identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
65774246B87E9D0FFF5B3669FE642D6A.text	65774246B87E9D0FFF5B3669FE642D6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemienchytraeus koreanus	<div><p>Hemienchytraeus koreanus sp. n.</p> <p>(Figures 1–7)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype: Clitellate (NIBRIV 0000138923). Type locality: Korea, Soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby experimental farm, College of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, (N 35˚50΄50.2ʺ, E 127˚08΄0 1.8ʺ) (site C), collected on 0 3. 0 9. 2007. stained with borax-carmine, whole-mounted on slide (No. 178). Deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p> <p>Paratypes: C litellate (NIBRIV 0000138924) one specimen on slide, stained with borax-carmine (No. 156) locality is the same as the locality of the holotype, collected on 0 3 0 9. 2007; NIBRIV 0 0 0 0 138925 one specimen on slide (No. 155) stained with paracarmine-bromophenol blue, locality: Soil and litter layers in maple trees cultivation of experimental farm, College of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea (N 35˚50΄51.1ʺ, E 127˚08΄0.3ʺ), (site A), collected on 0 3. 0 9. 2007. Deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p> <p>P. 85. 1–4 four specimens on four slides (No. 157, 180–182), stained with borax-carmine; P. 85. 5-7 three specimens on slides (No. 159, 215, 216) stained with paracarmine-bromophenol blue, collected on 0 3. 0 9. 2007; P. 85. 8 three specimens in 70 % ethanol, coll. 0 6.10.2008. The type locality of all paratypes of P. 85 is the same as the locality of the holotype. Deposited in the collection of K. Dózsa-Farkas at Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.</p> <p>. Etymology: Named after the country where it was found.</p> <p>Description. Holotype 8.2 mm long, 266 µm wide at VIII and 295 µm at the clitellum (fixed), segments 43. Body length of paratypes 7.5–12 mm, width 300–380 µm at VIII and 360–440 µm at the clitellum (in vivo), length of fixed specimens 6.4–9 mm, width 250–300 µm at VIII, 290–320 µm at the clitellum, segments 38–45. Chaetae 2 per bundle, absent in XII, slightly sigmoid without nodulus, pointed distally, blunt proximally. Chaetae in preclitellar bundles 35–38 µm long, diameter ca. 5 µm, gradually increasing in size posteriad, in terminal segments 63–71 µm long and 6 µm thick. Prostomium rounded, head pore on the prostomium, dorsal just subterminal (Fig. 1 A), dorsal pores absent. Epidermal gland cells three to four transverse rows per segments, inconspicuous but prostomium and the first segment densely covered with gland cells. Clitellum in XII–1 /3–1/4XIII girdle-shaped, hyalocytes and granulocytes arranged in dense rows dorsally (Fig. 1 D); mid-ventrally only granulocytes (Fig. 1 C) (occasionally with a few smaller hyalocytes). Body wall 18–20 µm thick, cuticle ca. 2–3 µm (fixed specimens).</p> <p>All preclitellar septa well-developed. Brain (Fig. 1 B) about 1.5–1.7 times as long as wide incised anteriorly and posteriorly. Post-pharyngeal bulbs conspicuous. Ventral nerve cord perikarya concentrated in segmental ganglia, no perikarya in the region of the septa (Fig. 2 A), two or three pairs of lateral nerves, which enter the body wall, arising from ventral nerve cord in each segment (Fig. 2 B). Oesophageal appendage (Fig. 7 A) arises from mid dorsal region of pharynx, with a shorter unpaired root (60–80 µm long, 45–55 µm wide), two longer and thinner primary branches (95–130 x33 –38 µm) (Fig. 2 C) and five to six secondary branches (43– 47 x17–19 µm) on each side (in vivo) (Fig. 2 D). All three pairs of pharyngeal glands united dorsally with ventral lobes in V and VI. Three pairs of secondary ventral glands (lobes) in V, VI and VII but only the first pair is well-developed, the other two are rudimentary sometimes inconspicuous, smallest in VI (Fig. 3 A, Fig. 7 B). Chloragocytes from V. Dorsal vessel from XIII–XIV, anterior bifurcation at 0/I (Fig 3 B), blood colourless. Inflated ventral gut epithelium from XXVI to XXXIII, extending over two segments, often not visible.</p> <p>Five pairs of preclitellar nephridia from 5/6 to 9/10, (in one case there was only a single nephridium at 9/ 10). One or two pairs of nephridia are present at 13/14, 14/15 or sometimes only at 15/16, then missing in the next few segments, and posterior to this present in all segments until the end of worm. Efferent ducts arise mid-ventrally on the nephridia in preclitellar segments (Fig. 4 B) and sub-terminally (Fig. 4 A) on those of posterior segments; no terminal vesicle. Anteseptal with brownish granules (Fig. 3 C, 3D). Anterior nephridia 130–180 µm long (in vivo) (Fig 4 B), gradually increasing to a maximum at the first pairs posterior to the clitellum (187–210 µm), then gradually decreasing (Fig. 3 C) to only 95–130 µm (Fig. 4 A) in posteriormost segments. Ratio of lengths of anteseptal: postseptal 1:1.3–1.5 for most segments but 1:1 for the posteriormost segments. Nephridia often narrow at the septa (Fig. 3 D). Coelomocytes broadly oval yellowish with clearly visible nucleus and finely granular matrix, 20–33 x 15–17 µm (in vivo) (Fig. 4 C).</p> <p>Seminal vesicles large (in well developed adults) in XII–XIII. Sperm funnels (Fig. 5 A, B and 7C) welldeveloped, length about equal body diameter, 5–6 times as long as wide tapering distally (340–380 µm long proximally 60–70 µm wide, distally only 20–24 µm, in vivo). In fixed specimens the length of funnels are 176–230 µm. Collar bending out, wider than the funnel body. Spermatozoa ca. 100 µm (in vivo), 75 µm (fixed); head 13 µm in vivo and 8–10 µm fixed specimens. Sperm ducts (Fig. 5 C, D) long in loose or tight coils in XII–XIII, diameter 7–8 µm (fixed). Male copulatory organs (Fig. 5 C, D and 6A) with distinct musculature, male glandular body globular, diameter ca 45–57 µm (fixed). No accessory copulatory glands.</p> <p>Spermathecae (Fig. 7 D) paired, free, not attached to oesophagus. Ectal duct 100–160 µm long and 11–13 µm wide (fixed), with a short dilation in V (diameter 22–30 µm) (Fig. 6 B), and then continuing as a smooth tube (ca 220–230 µm long); terminating in a thin-walled, cylindrical ampulla in VIII–X. Size of ampulla varying according to the amount of sperm contained, sperm not arranged in packages (Fig. 6 C, D). One mature egg at a time.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: Soil and litter layers in maple trees cultivation of experimental farm of Agriculture Life Science, Chonbuk National University (site A), soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby the experimental farm (site C) and soil of earthworm breeding experimental box (site E).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) the size of worms: 7.5–12 mm long, width 300–380 µm in vivo, 38–45 segments; (2) all pairs of pharyngeal glands united dorsally, among the three pairs of secondary ventral glands only the first pair is well developed; (3) five pairs of preclitellar nephridia; (4) nephridia in the posteriormost segments are half the size of the first postclitellar ones; (5) primary branches of oesophageal appendages are longer and thinner than the unpaired trunk, with five–six secondary branches; (6) oval, yellowish, faintly granular coelomocytes with nucleus; (7) girdle-shaped clitellum, ventrally only granulocytes; (8) dorsal vessel from XIII–XIV; (9) large seminal vesicle; (10); large sperm funnel regularly tapering distad, approximately 6 times as long as wide, collar bending out; (11) spermathecae are free, extending into VIII–X, consisting of relatively long ectal ducts, dilations in V and connecting tubes with large cylindrical ampullae.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. The new species is most similar to Hemienchytraeus loksai Dózsa-Farkas, 1989 (Dózsa-Farkas 1989) from Ecuador, because both have 5 pairs of preclitellar nephridia and a similar form of spermathaecae but in H. koreanus sperm in the spermathecal ampulla is not arranged in packages, in contrast with H. loksai. The size of both species is about the same but H. loksai has more segments (48–55). Further differences include: (1) the terminal chaetae are about twice as large as the largest chaetae near the clitellum in the new species, while only slightly larger in H. loksai. (2) all three pairs of secondary pharyngeal glands are well developed in the H loksai, but only the first pair in H. koreanus. (3) the dorsal vessel origin is farther back (in XIV–XVI) in H. loksai, (4) the sperm ducts extend into XIV–XVII and the male copulatory organs are larger in H. loksai, (6). the sperm funnels are shorter and the sperm duct occurs only in XII–XIII in the new species.</p> <p>Hemienchytraeus loksai has been reported in China (Xie et al 1999), but the Chinese specimens differ somewhat from the original description of H. loksai. The new species is also different from the Chinese worms. Foremost, the Chinese worms are larger (51–55 segments, 14 mm long when fixed), the origin of dorsal vessel is more anterior in XII–XIII, the spermathecal ampullae are situated in XI–XII, and the spermathecal ectal ducts are much longer, 770 µm. In the new species, and also in H. loksai from Ecuador, these ducts are only 100–160 µm long. The Chinese specimens described by Xie et al (1999) also have sperm in packages in the spermathecal ampullae and the sperm ducts extend back as far as XVI, which are both similar to H. loksai from Ecuador. Even given these last two similarities, the number differences between the Chinese specimens and the originally described specimens of H. loksai, are numerous so that it is unlikely they represent the same species. Although the number of pairs of preclitellar nephridia is not noted for the Chinese specimens, as the first nephridia occur in 6/7 it seems likely there are no more than four pair, moreover, the Chinese worms had only primary lobes of pharyngeal glands, as illustrated by Xie et al (1999, Fig. 3 B) (although in the description there is no comment on secondary lobes of pharyngeal glands).</p> <p>All other species of Hemienchytraeus having large spermathecal ampullae appear to be distinct from the new species. H. guineanus Omodeo has more segments (52–55), the sperm funnels are very long and the sperm duct extends as far backwards as segment XV, the sperm in the spermathecal ampulla is arranged in regularly oval packages, and the glandular body of male copulatory organ is very small (25 µm). H. inversus Omodeo, 1958 differs from the new species because nephridia are present from 4/5 (Omodeo 1958) (in H. koreanus only from 5/6) and the sperm funnel is only twice as long as wide (in the new species this ratio is 4– 6:1). H. cipoensis Righi, 1973 again, has more segments (50–53), the oesophageal appendages have no secondary branches and the pharyngeal glands have no secondary lobes, the dorsal vessel origin is anterior to the clitellum in X, the sperm funnels are short, only 1½ times as long as wide, and the male copulatory organ is absent (Righi 1973). H. makusi Righi, 1988 has sperm-rings in a wide spermathecal ampulla and the spermathecal ectal ducts are relatively short, moreover, this worm is far larger (15–17 mm, with 53–67 segments) and the pharyngeal glands have only one pair of secondary lobes (Righi 1988). H. africanus Černosvitov, again, is much larger (17 mm long, more than 50 segments) and has a unique character: the postseptal part of a nephridium is bilobed, the ampullae of spermathecae are even larger than in H. koreanus, extending into X–XI, and seminal vesicle is very large filling up segments XV–XXI (Černosvitov 1935).</p> <p>Finally it is necessary to compare the new species to H. siljae Schmelz and Römbke, 2005. These two species are very similar in size, chaetal size distribution patterns (in posterior segments these are two times as large as in preclitellar segments), form of oesophageal appendage although there may be slightly fewer secondary branches in H. siljae (4–5) (Schmelz &amp; Römbke 2005). H. siljae differs from the new species further, by having well-developed secondary lobes of the pharyngeal glands and primary lobes at 6/7 that are not connected dorsally, only four pairs of nephridia in preclitellar segments, and slightly more posterior dorsal vessel origin, in XIV–XV.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65774246B87E9D0FFF5B3669FE642D6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára;Hong, Yong	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Hong, Yong (2010): Three new Hemienchytraeus species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida) from Korea, with first records of other enchytraeids and terrestrial polychaetes (Annelida). Zootaxa 2406: 29-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194222
65774246B8709D10FF5B33EBFDD52D3F.text	65774246B8709D10FF5B33EBFDD52D3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemienchytraeus jeonjuensis	<div><p>Hemienchytraeus jeonjuensis sp.n.</p> <p>(Fig. 8–12)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype: Clitellate (NIBRIV 0 0 0 0 138926): Type locality: Korea, Soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby experimental farm, College of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, (N 35˚50΄50.2ʺ, E 127˚08΄0 1.8ʺ) (site C), collected on 0 3. 0 9. 2007. Stained with paracarmine-bromophenol blue, whole-mounted on slide (No. 154). Deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p> <p>Paratypes: C litellate (NIBRIV 0000138927) one specimen on slide (No. 132), stained with borax carmine, collected 0 3. 0 9. 2007, locality is the same as the holotype; (NIBRIV 0000138928) one specimen in 70 % ethanol from the same locality as holotype, coll. 18.09.2008. Deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p> <p>P. 86. 1-5 five specimens on five slides (No. 134–137, 152), stained with borax carmine coll. 0 3. 0 9. 2007; P. 86. 7 one specimen on slide (No. 153) coloured paracarmine-bromophenol blue, coll. 0 3. 0 9. 2007; P.86. 8 one specimen on slides (No. 202), stained with borax-carmine, coll. 18. 0 9. 2008. All specimens collected from locality C: soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby experimental farm, College of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, (N 35˚50΄50.2ʺ, E 127˚08΄0 1.8ʺ), Korea; P.86. 9 four specimens in 70% ethanol, from locality J: Litter layers in deciduous forest, Bamsagol Valley (deciduous forest), Mt. Jiri, Unbong-myon, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea (N 35º22΄0 4.3ʺ, E 127º34’51.9”), Korea, 18 0 9. 2008; P.86. 10 one specimen in 70 % ethanol from locality I: Litter layers in deciduous forest, Dalgoung Valley (deciduous forest), Mt. Jiri, Unbong-myon, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea (N 35º20΄56.4ʺ, E 127º33’03.9”, 569 m) 18. 0 9. 2008. Deposited in the collection of K. Dózsa-Farkas at Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.</p> <p>Etymology: Named after the type locality, the city of Jeonju.</p> <p>Description. Holotype 5.7 mm long, 181 µm wide at VIII and 243 µm at the clitellum (fixed), segments 32. Body length of paratypes 6.9–7.5 mm, width 200–280 µm at VIII and 250–290 µm at the clitellum (in vivo), length of fixed specimens 4.8–6.1 mm, width at VIII 180–270 µm, 200–340 µm at the clitellum, segments 29–39. Chaetae 2 per each bundle, absent in XII (in one of the paratype specimens [No. 152] the lateral chaetae in II–IV absent), slightly sigmoid without nodulus, pointed distally, blunt proximally. Chaetae in ventral preclitellar bundles 28–35 µm long and ca. 3–3.5 µm thick, lateral chaetae smaller (22–25x 2.7 µm), all chaetae gradually increasing in size posteriad, in terminal segments 50x 4.5 µm ventrally and 35– 45 x 4 µm laterally. Head pore on the prostomium dorsal, subterminal (Fig. 8 A), dorsal pores absent. Epidermal gland cells one or two transverse rows per segments, inconspicuous. Clitellum in XII extending over a little more than one segment, girdle-shaped, hyalocytes and granulocytes arranged net-like dorsally (Fig. 9 A); size of hyalocytes 17x12 µm, of granulocytes 12.5 x 6–7 µm (fixed), ventrally only granulocytes (Fig. 9 B). The height of clitellum 20 µm dorsally only 10 µm ventrally. Body wall ca. 15 µm, cuticle &lt;1 µm thick (fixed). All septa well-developed, only in the terminal segments less developed. Brain (Fig. 8 B) about twice as long as wide deep incised anteriorly and more or less straight posteriorly. Post-pharyngeal bulbs conspicuous. Ventral nerve cord perikarya concentrated in segmental ganglia, no perikarya in the region of the septa. Two or three pairs of lateral nerve arising from ventral nerve cord per segment (Fig. 10 C).</p> <p>Oesophageal appendage (peptonephridia) (Fig. 12 A) with an unpaired root 20–21 µm wide and 30–40 µm long and two longer and thinner primary branches (52– 60 x17–20 µm) (Fig. 8 C). Primary branches terminate in two longer (52–60 µm) and thinner (15–16 µm) (in vivo) secondary branches on each side (Fig. 8 D). Trunk and primary branches with distinct winding canal, secondary branches compact. All three pairs of pharyngeal glands united dorsally with ventral lobes in V and VI. Two pairs of secondary glands in V, VI (Fig. 10 A).</p> <p>Chloragocytes from V, well-developed (20–25 µm long in vivo) filled with dark brown granules. Dorsal vessel from XII–XIII, blood colourless. Inflated ventral gut epithelium from ½ XIX to XX or XXI–XXII extending over two segments.</p> <p>Three pairs of preclitellar nephridia from 6/7 to 8/9 (Fig. 10 B) (sometimes only single). In postclitellar segments usually from 13/14 to 19/20 often missing in some segments, then present again in all segments to the end of worms. Rarely, nephridia absent in the terminal segments. In preclitellar segments efferent duct arising medially, in posterior segments sub-terminally; no terminal vesicle. Anterior nephridial lengths 85–95 µm, increasing to their longest just posterior to clitellum (119 µm), then decreasing gradually to half that size (59–55 µm long) in posteriormost segments (fixed). Length ratio anteseptal: postseptal 1: 1.2 in anterior segments, in the terminal segments 1:1. Coelomocytes oval with obvious nucleus and finely granular matrix, 20–25x 5–8 µm (in vivo) (Fig. 10 D).</p> <p>Seminal vesicle absent. Sperm funnels (Fig. 11 A, 12B) elongate pear-shaped, about ¼ as long as body diameter, 2–3 times as long as wide (62–80 µm long, fixed). Collar slightly wider than the funnel body. Spermatozoa ca. 30 µm, head 15 µm (fixed.). Sperm ducts not long, more or less coiled in XII, diameter 5 µm (fixed). Male copulatory organs (Fig. 9 B) with distinct musculature; male glandular body globular, diameter ca. 28–38 µm height 50 µm (fixed). No accessory copulatory glands.</p> <p>Spermathecae (Fig. 12 C) free, not attached to oesophagus. Ectal ducts long ca. 250–300 µm long and 6– 7.5 µm wide (fixed) only very small dilation in V but often absent, and ectal duct at the ectal opening slightly wider (about 10 µm wide) (Fig. 11 B); spermathecae terminate in small ampullae (25–32 µm long and 11-12 µm wide) in VI–VII. Ampullae thin-walled, empty or with a few sperm in them (Fig. 11 C). One or two mature eggs at a time.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: Soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby the experimental farm of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si (site C) and litter layers in decidouos forests in Dalgoung Valley (site I) and in Baemsagol Valley, Mt. Jiri (site J).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) the size of worms (6.9–7.5 mm, width 200–280 µm in vivo, segment number 29–39); (2) all pairs of pharyngeal glands united dorsally with ventral lobes in V and VI, secondary ventral lobes in V and VI; (3) three pairs of preclitellar nephridia; (4) nephridia in the terminal segments half size of the first postclitellar ones; (5) primary branches of oesophageal appendages are longer and thinner than the unpaired trunk with two longer compact secondary branches on each side; (6) oval, faintly granular coelomocytes with well visible nucleus; (7) clitellum girdle-shaped, ventrally only granulocytes; (8) Dorsal vessel from XII–XIII; (9) seminal vesicle absent; (10) sperm funnel small, elongate pear-shaped approximately 2–3 times as long as wide, collar slightly wider than the funnel body; (11) spermathecae free, extending into VI–VII, consisting of long ducts, mostly no dilations and terminate in a small thin-walled ampullae.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Previously, only four species were described in which the primary branches of the oesophageal appendage divided into just two secondary branches. Among them H. tanjae Schmelz and Römbke (2005) is similar to the new species in regard to the number of segments and the length of worms, (but probably H. tanjae is slightly thinner: 120–150 µm in vivo), absence of a seminal vesicle, the structure of the clitellum, the form and location of the spermathecae, and the length of the terminal chaetae (but these are only 33 µm in H. tanjae and 45–50 µm in H. jeonjuensis). There are notable differences between the species, however: H. tanjae has four pairs of nephridia preclitellarly (from 5/6), but H. jeonjuensis only three (from 6/ 7); in H. tanjae the dorsal vessel origin is further back, from XIV; in H. tanjae there is only one pair of secondary pharyngeal glands (in V), but two pairs in the new species (in V and VI); and in H. tanjae the attached spermatozoa are longer than the length of the sperm funnels (Schmelz &amp; Römbke 2005), whereas in H. jeonjuensis the spermatozoa are half as long as the length of the funnels, although the sperm funnels are slightly longer.</p> <p>The new species also is comparable to H. bifurcatus Nielsen and Christensen, 1959 in structure of spermathecae and oesophageal appendages, but H. bifurcatus species is larger (10 mm), the nephridia have large terminal vesicles and the coelomocytes contain small refractive granules (Nielsen &amp; Christensen 1959). As noted earlier, H. bifurcatus species is of a doubtful status. Healy (1996) described a worm as H. bifurcatus from Florida, but this differs from H. jeonjuensis, because it has a seminal vesicle, nephridia at 4/5 or 5/6, and thin-walled secondary branches of oesophageal appendage with a wide lumen. H. bifurcatus was described from Japan by Nakamura (1984) and, although some characters are not mentioned, the form of the spermathecae illustrated for the Japanese specimens (Nakamura 1984 p. 32. Fig. 1 D) is different.</p> <p>The principal differences between H. jeonjuensis and H. solimoensis Righ, 1978 are: the spermathecae of the latter are much shorter, only in V, the third pair of pharyngeal glands are separate dorsally and the coelomocytes are smaller (9 µm) (Righi 1978). Finally, H planisetosus Xie, Wang and Liang 1999 also has a number of distinctive characteristics compared to the new species: anteriorly the chaetae have flattened and widened distal tips, there are five pairs of preclitellar nephrida, more segments (up to 45), the spermathecae can reach the segment IX, and the male glandular bulb are large (the size is not given but according to the text “the penial bulb large” [Xie et al. 1999]).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65774246B8709D10FF5B33EBFDD52D3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára;Hong, Yong	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Hong, Yong (2010): Three new Hemienchytraeus species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida) from Korea, with first records of other enchytraeids and terrestrial polychaetes (Annelida). Zootaxa 2406: 29-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194222
65774246B86F9D19FF5B3356FA96282A.text	65774246B86F9D19FF5B3356FA96282A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemienchytraeus quadratus	<div><p>Hemienchytraeus quadratus sp. n.</p> <p>(Fig. 13–17)</p> <p>Type material. Holotype: Clitellate (NIBRIV 0 0 0 0 138929): Type locality: Korea, soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby experimental farm, College of Agriculture &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, (N 35˚50΄50.2ʺ, E 127˚08΄0 1.8ʺ), (Site C), coll. 3 September 2007. stained with borax-carmine, whole-mounted on slide (No. 185). Deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.</p> <p>Paratypes: Clitellate (NIBRIV 0 0 0 0 138930 and NIBRIV 0 0 0 0 138931) two specimens on two slides (No. 129, 183), stained with borax-carmine, collected 0 3. 0 9. 2007, locality is the same as the locality of the holotype</p> <p>P. 87. 1-5 five specimens on five slides (No. 128, 135, 184, 237, 238), stained with borax-carmine coll. 0 3. 0 9. 2007; P. 87. 6 one specimen on slide (No.208), stained with borax-carmine coll. 0 6. 10. 2008. Locality of all six specimens is the same as the locality of the holotype.</p> <p>Etymology: the species name refers to the characteristic gland-free square area of the clitellum, derived from the Latin quadratus = square</p> <p>Description. Holotype 5.2 mm long, 214 µm wide at VIII and 271 µm at the clitellum (fixed), segments 32. Body length of paratypes 4.5–9.6 mm, width 260–300 µm at VIII and 320–400 µm at the clitellum (in vivo), length of fixed specimens 3.6–6.6 mm, width 110–285 µm at VIII, 133–360 µm at the clitellum, segments (25)–28–34. Chaetae 2 per bundle, absent in XII (in two specimens one or two chaetal bundles had three chaetae in terminal segments, slightly sigmoid without nodulus, pointed distally, blunt proximally. Chaetae in preclitellar bundles 25–35x 2.5–3 µm, ventrally slightly longer and gradually increasing in size posteriad, in terminal segments up to 45– 50 x3.7–4 µm. Head pore on the prostomium, dorsal, subterminal (Fig. 13 A), dorsal pores absent. Epidermal gland cells clearly visible in three transverse rows per segments. Clitellum in XII extending over a little more than one segment, girdle shaped, hyalocytes and granulocytes net-like dorsally (Fig.14 A); diameter of hyalocytes 12–16 µm, granulocytes 12.5 x7–8 µm (fixed). Ventrally, between and in front of the male pores, there is a ca. 175 x70 µm area, where the glands are absent, anterior to this only granulocytes more or less in transverse rows, and posterior granulocytes in two rows followed by reticulated granulocytes and hyalocytes. (Fig. 14 B). Body wall ca. 17–20 µm, cuticle 1–1.5 µm thick (fixed). Anterior septa are thicker than postclitellar septa. Brain (Fig. 13 B) about twice as long as wide, deeply incised anteriorly and posteriorly. Post-pharyngeal bulbs conspicuous. Ventral nerve cord perikarya fewer in the region of the septa but continuous (Fig. 13 C).</p> <p>Unpaired root of the oesophageal appendage (peptonephridia) 45 µm wide and ca. 90 µm long (in vivo), with wide cavity. Two primary branches very short, 11-15 µm long and divide into three thin-walled branches, 75–100 µm long by 12–13 µm wide, with wide lumen. (Fig.15 A, B, 17A). All three pairs of pharyngeal glands (Fig.15 C, D, 17B) united dorsally, with wide connection and without ventral lobes in IV, with small ventral lobes in V, and with narrower connection but with large ventral lobes in VI. Two pairs of welldeveloped secondary glands in V, VI. Chloragocytes from V, flat (diameter 10 µm in vivo) light yellow. Dorsal vessel from XII–XIII, blood colorless. Inflated ventral gut epithelium from ½XIX to XX or XX–XXI. Three or two pairs of preclitellar nephridia from 6/7 to 8/9 (Fig.15 D, 16A). In preclitellar segments efferent duct arising medially, in posterior segments sub-terminally; no terminal vesicle. Lengths of preclitellar nephridia 110–133 µm (fixed), those in terminal segments of a similar size or a little larger (140–170 µm long). Length ratio anteseptal:postseptal in anterior segments 1:1.3–2, in the terminal segments 1:1. Anteseptal with brownish granules (Fig 16 A). Coelomocytes (Fig. 13 D) light yellow oval with clearly visible nucleus and finely granular matrix, 25–42x 20–25 µm in vivo), 17–20x 7–12 µm (fixed).</p> <p>Seminal vesicle absent. Sperm funnels (Fig. 16 B, C) cylindrical tapering distad, about ½ as long as body diameter, 3–4 times as long as wide (100–120 µm long, in vivo). Collar as wide as the funnel body, spermatozoa ca. 55–60 µm, the head 11 µm (fixed). Sperm ducts not long more or less coiled in XII, diameter 10 µm (fixed). Male copulatory organs oval (Fig. 14 B) with developed musculature (diameter 40x 33 µm), male glandular body globular, diameter ca. 37–38 µm (fixed). No accessory copulatory glands.</p> <p>Spermathecae (Fig. 17 C) free, not attached to oesophagus. Ectal ducts short muscular ca. 30–37 µm long and 13–18 µm wide (fixed), swelling to form thick-walled ectal dilations (diameter 20–23 µm) (Fig. 16 D) most often containing sperm, continuing as 200 µm long tubes distally tapered (12–10–8 µm) and terminating in reclinate ampullae (diameter 13–16 µm, fix) in VII (in the fixed specimens they are often in VI). The ampullae thin walled. Ampullae and ducts also contain sperm. One mature egg at a time.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: Only known from type locality (Soil and litter layers in mountain forest nearby experimental farm, College of Agricultur &amp; Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si (site C).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) the size of worms (4.5–9.6 mm, width 260–300 µm in vivo, segment number 28–34); (2) all pairs of pharyngeal glands united dorsally, large ventral lobes only in VI, secondary glands in V and VI; (3) two or three pairs of preclitellar nephridia; (4) nephridia in the terminal segments are as long as or a little larger than preclitellar nephridia; (5) the unpaired trunk of oesophageal appendages has a wide lumen, primary branches are very short, divided into three secondary branches on each side, which are long and thin-walled with wide lumen; (6) oval yellowish faintly granular coelomocytes with well visible nucleus; (7) clitellum is girdle-shaped, ventrally with a characteristic square area devoid of any glands; (8) dorsal vessel from XII–XIII; (9) seminal vesicle is absent; (10) sperm funnels are cylindrical, approximately 3–4 times as long as wide, collar is as wide as the funnel body itself; (11) spermathecae are free, extending into VII, ectal ducts are short, ectal dilations are thick-walled, the connecting tubes are tapered distally, the ampullae thin-walled. Dilations, ampullae and ducts can contain sperm equally.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Among the previously described in which the oesophageal appendage have more than two secondary branches, the spermathecae extends as far as VII and the ental ampullae of spermathecae are not dilated considerable, four species [H. patricii Schmelz and Römbke, 2005, H. stephensoni (Cognetti, 1927), H. mauriliae Righi, 1981 and H. brachythecus Xie, Wang and Liang, 1999] are similar to the new species. The main differences are as follows:</p> <p>H. quadratus resembles H. patrici in size, segments number, numbers of preclitellar nephridia, the formation of the pharyngeal glands and spermathecae but differs as the terminal chaetae are more than twice as large as preclitellar chaetae in H. patrici (70–80 compared to 25-30 µm) (Schmelz &amp; Römbke 2005), whereas they are only moderately larger in the new species (45–55 compared to 25–35 µm). In both species the primary branches of the oesophageal glands are short but in H. patricii there are 4-5 secondary branches with different thickness and length, forming a cauliflower-like mass, in H. quadratus there are just three uniform, slender secondary branches. Moreover, in H. patricii the dorsal vessel is from XIII–XIV, the sperm funnels are longer than the worm’s diameter, 6–8 times as long as wide and the clitellum saddle-shaped while in H. quadratus the dorsal vessel is from XII–XIII, the sperm funnels are half as long as the diameter of worms, only 3–5 times as long as wide and the clitellum is girdle-shaped with a square verntral area free of glands.</p> <p>The segment number and the size of H. stephensoni are similar to the new species, and both have oesophageal appendage with three secondary branches but in H. stephensoni the trunk of the oesophageal appendage and the primary branches are equal long and the secondary branches are 3–4 times as long as wide and compact, in contrast with H. quadratus, which have very short primary branches and the secondary branches are ca. 8 times as long as wide and have wide lumen. Additionally, in H. stephensoni the terminal chaetae are 70–83 µm long, the third pair of pharyngeal glands is free and there are four pairs of preclitellar nephridia, but in H. quadratus these chaetae are only 45–55 µm long, there is a wide connection between all pharyngeal glands and there are two–three pairs of nephridia preclitellarly. Also in H. stephensoni the dorsal vessel origin is in XIII–XIV, even if the clitellum is girdle-shaped ventrally there are only granulocytes, the collar of the sperm funnel is narrower, the ectal ducts of spermathecae are longer and the ampullae reach segment VIII (Cognetti 1927, Schmelz &amp; Collado 2007).</p> <p>Because Schmelz and Collado (2007) provided substantial evidence that the worms from China described as H. stephensoni by Xie et al. (1999) are not identical with H. stephensoni Cognetti, I feel it is necessary to make a comparison between this Chinese and the new species. Differences: in the Chinese species the clitellum is longer (XII-1 /2XIII) (about the ventral site no information), the secondary pharyngeal glands are absent, there are more preclitellar nephridia (5 pairs), the sperm funnels are shorter (3 times longer than wide) and the collar is narrower than the funnel itself. The oesophageal appendages are similar to H. stephensoni (after the revision of Schmelz &amp; Collado 2007).</p> <p>The size of H. maurilae is unknown, because it was described on the basis of only one specimen and the end of worm was absent (Righi 1981), but it differs from H. quadratus because it has 5 pairs of preclitellar nephridia and the sperm funnels are twice as long as the body diameter.</p> <p>Finally H. brachythecus (Xie et al. 1999) from China differs from the new species by the spermathecae, which are found only in V, and have 5 pairs of preclitellar nephridia.</p> <p>Table 2 is provide a summary of the differences among the three new species.</p> <p>We are grateful to the two reviewers: Kathryn Coates and Jiři Schlaghamerskỹ for their constructive help. This research was financed by the Hungarian National Scientific Research Foundation (OTKA 49635). Some research equipments (microscope and digital camera) were also provided by the OTKA - Foundation (M 27225 and M 045482).</p> <p>This work was also supported by a grant from Rural Development Administration, Korea (2006).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65774246B86F9D19FF5B3356FA96282A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára;Hong, Yong	Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Hong, Yong (2010): Three new Hemienchytraeus species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida) from Korea, with first records of other enchytraeids and terrestrial polychaetes (Annelida). Zootaxa 2406: 29-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194222
