identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6C0BBA14C21FFFCB5FEE8CF0130EE03C.text	6C0BBA14C21FFFCB5FEE8CF0130EE03C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel 2020	<div><p>Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande &amp; Patel, 2020</p><p>(Figures 1 – 6; Table 2)</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris — Pope &amp; Pope 1933 (part); Smith 1943 (part)</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris albolabis — Kramer, 1977 (part); Regenass &amp; Kramer, 1981 (part)</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris — Giannasi et al. 2001 (part); Gumprecht et al. (part)</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris — Das 2002; Whitaker &amp; Captain 2004; Ahmed et al. 2009</p><p>Specimens Examined (n = 4). Males: India: BMNH 72.4.17.379 along the Darjeeling slopes (27.041˚N 88.266˚E, 210 m) in the Eastern Himalaya West Bengal ; CESS 604, Aizwal, Mizoram . Females: India: BMNH 1937.3.1.14 Nagpur, Central Province India, exact location unknown (see below); BMNH 1908.6.23.99 Assam . Tissue samples sequenced: India: CESS535 from Jashpur, Chhatisgarh; CESS331 from Byrnihat, Meghalaya .</p><p>Description and Variation (based on examined specimens). Body moderately elongate, slender; head elongate, triangular, flattened, broadest width occurs from eyes to end of the head just before the starting of neck, over twice as long as broad, clearly distinct from neck; snout moderate, overall flattened from top and side view, rounded from top view, truncate when seen from lateral side, one third of total head length, twice as long as diameter of eye, canthus rostralis distinct; eye moderate; tail typically cylindrical in cross section fairly short, prehensile, tapering. SVL: 459–565 mm; TaL: 92–116 mm; TL: 571–659 mm; HL: 21.01–26.93 mm, HW 10.05–16.34 mm; ratio TaL/TL: 0.193 –0.196 in males and 0.143 –0.152 in females; VEN: 163–170; PV 2–3; SC: 62–73 pairs in males, 56–59 pairs in females; anal entire. DSR: 19–23:21:15–17 scales, rhomboid, moderately keeled, first row smooth. Rostral visible from above, one and a half times broader than high, triangular; nasal+first supralabial pentagonal, about as broad as high, undivided, nostril in the middle; one pair of enlarged internasals, in good contact with each other, slightly broader than long, about 4 times larger than adjacent upper snout scales; canthal scales between the internasal and corresponding supraocular, slightly larger than adjacent snout scales; 1 triangular loreal between lower preocular and second supralabial; two upper preoculars above the loreal pit, elongated, lower in contact with the loreal; lower preocular forms posterior - upper margin of loreal pit; 2/2 postoculars; 1 large, entire, long and narrow supraocular on each side; supraocular lightly indented on their inner margin by the upper head scales; scales on upper snout surface smooth, juxtaposed, irregular in shape, moderately but distinctly enlarged, typically looking like a juxtaposition of irregular paving stones; only 3 snout scales between internasals and supraoculars; cephalic and occipital scales smaller, irregular, juxtaposed, smooth and flat on upper head surface, scales confined on middle and occipital area slightly smaller than snout scales; temporal scales larger than cephalic and occipital scales, lightly swollen but not keeled; 10–12 cephalic scales in a line between supraoculars; 10/11 SL; 1st SL completely fused with nasal, forms irregular pentagonal shape, about as broad as high; 2nd SL high, slightly shorter than nasal+1 SL, forms the anterior border of loreal pit, 3rd SL largest, longest of all, about twice as long as 2nd SL, longer than high, in contact with the subocular; 4th SL distinctly shorter, more than 2/3 times as high as 3rd one, 5th and other posterior SL slightly smaller than 4th; both 4th and 5th SL separated from the subocular by one scale row, others in contact with the first lowest row of temporals; 11/13 IL, first pair in contact with each other behind mental, the first three pairs in contact with the anterior chin shields; 4/4+1 smooth gular scales; posterior chin shields nearly half of anterior chin shields. In life, green or yellowish green to yellow above. In preservative, the upper and lateral body surfaces uniformly dark brown or bluish. Ventrolateral stripe distinct; off - white or yellow (CESS535) in colour; the stripes largely restricted to last row of dorsal scales, not extending on to the edges of ventral scales. Ventral scales predominantly yellow and often outlined with dark brown. Upper and lower lip as yellowish as underside. A dark brown eye streak of about one scale breadth passing from upper of 2nd SL, upper of 3rd SL to scale row below suture to last 4 SL and finally forms the dark ventrolateral line below yellow - white line. More than half of tail rusty red which gradually turns darker towards tip. Eyes with greenish yellow iris and black vertically elliptical pupil. Tongue blackish pink, with tips slightly darker.</p><p>Remarks. Compared to the recent original description (Mirza et al. 2020), our sample size has increased (4 in Mirza et al. 2020 and 4 more in this work). The original description (Mirza et al. 2020) states some specimens as having 19 midbody scale rows, but in our study, that was not the case. All snakes consistently had 21 midbody scale rows. Anterior scale rows varied as 19–23. Rathee et al. (2021) also reported 21 rows for the Meghalaya specimens. In the original description, the relative tail lengths were 18% (males), 14% (females); our new data has expanded these values to up to 19% in males and 15% in females. The original description states that ventral scales in T. salazar range from 163–171, and that subcaudals range from 59–74 (sexes pooled). Rathee et al. (2021) reported the counts as 164–170 and 68–70 respectively. In our series of specimens, the corresponding ranges were 163–170 and 56–73, falling within the reported range (Mirza et al. 2020; Rathee et al. 2021) and showing consistent values. Between sexes, the subcaudal counts of males were as low as 62. Our specimens were also larger in length, TL: 659 mm (SVL 565 + TaL 94 mm) whereas it was 509 mm (SVL 415 + TaL 94) in Mirza et al. (2020) and comparable to the Meghalaya specimens 655–660 mm (SVL 555–560 + TaL 100–105; fide Rathee et al. 2021). Thus, our new morphological data, though consistent with the original description, is slightly outranging and expands the morphological characterization of this species.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat. Based on our new specimens and field observations, Trimereusrus salazar occurs as far west as Kanha National Park (22.334˚ N 80.611 ˚E 570 m), in the Seoni Hills and in Jashpur (22.875˚ N 84.137 ˚E 780 m) in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. In the north, it was found in northeast India along the Darjeeling slopes (27.041˚ N 88.266 ˚E, 210 m) and in the Eastern Himalaya, close to its type locality (26.968˚ N 93.013 ˚E, 172 m). In the east, it occurs near the Myanmar border abutting the Patkai hills (27.759N, 96.000˚E). Thus, judging by its current records, we hypothesize that T. salazar is distributed over a large swath of the wet forest belt of Central India and in the Chota Nagpur plateau, through the Siwalik ranges and eastwards onto the Patkai hills near the Myanmar border. More arid regions such as the Gwalior plateau to the west, the Himalayas in the north, the Patkai hills in the east and the Mahanadi River in the south (west) may act as barriers to its distribution. It is possible that the location of the name ‘Nagpur’ (Eastern Maharashtra) as associated with the label of the BMNH specimen might refer to ‘Chota Nagpur’ (Jharkhand–Bihar–Odisha), a much more northeasterly region (VS pers. obs.). However, the presence of T. salazar in the nearby Kanha National Park and the phrase ‘Central Province’, implies that ‘Nagpur’ might refer to the Seoni hills in the erstwhile boundaries of region. We also state here that the closest location to ‘Nagpur’ where T. salazar is expected to occur is in Bhander Forest Range (21.511˚N, 79.408˚E), 70 airline km north and then Gadchiroli Forest (20.115˚N, 80.076˚E), 150 airline km southeast.</p><p>One of us (VS) conducted fieldwork in Chattisgarh, Central India during May–September 2013 and recorded two sightings of T. salazar in subtropical seasonal woodlands and modified plantations abutting rural gardens. In most of the parts of its range, T. salazar has been repeatedly found around human settlements even in places where vegetation is much more restricted and disturbed. It prefers to stay at low to moderate heights in dense and low bushes, shrubs, and trees. Overall, judging by verified photographic records shared by colleagues, T. salazar appears to be continuously distributed from central - southern Nepal, from Kanha National Park of central India (in Madhya Pradesh) to Chota Nagpur Plateau (Chattisgarh), eastwards to Jharkhand, Bihar, northeast states of (northern) West Bengal, Sikkim, southern Bhutan, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram (see Discussion for Bhutan and Nepal records in literature). One of our localities—Kanha (Madhya Pradesh) is 250 airline km east off the historical record Nagpur (Maharashtra). Sympatric congeners recorded include T. gramineus in the Central Indian and Chota Nagpur regions and T. erythrurus in the Indo - Burmese regions in northeast India (see below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C0BBA14C21FFFCB5FEE8CF0130EE03C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vogel, Gernot;Mallik, Ashok Kumar;Chandramouli, S. R.;Sharma, Vivek;Ganesh, S. R.	Vogel, Gernot, Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Chandramouli, S. R., Sharma, Vivek, Ganesh, S. R. (2022): A review of records of the Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842 group from the Indian subcontinent: expanded description and range extension of Trimeresurus salazar, redescription of Trimeresurus septentrionalis and rediscovery of historical specimens of Trimeresurus davidi (Reptilia: Viperidae). Zootaxa 5175 (3): 343-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.2
6C0BBA14C212FFCB5FEE88A81276E383.text	6C0BBA14C212FFCB5FEE88A81276E383.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimeresurus davidi Chandramouli, Campbell & Vogel 2020	<div><p>Trimeresurus davidi Chandramouli, Campbell &amp; Vogel, 2020</p><p>(Fig. 1, 7)</p><p>Trimeresurus carinatus —Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867</p><p>Trimeresurus sp. — Regenass &amp; Kramer, 1981</p><p>Specimens Examined (n=2). India: NMW 23925:1 – 2, two females collected from “Madras” (see discussion for the precise locality) .</p><p>Description and Variation. Body moderately long; SVL 398, 282 mm (1 st and 2 nd specimens respectively), with a short, tapering tail (TaL 69, 50 mm). Original tail complete and relatively short in comparison to the body (TaL/TL 14%, 15%). Head large (HL 20.83, 16.46 mm), broad (HW 14.4, 10.19 mm). Eyes large (ED 2.96, 2.34 mm), nostril located close to the snout tip than to the eye (EN 3.7, 3.3 mm). Rostral not visible from above; nasal partly fused with the first SL; SL 11, 11; third largest, pentagonal in shape; loreal pits large and triangular; IL 14, 14; the first three in contact with the anterior chin shields; dorsal body scales feebly keeled; scales in 23:23:17 rows in both specimens. VEN 169, 170, extending to the full width of the belly; anal scale 1, 1; SC 58, 60, pairs. Head scales smooth, lacking carination. Cephalic scales in a line between the supraoculars 11, 10; preocular single; postoculars 2; supraocular vertically elongate and slender. A crescent shaped elongated subocular extending nearly throughout the lower surface of the orbit. Two relatively large internasals separated by a small scale in between. In preservation, dorsum greenish grey in both the specimens lacking any specific pattern; tail slightly brownish, with a pair of white, incomplete stripes on the subcaudals legible until nearly half the length of the tail. White lateral stripes absent on the body in both the specimens; a thin white supralabial stripe visible on both sides of the head in NMW 23925:1 but not in NMW 23925:2. Ventrals pale and unpatterned in both the specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C0BBA14C212FFCB5FEE88A81276E383	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vogel, Gernot;Mallik, Ashok Kumar;Chandramouli, S. R.;Sharma, Vivek;Ganesh, S. R.	Vogel, Gernot, Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Chandramouli, S. R., Sharma, Vivek, Ganesh, S. R. (2022): A review of records of the Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842 group from the Indian subcontinent: expanded description and range extension of Trimeresurus salazar, redescription of Trimeresurus septentrionalis and rediscovery of historical specimens of Trimeresurus davidi (Reptilia: Viperidae). Zootaxa 5175 (3): 343-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.2
6C0BBA14C215FFCE5FEE8AFE131FE7AC.text	6C0BBA14C215FFCE5FEE8AFE131FE7AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimeresurus septentrionalis Kramer 1977	<div><p>Trimeresurus septentrionalis Kramer, 1977</p><p>(Figures 1–2, 8–9)</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris septentrionalis Kramer, 1977</p><p>Trimeresurus septentrionalis — Giannasi et al. 2001</p><p>Trimeresurus albolabris septentrionalis —Leviton et al. 2003</p><p>Cryptelytrops septentrionalis — Malhotra &amp; Thorpe 2004</p><p>Trimeresurus (Trimeresurus) septentrionalis — David et al. 2011</p><p>Trimeresurus septentrionalis — Wallach et al. 2014</p><p>Specimens Examined (n=18). Holotype MHNG 1404.31 an adult male collected by H. Schnurrenburger between 1962 – 1964 (fide Kramer, 1977) from Pokhara (28˚15’N 83˚55’E; 1500 m asl), Nepal . Other material examined: MHNG 1400.24 – 39, 1404.2 – 30, 1404.32 – 47, from the type locality. CAS 135750, also from the type locality .</p><p>Remarks. Kramer (1977) while describing the new subspecies septentrionalis under T. albolabris, explicitly listed only MHNG 1404.31 as “ Holotypus ”. Whereas eleven other specimens from MHNG, BMNH (now NHMUK) and CHNM were listed only as “Material” unlike MHNG 675.92, 678.7, which were explicitly mentioned as “ Paratypen ” under the taxon insularis . Hence, we hereby confirm that T. albolabris septentrionalis does not have any paratypes and MHNG 1404.31 is the holotype, by monotypy.</p><p>Redescription of holotype. An adult male with a subcaudal incision; overall in good condition. Habitus slender; head triangular, flat on top, wider than mid - trunk, snout subovate in profile, bluntly rounded at tip; neck evident, slim compared to mid - trunk; canthus rostralis discernable; tail tapering to a fine point. Scales rather smooth along the lateral aspects of the body; obtusely keeled on dorsal aspect covering the vertebral and paravertebral rows, especially on the hinder half. Rostral slightly visible from above, much reduced; two large internasals that have broad midline contact; head scales rather flat, small; supraoculars bean - shaped, enlarged; right and left ones separated by 10 cephalic scales in line between them; preocular large; subocular elongate, crescent - shaped; postocular 1, very small; SL 11/10, first SL in contact with nasal; 2 nd SL forming anterior margin of loreal pit; 3 rd one large, contacting an elongate presubocular scale that borders the posterior margin of loreal pit; IL 12; mental wider than long; anterior genials larger than posterior series of genials; PV 3; VEN 164, mildly angulate laterally; anal scale 1; SC 79 pairs; DSR: 21:21:15. TL: 633.0 mm (SVL: 486.0 mm, TaL: 147.0 mm); TaL/TL: 23.2%; HL: 25.7 mm; HW: 14.1 mm; ED: 3.6 mm; END: 5.4 mm; ELD: 4.0 mm. Colouration in alcohol bluish overall; dorsum light blue all across the body, except for anterior parts of head that has brownish tinge, similarly the tail ending too has a brownish/brick - red tinge; mental and gular regions cream; venter of a lighter shade of blue than the dorsum; posterior parts of subcaudals with a reddish tinge; a distinct white streak from below the eye to up to jaw angle apparently continuing across neck as a white ventrolateral stripe extending posteriorly till tail base.</p><p>Variation. In general, agreeing well with the holotype and showing the following intra - specific variation: SVL: 252 – 701 mm; TaL: 58 – 147 mm; TaL/TL: 18.7 – 23.2% (males), 14.7 – 17.1% (females); HL: 16.3 – 36.8 mm; HW: 10.0 – 22.2 mm; DSR: 21 – 23 (near neck): 21(midbody): 15 – 17 (near tail), anterior rows 22 and 23 on three occasions, posterior rows 16 and 17 on two occasions; PV 1 – 2; V: 164 – 171; SC: 74 – 80 pairs (males), 56 – 66 pairs (females); SL 12; IL 13 – 14; white postocular streak absent on both sides in two male paratypes (out of 4 occasions); ventrolateral white stripe dark below, in one male paratype; postocular streak and ventrolateral white stripes absent in all female paratypes and other specimens.</p><p>Distribution and Habitat. Trimeresurus septentrionalis occurs in the Siwalik range and lower Himalaya in western and central parts of this mountain range (Kramer 1977; Regenass &amp; Kramer 1981) in Nepal and India. Recent works on Indian snakes were unable to shed light on this species (Das 2002; Whitaker &amp; Captain 2004). Subsequent treatments include those by Gumprecht et al. (2004). Recently, T. septentrionalis has been reported from the Kumaon region (Singh et al. 2017). While definitively known from the western and central Himalayan foothills of India, the presence of T. septentrionalis in Bangladesh is doubtful at best (Gumprecht et al. 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C0BBA14C215FFCE5FEE8AFE131FE7AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vogel, Gernot;Mallik, Ashok Kumar;Chandramouli, S. R.;Sharma, Vivek;Ganesh, S. R.	Vogel, Gernot, Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Chandramouli, S. R., Sharma, Vivek, Ganesh, S. R. (2022): A review of records of the Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842 group from the Indian subcontinent: expanded description and range extension of Trimeresurus salazar, redescription of Trimeresurus septentrionalis and rediscovery of historical specimens of Trimeresurus davidi (Reptilia: Viperidae). Zootaxa 5175 (3): 343-366, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.2
