taxonID	type	description	language	source
73219E23FFAAFF8E17BDFDCCFEE7FC88.taxon	description	Included species: Elaphinis (E.) cinereonebulosa (De Geer, 1778); E. (E.) matatiele sp. nov.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 9, 19)	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H ඈඅඈඍඒඉൾ: J, South Africa, EC, Matatiele, 7 Dec 2008, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (ISAM). P ൺඋൺඍඒඉൾඌ: 11 JJ 1 ♀, same data (BMCS, RPGS); 1 J 1 ♀, RSA, Eastern Cape, Alfred Nzo District (Matatiele Municipality), Matatiele Nature Reserve, 1900 - 2100 m, 1 Jan 2017, P. Malec & P. Šípek leg. (PMBC, UKPC); 1 J, same locality, Bred from wild larvae, P. Malec breeding (PMBC); 58 JJ 3 ♀♀, same locality, 6 Dec 2019, P. Šípek, M. Hiřman, O. Kouklík leg. (NMPC, OKPC, PMBC, UKPC); 3 ♀♀, same locality, Dec 2019, P. Šípek leg., ex ovum, P. Malec Breed F 1 (PMBC).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	description	Description of holotype male (Figs 1 – 8). Body. Black and matte, with head, pronotum and scutellum predominantly black but elytra extensively covered in white-greyish (often discolouring to pink or even brick-red in preserved specimens) tomentum, except on periscutellar, perisutural and postero-lateral regions; with regularly spaced round sculpture on head and apical part of pronotum (around tubercular ridge), becoming minute and very scattered on the pronotal disc, scutellum and elytra; with dense and long, pale-yellow to tawny setae on entire head surface, becoming shorter, more scale-like in shape and scattered on pronotal declivities and mesepimera, and virtually disappearing on pronotal disc, elytra and scutellum (Figs 1 – 4). Size. Total length = 11.9 mm; maximum width = 6.1 mm. Head. Entirely black and concave; clypeus broadly bilobate, with angulate indentation at apex and lateral margins smoothly rounded; all margins sharply upturned, especially in apical region around indentation; entire surface covered in round to coarsely irregular sculpture; pale-yellow to tawny setae distributed along entire surface, generally shorter and more scattered on clypeus and frons, becoming much longer and denser on vertex; antenna dark brown to black, with club approximately as long as flagellum and pedicel combined; thin light setae scattered across flagellum, becoming thicker and denser on pedicel (Fig. 4). Pronotum. Black and matte, with white-greyish tomentose ornamentation along lateral margins spreading towards declivities on posterior half and generating two short converging lines in suprascutellar area; with tubercular ridge in central apical area exhibiting dense round punctures on declivities; punctures becoming smaller and more scattered along lateral margins and declivities but minute on disc; short scale-like setae distributed along lateral margins and declivities, becoming minute on disc; shape smoothly rounded along lateral and posterior margins, with very weak obtuse angle above scutellum; antero-lateral margins abruptly angulate, leading to steep declivity up the apical tubercle (Figs 1, 3). Scutellum. Black, matte and glabrous, with tomentose lining around lateral and apical margins; few, shallow round to crescent or irregularly shaped punctures along basal and part of lateral margins, inwards of tomentose lining; broadly isoscelic triangular in shape with smoothly round apex; lateral grooves very narrow and shallow, deepening somehow around apex (Fig. 1). Elytron. Black and matte, with shiny patches in umbonal areas; with intricate white-greyish (often discolouring to pink or even brick-red in preserved specimens) ornamentation of maculae and dotted stripes across entire surface, excluding umbonal, periscutellar, perisutural and posterolateral areas; black areas on elytral disc producing symmetric figure in shape of inverse anchor when both elytra are combined; costae obsolete to weakly elevated and barely visible; striae equally faded, exhibiting some shallow and scattered round punctures; humeral callus protruding remarkably outwards, leading to formation of deep subhumeral arch; posterior margin smoothly rounded without projections or upturning at apex; virtually glabrous on disc and umbones, but with scattered short and light setae distributed along lateral and apical declivities (Figs 1, 3). Pygidium. Broadly triangular in shape, with smoothly rounded apex and unevenly domed with marked depressions on baso-lateral corners; exhibiting white-greyish tomentose markings most noticeable in basal and lateral regions; with dense but shallow rugulose sculpture across entire surface and light-yellow to tawny short setae scattered throughout disc, becoming longer and finer along lateral margins and apex (Fig. 5). Legs. Black and shiny with occasional brown tips or edges; tarsomeres rather elongate, with apical ones twice as long as preceding units and all claws distinctively bent at 90 ° angles; tibiae irregularly sculptured and covered in dense, scale-shaped, light-yellow setae, becoming longer and finer on inner margins; protibia broad and bidentate, with both teeth equally developed and residual presence of regressive third tooth in proximal area; mesotibia with bifid mid spine on outer carina sharply pointed and spurs elongate, thin and sharp; metatibia with outer carina bearing one blunt but robust distal tooth, spurs substantially more elongate than in mesotibia and remarkably sharp (Figs 1 – 3). Ventral surface. Black and shiny, with white-greyish tomentum markings restricted to marginal areas of ventrites; covered in dense and long light-yellow to tawny setae, except on central metafemoral surface, abdominal ventrites and mesometasternal region, where setae become short or very scattered; mesosternal lobe very narrow, smoothly rounded and not protruding either forward or downwards; metasternal lobe exhibiting oblong, but very narrow and subparallel groove on anterior two thirds of median sulcus; abdominal ventrites with slight concavity at centre (Fig. 2). Aedeagus. Parameres with dorsal lobes relatively elongate and exhibiting a narrow constriction both towards base and apex, before expanding again in both directions (Figs 6 – 8); apical projection of lobes curving smoothly downwards and forming regularly rounded, drop-shaped tips in frontal view (Fig. 8); ventral lobes wider than dorsal virtually across entire length, reaching maximal expansion at mid to basal distance and forming a small pair of lateral projections in dorsal and frontal views (Figs 6, 8). Variability. Specimen size lies in the range of 10.9 – 13.1 mm in total length and 6.1 – 6.7 mm in maximum width. The dorsal ornamentation can vary in extent on the pronotum, elytra and pygidium, but its general pattern remains rather stable across different individuals. Females are stockier than males, have broader protibia, shorter antennal clubs and protarsi, exhibit reduced tomentose ornamentation on the dorsum and complete absence on the venter (Fig. 9). They are also characterized by drastically reduced pubescence, by comparison with their male counterparts, and therefore tend to appear shiny. Their dorsal surface is, however, more densely covered in round punctures, particularly on head, pronotum and protibiae.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. This is clearly a sister species of Elaphinis cinereonebulosa, with which it shares all the key characters of the nominal subgenus. The two species can easily be separated even on the basis of their dorsal and ventral ornamentation, as the tomentose markings are extensive in E. cinereonebulosa but substantially reduced in E. matatiele sp. nov., particularly on the pronotal, scutellar and elytral discs as well as abdominal ventrites (Figs 1, 3). Other notable diagnostic differences are observed at the level of the clypeus, the scale-shaped setae of the general body cover and the aeadeagal parameres (Figs 1 – 8). The clypeus is slightly longer and narrower in E. matatiele sp. nov., by comparison with that of E. cinereonebulosa, and also exhibits a sharp angular indentation at the apex in the former, rather than a smooth sinuation like in the latter species (Figs 4, 13). The scale-shaped setae that cover much of the dorsal surface of E. cinereonebulosa are remarkably shorter and broader than those of E. matatiele sp. nov. Also, they are very dense in many areas (e. g. head and antero- - pronotal surface) on the dorsum of E. cinereonebulosa, while they are substantially more scattered in all the areas of E. matatiele sp. nov. Finally, the aedeagal parameres of E. matatiele sp. nov. are substantially narrower and slightly longer than those of E. cinereonebulosa (Figs 6 – 8, 15 – 17). The ventral lobes of the parameres are particularly well developed in E. cinereonebulosa, with baso-lateral projections much larger in extent than those observed in E. matatiele sp. nov. (Figs 6, 15).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after its type locality, which is also the only place where it is currently known to occur. The specific epithet is a noun in the nominative singular. Bionomy. Adult activity in the wild has so far been recorded only in December and January. All specimens were retrieved from sandy soil accumulations in the proximity of, or under, old cow dung on rocky terraces at high altitude (Fig. 19). Larvae of the species bred in captivity have shown very long pre-pupal dormancy and high mortality rates, thereby proving it difficult to reach adult stage under controlled conditions (P. Malec, pers. comm.).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFAAFF8917E2FCA1FA3EFCEC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. All the specimens currently known originate from the Matatiele Nature Reserve (Fig. 23), which is a core protected area within the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area. The Matatiele Municipality was part of Cape Province until being transferred to Natal in 1978; in 2005 it was moved back from the KwaZulu-Natal Province to the Eastern Cape. Most specimens of the new species were collected around the base of Mount Hargreaves, at an altitude of about 1700 m (Fig. 21), and it is virtually certain that it also occurs on several nearby mountains that have similar habitat characteristics. These, however, have not been explored recently due to issues of accessibility.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8617D5FCCBFDFCFC27.taxon	description	Included species. Parelaphinis drakensbergica sp. nov.; P. moesta (Gory & Percheron, 1833); P. umtamvuna sp. nov.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	description	(Figs 35 – 42)	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H ඈඅඈඍඒඉൾ: J, RSA, Free State Prov., Harrismith Dist., Platberg 2315 m, 28 ° 15 ′ 14 ″ S, 29 ° 11 ′ 18 ″ E, 5 Dec 1988, Dr. L. Coetzer leg. (ISAM). P ൺඋൺඍඒඉൾඌ: SOUTH AFRICA: 2 JJ, same data (RPGS); 1 ♀, RSA, Dirkiesdorp, 5 Dec 1988, I. Coetzer (H ඈඅආ & P ൾඋ ං ඌඌ ං ඇඈඍඍඈ 2004: 88). ESWATINI: 1 J, Swaziland, Sidwashini, 13 Nov 1994, ʻ Parelaphinis moesta (G & P) ʼ, N. J. Duke (TMSA-CPH 2088).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	description	Description of holotype male (Figs 35 – 42). Body. Matte, with black head, pronotum, scutellum and legs, but testaceous to brick-red elytra; all surfaces exhibiting white tomentose maculation, forming longitudinal midline and lateral eye shapes on pronotum; with dense round sculpture on head, becoming scattered and horse-shoe shaped on pronotum, scutellum and elytra; with scattered, long to medium size, pale-yellow to tawny setae on entire head surface, becoming extremely short and sparse on pronotal and elytral declivities, and virtually disappearing on pronotal and elytral disc as well as scutellum (Figs 35, 37). Size. Total length = 10.9 mm; maximum width = 6.4 mm. Head. Black with extensive white tomentum across lateral areas, leaving longitudinal black band at centre; clypeus deeply concave and broadly bilobate with marked and angulate indentation at apex, with lateral margins smoothly angulate anteriorly; all margins sharply upturned and reflexed; entire surface covered in dense round punctures; pale-yellow setae distributed along entire surface, generally shorter and more scattered on clypeus and frons, becoming much longer and denser on vertex; antenna black to dark brown, with club approximately as long as flagellum and pedicel combined; thin light setae scattered across flagellum, becoming thicker and denser on pedicel (Fig. 38). Pronotum. Black and matte, with widespread white tomentose maculation, forming in particular two symmetric lateral eye-shaped patterns and one longitudinal midline briefly interrupted towards posterior margin; without any tubercle or ridge in central apical area of anterior margin; exhibiting very scattered and shallow round to horseshoe punctures across entire surface, becoming denser on declivities; with few short light setae distributed along lateral margins and declivities, becoming extremely sparse on disc; shape smoothly rounded along lateral and posterior margins, with abrupt angulation only at antero-lateral margins (Fig. 35). Scutellum. Black, matte and glabrous, with tomentose maculation on two basal corners, extending laterally towards apex; round to horseshoe punctures regularly spaced along entire perimeter, denser around base but absent on disc; broadly equilateral triangular in shape with acute apex and lateral margins inwardly arcuate; lateral grooves rather wide and deep, except on peri-basal portions (Fig. 35). Elytron. Testaceous to brick-red, with darker areas around margins and along suture; with dense and variously shaped white tomentose maculation across entire surface; costae obsolete to weakly produced and barely visible; humeral callus protruding outwards and subhumeral arch deeply sinuate; posterior margin smoothly rounded without projections or upturning at apex; wide crescent to horseshoe punctures scattered across disc, becoming larger and denser towards basal margin but smaller and more sparse on lateral and apical declivities; surface generally glabrous, with few scattered minute setae on lateral and apical declivities (Figs 35, 37). Pygidium. Triangular in shape, with smoothly rounded, domed apex and marked depressions on baso-lateral corners; exhibiting symmetric set of three wide and oblong white tomentose maculae on each side; with dense but shallow rugulose sculpture across entire surface, not visible in areas of white maculae; few short light-yellow setae scattered throughout disc, becoming longer and finer along lateral margins and apex (Fig. 39). Legs. Black and coarsely sculptured, with tips and edges often brown; tarsal segments moderately elongate, with apical ones longer than preceding units and all claws smoothly arcuate; tibiae with coarse longitudinal rugulose sculpture, covered with sparse and short light-yellow setae, becoming longer and denser on inner margins; protibia tridentate, with teeth decreasing gradually in size from apical (longest) to proximal (shortest); mesotibia with prominent and sharp medio-dorsal spine, spurs brown and moderately elongate, thin and blunt; metatibia with outer carina bearing one small but sharp medio-distal tooth, spurs brown substantially more elongate than in mesotibia and sharp or rounded at apex (Figs 35 – 37). Ventral surface. Black with white tomentum markings very widespread across entire surface, except central and posterior areas of abdominal ventrites, mesometasternal region and femoral bases; covered in dense and long light-yellow to tawny setae, except on central metafemoral surface, abdominal ventrites and mesometasternal region, where setae become shorter and very scattered; mesosternal lobe flattish, smoothly rounded and covered by long tawny setae on anterior margin, not protruding either forward or downwards; metasternal lobe covered in deep but rather sparse round punctures and exhibiting wide concavity at centre of median sulcus; abdominal ventrites with slight concavity at centre (Fig. 36). Aedeagus. Parameres with dorsal lobes laterally constrained at centre, expanding then slightly in apical half and abruptly rounded at apex (Fig. 40); apical area with flat surface in frontal view exhibiting dense and fine long pubescence extending posteriorly to about mid length of ventral lobes (Figs 41 – 42); club-shaped dorsal flat surface elongate and extending towards basal attachment by two-thirds of total lobe distance; ventral lobes protruding laterally but visible in dorsal view only in basal half of their total length (Fig. 40). Variability. This species is generally smaller than P. moesta, with size in the range of 10.5 – 10.9 mm in total length and 6.1 – 6.4 mm in maximum width. The dorsal ornamentation varies little in extent in the few specimens currently known, with white markings covering most of the head, scutellar and elytral surfaces in extreme cases. In the eSwatini specimen, the colour of the elytral maculation is greyish-pink, but this appears to be a discolouring effect due to oil impregnation of the cuticle during preservation. Similar discolouring patterns have been observed in Elaphinis cinereonebulosa, E. matatiele sp. nov. and even in P. umtamvuna sp. nov. (cf. respective descriptions above and below). The female of P. drakensbergica sp. nov. is not known yet, but it is expected to be slightly broader than the male, with wider protibiae and shorter protarsi, reduced tomentose ornamentation on the dorsum, pygidium protruding beyond elytral apices and slight convexity on abdominal ventrites.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Specimens belonging to this species have previously been included with some hesitation under P. moesta, as the genus was believed to be monotypic (cf. H ඈඅආ & P ൾඋ ං ඌඌ ං ඇඈඍඍඈ 2004). However, new material and more in depth analyses have now revealed that there are at least three species currently recognizable, all within South Africa with one partly in Lesotho and another in eSwatini too. In particular, the north-eastern populations already highlighted in H ඈඅආ & P ൾඋ ං ඌඌ ං ඇඈඍඍඈ (2004) as distinct in having smaller, more rounded bodies and elongated and merging spots on pronotum, typically represent P. drakensbergica sp. nov. This species lies at one extreme of the gradient in morphological characters observed across the series, exhibiting the broadest body shape and the most extensive tomentose ornamentation among the three species (Figs 35, 44, 53). Other diagnostic characters can be observed at the level of clypeal shape, protibial denticles development and aedeagal parameres morphology. More specifically, in P. drakensbergica sp. nov. the clypeus shows the widest apical sinuation and also the only sign of angulation along its lateral margins among the three species (Figs 38, 47, 56). The three protibial denticles are clearly visible in all three species, but they are most developed in P. drakensbergica sp. nov. and least in P. moesta (Figs 35, 44, 53). Finally, the aedeagal parameres of P. drakensbergica sp. nov. are the shortest, but also widest among the three species. Their dorsal lobes exhibit a flat to gently inward sloping club-shaped area, which in this species extends all the way from just behind the apex to about one third of its total distance above the base, while it is restricted to the apical half in P. moesta and becomes even shorter and narrower in P. umtamvuna sp. nov. (Figs 40, 49, 58). In frontal view, the apical region of the lobes is approximately equally rounded in all three species, but the downward bend is minimal in P. drakensbergica sp. nov., intermediate in P. moesta and extreme in P. umtamvuna sp. nov. (Figs 42, 51, 60).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after the Drakensberg Escarpment of southern Africa, where all specimens currently known originate from. The specific epithet is an adjective in the nominative singular. Bionomy. So far, adult activity has been recorded only in late Austral spring and no other information is available on the biology of this species.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA2FF8017F4FBF2FA2FF9F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species appears to be restricted to high altitude areas (approximately 1500 – 2300 m) of the Drakensberg Escarpment, from the Platberg above Harrismith in the Free State (Fig. 43) to Dirkiesdorp in Mpumalanga and Sidwashini in eSwatini (Fig. 66). This area experiences a substantially higher annual rainfall (1000 – 2000 mm) than the western interior of South Africa, where the annual average can range between 100 and 1000 mm (C ඈඅൾ et al. 2018), with a gradient decreasing rapidly towards the semiarid karooid region. Thus, P. drakensbergica sp. nov. and P. moesta are allopatric and separated by the big geological, climatic and vegetation divide represented by the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountain Centre (C ൺඋൻඎඍඍ 2019).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	description	(Figs 44 – 52, 62)	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H ඈඅඈඍඒඉൾ: J, South Africa, KZN, Umtamvuna NR, 24 Oct 2004, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (SANC). P ൺඋൺඍඒඉൾඌ: 3 JJ 1 ♀, same data (BMPC); 3 JJ 2 ♀♀, ibidem, 30 Oct 2004, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMCS, RPGS); 1 J 1 ♀, ibidem, 8 Dec 2004, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (TGMF); 1 J 3 ♀♀, ibidem, 1 Oct 2005, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (BMCS, RPGS); 3 JJ 3 ♀♀, ibidem, 6 Oct 2011, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (RPGS, TGMF); 1 J 1 ♀, ibidem, 17 Oct 2012, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (RPGS); 1 J, ibidem, 20 Nov 2012, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (TMSA); 1 ♀, ibidem, 10 Dec 2012, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (RPGS); 1 ♀, ibidem, 10 Nov 2013, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (RPGS); 1 ♀, ibidem, 27 Nov 2013, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (RPGS); 1 ♀, ibidem, 6 Dec 2013, R Perissinotto & L Clennell (TMSA).	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	description	Description of holotype male (Figs 44 – 51). Body. Black, velutinous, with dark grey maculation spread across entire surface, turning pink to brick-red in some areas of pronotum and elytra as result of preservation; with moderately dense round sculpture on head, becoming more scattered and horse-shoe shaped on pronotal declivities but very sparse and horse-shoe to groove-shaped on pronotal disc, scutellum and elytra; dorsum virtually glabrous, with very sparse and short light setae on head surface, pronotal and elytral declivities but lacking completely on pronotal and elytral disc as well as scutellum (Figs 44, 46, 47). Size. Total length = 11.3 mm; maximum width = 6.4 mm. Head. Black with extensive grey tomentum across entire surface, except around apical sinuation; clypeus deeply concave with extremely narrow indentation at apex and lateral margins smoothly rounded; all margins sharply upturned and reflexed; entire surface covered in regularly spaced round punctures, but sculpture becoming more dense and irregular around clypeal apex and on margins; few sparse and extremely short pale-yellow setae distributed along entire surface, becoming longer and denser on ocular canthus; antenna black to dark brown, with club approximately as long as flagellum; thin light setae scattered across flagellum, becoming thicker and denser on pedicel (Fig. 47). Pronotum. Black and velutinous, with grey (turning pink to brick red upon preservation) tomentose areas vaguely forming three coarse dotted longitudinal lines across disc and continuous lining on lateral margins, becoming most expanded just above postero-lateral corners; without any tubercle or ridge in apical area; with rather scattered and shallow round to horseshoe punctures on declivities, virtually disappearing on disc; few, extremely short light setae visible only along lateral margins and declivities; all margins smoothly rounded with minor angulation only on antero-lateral deflections (Figs 44, 46). Scutellum. Black, velutinous and glabrous, without any trace of tomentose maculation; large but shallow horseshoe punctures equally scattered along entire perimeter, but absent in central part of disc; broadly equilateral triangular in shape, with acute apex and lateral margins inwardly arcuate; lateral grooves moderately wide and deep along entire margins (Fig. 44). Elytron. Black and velutinous, with extensive grey maculation spread across entire surface (turning pink to brick-red in some areas due to preservation); first, third and fifth elytral costae moderately well developed and clearly visible; humeral callus protruding outwards and subhumeral arch deeply sinuate; posterior margin remarkably linear and without projections or upturning at apex; narrow and shallow horseshoe to grooved sculpture regularly distributed along basal half of striae and on antero-lateral declivities, becoming smaller and sparser on postero-lateral and apical declivities; surface generally glabrous, with few scattered minute setae on lateral and apical declivities (Figs 44, 46). Pygidium. Hemispherical in shape, with smoothly rounded, domed apex and marked depressions on basolateral corners; with pair of larger, dark grey maculae in medio-basal position and two pairs of smaller maculae, first in latero-basal position and second on sides of apical dome; with dense but shallow rugulose sculpture across entire surface, but hidden in areas covered by grey maculae; glabrous on disc, with few fine light-yellow setae scattered along lateral margins and apex (Fig. 48). Legs. Black and densely sculptured, with brown claws and tips along spinal margins; tarsomeres moderately elongate, with apical ones about 1.5 times longer than preceding units and all claws gently arcuate; tibiae with coarse and irregular sculpture, covered in sparse and short light-yellow setae, becoming longer and denser on inner margins and from pro- to metatibia; protibia tridentate, with two apical teeth equally well developed, but proximal tooth drastically reduced in size; mesotibia with prominent bidentate medio-distal spine and tridentate apical spine, spurs brown and moderately elongate, thin and sharp; metatibia with outer carina bearing one large but blunt medio-distal tooth, spurs brown substantially more elongate than in mesotibia and sharp (Figs 44 – 46). Ventral surface. Black and shiny with small grey tomentum spots visible only near lateral margins of abdominal ventrites; covered in dense and long light-yellow to tawny setae from pro- to metasternum, but setae becoming very sparse on metacoxa, central femoral surfaces, lateral margins of abdominal ventrites, and virtually disappearing in mesometasternal region and on disc of abdominal ventrites; mesosternal lobe flattish, smoothly rounded at apex and not protruding either forward or downwards; metasternal surface exhibiting sparse round to horse-shoe punctures with setae emerging at their centre, and wide concavity along entire median sulcus in shape of oblong arrow head; abdominal ventrites with slight concavity at centre (Fig. 45). Aedeagus. Parameres elongate, with dorsal lobes laterally constrained at centre, expanding then slightly in apical half and smoothly rounded at apex (Fig. 49); apical area bending remarkably downwards, with dense and fine long pubescence extending posteriorly to about one third of total length of ventral lobes (Figs 50, 51); club-shaped dorsal flat surface drastically reduced and extending towards basal attachment by barely one third of total lobe distance; ventral lobes protruding laterally but visible in dorsal view only in basal third of their total length (Fig. 49). Variability. This species is generally small, attaining the smallest size among the three species of Parelaphinis, in the range of 9.8 – 12.2 mm in total length and 5.3 – 6.9 mm in maximum width. Its body is consistently black and velutinous, with variable degrees of dark grey maculation, which may turn pink to brick-red in some preserved specimens (e. g. Fig. 44). In extreme cases, males may lack entirely any maculation, while females always retain some residual spots. Females are also slightly broader than their male counterparts, have wider protibiae but shorter protarsi and antennal clubs (Fig. 52). Their pygidium protrudes beyond the elytral apices and the abdominal ventrites exhibit a moderate convexity. Furthermore, the metatibial spurs of the female are spatulate and the apical edge of its metatibia is only mildly serrated, while in the male these are bluntly acuminate and markedly serrated, respectively.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. As indicated above, under the description of P. drakensbergica sp. nov., this species lies at the other extreme of the gradient in morphological characters observed across the genus, exhibiting the narrowest body shape and the most regressive tomentose ornamentation among the three species (Figs 35, 44, 53). Unlike in the other two species, the maculation of P. umtamvuna sp. nov. is actually grey, not white, and it can get so dark to the point of becoming undetectable in some extreme male specimens. Other diagnostic characters can be observed at the level of clypeal shape, protibial denticles development and aedeagal parameres morphology. In P. umtamvuna sp. nov., the clypeus shows the most reduced apical sinuation, along with the most rounded lateral margins among the three species of the genus (Figs 38, 47, 56). The development of the three protibial denticles in P. umtamvuna sp. nov. is intermediate between the most expanded type exhibited by P. drakensbergica sp. nov. and the least pronounced type seen in P. moesta (Figs 35, 44, 53). Finally, the aedeagal parameres of P. umtamvuna sp. nov. possess the longest, and narrowest lobes among the three species. The flat to gently inward sloping club-shaped area of the dorsal lobes in this species extends merely one third behind the apex and is, therefore, the shortest among the three species (Figs 40, 49, 58). In frontal view, the apical region of the lobes shows an extreme degree of downward bending, while this is minimal in P. drakensbergica sp. nov. and intermediate in P. moesta (Figs 42, 51, 60). Bionomy. Adult activity has been recorded throughout the Austral spring, with most records in October. Few specimens have been observed in low flight, just above the ground, in the hottest part of the day and only immediately after a substantial rainfall event. Most specimens were retrieved from underground, on rocky terraces where large accumulations of leaf litter with high moisture content had been retained by plant roots or networks of mosses and lichens (Fig. 62). Larvae and cocoons collected in the wild were also reared successfully in the laboratory, under environmental controlled conditions and using their natural food substrate, while spraying water at regular weekly intervals until pupation.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after the Umtamvuna River, on the escarpment of which all specimens currently known originate from (Fig. 64). The specific epithet is a noun in the nominative singular.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
73219E23FFA4FF9C14BDF99AFE9FF82C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is so far only known from the upper valley of the Umtamvuna River, on the KwaZulu-Natal side (Fig. 66). Like the Drakensberg range, this area also experiences a much higher annual rainfall than the western interior of South Africa. Searches in adjacent rivers and tributaries have so far failed to reveal other populations in this province. It is, however, likely that the species occurs also on the Eastern Cape side of this and perhaps other rivers in its vicinities.	en	Perissinotto, Renzo (2022): Review of the genera Elaphinis and Parelaphinis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with description of three new species from South Africa. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 35-55, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.004
