identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6D19878BFF8FC733FF6CFAAA3494F831.text	6D19878BFF8FC733FF6CFAAA3494F831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeniacidon torquata Topsent 1916	<div><p>Hymeniacidon torquata Topsent, 1916</p><p>(Tables 1–3; Figures 2–5)</p><p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-65.166664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.13333/lat -65.166664)">Petermann Island</a> (65°10’ S, 64°08’ W), WAP (Topsent 1916) .</p><p>Material examined. All material was collected by C. a. Cárdenas from South Bay, Doumer Island (WAP) : MNRJ 20625, 20630, (P1, 64°52’28.1’’ S, 63°34’36.0’’ W), 10 m depth, 11 Jan 2016; MNRJ 20635, 20637, P1, 20 m depth, 13 Jan 2016; MNRJ 20649, (P2, 64°52’16.4’’ S, 63°33’51.6’’ W), 10 m depth, 12 Jan 2016; MNRJ 20667 (P4, 64°51’58.6” S, 63°37’46.7” W), 10 m depth, 19 Jan 2016; MNRJ 20674, 20678, 20679, 20680, P4, 20 m depth, 18 Jan 2016; MNRJ 20689, 20690, 20693, P1, 10 m depth, 29 Jan 2016; MNHNCL Por-15034, 15036, P1, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15039, 15041, P2, 10 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15047, 15050— 2 specimens, P4, 10 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15052— 2 specimens, P4, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15056, 15057— 4 specimens, 15058 (P7, 64°52’47.4” S, 63°35’50.8” W), 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15061— 2 specimens, P1, 10 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15069— 2 specimens, P1, 20 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15074, P2, 20 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15077, 15078, 15079, P4, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15082, P7, 10 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15083, P7, 20 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15086, P7, 20 m depth, Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15088— 2 specimens, P1, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15089, P4, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15090, P7, 10 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15091— 3 specimens, P7, 20 m depth, Jan 2017; MNHNCL Por-15092, P1, 10 m depth, 11 Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15093, P7, 20 m depth, 11 Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15094— 2 specimens (P8, 64°51’53.40’’ S, 63°37’36.15’’ W), 10 m depth, 11 Jan 2018; MNHNCL Por-15096 (P9, 64°52’12.0’’ S, 63°33’50.5’’ W), 20 m depth, 11 Jan 2018 .</p><p>Comparative material. ZMH S 2343, Hymeniacidon spec. Hentschel (1914: 125), off Wilhelm II Coast, Davis Sea (East Antarctica), 3397 m depth, March 1903, collection Gauss, coll. Deutsche Südpolar Expedition, 1901–1903.</p><p>Diagnosis. Hymeniacidon from Antarctica (shallow water) with encrusting to massive habit, oscules on ridges, irregular surface, bright-yellow color in vivo and a single category of (subtylo)styles, 240–585 × 4.2–14 µm (emended from Topsent 1916, 1917).</p><p>Description. Habit, massive with some encrusting parts (Figs. 2 A–G). In the conserved material, body rather cavernous. Surface, microhispid, very irregular, rugose to verrucose. Surface with a membrane not easily removable (viz., removable in flakes), bordering (specimens in vivo) or partially recovering oscules (specimens in preservative). Oscules, scattered, usually at the top of volcano-like elevations (up to 0.5 cm high from specimens in vivo) or just on the surface, ca. 5 mm in diameter (specimens in vivo) and ca. 2 mm in diameter (specimens in preservative). Pores, several and scattered. Consistency, compressible and slightly brittle. Color, in vivo bright yellow, pale orange after collection (exposed to the air) and pale-beige to dirty-beige in preservative. A few specimens with a light-brown color in preservative too (Figs. 3 A–I).</p><p>Skeleton. Choanosomal region with several well-structured, ascending, multispicular tracts of styles in a reticulation. Ectosomal region with bundles of styles piercing the surface slightly. Further, bundles of styles in a (para)tangential arrangement on the surface or fanning out in bouquets or brushes beneath the surface. Usually adjacent bouquets and/or brushes slightly overlap. Several wide and round canals in choanosomal and subectosomal regions, usually up to 500 µm diameter in the former, and 300 µm diameter in the latter (Figs. 4 A–E).</p><p>Spicules. Megascleres (Tables 2–3): Styles to subtylostyles (Figs. 5 A–F), curved to slightly sinuous, slightly fusiform and smooth. Base, usually slightly swollen, sometimes with knob (one or more) on the swelling. Tip, usually acerate: 240– 410.7 (59.7)–585 × 4.2– 10.5 (1.6)– 14 µm. Juveniles forms slender.</p><p>Ecology, bathymetry and distribution. Specimens occur on hard substrates, which are normally covered by encrusting calcareous algae. Many specimens were associated with brown, red algae and bryozoans. The species is common in South Bay at Doumer Island, WAP. It occurs in shallow water, 25 m depth (Topsent 1908, 1916, 1917; Koltun 1964), and 10 and 20 m depth from the present study. It occurs in WAP: Graham Coast (Koltun 1964), Anvers Island (Topsent 1908), Petermann Island—type locality (Topsent 1916, 1917), and Doumer Island (present study).</p><p>Remarks. The habit, skeleton, type of spicules as well as measurements of spicules of the material analyzed fit the original description of H. torquata . Although this species has been recorded in WAP by previous studies (Topsent 1916, 1917; Koltun 1964), we present re-description based on in situ photos and a large series of specimens; n= 51 (total examined) and n= 13 (with spicules measurements). Presently described materials are nearly topotypical; Petermann Island (the type locality) is only ca. 41 km. We feel thus appropriate to propose an amended diagnosis for the species (see above), so it can be easier to recognize it in the field.</p><p>Hymeniacidon torquata is a shallow water species from the Antarctic Peninsula (Topsent 1908, 1916, 1917; Koltun 1964; and present study), recorded only down to 25 m depth. However, Topsent (1916, 1917) mentioned a possible occurrence in very deep waters (3397 m) from East Antarctica; have suggested the material from the Gauss scientific collection named as Hymeniacidon spec. by Hentschel (1914: 25) might belong in this species. We have, nevertheless, examined the latter and it does not fit in H. torquata . Rather, we believe this specimen to belong in a new species, which we propose and describe below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D19878BFF8FC733FF6CFAAA3494F831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Bravo-Gómez, Diego;Cárdenas, César A.;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Bravo-Gómez, Diego, Cárdenas, César A., Hajdu, Eduardo (2020): Sponges from Doumer Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with description of new species of Clathria (Axosuberites) Topsent, 1893 and Hymeniacidon Bowerbank, 1858, and a re-description of H. torquata Topsent, 1916. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 77-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.4
6D19878BFF83C72BFF6CF91E34D3FD88.text	6D19878BFF83C72BFF6CF91E34D3FD88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeniacidon hentscheli Fernandez & Bravo-Gómez & Cárdenas & Hajdu 2020	<div><p>Hymeniacidon hentscheli sp. nov.</p><p>(Table 3; Figures 6–7)</p><p>Type locality. East Antarctica: Off Wilhelm II Coast (north sector), Davis Sea .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype—ZMH S 2343, Hymeniacidon spec. (Hentschel 1914: 125), Gauss scientific collection, March 1093, coll. Deutsche Südpolar expedition, 1901–1903.</p><p>Diagnosis. Hymeniacidon from Antarctica (deep water) with encrusting habit, simple round oscules and a single category (subtylo)styles, 341–1024 × 6.4–25.3 µm.</p><p>Description. From one flattened piece (encrusting habit) of the remaining preserved material (Figs. 6 A–C); dimension, 2.6 length × 1.2 wide 0.3 thick cm. Consistency, compressible and slightly brittle. Surface, hispid and slightly irregular. Oscules scattered and as simple apertures, ca. 1 mm in diameter. Pores, several and scattered. Color, unknown in vivo and grayish-beige in preservative.</p><p>Skeleton. Ectosomal region with (para)tangential bundles of styles or, alternatively, fanning out in bouquets or brushes obliquely to the surface. In addition, several debris (sandy grains) can be seen (Fig. 6 D). Choanosomal region with several wide and rounded canals throughout the skeleton, up to ca. 1000 wide, and multispicular tracts of styles in a slightly irregular mesh (Fig. 6E).</p><p>Spicules. Megascleres (Table 3): Styles (Figs. 7 A–B, slightly curved, mostly fusiform, smooth and bearing an occasional annular swell close to the base. Tip, usually acerate: 341– 703.5 (160.1)–1024 × 6.4– 14.8 (3.9)– 25.3 µm (n= 100). Juvenile forms slender.</p><p>Ecology, distribution and bathymetry. Ecological data were recorded for this species. So far, it is known only from its type locality, in the deep waters of East Antarctica.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet hentscheli honours Dr Ernst Hentschel, who greatly contributed to the knowledge of sponges from Antarctica and other marine areas, and was the first scientist to describe the new species, albeit not recognizing it as new.</p><p>Remarks. The material analyzed here has been related to H. torquata by Koltun (1964) and Topsent (1916, 1917). However, we found an encrusting habit, oscules as simple openings, larger and thicker styles (341–1024 × 6.4–25 µm), while H. torquata has an encrusting to massive habit, oscules usually at the top of ridges (volcano-like elevations; e.g., Fig. 2E), smaller and thinner styles (240–585 × 4.2–14 µm) (see description in this study). Furthermore, the material analyzed here was collected in 3397 m depth in East Antarctica, while H. torquata has been recorded only from WAP, and only down to 25 m depth (Topsent 1908, 1916, 1917; Koltun 1964; and data from present study).</p><p>Measurements of spicules found are relatively close to those of H. centrotyla Hentschel, 1914 . This latter species is reported from the Gauss scientific collection as well (Hentschel 1914: 125). However, H. centrotyla was col- lected in shallower depths (viz., 380 m), has an encrusting habit with a nearly spherical shape at its central region, and smaller and thinner styles which are usually centrotylote or polytylote (512–648 × 6–7.5 µm). The material analyzed here was collected much deeper (3397 m depth), has a lamellate habit, and larger and thicker (subtylo)styles (341–1024 × 6.4–25 µm).</p><p>Among species of Hymeniacidon from Antarctica and cold temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, only H. insutus Koltun, 1964 from Elephant Island (South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica) has measurements of styles approaching those found here. However, H. insutus has two categories of styles, including larger and considerably thicker ones (1000–1500 × 34–50 µm and 390–660 × 10–16 µm), while the material analyzed by us barely reaches 1000 µm in length and 25 µm in thickness.</p><p>Based on the information presented above, we feel confident that Hentschel’s (1914) material provisionally identified as Hymeniacidon spec. is indeed a new species, here named H. hentscheli sp. nov., differing significantly and sufficiently from species deemed more closely related, such as H. centrotyla, H. insutus and H. torquata, occurring in the same biogeographic area (Table 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D19878BFF83C72BFF6CF91E34D3FD88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Bravo-Gómez, Diego;Cárdenas, César A.;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Bravo-Gómez, Diego, Cárdenas, César A., Hajdu, Eduardo (2020): Sponges from Doumer Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with description of new species of Clathria (Axosuberites) Topsent, 1893 and Hymeniacidon Bowerbank, 1858, and a re-description of H. torquata Topsent, 1916. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 77-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.4
6D19878BFF98C723FF6CFB8A343FFF3C.text	6D19878BFF98C723FF6CFB8A343FFF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathria (Axosuberites) retamalesi Fernandez & Bravo-Gómez & Cárdenas & Hajdu 2020	<div><p>Clathria (Axosuberites) retamalesi sp. nov.</p><p>(Table 4; Figures 8–10)</p><p>Type locality. Doumer Island, WAP .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype—MNRJ 20638, South Bay, Doumer Island (WAP), (P1, 64°52’27.0’’ S, 63°34’34.5’’ W), 20 m depth, 13 Jan 2016, coll. C. A. Cárdenas.</p><p>Diagnosis. Clathria (Axosuberites) from Antarctica (shallow waters), with massive to slightly subspherical habit, bright orange color in vivo, large choanosomal styles (up to ca. 1500 × 47 µm), auxiliary subectosomal styles, in two categories (total range 350–990 × 10–25 µm), auxiliary ectosomal styles (up to ca. 370 × 7 µm) and toxas of common shape in four size categories (total range 28–520 µm).</p><p>Description. Habit, massive and slightly subspherical, bushy, comprising a large number of adjacent cylindrical projections (ca. 1.5 mm diameter) aligned longitudinally frequently connected to each other by thin tissue strings (contracted in preservative). A translucent thin membrane covers whole body (in life). Consistency, firm, barely compressible and slightly brittle. Surface, with numerous branches, covered by a strongly adhered thin membrane. Oscules, simple apertures. Color in vivo, bright orange, turning beige in ethanol (Figs. 8 A–F).</p><p>Skeleton. Extra-axial plumoreticulate skeleton (Fig. 9A) with bouquets of small ectosomal auxiliary styles piercing the surface in a perpendicular or oblique way, supported by bundles of subectosomal auxiliary styles (smaller category) and tracts of choanosomal main styles reinforced by subectosomal auxiliary styles (larger category) (Figs. 9 B–C). Choanosome with axially-compressed ascending tracts of choanosomal principal styles, reinforced by subectosomal auxiliary styles (larger category); styles protrude through tracts (Figs. 9 D–E). Different sizes of toxas scattered throughout the skeleton.</p><p>Spicules. Megascleres (Table 4): Choanosomal principal styles (Figs. 10 A–B), stout, slightly fusiform, slightly curved, and completely smooth. Base, slightly swollen and narrow, acerate tip: 1015– 1176.6 (109.2)–1458.5 × 25– 35.4 (6.6)– 47 µm (n= 30). Larger subectosomal auxiliary styles (Figs. 10 C–D), thinner and smaller than the previous category, curved to slightly sinuous, completely smooth, with a base slightly swollen and an acerate tip: 715– 843.2 (74.6)–990 × 20– 22.2 (1.8)– 25 µm (n= 30). Smaller subectosomal auxiliary styles (Figs. 10 E–F), similar to the previous subectosomal auxiliary styles but with smaller size: 350– 504.7 (78.7)–628 × 10– 13 (1.9)– 16 µm (n= 30). Ectosomal auxiliary styles (Figs. 10 G–H), smaller than all previous categories, thin, straight, smooth, with very small spines at the base: 216– 270 (45.1)–370 × 5– 5.9 (0.6)– 7 µm (n= 30). Microscleres (Table 4): Toxas I (Fig. 10I), completely smooth, slender, tapering gradually to sharp points: 249– 351.3 (75.9)– 520 µm (n= 30). Toxas II (Figs. 10J, 10M), much smaller than toxas I, but with similar shape: 98– 138.2 (22.5)– 168 µm (n= 30). Toxas III (Figs. 10K, 10N), much smaller than toxas II, with similar shape, but with tips slightly raised (tricurved): 67– 73.4 (6.8)– 88.7 µm (n= 30). Toxas IV (Figs. 10L, 10O), much smaller than toxas III, completely smooth, shape more similar to toxas I and II: 28– 33.8 (5.2)– 42 µm (n= 30).</p><p>Ecology, bathymetry and distribution. The specimen was collected from hard substrates, over encrusting calcareous algae, growing close to red and brown algae and other sponge species; viz., Mycale acerata and Sphaerotylus antarcticus . Isopods were present in its choanosomal region. It occurs in shallow waters (20 m depth).</p><p>Etymology. The name of this species honors Dr José Retamales, former director of the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH), for his enormous contribution to the development, improvement and increase of research activities carried out by the Chilean Antarctic Program, and other Antarctic programs in the WAP.</p><p>Remarks. Most species of Clathria (Axosuberites) have been recorded from the Southern Hemisphere (14 of 19 species) (van Soest et al. 2019), but only five of them are known from Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region; viz., C. (A.) flabellata (Topsent, 1916), C. (A.) georgiaensis Hooper, 1996, C. (A.) nidificata (Kirkpatrick, 1907), C. (A.) ramea (Koltun, 1964) and C. (A.) rosita Goodwin, Brewin &amp; Brickle, 2012 . All known species of C. (A.) have their data tabulated here (Table 4).</p><p>The combination of absence of chelae and presence of toxas sets C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov. apart from most species of C. (A.), aside C. (A.) flabellata, C. (A.) nidificata, C. (A.) ramea and C. (A.) rosita . These species are contrasted to the new one in greater detail below. In addition to the combined lack of chelae and presence of toxas, the new species can be easily distinguished from all known C. (A.) by a combination of subspherical habit, bright orange color, choanosomal principal styles approaching 1500 × 50 µm, auxiliary subectosomal styles up to ca. 1000 × 25 µm, auxiliary ectosomal styles reaching over 370 × 7 µm, and toxas 28–520 µm long.</p><p>The Antarctic C. (A.) flabellata is flabelliform, possesses quite smaller choanosomal styles (ca. 500–1000 × 20 µm), a single category of auxiliary styles, and toxas which seem never to reach over 300 µm in length. All these characters set it confidently apart from the new species proposed.</p><p>Despite the fact that C. (A.) nidificata and C. (A.) ramea possess choanosomal styles with dimensions (viz., 595–1140 × 21–61 µm and 700–1500 × 21–42 µm, respectively) near to those of the new species (viz., 1015–1458 × 23–47 µm), the former has a claviform-flabellate habit and totally lacks auxiliary subectosomal styles, while C. (A.) ramea has a digitiform habit and larger auxiliary ectosomal styles (up to 870 × 10 µm). The new species has thicker auxiliary subectosomal styles (in two categories; total range 350–990 × 10–25 µm). Thus, all three species are easily distinguished from each other.</p><p>Clathria (A.) rosita from South Georgia, sub-Antarctic region, has relatively similar habit and color to C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov., viz., massive with numerous short branches and an orange color in life (Goodwin et al. 2012: 13, Fig. 7A). However, the new species is set apart from C. (A.) rosita by its larger choanosomal principal styles (1015–1458 × 23–47 µm vs. 272–385 × 11–19 µm), smaller auxiliary subectosomal styles (in two categories, larger 715–990 × 20–25 µm and smaller 350–628 × 10–16 µm, vs. one category, 357– 597 –1012 × 15– 20 – 31 µm) and toxas with relatively uniform appearance (all categories are slender vs. smaller category is a stout oxhorntoxas). Furthermore, C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov. has larger toxas than C. (A.) rosita (28–520 µm long vs. 7–328 µm long).</p><p>Given the rationale above, we consider C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov. to be clearly distinct from every known species of C. (A.) (Table 4). More importantly, there are neat differences in many characters of habit and spiculation setting it apart from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species, which might otherwise be confused. The new species is now the sixth species of C. (A.) known from Antarctica and the twentieth worldwide.</p><p>Unfortunately two morphotypes of Microcionidae from Doumer Island (viz., Microcionidae sp. 1 and Microcionidae sp. 2) were not identified (Supplementary table 1), but they are different from C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov. due to spicultion (pers. obs.).</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Hooper (1996) has mentioned Clathria as being possibly a polyphyletic group due to presence of several subgenus, which are defined by homoplasious morphological characters. Molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the genus Clathria is polyphyletic (Redmond et al. 2013; Thacker et al. 2013) as well as some of its subgenera (Redmond et al. 2013). Unfortunately, no Axosuberites subgenera was included in previous molecular phylogenetic studies (Morrow &amp; Cárdenas 2015). A molecular phylogenetic analysis for the specimen examined in the present study is suggested in order to solve its systematic positioning since it has all diagnostic characters of Axosuberites; viz., i) compressed axial skeleton, ii) a well-differentiated plumoreticulated extra-axial skeleton, and iii) an ectosomal skeleton with smaller auxiliary styles (Hooper 1996; Hooper &amp; van Soest 2002). In addition, it is advice evaluate the possibility of C. (A.) retamalesi sp. nov. being closely related to C. (A.) rosita since it displays several morphological features present in the later.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D19878BFF98C723FF6CFB8A343FFF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Bravo-Gómez, Diego;Cárdenas, César A.;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Bravo-Gómez, Diego, Cárdenas, César A., Hajdu, Eduardo (2020): Sponges from Doumer Island, Antarctic Peninsula, with description of new species of Clathria (Axosuberites) Topsent, 1893 and Hymeniacidon Bowerbank, 1858, and a re-description of H. torquata Topsent, 1916. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 77-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.4
