenestra; coronoid process of dentary inflected dorsomedially; articular surface of lower jaw convex in lateral view, distinctly expanded laterally and medially, and raised above the dorsal margin of the mandibular ramus; proximal caudal vertebrae strongly pneumatised. The following characters might be synapomorphies of the Oviraptorosauria, but are currently unknown in caenagnathids: postorbital part of the skull subequal in length to the preorbital part (i.e. snout very short and high); suborbital fenestra closed, ectopterygoid contacts the palatine in a broad suture anteriorly (the condition in therizinosaurs might be similar, but is uncertain); premaxillary body as high as, or higher than the height of orbit.</p><p>Remarks. The first representatives of this peculiar group of dinosaurs (Text-fig. 6f) were described by Osborn (1924) and Gilmore (1924 a), although it was not then recognized that Chirostenotes Gilmore is a close relative of Oviraptor Osborn. In 1940, Sternberg described two edentulous lower jaws from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Canada as a new genus of Cretaceous birds, Caenagnathus, and referred it to its own family, Caenagnathidae . All of these taxa received surprisingly little attention until new and better preserved material of oviraptorosaurs discovered in the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia in the 1970s revealed the bizarre skull anatomy of these animals. Osmólska (1976) recognized the close similarities of the lower jaws of Caenagnathus and Oviraptor and Barsbold (1976 a, b) created the family Oviraptoridae and the suborder Oviraptorosauria. In 1981, Osmólska described some new theropod remains from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia as Elmisaurus rarus and created the family Elmisauridae to include Elmisaurus, Chirostenotes and Macrophalangia Sternberg, 1932 . Currie and Russell (1988) confirmed the close relationships of Elmisaurus and Chirostenotes, and synonymized Macrophalangia with the latter genus. In the 1990 compendium ‘The Dinosauria ’ (Weishampel et al.), Currie listed Elmisaurus and Chirostenotes as elmisaurids, and referred the species O rnithomimus elegans Parks, 1933 to the latter genus. In the same compendium, Barsbold et al. listed the Oviraptoridae and the Caenagnathidae as members of the Oviraptorosauria .</p><p>In 1997, Sues described a new specimen of Chirostenotes from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of western Canada. He presented a good case for arguing that Caenagnathus represents the same genus as Chirostenotes and consequently used the older family name Caenagnathidae Sternberg, 1940, instead of Elmisauridae Osmolska, 1981 . He further concluded that caenagnathids and oviraptorids can be united as Oviraptorosauria, based on several cranial and postcranial synapomorphies. This view is followed here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEFB418FEEE9C0DFECDFE58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEEB41BFF199C71F82DFBD9.text	77323C29FFEEB41BFF199C71F82DFBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Therizinosauroidea (Maleev 1954)	<div><p>Therizinosauroidea (Maleev, 1954)</p><p>Included taxa. Alxasaurus elesitaiensis Russell and Dong, 1993a; Beipiaosaurus inexpectus Xu, Tang and Wang, 1999 . Therizinosauridae Maleev, 1954: Enigmosaurus mongoliensis Barsbold and Perle, 1983; Erlikosaurus andrewsi Perle, 1980 (in Barsbold and Perle 1980); ‘Nanshiungosaurus’ bohlini Dong and Yu, 1997; Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus Dong, 1979; Nothronychus mckinleyi Kirkland and Wolfe, 2001; Segnosaurus galbinensis Perle, 1979; Therizinosaurus cheloniformis Maleev, 1954 .</p><p>Temporal range. Barremian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Bayin Gobi Formation, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China; Baynshiren Svita, Omnogov and Domogov, Mongolia; Xinminbao Group, Gansu, China; Nanxiong Formation, Guandong, China; Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; White beds of Khermeen Tsav, Bayankhongor, Mongolia.</p><p>Diagnosis. Mandibular teeth set off from the lateral margin of the jaw posteriorly (convergently present in o rn ithischians and some prosauropods); teeth leaf-shaped with large, blunt marginal denticles (convergently present in prosauropods); anterior dorsal vertebrae with elevated neural arches such that the zygapophyseal articulation is more than three-quarters the height of the centrum above the neurocentral suture; manual unguals flat-sided and deep proximally; anterior end of iliac blade strongly expanded dorsoventrally; prominent lateral tuberosity on the postacetabular iliac blade dorsally; medial surface of Mt I hollowed to articulate with the convex lateral surface of the shaft of Mt II.</p><p>Remarks. The genus Therizinosaurus, based on isolated claws from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, was described in 1954 by Maleev as a new genus of giant turtle. It was not until 1970 that the theropod nature of these remains was recognized (Rozhdestvensky 1970). However, despite the description of some new material referable to this genus (Barsbold 1976 c), its affinities and most of its anatomy remained unknown until recently.</p><p>In 1979, Perle proposed a new family of enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropods from Mongolia, Segnosauridae, to include a new genus, Segnosaurus . Subsequently, Enigmosaurus, Erlikosaurus, and Nanshiungosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of central Asia were referred to this family (Barsbold and Perle 1980, 1983; Perle 1981; Barsbold and Maryanska 1990). Paul (1984) questioned the theropod affinities of segnosaurids and regarded them as ‘relics of the prosauropod-ornithischian transition’ (Paul 1984, p. 507). Other subsequent workers pointed out similarities between segnosaurids and prosauropods (Gauthier 1986; Sereno 1989), and Barsbold and Maryanska (1990) listed them as Saurischia sedis mutabilis.</p><p>In 1993, Russell and Dong (1993 a) described a new species from the upper Lower Cretaceous of China, Alxasaurus elesitaiensis, and demonstrated that Therizinosaurus is closely related to segnosaurids and consequently changed the family name to the senior synonym Therizinosauridae . Alxasaurus, in its own family Alxasauridae, and therizinosaurids were united in the superfamily Therizinosauroidea. Russell and Dong also made a strong case for assigning therizinosauroids to the Theropoda, the similarities between them and prosauropods being interpreted as adaptations to similar ecological conditions. This view was supported by Clark et al. (1994) in their detailed analysis of the skull of Erlikosaurus (Text-fig. 6g), and is followed here. A new therizinosauroid from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China, with integumentary filaments preserved, was recently described by Xu et al. (1999). This specimen shows a more conservative theropodan pes morphology and a very maniraptoran-like manus, thus furthermore strengthening the theropod affinities of therizinosauroids.</p><p>Recently, Xu et al. (2001) described a new supposed therizinosaur, Eshanosaurus deguchiianus, from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of China. However, the only material known for this taxon, an incomplete lower jaw, shows many similarities with the mandibles of prosauropods, which are the most common dinosaur fossils in this formation. Of the 11 characters listed by Xu et al. in support for therizinosaur affinities, six are clearly also present in prosauropods (characters 3, 6 and 8-11 of Xu et al. f one represents a plesiomorphy for dinosaurs ancestrally (character 4), and the rest are debatable in either their distribution or significance. For example, character 1 of Xu et al. (anterior teeth larger than middle or posterior teeth) might also be present in juvenile prosauropods, as noted by Upchurch (1998, p. 56). Likewise, the shape of the tooth crowns in mesial view (character 5) and the relative size of the root (character 7) might vary within one dentition depending on the position of the tooth. Indeed, some o rn ithischian teeth have roots that are wider than the crown (Rauhut, unpublished data). The number of teeth (character 2) is highly variable in reptiles in general and might vary significantly within one species or even on the left and right side of a single individual (e.g. Colbert 1990; Galton 1990), so a slightly higher number of teeth than in any known prosauropod might not be too significant. Furthermore, the type of Eshanosaurus shows one character that is not present in therizinosauurs, or in any other theropod, but occurs in prosauropods: the presence of a medial ridge on the tooth crowns (Lamanna, pers. comm, in Kirkland and Wolfe 2001). In conclusion, Eshanosaurus is based on an intriguing specimen from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation with a remarkable combination of characters, but more material is needed to confirm its therizinosaur affinities. Therefore, it has not been taken into consideration here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEEB41BFF199C71F82DFBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8.text	77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Troodontidae Gilmore 1924	<div><p>Troodontidae Gilmore, 1924 Z?</p><p>Included taxa. Borogovia gracilicrus Osmólska, 1987; Byronosaurus jaffei Norell, Makovicky and Clark, 2000; Saurornithoides junior Barsbold, 1974; Saurornithoides mongoliensis Osborn, 1924; Sinornithoides youngi Russell and Dong, 1993 b; Tochisaurus nemegtensis Kurzanov and Osmólska, 1991; Troödon formosus Leidy, 1856 .</p><p>Temporal range.?Aptian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Nemegt Svita, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; Djadokhta Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Bayan Mandahu Red beds, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Ejinhoroqi Formation, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Xinminbao Group, Gansu, China; Judith River Formation and Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; Judith River Formation, wo Medicine Formation, and Hell Creek Formation, Montana; Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Large maxillary fenestra that is more than half the size of the internal antorbital fenestra; bulbous parasphenoid capsule connected with internal chambers in the basi sphenoid and basipterygoid processes; nutrient foramina in lower jaw placed in a longitudinal groove; interdental plates absent and teeth held in place by interdental bone; teeth with enlarged, apically hooked denticles with distinct ‘blood ­ pits ’ at their base; Mt IV very robust, and more than twice as wide (in anterior view) as the Mt II at midshaft.</p><p>Remarks. Although Troödon formosus was one of the first dinosaurs to be described from North America (Leidy 1856), the affinities and anatomy of this animal remained enigmatic until very recently, mainly due to the fact that the type material of T. formosus consists of a single tooth. The family name was proposed by Gilmore (1924 b), who at that time believed Troödon to be a pachycephalosaur. In the same year, Osborn (1924) described a new small theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, Saurornithoides mongoliensis . Sternberg (1932) described some new remains of a small theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada as Stenonychosaurus inequalis, and later (1945) noticed the theropod affinities of Troödon . The latter was subsequently confirmed by a find of a dentary referable to this taxon (Russell 1948). Strangely enough, these interesting taxa received little attention until Russell (1969) noticed the similarities between Saurornithoides and Stenonychosaurus, placing them in the family Troodontidae sensu Russell, 1948 (Russell 1969, p. 595), and considered Troödon to be probably a closely related, or even synonymous taxon. In contrast to this view, Barsbold (1974) considered Troödon to be distinct from the closely related Saurornithoides and Stenonychosaurus, and proposed a new family, Saurorn ithoididae, for the latter two taxa. This assignment was accepted by many authors, and the name Sauro rn ithoididae became widely used (e.g. Barsbold 1983; Carpenter 1982; Currie 1985; Wilson and Currie 1985) until Currie (1987) showed that Troödon Leidy, 1856, is a senior synonym foStenonychosaurus Sternberg, 1932, Polyodontosaurus Gilmore, 1932, and Pectinodon Carpenter, 1982, and proposed to use the family name TroÖdontidae again, to include Troödon and Saurornithoides . Since then, the name TroÖdontidae has become widely accepted, and several new taxa have been referred to this family (Barsbold et al. 1987; Osmolska 1987; Osmolska and Barsbold 1990; Kurzanov and Osmolska 1991; Russell and Dong 1993 b; Norell et al. 2000). Unfortunately, despite the discovery of an almost complete skeleton of a troÖdontid in the Lower Cretaceous of China (Russell and Dong 1993 b), many aspects of the anatomy of these enigmatic theropods are still poorly known.</p><p>An additional comment on the anatomy of troÖdontids might be added: Russell and Dong (1993 b, p. 2169) claimed that a pubis boot is absent in the small Early Cretaceous troÖdontid Sinornithoides . However, based on my own observations of the type specimen, I believe the distal ends of the pubes to be missing; thus the absence of a pubic boot cannot be proven. A pubis referred to Troödon formosus (MOR 553S 8.3.9.387) shows a well-developed pubic boot, but this element was not found in articulation with other Troödon material, and several characters that are more typical for oviraptorosaurs (more anteriorly than posteriorly expanded pubic boot, anteriorly concave shaft) cast doubt on its referral to this taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFECB41DFF1D9AF0F7F5FE2E.text	77323C29FFECB41DFF1D9AF0F7F5FE2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tyrannosauridae Osborn 1906	<div><p>Tyrannosauridae Osborn, 1906</p><p>Included taxa. Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn, 1905; Alectrosaurus olseni Gilmore, 1933; Alioramus remotus Kurzanov, 1976 b; Aublysodon mirandus Leidy, 1868 (including A. molnari Paul, 1988a); Daspletosaurus torosus Russell, 1970; Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe, 1914; Maleevosaurus novojilovi (Maleev, 1955 a); Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis Dong, 1977; Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev, 1955 b; Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 .</p><p>Temporal range. Senonian-Maastrichtian.</p><p>Occurrence. Judith River Formation, Montana, USA; Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA; Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; Iren Dabasu Formation, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Baynshiren Svita, Omnogov, Mongolia; Beds of Nogon Tsav, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; wo Medicine and Hell Creek formations, Montana; Denver Formation, Colorado; Kirtland Shale, New Mexico, USA; Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada; Fruitland Formation, New Mexico, USA; Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Subashi Formation, Xinjiang, China; Nemegt Svita, White beds of Khermeen Tsav, Bayankhongor, Mongolia;?unnamed unit, Heilongjiang, China; Scollard and Willow Creek formations, Alberta, Canada; Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada; Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA; Livingston Formation, Montana, USA; Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA; Laramie Formation, Colorado, USA; McRae Formation, New Mexico, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Squamosal with a broadly expanded, rostrally directed quadratojugal process, meeting the expanded dorsal process of the quadratojugal in a broad suture and strongly intruding into the lower temporal fenestra; vomer with broad rhomboid anterior expansion; surangular foramen strongly enlarged, being almost as large as the mandibular fenestra in most forms; premaxillary teeth D-shaped in cross section and significantly smaller than the maxillary teeth; cervical vertebrae considerably shorter than high; hand didactyl with splint-like Me III [claimed to be present in Compsognathus longipes (Ostrom 1978) but, owing to the poor preservation of the hand in this taxon, the matter is highly debatable].</p><p>Remarks. The Tyrannosauridae (Text-fig. 6h) have long been recognized as a distinct family of theropod dinosaurs (Osborn 1906). However, there has been some debate as to which genera and species belong to this family and the taxonomy of some of these species.</p><p>Originally erected for the genus Tyrannosaurus (Osborn 1906), the family was later often confused or synonymized with the family Deinodontidae Cope, 1866 (e.g. Matthew and Brown 1922). However, as Gilmore (1946) and Russell (1970) pointed out, the type genus of the family Deinodontidae, Deinodon Leidy, 1856, is based on undiagnostic teeth and thus the name Tyrannosauridae should be used.</p><p>The species Albertosaurus sarcophagus, Alioramus remotus, Daspletosaurus torosus, Gorgosaurus libratus, Maleevosaurus novojilovi, Tarbosaurus bataar, and Tyrannosaurus rex are known from complete skeletons, or at least good skulls and partial postcrania, and these taxa can thus be referred to the Tyrannosauridae with certainty. Since the nomenclature of these animals, as listed here, differs from some of the other accounts of this clade (e.g. Russell 1970; Maleev 1974; Paul 1988a; Molnar et al. 1990; Carpenter 1992), some nomenclatorial comments on these well-established tyrannosaurids might be added.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFECB41DFF1D9AF0F7F5FE2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEB09A92FB81F8A7.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEB09A92FB81F8A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alectrosaurus olseni Gilmore 1933	<div><p>Alectrosaurus olseni</p><p>was described as a tyrannosaur on the basis of two specimens from the Iren Dabasu Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, by Gilmore (1933). Mader and Bradley (1989) reviewed the syntype material and pointed out that one of the specimens described by Gilmore, an incomplete forelimb, represents a therizinosaur (= segnosaur in their paper), while the other one, an almost complete hindlimb (AMNH 6554), was designated as the lectotype of Alectrosaurus . Mader and Bradley (1989, p. 48) noted close similarities in hindlimb morphology with both tyrannosaurids and orn ithomimids, but referred Alectrosaurus to the former clade, based on the detailed morphology of the tubercle for the insertion of the m. iliofibularis on the fibula, the presence of a hallux, and the conservative morphology of the pedal unguals. It must be noted, however, that the latter two characters represent plesiomorphies that might have been present in more basal, non-o rn ithomimid ornithomimosaurs, such as Deinocheirus, so that the only evidence for a tyrannosaurid relationship in the lectotype of Alectrosaurus is the morphology of the muscle attachment on the fibula. However, recently discovered additional material of Alectrosaurus seems to confirm its tyrannosaurid affinities (Perle, pers. comm, in Currie and Eberth 1993, p. 138; see also Holtz 2001a); therefore, it is included in this clade here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEB09A92FB81F8A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9FAAF8E4FD78.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9FAAF8E4FD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe 1914	<div><p>Russell (1970) synonymized</p><p>Gorgosaurus</p><p>libratus</p><p>with the genus Albertosaurus, and this was accepted by most subsequent workers (Paul 1988a; Molnar et al. 1990; Carpenter 1992). However, new studies of the material of Gorgosaurus indicate that it cannot be referred to Albertosaurus with any certainty (Holtz 1997, 2001 a; Currie, pers. comm. 1998); therefore, it is retained as a separate genus here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9FAAF8E4FD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEB39CE1F807FC93.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEB39CE1F807FC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Maleevosaurus novojilovi Maleev 1955	<div><p>Maleevosaurus novojilovi</p><p>was originally described as a new species of Gorgosaurus (Maleev 1955 a), but Carpenter (1992) removed it from this genus and proposed a new generic name, Maleevosaurus . Rozhdestvensky (1965) and Carr (1999) suggested that Maleevosaurus novojilovi is a juvenile Tarbosaurus bataar . However, Rozhdestvensky ’s arguments were disputed by Carpenter (1992, pp. 256-257); thus, Maleevosaurus novojilovi is provisionally retained as a separate genus and species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEB39CE1F807FC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9912FB54F796.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9912FB54F796.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis Dong 1977	<div><p>Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</p><p>is known only from a partial skeleton from the uppermost Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China (Dong 1977). The skeleton represents a small, juvenile individual. Unfortunately, the original description is rather short, and nothing has subsequently been published on this interesting specimen. However, Shanshanosaurus shows similarities to tyrannosaurids (Molnar 1990; Dong 1992), and probably represents a juvenile of a member of this clade (Currie, pers. comm. 1998; Holtz 2001a); thus the taxon is included in the family here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9912FB54F796	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEBC9A5CF8F6FB26.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEBC9A5CF8F6FB26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tarbosaurus Maleev 1955	<div><p>Several authors (e.g. Paul 1988 a; Carpenter 1992) have synonymized the genus</p><p>Tarbosaurus</p><p>with Tyrannosaurus, but no detailed comparison of these two taxa has been carried out so far. Pending the revisions of tyrannosaurid interrelationships, currently being worked on independently by P. Currie, C. Brochu, and. Holtz, Tarbosaurus is provisionally regarded as a separate genus here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEBC9A5CF8F6FB26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9D05F87BFBDC.text	77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9D05F87BFBDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905	<div><p>Gilmore (1946) described an almost complete skull of a small tyrannosaur as Albertosaurus lancensis . Bakker et al. (1988) recognized the differences of this skull to other material of Albertosaurus, and proposed the new generic name Nanotyrannus . However, Carr (1999) argued that the type of</p><p>Nanotyrannus</p><p>represents a juvenile individual of</p><p>Tyrannosaurus rex</p><p>. This view is followed here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEBB41DFEBD9D05F87BFBDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rauhut, Oliver W. M.	Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576
