taxonID	type	description	language	source
610135142B34FFC2E8906201FBFAFB31.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Gulf of Oman, Khalasi mangroves, one specimen (ZUTC Ann. 6151).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC2E8906201FBFAFB31.taxon	description	Description. Color in alcohol cream. Body 19 mm long, 3.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (including parapodia). Prostomium cleft anteriorly and wider than long. Palps stout, palpostyle slender, papilliform, antennae shorter than palps. Longest tentacular cirri reaching back to chaetiger 8. Pharynx everted with small, transparent, conical paragnaths on maxillary ring, arranged as follows: Area I = 0, II = 2 – 3, in small cluster, III = 0, IV = 2 – 3 in small group; oral ring papillae arranged as follows: V, VI, VII – VIII = band of numerous dome- or conical-shaped, soft papillae arranged in several rows. Notopodial dorsal ligule triangular with some glands, longer than prechaetal notopodial lobe and ventral ligule. Prechaetal (median) notopodial lobe shorter than ventral ligule. Posterior dorsal cirrus smaller than dorsal ligule. Anterior neuropodia with two ligules, more or less of the same length and postchaetal (median) lobe slightly smaller than ligules; posterior neuropodia with ventral ligule slightly shorter than acicular ligule. Ventral cirrus shorter than ventral ligule. Notochaetae all homogomph spinigers in anterior and posterior chaetigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and homogomph falcigers with spinous blade and truncate tip. Posterior neuropodia and neurochaetae similar to anterior ones, but fewer homogomph spinigers and accompanying homogomph falcigers present to end of body.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC2E8906201FBFAFB31.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three Leonnates species have been reported from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, Leonnates indicus Kinberg, L. decipiens Fauvel, and L. persicus Wesenberg-Lund. The present specimen closely resembles the original description of L. persicus by Wesenberg-Lund from the Persian Gulf. This is the first record of this species from the Gulf of Oman.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC2E8906201FBFAFB31.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Persian Gulf (North-west of Qais) (Wesenberg-Lund 1949), Gulf of Oman (Khalasi Mangrove); China Wu et al. (1985); South Africa (Day 1967); Suez Canal (Wehe & Fiege 2 002).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC1E89067DFFC11FEE6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Gulf of Oman, Bujikdan, one specimen (ZUTC Ann. 1116).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC1E89067DFFC11FEE6.taxon	description	Description. Incomplete material with 40 chaetigers, 8 mm length remaining, 1.21 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (including parapodia). Color in alcohol cream with dark glands visible in dorsal ligules from median part of body to the end. Prostomium not cleft anteriorly and wider than long. Antennae longer than palps. Jaws with smooth cutting edge. Pharynx everted with small, transparent, conical paragnaths on maxillary ring, arranged as follows: Area I = 0, II = 5 – 6, in small cluster, III = 10, IV = 6 in small group; oral ring papillae arranged as follows: V = 0, VI = one large papilla, VII – VIII = 5 papillae in single row. Parapodium from chaetiger 10: Notopodia with three ligules, all the same length. Dorsal cirrus shorter than dorsal ligule. Neuropodia with two ligules, Neuropodia with conical acicular and postchaetal lobes. Ventral ligule subconical, exceeds length of acicular lobes. Ventral cirrus shorter than ventral ligule. Parapodia from chaetigers 35, 40: Dorsal notopodial ligule with some glands and longer than the notopodial ventral ligule. Dorsal cirrus as long as dorsal ligule. Anterior neuropodia with two similar length lobes; posterior neuropodia with postchaetal lobe reduced and ventral ligule much longer than acicular ligule. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 10, homogomph spinigers and one heterogomph spiniger. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 35, homogomph spinigers and heterogomph spiniger, homogomph falcigers and heterogomph falcigers. Falcigers with spinous blade with truncate tip. Neurochaeta of chaetiger 40 same as anterior ones, but homogomph and heterogomph falcigers absent and also absent from more posterior chaetigers.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC1E89067DFFC11FEE6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material examined agrees well in paragnath numbers and parapodial characters to previous descriptions, except that neuropodial falcigers are absent from chaetiger 38 to the end of the body. This species can be distinguished from Leonnates crinitus by having fewer paragnaths in Area III. This is the first report of L. decipiens from the Persian Gulf.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B34FFC1E89067DFFC11FEE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Suez Canal, Red Sea, Arabian Sea (Wehe & Fiege 2002), Gulf of Mannar (type locality) (Fauvel 1929), Mozambique (Day 1967), Sri Lanka, Australia (Qiu & Qian 2000).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B37FFC1E8906744FBA7F846.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf, Abu Musa Island, southern part of the Quay, one specimen (ZUTC Ann. 61 52).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B37FFC1E8906744FBA7F846.taxon	description	Description. Material examined here is incomplete with 40 chaetigers. Paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 17, II = a crescent group of about 30, III = a cluster in three transverse rows, IV = cluster of small paragnaths. Paragnaths on oral ring arranged as follows: V-VI - VII – VIII = a continuous broad transverse band of many paragnaths with large cones in area V. Anterior notopodia have three triangular ligules (i. e. prechaetal notopodial lobe present), dorsal cirrus shorter than dorsal ligule. Anterior neuropodia have two ligules (acicular and ventral ligules) and digitate postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus shorter than ventral neuropodial ligule. Median notopodia similar to anterior notopodia, however dorsal cirrus relatively longer. Neurochaetae all homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers. Falcigers have long, serrated blades with blunt tips.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B37FFC1E8906744FBA7F846.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Reish et al. (2014) the Neanthes acuminata (Ehlers, 1868) species complex is cosmopolitan in distribution and comprises at least four morphologically identical species: N. acuminata, N. arenaceodentata Moore, 1903, N. caudata (delle Chiaje, 1841) and N. cricognatha (Ehlers, 1904). Members of the species complex can only be distinguished by chromosome number, eye and egg colouration and molecular data. All previous references to the species complex in the region refer to N. caudata; however, this name is currently invalid as it was based on a misapplication of Lamarck's nomination of a spionid species, Spio caudatus (Read & Bellan 2016). This is the first record of Neanthes acuminata species complex from the Persian Gulf.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B37FFC1E8906744FBA7F846.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Suez Canal, Red Sea (Wehe & Fiege 2002). Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean (Fauvel 1950), The Philippines, Japan, Southern California, New Zealand, Australia (Reish et al. 2014).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B37FFC1E8906291FC79FB8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (after Bakken & Wilson 2005): Prostomium with entire anterior margin, one pair of antennae, one pair of biarticulated palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Eyes present or absent. One apodous anterior segment, greater than length of chaetiger 1. Maxillary ring of pharynx, conical paragnaths: Areas I ̄ IV, present or absent; IV, smooth bar-like paragnaths present or absent. Oral ring, conical paragnaths: Areas V and VI present as distinct groups or not separated; V ̄ VIII, present or absent. Dorsal notopodial ligule present, similar in size on anterior and posterior chaetigers or markedly reduced on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present or absent, smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule on anterior chaetigers, usually reduced or absent posteriorly, but may be present throughout all chaetigers or restricted to a limited number of anterior chaetigers. Acicular process present or absent; present on anterior chaetigers, reducing in size posteriorly. Dorsal cirrus basally or mid-dorsally to subterminally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule on posterior chaetigers, lacking basal cirrophore. Neuropodia with (postchaetal lobe absent or present), acicular ligule and ventral ligule. Notoaciculae absent from chaetigers 1 and 2. Notochaetae: homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present or absent, homogomph spinigers present, heterogomph falcigers on anterior chaetigers present, on posterior chaetigers present or absent. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present or absent, homogomph spinigers present or absent, heterogomph falcigers present.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFC0E89063B1FADDFAC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, the Persian Gulf: Qeshm Island- Mangrove forest, two specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1108), Qeshm Island- Tola village, two specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1111), Gulf of Oman: Khur Sirik- Dhow building, two specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1157), Bandar Emam Khomeini- Sarbandar, nine specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1168), two specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1179), 4 specimens (ZUTC 6153), six specimens (ZUTC 6154), Khur Khalasi, two specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1180).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFC0E89063B1FADDFAC1.taxon	description	Description. Body 31 mm long, 2.4 mm wide at chaetiger 10 including parapodia. Palps longer than antennae. Conical paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 2 small paragnaths, II = 8 paragnaths in triangular shape, III = 24 paragnaths in long band, IV = small cluster of 6 – 7 paragnaths. Paragnaths on oral ring arranged as follows: V = absent, VI = one small papilla with a tiny paragnath at tip, VII – VIII = absent. Anterior notopodia have two conical ligules, dorsal and ventral one are equal in length and longer than prechaetal notopodial lobe, dorsal cirrus approximately as long as dorsal ligule. Anterior neuropodia with two ligules (acicular and ventral), acicular neuropodial ligule conical with equal-sized prechaetal and postchaetal lobes. Ventral neuropodial ligule digitiform and smaller than acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirrus shorter than ventral ligule. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers with long finely serrated blades in upper group and with shorter blades in lower group. Posterior notopodia similar to anterior notopodia, however dorsal cirri relatively longer. Posterior neuropodia similar in size to the anterior neuropodia. Neurochaetae fewer and homogomph spinigers replaced by hemigomph spinigers especially in the lower group. Ventral cirrus shorter than ventral neuropodial ligule.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFC0E89063B1FADDFAC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Neanthes glandicincta Southern, 1921 is commonly reported from southern and eastern Asia (Lee & Glasby 2015; Wu et al. 1985). It is an atypical Neanthes in having an almost bare oral ring of pharynx (only a small paragnath-tipped papilla present on Area VI) and parapodia bearing three notopodial lobes (Lee & Glasby 2015). In these two features N. glandicincta resembles species of Leonnates. According to Southern’s type description, the oral ring paragnaths in N. glandicincta are much reduced, and may easily fall off. The studied material is similar to N. wilsonchani Lee & Glasby and N. glandicincta from Singapore with the exception that present material lack completely paragnaths in Areas VII – VIII. Further, the specimens examined have more paragnaths in Area I (1 – 6 vs 1), Area II (5 – 24 vs 6) and Area III (13 – 28 vs 11), than material described by Southern (1921) and fewer paragnaths in Area I, Area III and IV than materials recorded in Singapore. The present specimens represent the first record of the species from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman and presently represent the westernmost distribution limit for the N. glandicincta species group.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFC0E89063B1FADDFAC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indian Ocean, South China Sea (Lee & Glasby 2015), Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFCDE89066B0FF2EFA66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, Qeshm, North Beach (N 26 ° 58 ' 17.22 ", E 56 ° 15 ' 32.43 "), intertidal zone, sandy beach covered with cobble, collector Bonyadi-Naeini A., 26 June 2013, ZUTC 6169. Paratypes: Bushehr, Daneshju Park Beach (28 ° 48 ' 23.84 " N, 50 ° 53 ' 54.09 " E), ZUTC 6156 (three specimens); Qeshm, North Beach (26 ° 58 ' 17.22 " N, 56 ° 15 ' 32.43 " E), ZUTC 6169, (six specimens); Hormoz Island, Center of Ecosystem Research (27 ° 03 ' 01 " N, 56 ° 29 ' 58 " E), ZUTC 6158, (two specimens); Djod (25 ° 26 ' 33 " N, E 59 ° 31 ' 00 " E), ZUTC 6155, (four specimens); Qeshm Island- Tola village, (26 ° 59 ' 36.3 " N, 56 ° 13 ' 03.2 " E), ZUTC 6157, (one specimen).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFCDE89066B0FF2EFA66.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name, biparagnatha, refers to presence of two types of paragnaths in Area IV of the pharynx in this species.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFCDE89066B0FF2EFA66.taxon	description	Description. Holotype specimen broken in two pieces: anterior part is about 21 chaetigers, and posterior part about 51 chaetigers. Total length before fixation 43 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Body flattened, tapering posteriorly. Color in alcohol creamy yellow. Prostomium slightly wider than long with two brownish lines extending from base of antennae to near eyes (Fig. 2 A, Fig. 3 A). Palps longer than wide and longer than antennae. Pharynx everted with translucent yellow to dark brown jaws with eight teeth. Conical paragnaths and short bars also present in Area IV (Fig. 2 B, Fig. 3 C), arranged as follows: Area I = 1; II = 6 (left), 6 (right), triangular shaped, III = 27 in a crescent group; IV = 27 (left), 32 (right), 5 bars on each side of area IV, and close to the jaws (Fig. 2 B); V = 2 in a single line; VI, VII, and VIII coalescent and composed of more than three irregular rows, VI = 1 (left), 1 (right) large cone, VII – VIII = 91, in a wide band composed of two irregular group of cones, distal group with larger cones than those of proximal group (Fig. 2 C, Fig. 3 B). Parapodium of chaetiger 10: Notopodium with two ligules. Dorsal cirrus longer than dorsal notopodial ligule. Ratio of DC / DNL: 1.58. Dorsal and ventral notopodial ligules conical, ventral ligule smaller than dorsal ligule. Small acicular lobe present. Neuropodium with two ligules. Digitiform postchaetal lobe present. Ventral neuropodial ligule conical, rounded distally, approximately equal in length with acicular ligule. Ventral cirri equal in length with neuropodial acicular ligule (Fig. 2 D). Notochaetae homogomph spinigers, arranged in single row between dorsal and ventral ligules (Fig. 4 F). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle include homogomph spinigers (Fig. 4 G) and heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 4 I); in ventral fascicle are heterogomph falcigers. Falcigers with short and serrated blade (Fig. 4 H & I). Parapodium of posterior chaetigers: Dorsal cirrus longer than dorsal notopodial ligule in anterior chaetigers, slightly longer than anterior one. Ratio of DC / DNL: 1.48. Dorsal cirri becoming longer posteriorly, up to 1.5 times longer in most posterior chaetigers. Dorsal notopodial ligule conical, becoming pointed and smaller in posterior chaetigers. Acicular neuropodial ligule conical and a distinct digitiform postchaetal lobe reduced in middle chaetigers and disappearing in posterior chaetigers. Ventral neuropodial ligule conical, smaller, pointed and reduced in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2 E). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle are homogomph spinigers (Fig. 4 A) and heterogomph falcigers with short blades (Fig. 4 B). Neurochaetae in ventral fascicle are heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 4 C). Paired, cirriform long pygidial cirri present. Variation in 15 paratypes: Size range from 6.98 mm to 44.33 mm (mean 26.64 mm) long, 0.8 mm to 4.56 mm (mean 2.17 mm) wide. Paragnath counts as follows: I = 1; II = 2 – 8; III = 14 – 32, in crescent group; IV = 11 – 34, also 3 – 6 short bars on either side; V = 1 – 3; VI = 1 large cone; VII – VIII = 59 – 97 in wide band of different-sized cones. Paragnaths often conical and dark with large base, including short bars in Area IV. Dorsal cirrus in some specimen smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule. Ratio of DC / DNL 0.639 – 1.85 and 0.84 – 1.69 in anterior and posterior parapodia, respectively. Anterior neurochaetae in ventral fascicles include homogomph spinigers, heterogomph falcigers, and sesquigomph falcigers. Posterior neurochaetae in dorsal fascicles include homogomph and heterogomph spinigers. Posterior neurochaetae in ventral fascicles are heterogomph falcigers, heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 4 J), sesquigomph falcigers (Fig. 4 D & E).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B36FFCDE89066B0FF2EFA66.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species resembles the description of Neanthes deplanata Mohammad, 1971, but can be distinguished by having 3 – 6 bar-shaped paragnaths in each side of Area IV (Fig. 2 B, 3 C; table 3). Neanthes deplanata, similar to the present species, also has a triangular cluster of conical paragnaths, but unlike N. biparagnatha sp. nov. has no bars on Area IV. Also, the two species differ in the number of paragnaths in Area III (Fig. 2 C, 3 B). Neanthes deplanata has 14, but the present specimens have more cones (14 – 32 cones). Further, N. deplanata has heterogomph spinigers in the ventral fascicle of posterior neuropodia, but the holotype of the new species has none, although a single heterogomph spiniger was present in this position in a few paratypes (Fig. 4 J). The new species is also similar to Neanthes unifasciata (Willey, 1905), but can be easily distinguished by the number, size and patterns of the paragnaths and also the body size. The new species differs from Neanthes willeyi (Day, 1934) in the number and pattern of paragnaths of Area IV (3 – 6 short bars on either side vs no bars) and Areas VI-VII-VII (paragnaths in Area VI-VII-VIII are coalescent vs Areas VI with a prominent group of 4 – 8 cones). Other distinguishing characteristics of the new species, and comparisons with its close congeners, are presented in Table 3.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3BFFCCE8906511F883FDE8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf, Hormoz Island, Center of Ecosystem Research, 1 specimen (ZUTC 6159). Habitat. Intertidal, rocky substrate covered with algae.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3BFFCCE8906511F883FDE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The single specimen examined lacks the posterior part of the body. It differs from specimens of Neanthes deplanata in both the form and the numbers of paragnaths: the maxillary ring has conical paragnaths in all areas, paragnaths absent in Areas V and VI, and present as a band of different sized conical paragnaths in three rows in Area VII – VIII. Notochaetae include homogomph spinigers and neurochaetae include homogomph and heterogomph spinigers and homogomph and heterogomph falcigers. Further specimens are required before definitive conclusions can be made about species identity. TABLE ³. Comparison between selecteđ characters in Neanthes deplanata, Neanthes biparagnatha sp. nov. anđ Neanthes unifasciata, Neanthes Willeyi, baseđ on Willeyi (1905) & Day (1934)	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE89063B1FC96FD94.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island- Shib Deraz, one specimen (ZUTC 6160). Habitat. Intertidal, sandy beach.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE89063B1FC96FD94.taxon	discussion	Remarks. At first the specimen was recognized as Neanthes acuminata (Ehlers, 1868) species complex based on parapodial characteristics. More thorough studies, however, revealed that this specimen, although similar to N. acuminata, does not agree fully with the description of N. acuminata (Ehlers, 1868). In particular, the studied specimen has more paragnaths in Area VII – VIII (more than 100) and only two notopodial ligules in anterior and posterior chaetigers. It also shows some resemblance to N. unifasciata (Willey, 1905), but it differs from this species in the absence of a dark brown collar across the whole of the dorsal surface of the second chaetiger. Also, it differs in number and pattern of paragnaths in Area VII – VIII.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE89067B2FAFBF877.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf, Genaveh Jetty, one specimen (ZUTC 6162). Habitat. Intertidal, sandy-cobble beach	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE89067B2FAFBF877.taxon	description	Description. Material examined incomplete about 35 chaetigers, color in alcohol light cream. Frontal antennae as long as palps. Longest tentacular cirri extending back to chaetiger 5. Jaws yellowish with dentate cutting edge and 7 – 8 teeth. All paragnaths conical. Paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 5 in a group, II = about 25 in wedge shape, III = an oval group of about 15, IV = a circular group of about 15, paragnaths on oral ring arranged as follows: V = 12 in triangular shape, one at corner of triangle larger than others, VI = 9 in circular group, VII – VIII = irregular broad band of similar-sized paragnaths. Anterior notopodia with two equal, conical ligules. Dorsal notopodial ligule reduced posteriorly. Dorsal cirrus longer than dorsal ligule. Dorsal cirrus becoming longer and sub-terminal posteriorly. Anterior neuropodia with two ligules. Neuropodial prechaetal lobe present. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers equal in length to acicular neuropodial ligule, reduced posteriorly. Notochaetae are homogomph spinigers anteriorly and one or more homogomph falcigers posteriorly. Blades of falcigers with two or more small teeth. Neurochaetae dorsal fascicle are homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae ventral fascicle are heterogomph spinigers with blades finely serrated, and heterogomph falcigers.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE89067B2FAFBF877.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The single specimen available to study resembles closely Nereis pelagica, but differs in the number and shape of paragnaths in all areas of pharynx, for example more paragnaths in Area I (5 vs 1 – 2) and Area II (25 vs 10 – 20) than Nereis pelagica from Scottish waters (Chambers & Garwood 1992). Also, it has 12 paragnaths in Area V arranged in a triangular shape (the one at the corner of the triangle is larger than the others, but Nereis pelagica from Scottish waters has no paragnaths in Area V. Nereis pelagica is reported to be cosmopolitan (Bakken & Wilson 2005); however, this is the first record of a form resembling N. pelagica from the Persian Gulf.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3DFFCBE8906179FBEEFBC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (after Bakken & Wilson 2005): Prostomium with entire anterior margin, one pair of antennae, one pair of biarticulated palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Eyes present or absent. One apodous anterior segment, greater than length of chaetiger 1. Maxillary ring of pharynx, conical paragnaths: Areas I ̄ III, present or absent; IV, present, smooth bar-like paragnaths present or absent. Oral ring: conical paragnaths present or absent. Dorsal notopodial ligule similar in size in anterior and posterior chaetigers or markedly reduced on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present or absent, smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule on anterior chaetigers, usually reduced or absent posteriorly. Dorsal cirrus basally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule throughout all chaetigers, lacking basal cirrophore. Neuropodia with acicular and ventral ligules; postchaetal lobe absent. Notoaciculae absent from chaetigers 1 and 2. Notochaetae: homogomph spinigers, homogomph falcigers present. Neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle: homogomph spinigers present, heterogomph falcigers on anterior chaetigers present or absent, on posterior chaetigers present. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present or absent, heterogomph falcigers present or absent.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFC9E890655BFD02FF56.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island- Tola village, one specimen (ZUTC 6142). Habitat. Sandy- stony beach.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFC9E890655BFD02FF56.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The single specimen fits the general concept of species described as varieties of P. cultrifera by Fauvel (1932, 1953), which are now all considered distinct species (Hutchings et al. 1991). However, initial observations indicate that the specimen does not agree with any members of the species complex reported from the region (Wehe & Fiege 2002); it is certainly distinguishable from P. floridana (Ehlers, 1868), P. striolata Grube, 1878, P. obfuscata Grube, 1878, P. perspicillata Grube, 1878, P. helleri, and P. cultrifera (Grube, 1840) by the number and shape of paragnaths in Areas V and VI.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFCAE89063B1FF30FD24.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (after Bakken & Wilson 2005): Prostomium with entire anterior margin, one pair of antennae, one pair of biarticulated palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Two pairs of eyes. One apodous anterior segment, greater than length of chaetiger 1. Maxillary ring of pharynx, conical paragnaths: Area I, present or absent; II, present or absent; III, present; IV, present or absent, smooth bar-like paragnaths present or absent. Oral ring, conical paragnaths: Area V, present or absent; VI, present or absent, smooth bars present; VII ̄ VIII, present. Dorsal notopodial ligule similar in size in anterior and posterior chaetigers, or markedly elongate on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present or absent, smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule on anterior chaetigers, usually reduced or absent posteriorly. Dorsal cirrus basally or mid-dorsally to subterminally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule on posterior chaetigers, lacking basal cirrophore. Neuropodia with postchaetal lobe (absent or present), acicular ligule and ventral ligule. Notoaciculae absent from chaetigers 1 and 2. Notochaetae: homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle: homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers present. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present or absent, heterogomph falcigers present.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFCAE89061DCFC5AF9A6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Gulf of Oman: Djod, eight specimens (ZUTC 6170), Persian Gulf: Abu Musa Island- Meteorology station, Three specimens (ZUTC 6143).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFCAE89061DCFC5AF9A6.taxon	description	Description. Material examined incomplete about 70 chaetigers, Jaws brownish with dentate edge and 7 – 8 teeth. Paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 4 large conical paragnaths in triangular shape. II = 12 – 14 conical paragnaths, III = group of 20 conical paragnaths, IV = group of 27 conical paragnaths arranged in wedge shape. Paragnaths on oral ring arranged as follows: V = 1 large, sharp conical paragnath, VI = on each side 2 elongated bars and 1 large, sharp-pointed outer one, VII – VIII = 2 rows: the distal row composed of large conical paragnaths alternating with smaller ones, the proximal row made of small conical paragnaths. Anterior notopodia with two equal rounded ligules. Dorsal cirrus longer than dorsal ligule. Pale glands near base of dorsal cirri. Anterior neuropodia with two small ligules, small prechaetal and postchaetal lobes present. Ventral neuropodial ligule rounded and smaller than dorsal neuropodial ligule. Dark glands near base of the dorsal cirri and dorsal part of body near notopodia from chaetiger 55 to end of body. Posterior notopodia similar to anterior ones but ligules become smaller and dorsal cirrus longer, posterior neuropodia similar to anterior neuropodia but ligules smaller than anterior ones and prechaetal and postchaetal lobes absent. Ventral cirrus longer than ventral neuropodial ligule.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFCAE89061DCFC5AF9A6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was considered to be endemic to the Persian Gulf by Mohammad (1970), so this new record from the Gulf of Oman either indicates wider endemism than postulated by Mohammad (1970), or a recent range expansion.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3CFFCAE89061DCFC5AF9A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Persian Gulf (Mohammad 1970), Gulf of Oman.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3FFFC9E8906201FAE1FCB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (after Bakken 2007): Prostomium with entire anterior margin, one pair of antennae, one pair of biarticulated palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Two pairs of eyes. One apodous anterior segment, greater than length of chaetiger 1. Maxillary ring of pharynx with paragnaths, arranged in discrete areas, Areas II – IV p-bars and conical paragnaths arranged in regular comb-like rows. Oral ring paragnaths present, Area V conical paragnaths present or absent; Area VI conical paragnaths present or absent, shield-shaped bars present or absent; Area VII – VIII p-bars and conical paragnaths present. Dorsal notopodial ligule markedly elongate and markedly broader on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present or absent. Dorsal cirrus terminally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule on posterior chaetigers (subterminally in P. anomala). Neuropodial superior lobe present (absent in P. palpata and P. pseudonoodti). Neuropodial postchaetal lobe absent or present, at least on some anterior chaetigers. Notoaciculae absent from chaetigers 1 and 2. Notochaetae: homogomph spinigers present, homogomph falcigers present or absent. Neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle: heterogomph spinigers and homogomph spinigers present or absent, heterogomph falcigers present, blades serrated. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers present.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3FFFC8E89060ACFAFDFE0A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Gulf of Oman: Ramin, six specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1104), Genaveh Jetty (ZUTC Ann. 1166), Persian Gulf: Qeshm Island West coast of Basaidu, (ZUTC Ann. 1152), Bing Village (ZUTC Ann. 1176), Qeshm Island-Tola village, eight specimens (ZUTC Ann. 1190), Qeshm Island- Kani (ZUTC Ann. 1191), Qeshm Island- Simin Beach 12 specimens (ZUTC 6145), Djod, one specimen (ZUTC 6163), Djod, five specimens (ZUTC 6144), Abu Musa Island-Beach Park, six specimens (ZUTC 6146), Abu Musa Island-Meteorology station, four specimens (ZUTC 6147).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3FFFC8E89060ACFAFDFE0A.taxon	description	Description. Material examined 20 – 54 mm long, 1.7 – 4.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10 (including parapodia). Color in alcohol light brown, with darker brown pigment on dorsal surface of prostomium and anterior segments. Longest tentacular cirri extending to chaetiger 4 – 10. Paragnaths on maxillary and oral ring arranged as follows: I = 1 conical paragnath, II = p-bar paragnaths in 3 – 4 rows arranged in regular comb-like rows, III = p-bars in 3 – 4 rows arranged in comb-like rows, IV = p-bars and smooth bars (near jaws) in 3 – 5 rows. V = 1 conical paragnath with sharp tip, VI = 1 large shield-shaped paragnath, VII – VIII = 20 – 24 large conical paragnaths and two rows of p-bars. In anterior chaetigers, notopodia have two distally rounded ligules equal in length to neuropodial ligules. DC / DNL in anterior parapodia 2.9 – 6.0. Ventral neuropodial ligules distally rounded in all parapodia. Ventral cirrus similar in length to ventral ligule in anterior parapodia but shorter in posterior ones. Anterior neurochaetae are homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in dorsal fascicle and heterogomph falcigers in ventral fascicle and homogomph spinigers heterogomph falcigers in dorsal fascicle.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3FFFC8E89060ACFAFDFE0A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Material described in the present study is very similar to the description of P. trimaculata from Gulf of Oman by Yousefi et al. (2011) and material from Eastern Indonesia and North-west Australia described by Bakken (2007), but differs from both in certain pharyngeal and parapodial features: Bakken’s specimens have 51 – 69 paragnaths in Area III while material in the present study has 24 – 56 paragnaths and those from Gulf of Oman has 12 – 45; the number of paragnaths in Area VII – VIII is fewer (20 – 24) than in specimens studied from Gulf Oman (23 – 25) and same as the Persian Gulf (20 – 24) Also, they have only one paragnath in area V like Yousefi et al. ’ s specimens but they differ from Bakken’s material which has 1 – 3 paragnaths in Area V. The specimens in this study are smaller than the Oman specimens and Bakken’s specimens. Bakken (2007) refers to the paragnaths in Area IV near the jaws as cones but those in the present specimens, and those from Gulf of Oman comprise P-bars and smooth parallel bars nearer to the jaws. Lastly, we investigated the correlation between body size (length and width) and paragnath numbers in Area III of specimens collected from the Persian Gulf, and found no correlation between the length / width of the body and the number of paragnaths in Area III (r = - 0.107, p = 0.628 / r = 0.233, p = 0.284). Thus we conclude that the differences in Area III paragnath number between Bakken’s specimens and specimens from Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman may be taxonomically significant, but further character data, including molecular, are required before a new species can be described.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3FFFC8E89060ACFAFDFE0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Geser, Indonesia (type locality); North-west Australia (Bakken 2007), Gulf of Oman.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3EFFC8E89062FAFE59FA36.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Iran, Persian Gulf: Qeshm Island- West coast of Basaidu, (ZUTC 6148); Qeshm Island- Namakdan, 1 specimen (ZUTC 6171).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3EFFC8E89062FAFE59FA36.taxon	description	Description. Material examined about 40 chaetigers. Posterior part of the body is missing. Color in alcohol is light. Prostomium longer than wide. Longest tentacular cirri extend back to chaetiger 6. Jaws with dentate cutting edge, black / brown serrated with 6 teeth. Maxillary ring of pharynx with paragnaths, arranged as follows: Area I = 1 conical paragnath; Areas II – IV arranged in regular comb-like rows; Area II = 24 – 25 p-bar paragnaths in four rows; Area III = 60 p-bar paragnaths in four rows; Area IV = 50 p-bar paragnaths in 5 rows, additional cones and 4 – 6 pbars towards the jaws. Area V = 1 conical paragnath, Area VI = 1 large shield-shaped bar, Area VII – VIII = 22, conical paragnaths and p-bars in two alternating rows. Prechaetal notopodial lobe absent, acicular process absent. Ventral notopodial ligule stout, rounded; in posterior chaetigers digitiform. Neuropodial lobe with two ligules in anterior chaetigers; acicular ligule longer than ventral neuropodial ligule. Neuropodial postchaetal lobe present, in posterior chaetigers triangular. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers well developed, smaller in length than acicular neuropodial ligule throughout body. Ventral cirrus 0.5 times shorter than ventral neuropodial ligule. Anterior neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle, are homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers, blades serrated. Posterior neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle are similar to anterior one.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3EFFC8E89062FAFE59FA36.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material described in the present study is similar to both Pseudonereis trimaculata from the Gulf of Oman described by Yousefi et al. (2011) and to P. variegata by Bakken (2007) in some characters. However, there are notable differences, for example, the present material has a large single conical paragnath in Area V, while P. trimaculata has three. Pseudonereis trimaculata has black spots on the parapodia, which has been used by Horst (1924) to distinguish P. trimaculata from other described Pseudonereis taxa. The present specimen lacks the black pigment spots.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3EFFC8E89062FAFE59FA36.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Suez Canal, Red Sea (Wehe & Fiege 2002), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. South America, Atlantic coast (Bakken 2007).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B3EFFC8E8906521FB6FF871.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (after Bakken & Wilson 2005): Prostomium with entire anterior margin, one pair of antennae, one pair of biarticulated palps with conical palpostyles, four pairs of tentacular cirri with distinct cirrophores. Two pairs of eyes. Maxillary ring of pharynx, with conical paragnaths: Area I, present or absent; II, present; III, present or absent; IV present. Oral ring, paragnaths absent. Dorsal notopodial ligule markedly reduced on posterior chaetigers. Prechaetal notopodial lobe present or absent, smaller than dorsal notopodial ligule on anterior chaetigers, usually reduced or absent posteriorly. Acicular process present or absent. Dorsal cirrus basally attached to dorsal notopodial ligule on posterior chaetigers, lacking basal cirrophore. Neuropodia with postchaetal lobe absent, (or present at least on some anterior chaetigers), acicular ligule and ventral ligule. Notoaciculae absent from chaetigers 1 and 2. Notochaetae: homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae, dorsal fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present or (absent only in S. lizardensis), homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers present, fused falcigers present. Neurochaetae, ventral fascicle: heterogomph spinigers present, heterogomph falcigers with long blades of anterior chaetigers present, with long or short blades of posterior chaetigers present or absent.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B21FFD3E89063B1FF1AF9F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, Qeshm Island-Fajr Jetty (26 ° 58 ' 52.12 " N, 56 ° 13 ' 56.68 " E), intertidal zone, Sandy- cobble beach, Collector Bonyadi Naeini. A., 26 June 2015, ZUTC 6167.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B21FFD3E89063B1FF1AF9F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality.	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B21FFD3E89063B1FF1AF9F1.taxon	description	Description. Anterior part of body 48 mm in length, with about 106 chaetigers, 2.2 mm in width. Posterior part of body missing. Color in alcohol creamy yellow with brown pigmentation on prostomium and anterior chaetigers. Prostomium wider than long. Median groove extending from anterior margin to anterior pair of eyes (Figs. 5 A, 6 A). Antennae slightly shorter than palps. Longest tentacular cirri reaching to chaetiger 7 – 8. Pharynx everted, jaws light yellow, transparent, 4 – 6 sharp teeth. Maxillary ring with light brown, small cones and larger dark brown cones with light brown bases, arranged as follows: Area I = 18 small cones; II = triangular clusters of 18 – 19, extending towards Areas I and IV and compact at base, III = 36 in scattered clusters; IV = 27 – 31 in triangular cluster extending towards Areas II and III (Figs. 5 A & B, 6 A & B). The first (apodous) segment short (Fig. 6 A & B). Notopodia with two similar-sized conical ligules (Fig. 6 C), shorter than dorsal cirri in anterior chaetigers; superior ones markedly elongate becoming longer than dorsal cirri on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 D). Acicular process absent. Dorsal cirri single. Neuropodia with two ligules. Acicular neuropodial ligule present, slightly produced as low ridge on base of ventral neuropodial ligule in anterior chaetigers, reduced in middle chaetigers and disappearing in posterior chaetigers. Postchaetal lobe present, digitiform anteriorly but reduced posteriorly. Ventral neuropodial ligule of anterior chaetigers present, longer than dorsal neuropodial ligule but on posterior chaetigers reduced relative to dorsal neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirri single. Ventral cirri approximately as long as neuropodial acicular ligule. Parapodium from chaetiger 10: Neurochaetae dorsal fascicle are homogomph spinigers (Fig. 7 A) and short bladed heterogomph falcigers (Fig. 7 B); ventral fascicle are heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 7 C & D) and heterogomph falcigers. Parapodium from chaetiger 24: Neurochaetae dorsal fascicle are homogomph spinigers and giant simple falcigers, yellow-brown with bluntly hooked, knob-like main fang, without any tendon or any teeth. Ventral fascicle heterogomph spinigers, heterogomph falcigers, falcigers with short blades. Posterior parapodia: Neurochaetae dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers (Fig. 7 G) and giant simple falcigers, yellow-brown, from chaetiger 24, with bluntly hooked, knob-like main fang, without any tendon or any teeth (Figs. 8 E, 7 H). Ventral fascicle homogomph spinigers, heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 7 I), heterogomph falcigers, falcigers with short blades (Fig. 7 E & F).	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
610135142B21FFD3E89063B1FF1AF9F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material studied here resembles Simplisetia erythraeensis Fauvel, 1918, in the presence of simple neuropodial falcigers; however, it differs in the number of paragnaths, in the type of chaeta in the ventral neuropodial fascicle, and in the form of notopodial ligule in posterior parapodia (Table 4). The material studied here has more conical paragnaths in Area I (17 – 18 vs 2 – 6) than Fauvel ᾿ s material. Also, S. erythraeensis, has only two forms of chaetae in the ventral neuropodial fascicle: heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers. By contrast the material studied here has in addition homogomph spinigers in the ventral neuropodial fascicle of posterior parapodia. Homogomph spinigers are absent in the ventral neuropodial fascicle of posterior parapodia in other Simplisetia species, except for S. aequisetis. The dorsal notopodial ligule is reduced in posterior chaetigers in the studied material, which is not the case in S. erythraeensis. The studied material is similar to Composetia keiskama in having a reduced dorsal lobe of posterior parapodia. But, according to Day (1953) C. keiskama has no paragnaths in Area I and also lacks the enlarged simple chaetae as do other members of the genus. Consequently, several important characteristics are different in aforementioned species. Eight species of Simplisetia occur in the Indo-Pacific from which S. erythraeensis is the only species being recorded from the Indian Ocean. The form of the simple neuropodial falcigers differ in all Simplisetia species, in having several small teeth above the main fang or with a well-developed tendon (Figs. 8 A, C, D, F, G, H). Sometimes small teeth or a tendon are absent (Fig. 8 B). By comparison among the nine Simplisetia species, only S. erythraeensis and the new species described here have simple neuropodial falcigers lacking teeth or a tendon (Fig. 8 E). More differences between selected characters in Simplisetia species are shown in Table 4. Species name Simplisetia aequisetis (Augener, Simplisetia amphidonta (Hutchings Simplisetia erythraeensis (Fauvel Simplisetia limnetica (Hutchings & 1913) & Turvey, 1982) 1918) Glasby, 1985) Prostomium form Prostomium wiđth about equal to Prostomium slightly longer than Prostomium wiđer than long Prostomium wiđth approximately length wiđe, with đeep anteromeđian equal to length, with đeep međial groove groove extenđing from near tip to between anterior pair of eyes Paragnath shape Paragnaths brown, triangular cones, Grey-brown, transparent đomes anđ Paragnathes small conical, acute, Brown cones slight variation in size large, sharply pointeđ, elongate đark brown, very fine cones, opaque, orange to scarlet with grey-brown bases Numbers anđ pattern of paragnaths 4) 8 cones in an irregular patch Central patch of 9 đomes anđ 2 large 2 to 6 very small cones 1) 5 cones Area I starlet cones on either siđe Numbers anđ pattern of paragnaths An oblique group of 25) 32 8 in irregular oblique rows of brown triangular clusters extenđing over 15) 30 in oblique banđ Area II đomes siđes Numbers anđ pattern of paragnaths Broađ transverse patch of 5) 7 19 in transverse banđ of 10 đomes Cross cluster several rows 26) 43 in broađ transverse banđ Area III irregular rows, consisting of 53) 58 anđ 9 large scarlet cones cones Numbers anđ pattern of paragnaths Reverse Y shapeđ crescent mađe of 15) 17 đomes in triangular patch Triangular cluster, angles extenđing 20) 43 in V or Y-shapeđ banđ Area IV 38) 43 cones towarđ II anđ III Neuropođial postchaetal lobe Absent Present Absent Present anteriorly Ventral neuropođial lobe anteriorly Conical, ređuceđ to a small tubercle Well-đevelopeđ (đigitiform) but Slightly ređuceđ Well đevelopeđ, ređuceđ to a small by chaetigers 20) 29 đecreasing rapiđly to đisappear by tubercle by about chaetiger 25 miđđle chaetigers Ventral neuropođial lobe Small tubercles Absent No Data Increasing in size relative to other posteriorly lobes posteriorly Fully formeđ giant simple falcigers Poorly đevelopeđ teeth above main 1 or 2 đistally đark, strongly hookeđ Main fang smooth 1 or two bluntly hookeđ with a fang with several small teeth above main đistinct tenđon variable in shape, fang sometimes with 3) 4 minute teeth proximal to main fang, but most often smooth Ventral fascicle neuropođial Present Absent Absent Absent homogomph spiniger posteriorly Neuropođial heterogomph falcigers Present Present Present Present anteriorly anđ at the miđ bođy but absent posteriorly …… continued on the next page Species name Simplisetia lizardensis (Ben Simplisetia qeshmensis sp. Simplisetia transversa Simplisetia turveyi Simplisetia vaipekae (Gibbs, Eliahu et al., 1984) nov (Hutchings & Turvey, 1982) (Hutchings & Glasby, 1982) 1972) Prostomium form Prostomium length Prostomium wiđer than long Prostomium length about Prostomium length about No Data aproximately equal to wiđth equal to wiđth with đeep equal to wiđth, with a đeep međial groove anteromeđian groove shallow međial groove extenđing from anterior extenđing from near tip to margin to wailer pair of eyes level with base of palps Paragnath shape No đata Light brown cones anđ larger Pale-đark brown cones Light brown cones anđ larger No Data ones, đark brown cones with đark brown cones with light light brown bases brown bases Numbers anđ pattern of 1) 2 cones 18 very small cones No cones 0) 5 cones No Data paragnaths in Area I Numbers anđ pattern of 13) 17 triangular clusters of 18) 19, 6 in transverse line of large 14 in 2 rows on right anđ No Data paragnaths in Area II extenđing over siđes anđ anđ small cones triangular patch on left compact at the base Numbers anđ pattern of 7) 31 transverse banđ 3 rows 36 in scatteređ clusters Absent 7 in transverse line No Data paragnaths in Area III đeep Numbers anđ pattern of 17) 23 27) 31 in triangular cluster 7 in transverse line of large 15 in V) shapeđ banđ paragnaths in Area IV extenđing over siđes to II anđ anđ small cones III. Neuropođial postchaetal lobe Present (well-đevelopeđ) Present Present (well-đevelopeđ) Absent Absent anteriorly Ventral neuropođial lobe Present but, ređuceđ relative Present, longer than in length Conical, well đevelopeđ a, Present, ređuceđ to small Present anteriorly to đorsal lobe. from miđ- to đorsal neuropođial ligule điminishing rapiđly to be tubercle from about chaetiger bođy absent by miđđle chaetigers 30 onwarđs Ventral neuropođial lobe Absent Ređuceđ relative to đorsal Absent Absent Ređuceđ posteriorly but, still posteriorly neuropođial lobe remains as a well-đevelopeđ lobe formeđ giant simple Bluntly hookeđ, knob-like tip Main fang smooth without Strongly hookeđ with several With an inđistinct tenđon anđ A conical main fang with falcigers connecteđ to shaft by đistinct any tenđon small teeth above main fang, 3 small teeth proximal to rows of small teeth above, tenđon, few teeth đistal to đark đistally, without tenđon bluntly conical main tooth with well-đevelopeđ tenđon knob Ventral fascicle neuropođial Absent Present Absent Absent No Data homogomph spiniger posteriorly Neuropođial heterogomph Present Present Present Present Present falcigers	en	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah, Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2017): Nereididae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, including description of two new species and 11 new records. Zootaxa 4244 (1): 91-117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.5
