identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
657CC410926CFFC97DDAFC83FF0CFF3B.text	657CC410926CFFC97DDAFC83FF0CFF3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa interrupta (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>The Trachusa interrupta species complex</p><p>The Trachusa interrupta species complex belongs to the subgenus Trachusa (Paraanthidium) and comprises eight species: Trachusa interrupta (Fabricius, 1781), T. integra (Eversmann, 1852) stat. resurr., T. anatolica sp. n., T. varia (Olivier, 1789) stat. resurr., T. maghrebensis sp. n., T. heinzi Dubitzky, 2007, T. grandicornis sp. n., and T. taurica sp. n.</p><p>Description. The description given here characterises all species of the complex. The colouration of the maculation is yellow (cream, ivory) in seven species and red in one species only ( T. varia).</p><p>Female. 10–14 mm. Clypeus yellow or red, with relatively wide, black apical margin; mandible with one large apical and three smaller, obtuse teeth; yellow or red paraocular area reaching top of eye; supraclypeal area yellow/ red; gena with yellow/red maculation of varying size (extending over almost the entire gena in some species); antenna dark; scutum black, often with a yellow or red L-shaped or boomerang-shaped anterolateral stripe; scutellum overhanging metanotum, shallowly emarginate in the middle; scutellum and axillae black or black with up to four yellow/red spots; pronotal lobe with sharp lamella; tegula bi-coloured black/brown and yellow/red; T1–T4 black with yellow or red bands, uninterrupted, interrupted or attenuated medially; tibiae and tarsi golden yellow or orangeyellow, tibiae often with some longish black maculation on inner sides; wings dark brown infuscated; ventral scopa white.</p><p>Male. 11–15 mm. Clypeus yellow with crenulated or finely serrate apical margin; mandible narrow, yellow, with three black, subacute teeth; antenna longer than in female; scape yellow beneath; scutum entirely black or black with yellow L-shaped or boomerang-shaped anterolateral stripe; scutellum and axillae with up to four yellow spots; terga with yellow bands, often interrupted on anterior terga; T6 yellow with dark V-shaped anterior maculation and lamellate distal projection medially; T7 lamellate with a deep rounded emargination apically; gonoforceps Y-shaped with one longer, yellow arm protruding beyond metasoma and visible dorsally; S2 with long whitish hair which covers combs when abdomen is curled inward in resting position; two small median subapical patches of black bristles often present on S4; S3 with a deep V-shaped median emargination; median combs of black bristles on rim of S5.</p><p>The closest relative is Trachusa (Paraanthidium) dumerlei (Warncke, 1980), which has a similar habitus and colour pattern. The male is distinguished by the shape of the genitalia [gonoforceps bifid with deep emargination in the interrupta complex (Figs 17, 41) vs. shallow emargination between arms in T. dumerlei (figure in Kasparek 2017a: 103)] and the form of the black combs on S6 [combs extend to the lateral apices in the interrupta complex (Fig. 17) but not reaching the apices in T. dumerlei (figure in Kasparek 2017a: 103)]. The female of T. dumerlei has an interrupted yellow band on T5 (never interrupted in the T. interrupta complex), mandibles with yellow colouration (entirely black in the interrupta complex), and a big yellow maculation on the mesepisternum (black with at most a very small yellow spot in the interrupta complex). Detailed descriptions and illustrations are given in Kas- parek (2017a). Trachusa dumerlei is here considered to be sufficiently distinct and is not placed in the interrupta complex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC410926CFFC97DDAFC83FF0CFF3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC410926FFFC57DDAFE8BFA7EFB93.text	657CC410926FFFC57DDAFE8BFA7EFB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa anatolica Kasparek 2020	<div><p>Trachusa anatolica sp. n.</p><p>(Figs 4–7, 9, 11)</p><p>Anthidium interruptum Fabricius, 1787 (partim).— T. anatolica was not distinguished from A. interruptum and many published records refer to this taxon.</p><p>Holotype. Female, Turkey: Bitlis, Nemrut Dağı, 2300 m, 15.viii. 1991, K. Warncke leg., Anthidium interruptum K. Warncke labelled 2015 (OLL) .— Paratypes: 44♀ 18♂ same data (OLL, some Paratypes will be transferred to NHMUK and ZMB) .</p><p>Other material examined (N=31). ARMENIA. 1♀ 40 km E Jerewan, Gechard 1200 m, 13.vii.1987, J. Oehlke leg. (DEI) .— TAJIKISTAN. 1♂ Dushanbe: Varzob [Warsob], 2000 m, 09.vii.1987, K. Bleyl leg. (DEI) .— TUR- KEY. 1♂ Asia Minor 1890, coll. Friese (ZMB) ; 4♀ 20 km S of Ankara, 02.viii.1979, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ 4♂ Akşehir [Ak Chehir], 1900, Korb leg. (ZSM) ; 1♂ ibid., 1.– 10.7.1928, coll. Wagner-Wien (OLL); 1♀ Konya, Palaz Dağı, Taşkent, 1500–1600 m, 04.viii.1992, J. A. W. Lucas leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ Sivas prov.: Çamlıbel Geçidi, 1650 m, 29.vii.1987, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ Erzincan, Kolçekmezdağı Geçidi, S side, 1700 m, 26.vii.1989, J. A. W. Lucas leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Gümüşhane, 1200 m, 12.vii.1985, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 3♀ 2♂ Bitlis, Nemrut Dağı, 2850 m, 08.viii.1986, K. Warncke leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ 1♂ Hakkâri, W Serpil / Mt. Cilo, 1800 m, 07.–08.viii.1982, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ Hakkâri S of Beytüşsebap, 10.viii.1983, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 4♂ Hakkâri, Suvari-Halil-Pass E of Beytüşsebap, 2300 m, 03.viii.1982, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ ibid. 2400 m, 11.viii.1983, K. Warncke leg. (OLL); 1♂ Hakkâri: 10 km NE Dağlıca [Oramar], 1700 m, 29.vi.1985, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ 1♂ Hakkâri: Varagöz [Varegöz], Sat Dağı, 1650 m, 07.viii.1983, K. Warncke leg. (OLL, cMS) ; 1♀ Hakkâri, Sat Dağı, Shagulut SW Yük- sekova, 1700 m, 4.– 8.8.1982, W. Schacht leg. (OLL) ; 2♂ ibid., 1700 m, 29.vi.1985, W. Schacht leg. (cMS, OLL); 1♀ Mountain pass W of Hakkâri, Altin Dağlar, 2600–3000 m, 13.viii.1979, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ;</p><p>Material aff. anatolica (N=3). 2♀ Bursa [Brussa], 1863, J. Mann leg. (OLL); 1♀ Bursa prov.: Incirli 15 km N Yenişehir, 31.vii.1988, M. Madl leg. (cMS).</p><p>Description. Female. Gena with large yellow maculation that reaches lower end of eye and contacts inner eye orbit (Figs 4B, 7); hind margin of vertex slightly curled up; T1–T2 with yellow bands interrupted by wide gap, T3 with contiguous lateral bands; bands on other terga uninterrupted (Figs 4A, 11); pronotal lobe entirely dark or dark with outer half yellow (Fig. 4B); scutum with L-shaped anterolateral yellow stripe; scutellum with two L-shaped anterolateral yellow stripes, axilla with one yellow spot (Fig. 4A); mid-femur with yellow stripe extending from base to at least middle, mostly to apex of femur; inner hind tibia yellow in 95% of all cases.</p><p>Male. T1–T2 with lateral yellow bands widely separated medially (Fig. 5A); pronotal lobe black (yellow in 10.8% of cases); hind margin of vertex slightly curled up; yellow maculation on mesosoma variable: mostly narrow lateral stripe on scutum near tegula and one yellow dot laterally on scutellum; axilla normally black (Fig. 5A); midfemur with yellow stripe extending from base to near apex (Fig. 5B); inner hind tibia mostly yellow.</p><p>The pubescence of vertex and scutellum in both sexes is short with brownish erect hair that dooes not hide the underlying colour pattern.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. The female is clearly distinguished from most other species of the complex by its broadly yellow genae which are in contact with the inner orbits of the eyes (Figs 4B, 7). This character is shared only with T. heinzi, which has an obtuse pronotal projection (Fig. 15A); pronotal lobes mostly completely dark or dark anteriorly and yellow distally (entirely yellow in T. heinzi); yellow bands on T1–T2 interrupted by wide gaps (uninterrupted or interrupted with contiguous or subcontiguous lateral bands in T. heinzi); inner hind tibiae yellow (yellow with black maculations in T. heinzi). See Table 3 for other, sometimes overlapping characters. About one third of all females of T. anatolica have yellow on the pronotal lobes, two thirds have entirely dark lobes. The yellow, if present, is always found on the lateral parts of the lobes and clearly distinguish this species from T. heinzi and T. integra, which have entirely yellow lobes with central brown spots.</p><p>The male of T. anatolica is distinguished from T. grandicornis and T. taurica by the shorter antennae, from T. integra by the dark (not yellow) pronotal lobes. The colour pattern is similar to T. interrupta but has relatively rich yellow colouration on the outer sides of the mid-femora. The yellow longitudinal stripes extend at least over half the femoral lengths. This feature is found only rarely in T. interrupta (mostly in the Iberian population).</p><p>The hind margin of the vertex is slightly curled up in both sexes, a feature shared with T. heinzi . While this character is conspicuous when a series of specimens is examined, it may be difficult in the identification of single specimens as other species sometimes also have slightly curled-up hind margins of the vertex.</p><p>The pronotum has a slight elevation at the dorsolateral angle in both sexes. This elevation is, however, significantly lower than the obtuse projection in T. heinzi .</p><p>The differences between T. anatolica and T. interrupta are conspicuous in females, and less conspicuous in males, and with some overlaps with other species of the complex. In order to test whether there are structural differences in the male and whether they show (if any) abrupt or continuous transitions between these two taxa the antennal lengths were compared. In order to exclude the influence of intraspecific geographic variation, only the T. interrupta populations in Bulgaria and Greece, which have a distribution nearest to T. anatolica (nearest neighbour), were used for comparison. Despite some overlap, the antennal lengths clearly differed between males (Figs 8, 9): the average length of segments 4–6 was 0.37± 0.029 in T. anatolica (N=37) and 0.43± 0.026 in T. interrupta from Bulgaria and Greece (N=29). The difference was statistically highly significant (p&lt;0.0001; t-test). In the shorter antennae of the females the differences were smaller (0.18±0.013, N=64, in T. anatolica, and 0.20±0.010, N=16, in T. interrupta), but also highly significant (p&lt;0.0001).</p><p>Distribution. Trachusa anatolica is found in Turkey, Armenia and Tajikistan (Fig. 19). There is a gap of more than 2000 km between the records from eastern Turkey and Armenia and those from Tajikistan. Within Turkey the species is widely distributed but is only patchily distributed in south and southwestern Turkey and in the Black Sea region. Material from Bursa Province is provisionally attributed to this species (some characters show affiliation to T. interrupta, see below), and this location marks the western limit of its distribution. In the south and south-east of Turkey, it is replaced by T. grandicornis, T. taurica and T. heinzi . Most of the material was collected in high mountainous areas at altitudes greater than 1000 m: Hakkâri in eastern Turkey (1650–2850 m), Tajikistan (2000 m), Armenia (1200 m), Sivas (1650 m), Erzincan (1700 m), Gümüşhane (1200 m), Akşehir (1030 m), Ankara (1170 m) and Konya (1500–1600 m). Only the collecting site near Bursa is 350 m a.s.l., which is a considerably lower altitude. Confirmation of species identity is required for this location.</p><p>Biology. The species was found on the wing between late June and mid-August. This late flying period seems to be correlated with its occurrence at high altitudes.</p><p>Derivatio nominis. The name refers to Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey, where the type locality is situated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC410926FFFC57DDAFE8BFA7EFB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC4109263FFC17DDAF883FE96FCD7.text	657CC4109263FFC17DDAF883FE96FCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa grandicornis Kasparek 2020	<div><p>Trachusa grandicornis sp. n.</p><p>(Figs 7, 9–13)</p><p>Material (all Turkey). HOLOTYPE: Male, Muğla prov.: Akyaka (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.2/lat 37.033333)">Çardak</a>, 37°02’N 28°12’E), 300m, flying at Oregano, 15.v.2013. (cMK, to be transferred to OLL) .— PARATYPES (21♀, 19♂, Akyaka env., Muğla prov.; cMK, partly to be transferred to NHMUK, OLL and ZMB) : 7♀ Kıran nr. Akyaka, 11.vi.2014 ; 2♀ 1♂ Çınar nr. Akyaka, 17.vi.2014, 04.vi.2015 and 07.vi.2015 ; 2♀ 3♂ Yeşilova, 13./ 14.vi.2014 and 25.v.2015 ; 1♀ 10♂ Çardak (300 m), 15.v.2013 and 19.v.2015 ; 3♀ 4♂ Köyceğiz: Toparlar (waterfall), 14.–16.v.2013, 14.vi.2013, 16.vi.2014 ; 7♀ Muğla prov.: Köyceğiz, 15.vi.2016 .</p><p>Other material examined (all Turkey, N=32): 1♀ 1♂ Muğla prov.: Kıran nr. Akyaka, 11.vi.2014, M. Kasparek leg. (cMK) ; 1♂ Muğla prov.: Köyceğiz (Toparlar: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.633333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.633333/lat 37.0)">Waterfall</a> [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.633333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.633333/lat 37.0)">Şelale</a>], 37°00’N 28°38’E), 85m, 16.v.2013 (cMK) ; 1♂ Muğla prov.: Akyaka ( Çardak), 19.v.2015, M. Kasparek leg. (cMK) ; 1♂ Muğla prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.366667/lat 37.15)">Derinkuyu</a> (37°09‘N 28°22‘E), 720 m, 26.vi.–3.vii.2015, M. Barták &amp; Š. Kubík leg. (cJS) ; 3♀ 8km NE Isparta (37°52‘N 30°40‘E), 1020m, 09.vii.2006, J. Halada leg. (cMS); 1♀ 20 km E Alanya, 16.vi.1997, Ma. Halada leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Fethiye [Makri] (OLL) ; 1♂ Furnas [near Patara/Finike, S Turkey], May 1842, S. Loew leg. (ZMB) ; 4♀ 2♂ 45 km NNE Antalya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.216667/lat 37.0)">Sağırın</a> env. (37°00‘N 31°13‘E), 85 m, 19.vi.2001, J. Hájek &amp; J. Straka leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ 50 km NNE Antalya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.116665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.216667/lat 37.116665)">4 km S Beşkonak</a> (37°07‘N 31°13‘E), 200 m 18.–19.vi.2001, M. Fikaček, J. Hájek &amp; J. Straka leg. (cJS) ; 6♀ Pass nr. Antalya, Akseki, 24.vii.1981, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ ibid., 25.vii.1981, K. Warncke leg., (OLL); 1♀ Mut, 10.vi.1965, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Mut, 8.–13.vi.1965, J. Gusenleitner leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ 1♂ Silifke, 26.v.2001, M. Snižek leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Mersin [Içel]] prov.: Aslanköy, 1900 m, 20.vi.1985, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Pozantı, 3.–6.vii.1983, J. Hladil leg. coll. Kocourek (cMS) ; 1♂ 45 km N Adana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.2/lat 37.383335)">1 km W Boztahta</a> (37°23‘N 35°12‘E), M. Fikaček, J. Hájek &amp; J. Straka leg. (cJS) .</p><p>Notes. One of several specimens collected at Akyaka (Muğla prov., Turkey) is much smaller and has a slightly different colour pattern but it has the long antennae of T. grandicornis . This stunted, abnormally developed specimen was not included in the morphometric analysis. Some of the material in CMS, cJS and OLL had been labelled as “ Anthidium tauricum sp. n. ” or “ Trachusa taurica sp. n. ”, some of them also as paratypes. The distinctness of T. grandicornis and T. taurica was not previously recognised.</p><p>Description. Female. Tergal patterns (Fig. 10A) quite variable; yellow bands on T1–T2 medially interrupted mostly by wide gaps (rarely contiguous in centre); T3 mostly uninterrupted (specimens with contiguous lateral bands rare); inner ends of lateral bands on T3 slender, tapering towards centre with pointed ends; scutum with Lshaped anterolateral yellow stripes, scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Fig. 10A); mid-femur with yellow stripe normally almost reaching distal end (Fig. 10C); inner side of hind tibia black; pronotal lobe black.</p><p>Male. Antenna very long, average length of Sg4–Sg6 ≥ 0.55 mm (mean 0.59 mm) (Fig. 13); scutum with lateral yellow stripe or L-shaped anterolateral stripe; scutellum with two yellow spots; yellow spot on axilla not always present (Fig. 10B); yellow band on T1 interrupted by a wide gap, bands on T2 and T3 uninterrupted but gradually narrowing medially (Fig. 10A); mid-femur with yellow stripe reaching at least to middle, mostly to distal end; inner side of hind tibia black (Fig. 10D); pronotal lobe black.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. The most visible feature that distinguishes the male of T. grandicornis from all its congeners are the extremely long antennae, even longer than in T. taurica and T. heinzi . When bent backwards, they extend beyond the scutum and sometimes beyond the scutellum while in all other species of the complex they reach at most the centre of the scutum. Segments Sg4–Sg6 are ≥0.55 (average 0.59 mm), while the maximum in the other species is 0.54 mm. By far most of the specimens can unambiguously be identified by the length of the antennae alone, but occasional overlap of this character with T. taurica and T. heinzi may occur. The absence of an obtuse projection on the dorsolateral side of the pronotum and the yellow maculation on the scutum, being confined to a lateral stripe or entirely absent (boomerang-shaped yellow anterolateral maculation in T. heinzi) distinguishes T. grandicornis from T. heinzi . The male of T. grandicornis is distinguished from T. taurica by the yellow tergal pattern: only the band on T1 is interrupted in T. grandicornis, while in T. taurica the bands on T1–T2 are interrupted (T2 sometimes with contiguous lateral bands). All other bands are uninterrupted in both species.</p><p>In the male only the interrupted first tergal band is shared between T. grandicornis and T. integra and some T. heinzi . Additional to the short antennae, T. integra is distinguished from T. grandicornis by yellow pronotal lobes (dark in T. grandicornis) and dense pubescence on vertex and scutum (short in T. grandicornis).</p><p>The female of T. grandicornis is distinguished from T. taurica by the colouration of the genae: T. grandicornis has a yellow stripe that extends to the lower end of the eye and is not in contact with the inner eye orbit (Fig. 7); T. taurica has small yellow spots on the upper genae (Fig. 7). Additionally, the yellow lateral bands of T2 taper towards the centre and have pointed ends in T. grandicornis, whereas they are blunt in T. taurica (Fig. 11).</p><p>In the DFA of 15 morphometric parameters, both males and females of T. grandicornis form distinct clusters (Fig. 14). In a confusion matrix (Table 4), membership of all males could be confirmed (100.0%), whereas this value was 87.5% in females. Antennal length is the main factor which explains this difference. The long antenna of the male allows T. grandicornis to be unambiguously distinguished from the other species. The antennae in female T. grandicornis are mostly longer than in other species, but there is broad overlap.</p><p>Derivatio nominis. The name refers to the antennae of this species, which are much longer than in all other species of the complex.</p><p>Distribution. Eastern Mediterranean, endemic to Turkey. The distribution extends from the central Taurus mountains in the east to the western foothills of the Western Taurus Mountains in Muğla Province in the west (Fig. 19). Records are available from the Turkish provinces of Adana, Mersin, Antalya, Isparta, and Muğla.</p><p>Biology. Visiting Oregano sp. ( Lamiaceae) and Scabiosa (Caprifoliaceae) . Found on the wing between mid- May and late July.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC4109263FFC17DDAF883FE96FCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC4109279FFDB7DDAFC6EFBB3FCD7.text	657CC4109279FFDB7DDAFC6EFBB3FCD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa heinzi Dubitzky 2007	<div><p>Trachusa heinzi Dubitzky, 2007</p><p>(Figs 7, 9, 15–18)</p><p>Trachusa heinzi Dubitzky, 2007: 108–112 (male and female; Turkey)</p><p>Type material examined: HOLOTYPUS male, Turkey, Kahramanmaraş, 700 m, 2.v.1983, K. Warncke leg. (‘ Anthidium tauricum det. Warncke’ / coll. Warncke) (OLL).— PARATYPES (4♂, 8 ♀, all Turkey):— 4♀ 3♂ Hakkâri: südl. Beyetüşsabab, 1300 m, 13.vi.1984 (‘ Paratype / Anthidium tauricum det. Dr. K. Warncke / ‘ Paratype Trachusa heinzi Dubitzky 2007 ’) (OLL) ; 2♀ Turkey, Kahramanmaraş, 700 m, 10.vi.1984, K. Warncke leg. (OLL); 2♀ Mardin prov.: 40 km E Midyat, 900 m, 17.vi.1981, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) .</p><p>Other material examined (10♀ 5♂): TURKEY: Ağrı prov: southern slopes of Ağrı Dağı [Ararat-Südhang], 1800 m, 2.–3.vii.1985, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 6♀ Hakkâri: 19 km S of Beyetüşsabab, 1200 m, 26.vi.1985, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ Şanlı Urfa, 14.–17.vi.1977, J. Heinrich leg. (cMS) .— IRAN: 2♀ Gilan prov.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.633335/lat 36.8)">15km SE Tutkabon</a> (36°48‘N 49°38‘E), 1100 m, 09.vi.2014, J. Halada leg. (cMS) .</p><p>Description. A full description is given by Dubitzky (2007), drawings and photographs also by Kasparek (2017a).</p><p>Female. Yellow bands on T1 and T2 interrupted or continuous; band on T3 interrupted with a small gap between lateral bands (Fig. 15B); scutum with L-shaped anterolateral stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Fig. 15B); yellow stripe on mid-femur reaching or almost reaching distal end; inner side of hind tibia black; pronotal lobe yellow; obtuse projection on dorsolateral side of pronotum (Fig. 15A); vertex upcurled; mesepisternum normally dark (Fig. 15B) but in exceptional cases with a small yellow spot.</p><p>Male. Antenna long, average length of Sg4–Sg6 between 0.47 and 0.54 mm (Figs 9, 16C); yellow bands on T1 interrupted by a wide gap, T3 with lateral, subcontiguous band or uninterrupted band tapering towards medially (Figs 16C; D); scutum with yellow L-shaped anterolateral stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Figs 16C, D); pronotal lobe mostly yellow (Fig. 16A); colour pattern of mid-femur variable (entirely black or with yellow stripe extending from base to distal end); inner hind tibia black.</p><p>Diagnosis: According to Dubitzky (2007), Trachusa heinzi is characterised in both sexes by an obtuse projection on the dorsolateral side of the pronotum, which is absent in all other species of the complex, and by a lamellate and upcurled vertex. It was not recognised by Dubitzky (2007) that T. anatolica [ T. interrupta sensu Dubitzky] also has a dorsolateral elevation of the pronotum, which is, however, much smaller and resemble at most a slight swell- ing. Also the upcurled vertex is shared with T. anatolica, although on average, it is more strongly upcurled in T. heinzi than in T. anatolica . As there is broad overlap, the latter feature cannot be used for species identification.</p><p>Trachusa heinzi is the only species of the complex in which the female has entirely yellow pronotal lobes. The pronotal lobes are yellow in T. integra, but with central brown spots; in those individuals of T. anatolica that have yellow on the pronotal lobes, it is confined to the distal parts. The pronotal lobes are dark brown or black in all other non-African species.</p><p>In the female, the first two tergal bands are normally contiguously or subcontiguously interrupted medially, sometimes the bands are uninterrupted. Only one specimen is available with widely separated bands on T1 and T2 and thus resembles T. integra . The inner hind tibia is mostly yellow with black and shares this feature with T. grandicornis and T. taurica . These maculae are normally absent in T. anatolica .</p><p>In two of 19 females some irregularly formed yellow maculation was noted on the mesepisternum. Such maculation was not observed in any of the other species of the complex.</p><p>In the male, the antennae are on average longer than in T. anatolica and T. integra, but shorter than in T. taurica and T. grandicornis . While this character is mostly diagnostic there may be some overlap and this trait should be used for species identification only in combination with other traits.</p><p>In the male, the tergal band on T1 is interrupted; the band on T2 tapers towards the centre and is uninterrupted in seven and interrupted (subcontiguous lateral bands) in two out of nine specimens studied. All males examined have a boomerang-shaped yellow maculation on the scutum (Type 2 in Fig. 2), while the other two long-horned species ( T. taurica and T. grandicornis) usually only have lateral yellow stripes (Type 0 or 1). This scutal pattern is more frequent in T. anatolica in eastern Turkey and T. integra in the Ukraine (Table 3.). All specimens examined had four yellow dots on the scutellum/axillae, while all other species are more variable in this respect. With one exception, all males of T. heinzi had partly or entirely yellow pronotal lobes, a character which is otherwise typical only for T. integra and partly for T. anatolica .</p><p>Dubitzky (2007) described the male as not having subapical patches of bristles on S4 or with only minor remnants present, and used this feature to distinguish the species from T. interrupta s.l. This character was not confirmed. The presence and amount of these subapical bristles proved to be quite variable and patches of subapical bristles were even found on one of the paratypes designated by Dubitzky (2007).</p><p>In the DFA, males of T. heinzi form a cluster close to T. grandicornis . This was less evident in females (Fig. 14). In the confusion matrix (Table 4), membership of all males could be confirmed (100.0%). This value was less in females, but at 83.3% it was still high (Table 4).</p><p>Distribution. Endemic to Iran and Turkey. The distribution is confined in Turkey to the south-eastern and eastern parts of the country and include the provinces of Kahramanmaraş, Şanlı Urfa, Mardin and Hakkâri (Dubitzky 2007 and material listed above). The range of T. heinzi overlaps with T. anatolica in eastern Turkey (Dağlıca = Ora- mar area of Hakkâri Province) and with T. taurica in southeastern Turkey (Kahramanmaraş Province) (see below). Most of the records come from high mountainous areas between 1100 and 1800 m but there are records from lower elevations: Urfa (480 m), Kahramanmaraş (700 m) and Mardin (900 m).</p><p>Samin &amp; Bağıraçık (2016) listed T. interrupta from the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. The material was not examined, but it may be considered that it actually refers to T. heinzi .</p><p>Biology. The species was found on the wing between early June and early July.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC4109279FFDB7DDAFC6EFBB3FCD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC410927CFFD67DDAFF3BFF03FC1B.text	657CC410927CFFD67DDAFF3BFF03FC1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa integra (Eversmann 1852)	<div><p>Trachusa integra (Eversmann, 1852) stat. resurr.</p><p>(Figs 20–23)</p><p>Anthidium integrum Eversmann, 1852 (p. 83) (male, Sarepta = Volgograd).</p><p>Anthidium interruptum Friese, 1898: 126 (partim).—Friese regarded A. integrum as junior synonym of A. interruptum and all subsequent authors followed this opinion.</p><p>Type material examined: Male, ‘Sarepta’ / ‘ integrum Ever. Männch. ‘ / ‘ interruptum F.; integrum Ev.; flavilabre Gr. ’ (IZKP).—Sarepta was a German settlement and is today part of the city of Volgograd.</p><p>The specimen studied comes from Eversmann’s collection, whose main part was deposited at the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZISP). Some specimens, however, including types were transferred to the Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków (IZKP) (Proshchalykin et al. 2017). This part of the collection included the type specimen of A. integrum . The specimen is not labelled as type and was not recognised as such, but it bears a small disc of tinfoil which allows (additionally to Eversmann’s handwriting) unambiguously attributing it to Eversmann’s collection (see photographs of similar labels in Proshchalykin et al. 2017). No syntypes were found in ZISP (Proshchalykin et al. 2017).</p><p>Other material examined. Males (N=89): BALKAN (1): leg. Frivaldski (ZMB).— ALBANIA (1): Durrec, April 1917 , Karny leg. (OLL).— BULGARIA (1): Kardzali, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.366667/lat 41.566666)">Balabanovo</a> (41°34‘N, 25°22‘E), 350 m, 22.vi.2007 , M. &amp; Z. Halada leg. (OLL).— FRANCE (10): Cavaillon ( Southern France), 14.vi.1989 (DEI) ; Glanum ( Southern France), 10.–19.vi.1989 (DEI) ; Saint Remy de Provence ( Southern France), 10.– 19.6.1990 (DEI) ; Gard: Nîmes, Quissac, Sardan riv., Vidourle env., 50 m, 06.vii.2005 , J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS); Herault: Montpellier, Sauteyrar- guess, Lascours, 150 m, 03.vii.2005 , J. Smit leg. (cJS); Gard: Nimes, Quissac, riv. de Creulon, 70m, 11.vii.2005 , J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS); Aude: Carcassonne, Caunes-Minervois, 200 m, 14.07.2002 , J. &amp; I. Smit (cJS); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.35/lat 43.833332)">Nîmes</a> (43°50‘N, 04°21‘E), 04.vii.1982 , Aspöck &amp; Rausch leg. (cMS); Belcastel [Aveyron Department], 07.vii.1951 , H. Teunissen (OLL); Gard: Baraques-de-Fontanès, 20.07.1959 (OLL) .— GREECE (14): 11♂, Chalkidiki, W of Nikiti, 12.–14.vi.2013, Snízek leg. (OLL); 2♂, Attica, S. Krüper leg. (ZMB) ; 1♂ ‘ Graecia’ (ZMB).— RUSSIA (1): 1♂ ‚ ‘S. Russland’, ‘ Red. S.’ (ZMB).— TURKEY (5): Adana prov., Seyhan Baraji coast, Karaömerli env. (37°07‘2.43‘‘N 35°20‘10.28‘‘), 80 m, 9.–10.vii.2011 , J. Straka leg. (cJS); Sultan Dağları, Yalvaç env., 05.vii.1993 , Jirousek leg. (cMS); Side, Antalya, 15.vi.1987 , K. Warncke leg. (OLL); 20 km S of Ankara, 02.viii.1979, K. Warncke leg. (OLL); Nevşehir, Ürgüp, 21.vii.1971 , K. Warncke leg. (OLL); European Turkey, Kırklareli, W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.130833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.130833/lat 41.75)">Eriklice am Fluss Teke</a> De- resi (41°45‘00‘‘N, 27°07‘51‘‘E), 130 m, 2001/27, 18.vi.2001 , H. &amp; R. Rausch leg. (OLL); Ankara, 19.vi.1934, A. Seitz leg. (SMF).— UKRAINE (55): 1♂ Crimea, Simpheropol, vi.2002 , V. Gurko leg. (OLL); 52♂ Crimea, various locations (e.g. Karadagh), most of the material collected in June 1968 .</p><p>Females (N=44): FRANCE (7): 1♀, Bouches-du-Rhône: Aix-en-Provence Barrage de Bimont, 380m, 20.vii.2001, J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 2♀ Vacluse Rousillon, 200 m, 14.vii.2001, J. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ Agay, 23.vi.1972, Z. Padr leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ Southern France (ZMB) ; 1♀ Provence: Furton (ZMB) ; 1♀ Gard: Baraquesde-Fontanès, 20.vii.1959 (OLL) .— GREECE (16): 14♀ Chalkidiki, W of Nikiti, 12.–14.vi.2013, Snízek leg. (OLL) ; 2♀ Attica, Krüper S. (ZMB) .— NORTH MACEDONIA (4): 3♀ Gjevgjeli [= Petrova] (OLL); 1♀ Skopje, 20.v.1958, Heusi leg. (OLL) .— TURKEY (5): 3♀ 20 km südl. Ankara, 02.viii.1979, K. Warncke leg. (OLL); 1♀ Ankara, 05.viii.1972, K. Warncke leg. (OLL); 1♀ Asia Minor, 1890, coll. Friese (ZMB) .— UKRAINE (19): 1♀ Krim, Karadag, 05.viii.1998, Filatov leg. (SIZK) ; 9♀ [in Cyrillic], 16.vi.1968, 19.vi.1968, 20.vi.1968, 3.viii.1996, 07.viii.2015 (SIZK) ; 5♀ Krim, 1.viii.1973, 29.vii.2003, 15.vii.2012 and 23.vi.2012 (SIZK); 3♀ Krim: Simferopol, 30.vi.2012 (SIZK) ; 1♀ Krim: Karadagh, 1–17.vii.1999, Budaschkin leg. (ZSM) ; 2♀ ibid., 23.07.1999, Budaschkin leg. (ZSM) .</p><p>Description. Female. Yellow bands on T1, T1&amp;T2 or T1–T3 interrupted; scutum with yellow anterolateral stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four yellow dots (Fig. 21A); pronotal lobe yellow with light brown maculation in centre (one population with brown pronotal lobe); yellow stripe on mid-femur reaching distal end; inner side of hind tibia mostly yellow (9.6% of all cases black).</p><p>Male. Pattern of yellow maculation on scutum variable (entirely absent or only narrow lateral stripe or broad anterolateral stripe); yellow tergal bands interrupted only on T1, with lateral bands separated by a wide gap (Figs 20A, 21C); rich pubescence of erect, reddish-brown hair on vertex and scutum (Fig. 21C); pronotal lobe yellow with light brown maculation in centre (Fig. 23); mid-femur with yellow stripe from base to top; inner side of hind tibia yellow.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. Both sexes have a yellow pronotal lobe with light brown maculation in the centre (Fig. 23). They share this feature only with T. heinzi . Some specimens of T. anatolica and of the North African species T. maghrebensis and T. varia also sometimes have some yellow, but it is then confined to the distal (outer) part of the pronotal lobe and a central brown spot is not present. These species are additionally distinguished by other features of the colour pattern. A few females of T. integra from Greece (Attica, Chalkidiki) were found to have brown pronotal lobes. These comprise 3.5% of all specimens and no males with brown pronotal lobes were found.</p><p>In the male of T. integra, only the first tergal band is interrupted. In typical females, the first two bands are interrupted, but due to some variability (Table 4), this character cannot be used for identifying females. In the male of T. integra the lateral yellow bands on T1 are widely separated, while they are contiguous or subcontiguous in T. heinzi . Male T. grandicornis with a similar tergal pattern as T. integra can be easily distinguished by their antenna lengths.</p><p>Trachusa integra has a rich pubescence of erect, reddish-brown hair on the vertex and scutum, especially in the male (Figs 20A, 21C). It sometimes partly obscures the underlying yellow colour pattern on the integument. The pubescence is on average longer and denser than in the other species, but the differences are not abrupt enough to use it for species definition.</p><p>Both females and males have black mid-femora with a broad yellow longitudinal stripe on the outer side that extends from the apex mostly to close to the base. While the locally distributed species T. heinzi, T. taurica, and T. grandicornis and also T. anatolica often show a similar pattern, it is rare in T. interrupta, the other widespread species, in which only 25.4% of the females and 5.8% of the males are similar. Black maculation on the inner hind tibia distinguishes T. integra from most specimens of T. heinzi, T. taurica and T. grandicornis, but this is similar to the situation in T. interrupta and T. anatolica .</p><p>In the DFA of 15 morphometric characters, the males of T. integra cluster in their own group and can clearly be separated from T. interrupta s.l., T. heinzi, T. taurica and T. grandicornis . There is little overlap, and the DFA allows to correctly classify 96.63% of all males and 96.15% of all females (Table 4, Fig. 14). The morphometric differences between T. integra and the other OUs are not biased towards size differences. Some of the average measurements of T. integra are greater, other smaller when compared to other OUs, particularly when compared with T. anatolica and T. interrupta, the other two widespread species. This is good evidence that the differences in the DFA is the result of shape differences rather than size differences.</p><p>All populations have a very similar colour patterns. In order to find out whether they are also homogenous with respect to morphometrics, a DFA was carried out on 15 morphometric parameters. 82.02% of all males (see Fig. 24) and 76.92% of all females could be correctly classified. As the morphometric data are widely overlapping and it was not possible to identify areas where these parameters show abrupt transition, and the differences are not supported by differences in colouration, these morphological clusters are not regarded as taxonomically relevant. Nevertheless, further material and fine-mapping of such differences may lead to different results and conclusions.</p><p>Distribution. Trachusa integra has a scattered distribution. Populations are known from southern France, the Eastern Balkan and Greece, Inner Anatolia, the Crimea (see also Fateryga et al. 2018) and South Russia (Fig. 25). These populations seem to be more or less isolated from each other. Relatively large series from the Crimea, Attica and Chalkidiki indicate that the species is at least locally abundant.</p><p>Biology. A female was collected in the Ukraine visiting Jasione montana L. ( Campanulaceae). A specimen from Albania labelled as collected as early as April (K. Karny leg; OLL) needs confirmation. Otherwise the earliest specimen is from late May in Macedonia. The main flight season is June and July and sometimes extends into early August.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC410927CFFD67DDAFF3BFF03FC1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC4109270FFD17DDAFBEAFA82F9CD.text	657CC4109270FFD17DDAFBEAFA82F9CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa interrupta (Fabricius 1787)	<div><p>Trachusa interrupta (Fabricius, 1787)</p><p>(Figs 7, 11, 26–27)</p><p>Apis interrupta Fabricius, 1787 (male; Italy)</p><p>Anthidium flavilabre Latreille, 1809 (male; southern France).—Synonymy by Friese (1898).</p><p>Anthidium Dufourii Lepeletier, 1841: 380 (female; French Département Landes, close to the border with Spain, or northern Spain [not southern France as given by Warncke 1980]).—Synonymy by Friese (1898).</p><p>Anthidium luteipes Lepeletier, 1841 (male; France close to Paris).—Synonymy by Warncke (1980).</p><p>Anthidium curvipes Schmid, 1872 (male; Switzerland between Andermatt and Oberalpsee; see Müller 1873).—Synonymy by Friese (1898).</p><p>Anthidium melanostomum Costa, 1884 (female; Sardinia).—Synonymy by Warncke (1980).</p><p>The descriptions of Latreille (1809), Lepeletier (1841), Schmid (1872) and Costa (1884) have been carefully checked and they clearly indicate T. interrupta (F., 1787). The descriptions of the male first two tergal bands as interrupted precludes T. integra, which occurs in the same region but has only the first band interrupted. The synonymies are hereby confirmed.</p><p>Material examined. Type Material. Male. Italy, lectotypus Apis interrupta (Fabricius collection in NHMD, lectotypus assigned by K. Warncke; see also Warncke 1980).— 1♂ Italy, paralectopye Apis interrupta (Fabricius collection in NHMD (see Warncke 1977).</p><p>Other material examined. Females (N=122). BULGARIA: 2♀ Sandanski, June 1961 and May 1969, Ko- courek leg. (cMS) ; 4♀ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.183332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.183332/lat 41.7)">Kresna</a> (41°42‘N 23°11‘E), 150 m, 24.vi.2008, M. &amp; Z. Halada leg. (OLL) .— CHINA: 1♀ Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Hotan [Turkestan Pjalma Chotan], 250 m, 28.–30.vi.1890, S. Conradt leg. (ZSM) .— CROATIA: 1♀ Kačjak, 55 km S Rijkeka, 12.–16.viii.1987, J. Thiefenthaler leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ Murter [Mrter Island], viii.1965, J. Niedl leg. (cMS) ; 1♀ Spatalo [Split], 1863, Mann leg. (OLL) .— GREECE: 1♀ 25km SW Preveza, 01.vii.2014, J. Halada leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ Epirus: Gliki env., 10.vi.2009, P. Bulirsch leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ Alt- Korinth, 22.vi.1996, W. Arens leg. (cWA) ; 3♀ Taygetos Mountains: betw. Toriza and Prof. Ilias, 1600–2200 m, 09.vii.1997 , 1♀ ibid. 1400–1600 m, 16.vii.2006 (cWA); 1♀ ibid., 1550–1700 m, 12.vii.2007; 1♀ ibid., 1700–2000 m, 15.vii.2008 (all W. Arens leg., cWA); 1♀ Peloponnes: Alifira ( Arkadia), 21.vi.1998, W. Arens leg. (cWA) .— HUNGARY: 1♀ Hungary, Staudinger &amp; Bang-Haas [a professional insect trader] (SIZK) ; 2♀ Hungary, S. Dahl leg. (ZMB) ; 1♀ Szigetcsép [nr. Budapest], 28.vi.1908 (DEI) ; 8♀ Vácrátót nr. Budapest, 25.–29.vi.2018, A. Shebl leg. (cMK) ; 1♀ Buda, 1886, H. Friese leg. (ZMB) .— ITALY: 1♀ Italy (ZMB); 1♀ Bon S. [?] (ZMB) ; 2♀ Apulia, Torre Santa Sabina, 3.–16.vi.1995, H. Wolf leg. (OLL) ; 17♀ Lazium, Sperlonga, 10.–20.vi.1996, H. Wolf leg. (OLL) ; 1♀ Piemont, Jvrea, 27.vii.1925, S. Bischoff leg. (ZMB) ; 1♀ Fondi, vii.1937 (ZMB) ; 1♀ Sicily, vi.1911 (ZMB); 3♀ Salerno: Paestum, 01.vii.1972, Z. Padr leg. (cMS) .— ROMANIA: 1♀ Banat Mountains, Mina Bigar, 29.vii.1937, L. Stauss leg. (OLL) .— SPAIN: 1♀ Girona (Catalunya): 25 km S Vidreres-Puig Ventós (41°45‘03‘‘N 02°47°30‘‘E), 09.vii.1997, C. Lange &amp; J. Ziegler leg. (DEI) ; 1♀ Catalonia: Marti de Tous, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.4922222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.5575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.4922222/lat 41.5575)">Embalse</a> (41°33‘27‘‘N 01°29‘32‘‘E), 640 m, 04.viii.2009, J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ Prov. Granada: Sierra Navada, La Zubia, 1800 m, 02.viii.1976 (OLL) ; 1♀ Lerida Bellver de Cerdans [Cerdanya], 24.vii.1964 (OLL) ; 2♀ Albaracin, A. Weis leg. (SMF) ; 2♀ East Pyrenees: Farga de Moles nr. Seo de Urgel, 850–1300 m, 16.vii.–06.ix.1931 (ZMB) ; 1♀ Aude: Car- cassonne, Couffoulens, 150 m, 22.vii.2002, J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 16♀ Aude: Coustassa NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.2838888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.940277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.2838888/lat 42.940277)">Espéraza</a> (42°56‘25‘‘N 02°17‘02‘‘E), 270 m, 14.vii.2018, A. &amp; M. Kasparek leg. (cMK) ; 2♀ Alp Maritimes: Sospel, Col de Vescavo, 480 m, 21.vii.2001, J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 1♀ St Michel Peyresq, 1.–12.viii.1967 (OLL) .— SWITZERLAND: 3♀ Siders [Sierre], 15.vii.1884, H. Friese leg. (DEI, ZSM) ; 1♀ ibid., 07.07.1986 (DEI); 2♀ 24.vii.1880, Frey-Gessner leg. (ZSM); 4♀ Siders (OLL, ZMB) ; 4♀ Siders, 1900, A. Weis leg. (SMF) ; 4♀ Siders, 15.vii.1884, H. Friese leg. (ZSM) ; 1♀ ibid., 12.vii.1903 (ZMB); 1♀ ibid., 15.vii.1884, H. Friese leg. (ZMB); 2♀ Valais [Wallis], Niouc Bridge, 25.vii.1902 (OLL) and 25.vii.1903 Frey-Gessner leg. (ZMB) .— UKRAINE: 2♀ Knywire nr. Borszczów [West Ukraine], 31.vii.1921, J. Noskiewicz leg. (OLL, ZMB) .— UNKNOWN: 9♀ location/date unknown (ZMB, ZSM) .</p><p>Males (N=120). AUSTRIA: 1♂ [illegible label] (ZSM) .— BULGARIA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.5)">Vinogradi Melnik</a> (41°30‘N 23°23‘E), 370 m, 16.vi.2017, L. Bica leg. (cJS) ; 2♂ Sandanski, vi.1961 and vi.1969, Kocourek leg. (cMS) .— CROATIA: 1♂ Kacjak, 55 km S Rijeka, 17.–22.viii.1987, J. Thiefenthaler leg. (cMS) .— FRANCE: 1♂ Aude: Carcassonne, Vil- leneuve-Minervois, 250 m, 20.vii.2002, J. &amp; I. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 3♂ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.2838888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.940277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.2838888/lat 42.940277)">Aude</a>: Coustassa NE Espéraza (42°56‘25‘‘N 02°17‘02‘‘E), 270 m, 14.vii.2018, M. Kasparek (cMK) ; 1♂ Vaucluse, Apt. Lacoste, 400 m, 11.vii.2000, J. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 1♂ Alp Maritimes: Sospel, Col de Vescavo, 480 m, 24.vii.2000, J. Smit leg. (cJS) ; 2♂ Peyresq, 3.– 10.8.1967 (OLL) .— GREECE: 1♂ National Park Vicos-Aoos, Vicos env., 500 m, J. Halada &amp; M. Fabianova leg. (cJS) ; 2♂ 30 km S Karpensis, 04.vii.2017, J. Halada leg. (cJS) ; 1♂ Peloponnese NW, Niforeika-Kato Achaia env., SW of Patra, 3.–17.vii.2005, P. Bulirsch leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Peloponnese: Alifira ( Arkadia), 21.vi.1998, W. Arens leg. (cWA) ; 1♂ Peloponnes: Zaharo Neochori, 01.vii.1996, W. Arens (cWA) ; 2♂ North Greece, Aksayi env., 30.vi.1997, K. Deneš (sn.) leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Chalkidiki, W of Nikiti, 12–14.vi.2013, Snižek leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Taygetos Moun- tains, between Toriza and Prof. Ilias (1200–1600 m), 08.vii.1997 ; 6♂ ibid. (1600–2200 m), 09.vii.1997; 2♂ ibid. (1600–2200 m), 16.vii.2006; 6♂ ibid. (1400–2000 m), 11.– 12.07.2007 (all W. Arens leg., cWA); 1♂ Oros Taygetos Prof. Ilias Ostseite (1600–2000 m), 28.vi.2013, W. Arens leg. (cWA) ; 1♂ Chelmos Mountains E of Xerokambos (1500 m), 25.vi.2017, W. Arens leg. (cWA) ; 1♂ Parnass (ZSM) .— HUNGARY: 1♂ Örkeny, 50 km SE Budapest, 08.vii.2006, J. Straka leg. (cJS) ; 1♂ Vácrátót nr. Budapest, 25.–29.vi.2018, A. Shebl leg. (cMK).— SWITZER- LAND : 3♂ Siders (OLL, ZSM) ; 1♂ ibid., 1900, A. Weis leg. (SMF); 1♂ Valais: Stalden, late July 1932, A. Seitz leg. (SMF) ; 1♂ Valais (ZMB) ; 4♂ Siders, 15.vii.1884, H. Friese leg. (ZMB) ; 1♂ Siders, 25.vii.1902, Frey-Gess- ner leg. (ZMB) ; 3♂ ibid., 04.vii.1903 (ZMB); 1♂ ibid., 12.vii.1903 (ZMB); 1♂ ibid., 24.07.1880, Frey-Gess- ner leg. (ZSM); 1♂ ibid., 24.–29.vii.1895 (ZSM) .— SPAIN: 1♂ Catalonia: Girona, 25 km S Vidreres-Puig Ventós (41°45‘03‘‘N 02°47°30‘‘E), 09.vii.1997, C. Lange &amp; J. Ziegler leg. (DEI) ; 1♂ Girona, Banyoles, 05.vii.1958 (OLL) ; 1♂ Catalonia: Palamos, 15.vi.1993, P. Stary leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Barcelona, Calella d. Costa, vi.1971, Bouček leg. (cMS) ; 4♂ Castilla: Cuenca, 1896 (ZSM) ; 1♂ Alicante, Puerto de Tudons Iooon, 23.vii.1972 (OLL) ; 1♂ Tar- ragona, 01.vii.1969, H. G. Sommer leg. (OLL); 1♂ Palamos, 19.vii.1959, Bischoff leg. (ZMB) ; 1♂ East Pyrenees: Farga de Moles nr. Seo de Urgel, 850–1300 m, 16.vi.–06.vii.1931, G. F. Meyer leg. (ZMB) ; 1♂ Albaracin (ZSM) . – ITALY: 1♂ South Tyrol (‘63‘ [?] (DEI) ; 1♂ Triest, 17.vi.1897, Ducke leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Bibione, 10.vi.1998, K. Deneš leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Sicilia: Monti Nebrodi, 10 km S S.Fratello c. 500m, 12.vi.2012, J. Halada leg. (cJS) ; 1♂ 20 km SW Lauria, 23.vi.2002, J. Halada leg. (cMS) ; 4♂ Sicily: Taormina, 15.–17.v.1961, M. Schwarz / J. Gusen- leitner leg. (cMS) ; 3♂ Sicily: Taormina, Mte. Venere, 09.v.1961, M. Schwarz leg. (cMS) ; 1♂ Sicily: 40 km N Gela, 450 m; 20.VI.2012; J. Halada leg. (cMS) ; 2♂ Gargano, Mattinata, 13.vi.–19.vi.1992, J. Plicek leg. (OLL) ; 3♂ Apulia, Torre, Sta. Sbina, 3.–16.vi.1995, H. Wolf leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Apulia, Torre Santa Sabina, 3.–16.vi.1995, H. Wolf leg. (OLL) ; 18♂ Lazium, Sperlonga, 10.–20.vi.1996, H. Wolf leg. (OLL) ; 2♂ location/date not given (ZMB); 1♂ Fondi, vii.1937, Predota leg. (ZMB) .— ROMANIA: 1♂ Banat Mountains, Mina Bigar, 19.vii.1936, L. Stauss leg. (OLL) .— SLOVAKIA: 1♂ Čenkov [nr. Sturovo], vii.1953 (cMS) .— TURKEY: Bursa [ Brussa], 1863, Mann leg. (OLL) .— UNKNOWN: 2♂ coll. Schmiedeknecht (ZMB); 1♂ Mrpel [?] (ZMB) ; 1♂ (ZSM) .</p><p>Description. Female. T1–T2 with widely separated lateral bands; T3 with subcontiguous lateral bands, T4 mostly uninterrupted band but rarely with contiguous lateral bands (Fig. 26A); scutum with lateral, often anterolateral, yellow stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Fig. 26A); pronotal lobe black; yellow stripe on mid-femur normally absent in 19 % of all cases; when present, its length variable and often reaching distal end. In some northern populations (Austria, Switzerland, France), the yellow stripe is more often confined to the apex than in southern populations (Table 3). Inner side of hind tibia black or yellow.</p><p>Male. Yellow or ivory bands on T1–T2 interrupted by wide gaps; band on T3 uninterrupted or with subcontiguous lateral bands (Fig. 26B); scutum mostly without yellow maculation or only narrow yellow lateral stripe; scutellum and axillae mostly entirely dark, only rarely two yellow spots on scutellum (Fig. 26B); mid-femur without or with short yellow stripe, only in 6 % of all cases examined reaching beyond half-length of femur, but 31 % in Spain. Inner side of hind tibia yellow or black; pronotal lobe black.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. The male is characterised by yellow tergal bands of which the first two are interrupted. The third band (T3) is sometimes also interrupted and the lateral bands are then contiguous or subcontiguous. The only other species with the first two bands interrupted are T. taurica (southern Turkey), which has much longer antennae, T. maghrebensis (northern Africa), which has much broader tergal bands, and T. varia (northern Africa and probably Spain), whose maculations are reddish rather than yellow. In T. anatolica, the first two bands are widely interrupted and the lateral bands on T3 subcontiguous; it shares this pattern with 29.1 % of all T. interrupta . However, both species differ also in the extend of yellow colouration on mid-femur: in 92.3 % of all T. anatolica, the yellow extends over more than half of the tibia length, whereas this is the case in only 5.8 % of T. interrupta .</p><p>The female has a dark pronotal lobe and the tergal bands show the same pattern as in the male (T1–T2 interrupted, T3 uninterrupted or subcontiguous). It resembles T. anatolica, which has broad yellow maculation on the genae extending to the orbit of the eyes and the lower end of the eyes, while this maculation usually does not extend beyond the middle of the eyes in T. interrupta . Discrimination of the female of T. taurica is difficult due to overlapping characters. While the colouration of the mid-femora (small yellow maculation at apex in T. interrupta, and yellow stripe extending over almost the entire tibiae in T. taurica) and the inner side of the hind tibiae (mostly entirely yellow in T. interrupta; with black maculation in T. taurica) are useful characters in typical specimens, the distribution area will help in identification. While T. interrupta is widely distributed in Europe, the distribution of T. taurica is restricted to southern and south-eastern Turkey.</p><p>In the DFA (Fig. 14), T. interrupta forms a cluster intermediate to T. integra and T. anatolica . The confusion matrix (Table 4) showed that 84.03% of all females and 86.23% of all males are correctly identified on the basis of the morphometric parameters alone.</p><p>While the male is well characterised and clearly distinguishable from the other species of the complex, the female shows overlapping features with other species both in colour pattern and in morphometry. While it is not difficult to identify typical females, the identification of females with somewhat different features can be ambiguous. It was further assessed whether there are intraspecific differences between the populations of T. interrupta . For this purpose, the population was divided into five OUs, for which the male antenna lengths were compared (average length of antennal segments Sg4–Sg6) (Fig. 28). The means were significantly heterogeneous (one-way ANOVA, F 4,93, p&lt;0.0001). The OUs from Spain /W France and those from Bulgaria / Greece /W Turkey all have longer anten- nae than the other OUs, and the differences are highly significant (Tukey’s pairwise test, p&lt;0.0001), but the difference between these two OUs were insignificant (p&gt;0.05). The length differences between the Alps OU (E France, Switzerland, Austria, N Italy), southern Italy and the northern Balkan OU (NE Italy, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia) are not significant (p&gt;0.05). As T. interrupta in southern Italy has similar antennal lengths to those from the Alps and the northern Balkan, antennal length does not follow a simple North-South cline.</p><p>Regarding population differences, the material available was not comprehensive enough to show an abrupt change in antennal length between the OUs and the morphometric population differences were also not aligned with colour differences. It is, therefore, believed that these differences do not have taxonomic relevance on the species level.</p><p>Distribution. Mainly Mediterranean extending from southern Spain over France, southern Switzerland and Austria over the Balkan to Greece and western Turkey (Figs 29, 42). In the south-east and east European countries, the distribution extends to Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine.</p><p>A female from Hotan, north-western China (today’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) in ZMB is almost 4500 km beyond the easternmost record of T. interrupta . The single specimen, collected by L. Conradt during the Grombtschewski expedition to Central Asia, has the typical colour features of T. interrupta, and the DFA also attributes it to this species. Further confirmation of this unusual record is required.</p><p>The distribution may be considerably larger than shown in Fig. 29. Baldock et al. (2018) gave three localities from southern Portugal. Lepeletier (1841) described his Anthidium luteipes from a locality close to Paris and Costa (1884) recorded Anthidium melanostomum (regarded here as synonym of T. interrupta) from Sardinia. As the material has not been examined, it can only provisionally be attributed to T. interrupta . Banaszak et al. (2006) mention ‘ Anthidium interruptum F.’ from the Podolye refuge in the Dniester valley, West Ukraine. It is likely that this record refers to T. interrupta s.str., and this would represent the northernmost record for this and all other species of the complex. Otherwise, the record from Krywtsche in the West Ukraine (see material examined) is the northernmost record.</p><p>I could examine only one specimen from Austria, for which no exact location was given. Friese (1898) mentions material from Carinthia from the Vienna Museum and Schwarz et al. (1996) listed it for Austria only as a doubtful occurrence from Carinthia. Amiet et al. (2004) noted that the distribution area in southern Switzerland had decreased. According to Praz (2014) it is today confined in Switzerland to 15% of the original range.</p><p>Biology. Found in France visiting the flowers of Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Schrad. [= C. leucanthema] and Scabiosa columbaria L., both belonging to Caprifoliaceae . The species, according to Amiet et al. (2004), has specialised on Dipsacaceae and in Switzerland visits exclusively Scabiosa (see also Friese 1898). The main flight season is from June to early August with an early record from May in Bulgaria and a late record from early September in Spain.</p><p>At Coustaussa in the northern foothills of the eastern Pyrenees (France), the author observed several specimens in the late afternoon of 14.vii.2018. They were mostly flying quickly halfway up between the stems of wild teasels ( Dipsacus sp.) and only rarely flew at the level above the flowers. Sometimes they briefly visited the flowers of Scabiosa . Only four specimens could be collected within about one hour, and they were three males and one female which had no pollen load. The next morning (approx. 9 to 10 am) the same site was visited again, and plenty of specimens were observed, mostly on the flowers of wild teasels. Within one hour, 15 specimens were collected, all of them were females and all of them were heavily loaded with pollen on their undersides. Males and females therefore appear to have a different daily activity patterns—males are principally active in the afternoon and are busy with defending their territories and females are more active in the morning and are then busy collecting pollen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC4109270FFD17DDAFBEAFA82F9CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC4109277FFEC7DDAF9D1FDB1FAAF.text	657CC4109277FFEC7DDAF9D1FDB1FAAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa maghrebensis Kasparek 2020	<div><p>Trachusa maghrebensis sp. n.</p><p>(Figs 30–33)</p><p>Trachusa (Paraanthidium) interrupta (Fabricius, 1781) (partim).—Material from Algeria listed by Aguib et al. (2010) and Aguib (2014) under this name. A photograph shows the female of T. maghrebensis sp. n.</p><p>Anthidium dufourii Lepeletier, 1841 (partim).—Alfken (1916) listed material under this name with a question mark. “It can best be compared with Anthidium interruptum F. but with smaller size”. Examination of this material in ZMB showed that it belongs to T. maghrebensis sp. n.</p><p>Anthidium interruptum (Fabricius, 1781) (partim).—Listed by Warncke including North African populations which belong to T. maghrebensis sp. n.</p><p>Anthidium interruptum Fabricius, 1781 (partim).—Material listed by Saunders (1908) under A. interruptum should be attributed to T. maghrebensis sp.n.</p><p>Material examined (9♂, 3♀). Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female. Morocco, 4 km S of Chefchaouen [= Chaouen], 21.vi.1987, M. Schwarz leg. [“ A. interruptum ssp. foliivolutor M. Schwarz det.”] (cMS).— PARATYPES (1♀, 4♂): 1♀ Tanger, 6.vii.1931, Ad. Nadig leg. (“ Anthidium manicatum v. barbarum J. D. Alfken det. 1933“) (ZMB). 1♂, same data as holotype (cMS). 1♂ north-eastern Tunisia: Sousse pr., Friguia 30 km SW Hammanet, 14.v.2006, P. Kressl leg. (cMS). 1♂ 15 km S Teboursouk (36°25‘N 09°23‘E), 16.v.1992, M. Schwarz leg. [” A. interrupta M. Schwarz det. 1992“ / „ Trachusa (Paraanthidium) foliivolutor Ferton Straka det. 2012“] (cMS). 1♂, Tunis, coll. Graeffe [“ Anthidium interruptum Tunis / Paraanthidium luteipes Lep. det. G. A. Mavromoustakis / Anthidium interruptum Dr. Warncke det.”] ex coll. Warncke in OLL.</p><p>Other material examined: ALGERIA (all from collection Alfken in ZMB): Oued Ouchaïa [today part of Algier] , 2♂ 10.vi.1910, 1♂ 18.vi.1910, 1♂ 19.vi.1910 (“ Anthidium luteipes Alfken det.”); 1♀ Dr. J. Bequaert leg. [without date].— MOROCCO: 1♂ Middle Atlas Mt., 10 km E Khenifra, 10–11.vi.2007 , F. Houska leg (OLL).</p><p>Taxonomic note. Material assigned to this new species has previously been assigned as per labels to interruptum, luteipes, foliivolutor, and manicatum v. barbarum .</p><p>Description. Smallest species in complex. Yellow tergal bands broad in both sexes, if medially interrupted ends obtuse.</p><p>Female. Tergal bands interrupted and clearly separated from each other on T1–T3; bands on T4 and T5 interrupted or with deep V-shaped notch (Figs 30A, B); scutum with anterolateral boomerang-shaped yellow stripe, scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Fig. 30A); yellow maculation on upper gena extending to mid-vertex (Figs 30A, 33).</p><p>Male: Yellow bands on T1–T3 interrupted, T4 with V-shaped notch (rarely also T3 uninterrupted with deep median notch); scutum dark without yellow maculation (Figs 31A, B).</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. The female of T. maghrebensis is distinguished from all other species of the complex by the large yellow maculation on the upper genae which extends towards the middle vertex beyond the eye (Figs 30A, 33A). In all other species the maculation on the upper genae never reaches beyond the eyes. Both sexes are distinguished from all other species of the complex by the yellow tergal bands which are broad and interrupted on T1–T3, sometimes interrupted on T4, the lateral bands on T3 are widely separated and do not reach the middle of the tergum (Figs 30A, 31A, B). In the other species of the complex the band on T3 is mostly uninterrupted and if interrupted the lateral bands are contiguous or subcontiguous and narrow; the band on T4 is uninterrupted in the other species and does not have a V-shaped notch.</p><p>The male of T. maghrebensis is distinguished from the male of T. varia, the only other species occurring in NW Africa, by the yellow ground colour of the maculations (red or reddish in T. varia), and the interrupted band on T3 (uninterrupted in T. varia).</p><p>A DFA of 15 morphometric parameters of 613 specimens from all parts of the distribution shows that both males and females from North Africa form separate clusters and are herewith different from all other species of the group (Fig. 34). A confusion matrix shows that 99.5% of all individuals are assigned correctly to one of the four groups. The difference between T. maghrebensis and the remaining species of the complex is also related to size differences: both females and males have a narrower clypeus, a smaller overall clypeal surface area and a shorter marginal cell than the other species of the complex. On the other hand, the distance between the lateral ocellus and the eye is greater in T. maghrebensis in both sexes, being a good indicator that there are differences in the body shape in addition to size differences.</p><p>Among the morphometric parameters, the antennal length was compared specifically between T. maghrebensis and its neighbouring OU, T. interrupta from Spain, to test whether there is an abrupt transition of characters. The antennal length was significantly smaller in T. maghrebensis both in females (t-test, p&lt;0.05) and in males (p&lt;0.001), with no overlap between the males of these two species (Fig. 35). This is good evidence for T. maghrebensis being a good species. A similar comparison could not be made between T. maghrebensis and T. varia due to the absence of suitable material of the latter.</p><p>The femora of males from Algeria and Tunisia are black with the exception of some yellow at the distal apices (6 specimens examined), while specimens from Tunisia (3 specimens examined) have rich yellow colouration on the distal and inner parts of the femora. Six males examined from Algeria and Morocco have no yellow markings on the scutum and scutellum, while three specimens from Tunisia have a small yellow spot on each side of the scutellum, one also has spots on the axillae, and two specimens have a narrow yellow lateral edge on the scutum. In the female the yellow band on T4 is uninterrupted in the specimen from Algeria and interrupted in the two specimens from Morocco. T6 is entirely black in one specimen but has two large yellow maculae on two other specimens.</p><p>These differences in the colour pattern may indicate some geographic differences between western and eastern populations of North Africa but larger series of material are not available to examine whether these differences are taxonomically relevant.</p><p>Derivatio nominis. Derived from the Arabic ‘al-Magréb’ which means ‘west’ and stands for western Arabia, where the species was found.</p><p>Distribution: Mediterranean region of Northwest Africa: northern parts of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Material shown by Aguib (2014) from Algeria belongs to this species, and probably the material listed by Saunders (1908) from Algeria (Sidi Fredj [Sidi Feruch], El Kala [La Calle], El Tarf [Le Tarf]).</p><p>Biology. Found on the wing between early May and early July. Saunders (1908) and Aguib (2014) found the species visiting Echium and Scabiosa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC4109277FFEC7DDAF9D1FDB1FAAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC410924AFFE97DDAFA25FC50FD1F.text	657CC410924AFFE97DDAFA25FC50FD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa taurica Kasparek 2020	<div><p>Trachusa taurica sp. n.</p><p>(Figs 7, 9, 11, 36–37)</p><p>Material (N=21). HOLOTYPE. Male. TURKEY: Mersin prov.: Namrun [=Çamlıyayla], 1200 m, 16.vi.–3.vii.1979, C. Holzschuh &amp; F. Ressl leg. (cMS) .— PARATYPES (4): 7♀ 2♂ same data as holotype (cMS) .</p><p>Other material examined: TURKEY: 1♂ Adana prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.760555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.83472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.760555/lat 36.83472)">Zeytinbeli</a> env. (36°50‘05‘‘N 34°45‘38‘‘E), 132 m, 03.vii.2011, F. Stahlavsky leg. (cJS) .— 1♂ Adana prov., Hamidiye env. (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.833332/lat 37.55)">Astragallus</a> steppe, lime stone, 37°33‘N 34°50‘E), 28.vi.2011, J. Straka &amp; P. Jansta leg. (cJS) ; 1♂ N of Akseki, 19.vi.1998, Ma. Halada leg. ; 1♂ Marash [Kahramanmaraş], Seidenstücker leg. (OLL) ; 1♂ Marasch [Kahramanmaraş], v.1928, E. Pfeiffer leg. (ZSM) ; 1♀ 1♂ Gülek, Taurus, H. Kolle leg. (ZMB) ; 1♂ Asia Minor, 29.vi.1952, Seidenstücker (OLL); 2♀ Hasanbeyli, Mt. Amanus, 1000 m, 14.v.1989, K. Warncke leg. (OLL) .— SYRIA: Djebel Akrab, 1883, ‘ Dr. F. Leuthner Djebel Arab 83 N. Syrien‘ [Note: Djebel Akrab = Jebel Aqra = Mount Casius; situated at the time of collection in Syria, but now situated in the Turkish-Syrian border area, i.e. the locality may actually be situated in Turkey] .</p><p>Taxonomic note. Warncke identified material belonging to the interrupta group as a new species and labelled it as Anthidium taurica (holotype and paratypes) but did not publish it before he died. This material is deposited in OLL. Dubitzky (2007) examined it and included it in his description of Trachusa heinzi . However, he did not recognise that the remaining material belonged to two undescribed species and attributed it to and labelled it as ‘ Anthidium interruptum ’.</p><p>Description. Female: Yellow bands on T1–T2 interrupted medially, separated by a wide gap; band on T3 gradually tapering medially (uninterrupted or interrupted by a narrow gap) (Fig. 36A); scutellum with broad yellow anterolateral L-shaped stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four yellow spots (Fig. 36A); pronotal lobe black; mid-femur with yellow stripe almost extending to distal end; inner side of hind tibia black.</p><p>Male: Antenna long, average length of Sg4–Sg6 between 0.47 and 0.54 mm (Fig. 38); yellow bands on T1–T2 interrupted, others uninterrupted (Fig. 36C); scutum black or black with some remnants of a lateral stripe near tegula (Fig. 36C); inner side of hind tibia black.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. The species is characterised by relatively long antennae, somewhat longer than in T. heinzi, but significantly longer than in T. integra and T. anatolica and significantly shorter than in T. grandicornis (Fig. 38). In addition to antennal length, the male is distinguished from T. grandicornis by the interrupted yellow band on T2 (Type D or E in Fig. 1), which is never interrupted in T. grandicornis (Type C). Trachusa heinzi has, among other features, a pronotal projection (absent in T. taurica) and the band on T2 which is uninterrupted or the lateral bands are contiguous (Type C or D).</p><p>The female shares with T. grandicornis and T. anatolica the dark pronotal lobes, which are yellow in T. heinzi . The inner hind tibiae have black maculations (as in T. heinzi and T. grandicornis, but such maculation is normally absent in T. anatolica). The genae have rich yellow colouration in T. heinzi, T. anatolica and T. grandicornis, while it is confined to a relatively small spot in T. taurica and T. interrupta .</p><p>The female of T. taurica has a yellow stripe on the mid-femora which extends over almost the entire femur lengths and the inner sides of the hind tibiae are black, while in most T. interrupta, the mid-femora have only small yellow maculation and the inner hind tibiae are entirely yellow. However, these characters do not always hold true, but the widely separated distribution areas may be used for species attribution.</p><p>In the morphometric DFA (Fig. 14), males of T. taurica form a cluster very close to T. heinzi, a species which is, however, otherwise well distinguished by other morphological and colouration features. The three species T. grandicornis, T. taurica and T. heinzi form by their long antennae a group of long-horned species. The confusion matrix (Table 4) shows that 90.91% of all males and only 50.0% of the females are correctly attributed. Females are thus morphologically less differentiated.</p><p>Derivatio nominis. The name refers to the Taurus Mountains which forms the northern boundary of the species’ distribution. The name was coined by K. Warncke and used on various labels, although the name was also attached to specimens which have been attributed to T. heinzi and T. grandicornis . Klaus Warncke passed away before he could publish a description of taurica .</p><p>Distribution. The distribution area is confined to the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey including the Turkish-Syrian border area. It is found in the Turkish provinces of Kahramanmaraş, Mersin, Adana, and Antalya and in Syria or the Hatay province of Turkey.</p><p>Biology. Collected on the wing between mid-May and early July.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC410924AFFE97DDAFA25FC50FD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC410924FFFE77DDAFC98FC29F943.text	657CC410924FFFE77DDAFC98FC29F943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa varia (Olivier 1789)	<div><p>Trachusa varia (Olivier, 1789) stat. resurr.</p><p>(Figs 33, 39–41)</p><p>Apis rufipes Fabricius (1787: 303) (Spain) .—Synonymy by Warncke (1980, 1986).</p><p>Apis varia Olivier, 1789: 74 .—Replacement name for Apis rufipes F., not Apis rufipes Fabricius, 1781 = Megachile rufipes (Fabricius, 1781) .</p><p>Apis erythropus Fabricius, 1789 .—Replacement name for A. rufipes F. (Gmelin 1790: 278).</p><p>Apis fulvipes Fabricius, 1793 .—Ent. system., Vol. 2: 333 (Spain).—Without referring to Olivier (1789), Fabricius (1793) repeated his description of A. rufipes from 1787, but now under the name A. fulvipes .</p><p>Apis fulvipes Fabricius. —Listed by Fabricius (1804) without referring to Apis rufipes .</p><p>Anthophora fulvipes (Fabricius, 1787) .—Listed by Illiger (1806), who did not examine material of this taxon but refers to Fabricius (1804).</p><p>Anthidium rufipes (Fabricius, 1787) .— Friese (1911).</p><p>Anthidium foliivolutor Ferton, 1921 .—Ghazaouet (formerly Nemours), Algeria (male and female).</p><p>Anthidium interruptum Fabricius, 1787 (partim).—Synonymy by Warncke (1980) after examination of the type material.</p><p>Material examined. Female. HOLOTYPE: Female (NHMD). Original label ‘ fulvipes’. Additional label in the handwriting of K. Warncke “ Lectotypus Apis fulvipes (Warncke 1977) ”. Head absent as already mentioned by Warncke (1980).— PARALECTOTYPEs: 1♀ (NHMD). ZUMC 00241548, red label ‘type’ and an additional red label in K. Warncke’s handwriting ‘ Paralectotypus Apis fulvipes (Warncke1977) ’.— 1♂ (NHMD) ZUMC 00241547. ‘ A. fulvipes D. Vahl’. Red label ‘type’ and an additional red label in K. Warncke’s handwriting ‘ Paralectotypus Apis fulvipes (Warncke 1977) ’. All antennal segments available but badly damaged. Pinned through the head. This is the male of Apis rufipes in Fabricius’ collection.— Further material: SPAIN: 2♀ Melilla [Spanish enclave in Morocco] June 1949, B. Sincan leg., both Paraanthidium foliivolutor Mavromoustakis det. (cMAV).</p><p>Taxonomic note. Fabricius (1787) described Apis rufipes based on material collected in Spain. As the name was preoccupied, the following replacement names were suggested: Apis varia by Oliver (1789), Apis erythropus by Gmelin (1790) and Apis fulvipes by Fabricius (1793). Apis varia has priority. This is not the only case known where Johann Christian Fabricius described a homonym (van der Vecht 1961).</p><p>Description. Female: Colour of all maculations red (Fig. 39); band along preoccipital ridge extending from lower gena to middle of vertex, and joining with maculation of paraocular area (Figs 33, 39B); transversal stripe behind ocellus; scutum with anterolateral stripe; scutellum and axillae together with four red spots; all tergal bands uninterrupted; mid-femur with red stripe almost reaching distal end; inner side of hind tibia red (Fig. 39C); pronotal lobe red.</p><p>Male (Fig. 41): Colour of all maculations yellow to rufous; bands on T1 and T2 interrupted, others uninterrupted (Fig. 41B); scutum with narrow, hardly discernible rufous lateral stripe; scutellum and axillae black; rufous stripe of mid-femur reaching middle of femur; inner side of hind tibia black; pronotal lobe rufous.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis. Habitus and colouration pattern of the female similar to T. interrupta but all pale maculations red or reddish instead of bright yellow. Additionally, the female is distinguished from all other species of the complex by (1) a red band extending from the genae to the middle of the vertex along the preoccipital ridges; (2) red maculation of the paraocular areas merged with the bands along the preoccipital ridges, and (3) a transverse red band behind the ocelli (Figs 33, 39, 40, 41). The female is further distinguished from all other species of the complex by the uninterrupted band on T1, which has some rufous inclusion medially (Fig. 39).</p><p>The maculations of the male are yellow to rufous, hereby paler than in the female and closer to the other males of the complex. The hind femora are black with the distal one-thirds being reddish-yellow. A similar pattern only occurs in T. maghrebensis from Tunisia. Tergal bands are broad, bands on T1–T2 interrupted and band on T3 with a deep notch. A similar pattern has been found in one out of nine specimens of T. maghrebensis .</p><p>While the female is well characterised and can easily be identified by both colouration and colour pattern, the single more than 230 years old male is in bad condition and distinguishing morphological characters need to be examined.</p><p>Remarks. The description by Ferton (1921) of Anthidium foliivolutor largely matches the description given here. He particularly described the colour of the male maculae as yellow, and those of the female as red, thus confirming the colour dimorphism. The male in Felton’s (1921) material has the band on T1–T3 interrupted, whereas they are interrupted in the male in Fabricius’ collection only on T1–T2.</p><p>Given the great age of Fabricius’ type material (over 230 years old), it was considered whether colouration might have changed, possibly as a consequence of treatment e.g. with arsenic. While some change cannot be ruled out, the colour tone (red, ochreous, yellow) is well correlated with the colour design and the same unique combination of colour and colour design was found in material collected in the same region approximately 150 years later.</p><p>Distribution. Spain and North Africa. Fabricius (1787, 1793, 1804) gives Spain as the location where the type material was collected by Prof. Martin Vahl (1749–1804), who was a botanist who collected in Spain and northern Africa (e.g. Tunis). Information on the exact collecting site or on the travel itinerary was not available but it cannot be ruled out that the material actually came from northern Africa and not from Spain. Further material is available from Melilla, the Spanish enclave in Morocco, and the material of Ferton (1921) from Ghazaouet (formerly Nemours) in West Algeria can apparently also be attributed to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC410924FFFE77DDAFC98FC29F943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
657CC4109243FFE47DDAF9DFFA6FFBD4.text	657CC4109243FFE47DDAF9DFFA6FFBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachusa interrupta	<div><p>Key to the species of the Trachusa interrupta complex</p><p>Females</p><p>Females are in general more difficult to determine than males. The following key will allow identification of most specimens, although due to individual variation, it will not always allow identification, especially when only single specimens and no comparative material is available.</p><p>1 Tergum with red or reddish maculations, reddish transversal maculation on vertex behind ocelli; maculation in front of preoc- cipital ridge dorsally uninterrupted or interrupted in centre with contiguous ends (N Africa, Spain).............. T. varia</p><p>– Tergum with yellow maculations; maculation on vertex between eyes absent...................................... 2</p><p>2 Large yellow maculation on upper gena which extend towards middle of vertex beyond eye (N Africa).................................................................................................... T. maghrebensis sp. n.</p><p>– Maculation on gena not extending towards centre of vertex beyond eye.......................................... 3</p><p>3 Pronotal lobe dark brown or black, carina dark brown, usually low.............................................. 4</p><p>– Pronotal lobe with yellow, mostly strong carina............................................................. 7</p><p>4 Inner ends of lateral bands of T1 and T2 with sharp, slender apex; inner ends of lateral bands on T3 slender, tapering towards the centre with pointed ends; gena with yellow stripe extending to lower end of eye and not in contact with inner orbit of eye.................................................................................. T. grandicornis sp. n.</p><p>– Inner ends of lateral bands of T1 and T2 blunt; inner ends of bands on T3 with broad but sharp apex; yellow maculation on gena either confined to the upper half or broad and in contact with inner orbit of eye.................................... 5</p><p>5 Yellow maculation on gena confined to upper half (only in rare cases extending to the lower half of gena).............. 6</p><p>– Yellow maculation on gena broad and in contact with inner orbit of eye............................ T. anatolica sp. n.</p><p>6 Mid-femur with yellow stripe extending over almost the entire tibia length; inner side of hind tibia black; southern and southeastern Turkey ........................................................................... T. taurica sp. n.</p><p>– Mid-femur mostly with small yellow maculation not extending beyond middle of femur; inner hind tibia without black maculation; Europe................................................................................ T. interrupta</p><p>7 Pronotal lobe yellow with central brown spot, carina strong and translucent....................................... 8</p><p>– Lateral part of pronotal lobe yellow, carina dark brown, usually low................................ T. anatolica sp. n.</p><p>8 Pronotum with obtuse projection; yellow bands on T1 interrupted with contiguous ends in centre or uninterrupted.. T. heinzi</p><p>– Obtuse projection on pronotum absent; T1 with widely separated lateral yellow bands....................... T. integra</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/657CC4109243FFE47DDAF9DFFA6FFBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kasparek, Max	Kasparek, Max (2020): Revision of the Palaearctic Trachusa interrupta species complex (Apoidea: Anthidiini) with description of four new species. Zootaxa 4728 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.1
