identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
63637F70CD19FFD288E5FB54134D4831.text	63637F70CD19FFD288E5FB54134D4831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actenonyx White 1846	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Actenonyx White</p>
            <p> Actenonyx White, 1846:2 . Type species:  Actenonyx bembidioides White, 1846:2 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p> Sphallax Bates, 1867:55 . Type species:  Sphallax peryphoides Bates, 1867:56 , by monotypy. Generic synonomy recognized by Bates, 1874:275. </p>
            <p> Notes on nomenclature and types. — As Bates (1874) stated when he recognized the synonymy of his genus  Sphallax with  Actenonyx , “White’s description omits all the essential characters of this curious Carabid [sic], and is so vague that there are no means of identifying it without reference to the type.” Bates’ (1867) description of  Sphallax was far more informative and useful. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. — Liebherr (2016) suggested the following combination of features as diagnostic of the monogeneric odacanthine subtribe, Actenonycina: antennomeres 2 and 3 glabrous; genae with a ventral seta present; pronotum with disc bearing shallow transverse wrinkles, lateral setae absent; tarsomeres 5 with reduced ventral setation (only three short ventrolateral setae on each side); and median lobe of male aedeagus evenly narrowed apically.</p>
            <p> Examination of the material at hand has shown that two of these features are not universally diagnostic for members of this subtribe and genus. Liebherr recorded antennomeres 2 and 3 as glabrous (his Character 7, state 0). However, in all the specimens I have examined, antennomeres 2 and 3 have at least a few scattered fine setae along their length in addition to the apical whorl of fixed setae (Liebherr’s state 1). In some specimens, the density of this pubescence on the apical half of antennomere 3 is nearly one-third of that of the more distal antennomeres. Although most specimens of  Actenonyx have the lateral pronotal setae absent (Liebherr’s Character 36, state 0), some specimens of the new species described below have a single setae present on each lateral margin (Liebherr’s Character 36, state 1) at about the basal one-third (see below for further discussion of the occurrence of this feature). </p>
            <p> Two other features recorded in the literature appear to be erroneous. Bates (1867) stated that the male protarsi had four tarsomeres “moderately dilated, triangular; clothed beneath with a dense brush of short hairs”. Among the specimens I have examined, only protarsomeres 1 to 3 are clearly wider than in females and bear pads of adhesive setae ventrally (no pads seen on protarsomere 4). Larochelle and Larivière (2001) listed  A. bembidioides as “brachypterous, incapable of flight”. However, all of the specimens of both species of  Actenonyx that I have examined have hindwings that are large, apically folded, and with a reflexed tip and should be able to support flight. </p>
            <p>Geographical distribution and diversity. — This genus is a New Zealand endemic. It is widely represented on both North and South Islands, but has not been recorded from Stewart Island or any of the Offshore Islands. It includes just two known species, including the second species newly described here.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63637F70CD19FFD288E5FB54134D4831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kavanaugh, David H.	Kavanaugh, David H. (2022): A New Species of the New Zealand Endemic Genus Actenonyx White, 1846 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Odacanthini) with Notes on Variation, Distribution, and Habitat. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 67 (11): 281-299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11067180
63637F70CD18FFD588A8FCCA16BB4A36.text	63637F70CD18FFD588A8FCCA16BB4A36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actenonyx White 1846	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to Adults of  Actenonyx Species </p>
            <p>1 Protarsi with tarsomeres 1 to 3 distinctly broader and bearing pads of adhesive setae ventrally....male................................................................ 2</p>
            <p>Protarsi with tarsomeres 1 to 3 slender and without pads of adhesive setae ventrally.....female............................................................... 3</p>
            <p> 2 Median lobe of male genitalia (Fig. 2 A-B) less arcuate in lateral view, apical lamella shorter, more broadly rounded apically, and nearly centered on shaft in dorsal view; last visible abdominal sternite (VI) with two pairs of apicoparamedial setae (one or three setae present unilaterally or bilaterally in a few specimens).........................  A. bembidioides White</p>
            <p> Median lobe of male genitalia (Fig. 2 C-D) more arcuate in lateral view, apical lamella longer, more narrowly rounded apically, and slightly deflected right of center on shaft in dorsal view; last visible addominal sternite (VI) with only one pair of apicoparamedial setae...................................................................  A. aotearoa sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 3 Ovipositor of female (Fig. 3C) with gonocoxite 2 distinctly longer than gonocoxite 1, tergite IX (Fig. 3A) longer, apical margin projected medially and more convex, sclerotization/pigmentation pattern with middle transverse band and apicoparalateral arms thicker and not sharply defined, apicoparalateral arms not extended laterally along the margin (Fig. 3A); intersegmental membrane ventrad tergite IX (Fig. 3C) with distinctly longer and denser setae (at least medially); elytra, with slight to distinct aeneous metallic reflection in most specimens (without or with faint green or blue metallic reflection in a few specimens), elytral silhouette (Fig. 1A) subrectangular, humeri more narrowly rounded.........  A. bembidioides White</p>
            <p> Ovipositor of female (Fig. 3D) with gonocoxite 2 distinctly shorter than gonocoxite 1, tergite IX (Fig. 3B) shorter, apical margin broadly truncate, sclerotization/pigmentation pattern with middle transverse band and apicoparalateral arms more slender and sharply defined, apicoparalateral arms extended to apical margin and recurved laterally along the margin (Fig. 3B); intersegmental membrane ventrad tergite IX (Fig. 3D) with distinctly shorter and sparser setae; elytra without or with slight blue metallic reflection, elytral silhouette (Fig. 1B) subvoid, humeri more broadly rounded.................................  A. aotearoa sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63637F70CD18FFD588A8FCCA16BB4A36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kavanaugh, David H.	Kavanaugh, David H. (2022): A New Species of the New Zealand Endemic Genus Actenonyx White, 1846 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Odacanthini) with Notes on Variation, Distribution, and Habitat. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 67 (11): 281-299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11067180
63637F70CD1FFFDB896CFEC0128349D1.text	63637F70CD1FFFDB896CFEC0128349D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actenonyx bembidioides White	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Actenonyx bembidioides White</p>
            <p>Figures 1A, 2 A-B, 3A, 3C, 4, 6</p>
            <p> Actenonyx bembidioides White, 1846:2 . Lectotype,   here designated, a female, in BMNH, labeled: “Type” [printed on white circular label with red ring around text]/ “Colenso” [handwritten]/ “  Actenonyx bembidioides White Zool. Erebus &amp; Terror. ” [handwritten]/ “ LECTOTYPE   Actenonyx bembidioides White,1846 designated by D.H. Kavanaugh 2022” [red label]. Type locality: New Zealand,  North Island , ManawatuWanganui, Colenso [locality of lectotype]  . </p>
            <p> Sphallax peryphoides Bates, 1867:56 . Type series comprised of three syntypes, including both sexes, place of deposition unknown. Specific synonymy recognized by Bates (1874:275).Type locality: New Zealand, Christchurch area. </p>
            <p> Notes on nomenclature and types. — Neither White (1846) nor Bates (1867) designated a precise type locality in their original descriptions, although Bates (1874) subsequently listed “Christchurch” as the locality for his type material. It is unclear how many specimens White had at hand when he described  A. bembidioides , hence the designation of a lectotype. It is also unclear why he did not cite Colenso as the type locality, but I here restrict it to that area because that is the locality for the lectotype. </p>
            <p> Despite the efforts of curators in both BMNH and CMNZ, Bates’ type series of  A. peryphoides has not yet been located. If and when it is found, a lectotype should be designated. Even without reference to the type series, Bates’ description of that nominal taxon, with a reference to the “obscure bronze colour” of the dorsum, is sufficient to assure me that his type series represented what I am identifying here as  A. bembidioides and not the new species described below (see Diagnosis below). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. — Dorsal surface of elytra without or with faint to distinct aeneous metallic reflection; tooth of mentum slightly to moderately emarginate (bifid) medially; elytral silhouette subrectangular (Fig. 1A), humeri narrowly rounded, base broad, basal margin nearly straight laterally, subangulate or slightly sinuate paramedially, discal pore punctures only slightly foveate; abdominal sternite VI in most males with two pairs of apicoparamedial setae (one or three setae present unilaterally or bilaterally in a few specimens), in females with two pairs; median lobe of male genitalia (Fig. 2 A-B) straighter, less arcuate, in lateral aspect, apical lamella short, broadly rounded apically and nearly centered on shaft in dorsal aspect; female genitalia with tergite IX longer (Fig. 3A), with apical margin slightly projected medially and narrowly convex and with sclerotization/pigmentation pattern with middle transverse band and apicoparalateral arms thicker and not sharply defined, apicoparalateral arms not extended laterally along the margin (Fig.3A), intersegmental membrane ventrad tergite IX with long and dense setae, ovipositor (Fig. 3C) with gonocoxite 2 (=“gonocoxite” of Deuve (1993)) distinctly longer than gonocoxite 1 (=“gonosubcoxite” of Deuve (1993)).</p>
            <p>Comments. — The most reliable features for distinguishing members of this species from those of the new species described below involve the male and female genitalia. Genitalic features of both sexes differ markedly between the two species. Unfortunately, while each of the external features listed in the key and/or in the diagnosis above distinguish most members of these two species, none of them clearly distinguish all specimens. Examination of genitalic features is recommended to confirm identifications for either sex.</p>
            <p> Geographical distribution.— This species is widely distributed throughout North and South Islands of New Zealand but has not been recorded from Stewart Island or any of the Offshore Islands (Larochelle and Larivière 2001).   I examined a total of 159 specimens (84 males and 75 females) from the following localities (Fig. 4):  North Island. Auckland: Auckland (Broun collector; one female, BMNH).   Bay of Plenty:  White Pine Bush (14 March 1967, T.H. Davies collector; one male and two females, NMNH).   Coromandel:  Tairua (two males, BMNH).   Northland: Mangamuka River (at  Hokianga Harbour , 9 January 1924, A. Richardson collector; one female, BMNH).   Rangitikei:  Colenso (one female, BMNH).   Taranaki:  Mount Egmont (1520 m; one female, BMNH).   Taupo:  Erua (28 December 1940, C.E. Clarke collector; three males and one female, BMNH);   Mount Ruapehu (980 m, 12 February 1938; three males and one female, BMNH);   Ohakune (1 October 1919, T.R. Harris collector; one male, BMNH),  (December 1922, T.R. Harris collector; two males, BMNH), (December 1922, T. R. Harris collector).  Wanganui:  Rangitikei River (near Porewa, March 1941, S. Gibbs collector; four males, BMNH);   Wairua (one male, BMNH).   Wellington:  Lower Hutt (February 1976; five males and one female, NMNH).   Waikato:  Waipa River (at Otewa Gorge, 23 February 1941; one male, BMNH).   South Island. Buller: Greymouth (  Maori Creek ; one female, BMNH),  (Helms; three males and six females, BMNH), (3 November 1880, Helms collector; one male, BMNH), (1885, Helms collector; one female, BMNH).  Dunedin:  Mount Maungatua (610 m, 9 December 1923; one female, BMNH).   Fiordland: Lake Manapouri (  Hope Arm , 6 January 1929; one male and one female, BMNH);   Lake Te Anau (Mistletoe Creek at  Te Anau Downs , 216 m, 22-23 December 1993, D.H. and T.W. Kavanaugh collectors; 37 males and 27 females, CASC, BMNH, NZAC);   Pompolona (6 November 1986, J.G. Edwards collector; one female, CASC);   Te Anau (10 November 1986, J.G. Edwards collector; one female, CASC).   Mid Canterbury: Broken River (at  Arthur’s Pass Road , 30 October 1986, J.G. Edwards collector; one male, CASC);   Cass (27 December 1942, A. Richardson collector; one male, BMNH).   North Canterbury:  Hurunui (one male, BMNH).   Nelson:  Cobb River (23 November 1977, E. I. Schlinger collector; one female, CASC);   Mount Arthur (Brookes collector; one female, NMNH);   Wangapeka (one male, BMNH);   Wangapeka Valley (18 November 1934, E.S. Gourlay collector; one female, CASC);   Westport (November-December 1901, J.J. Walker collector; one male, BMNH).   Otago Lakes: Arrow River (at  Arrowtown , 22 December 1993, D.H. Kavanaugh collector; two males and three females, CASC);   Route Burn River (6 January 1945, C.E. Clarke collector; one female, BMNH);  Young River (20 km above Lake Wanaka, 10 December 1994, W.W. Middlekauf collector; one female, CASC),  (20 km above  Lake Wanaka , 29 November 1992, W.W. Middlekauf collector; one male and one female, CASC).   South Canterbury:  Lake Tekapo (one male, BMNH).   Southland:  Wyndham (6-10 March 1982, W.W. Middlekauff collector; one male, CASC).  Locality unknown. (one male, NMNH); (A. Swak collector; one male and one female, BMNH); (C. Darwin collector; one female, BMNH); (Koebele collector; one male and two females, CASC); (five males and eight females, BMNH); (three males and six females, NMNH).</p>
            <p> Habitat distribution. — Larochelle and Larivière (2001) described a very broad altitudinal range for this species (from lowland to alpine areas) and diurnal activity of both adults and larvae “in sunshine” on “open dry gravelly-stony banks of streams…at some distance from water.” In our limited encounters with this species in 1993, my helpers and I found specimens only at low (210 m) to moderate (400 m) elevations on the open banks of small to moderate-size streams (Fig. 6). Beetles were found under stones or in gravel in daytime on a cloudy day and actively running on the surface at night in these same areas, ranging from about 10 cm to 15 m back from the water’s edge. The altitudinal range mentioned by Larochelle and Larivière no doubt includes records for the new species,  A. aotearoa , described below, so the true altitudinal range of  A. bembidioides alone may be somewhat more restricted than previously considered. It seems likely, however, that the altitudinal ranges overlap at least partially, based on the record of  A. bembidioides from Lake Tekapo (minimum elevation of 715 m). </p>
            <p> Geographical relationships with related species. — The geographical range of this species overlaps broadly with that of  A. aotearoa , the new species described below. I have examined a few specimens of both species collected on both North and South Islands and labeled as from the same locality, but this does not mean that members of the two species actually were found together (syntopic). Shared records from North Island include Okahune (but specimens collected were in different years), Rangitkei River near Porewa (specimens of both species were collected in March, 1941), and Tairua (no shared dates of collection). Shared records from South Island include Cass (but with different dates of collection and collectors), Lake Tekapo (no dates of collection or collectors named), Te Anau (with different dates of collection and collectors), and Westport (same collector but over a two-month period in 1901). It is certainly possible that the two species are syntopic in some parts of their geographical ranges, but data that I have examined cannot confirm this. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63637F70CD1FFFDB896CFEC0128349D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kavanaugh, David H.	Kavanaugh, David H. (2022): A New Species of the New Zealand Endemic Genus Actenonyx White, 1846 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Odacanthini) with Notes on Variation, Distribution, and Habitat. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 67 (11): 281-299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11067180
63637F70CD11FFDE896CFD67161249D1.text	63637F70CD11FFDE896CFD67161249D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actenonyx aotearoa Kavanaugh 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Actenonyx aotearoa Kavanaugh sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Figures 1 B, 2 C–D, 3 B,D, 5, 7</p>
            <p> Type material. —   Holotype, a male, deposited in NZAC, labeled: “ NEW ZEALAND,  South Island , Fiordlands National Park, east end of Homer Tunnel, 23 December 1993, Stop#93-22A, D.H. &amp; T.W. Kavanaugh col. ”/ “D. H. Kavanaugh Collection” [orange label]/ “  HOLOTYPE  Actenonyx aotearoa Kavanaugh sp. nov. designated 2022” [red label].   Paratypes (a total of 22): same data as holotype (14 males and eight females; BMNH, CASC, NZAC). All paratypes also bear the following label: “PARATYPE  Actenonyx aotearoa Kavanaugh sp. nov. designated 2022” [yellow label]  . </p>
            <p> Notes on nomenclature and types.— Variation among some of the specimens that I identify here as members of this new species suggests there may be more than one species represented (see discussion of variation below). Consequently, I am restricting the type series to only those specimens from the type locality. Additional sampling and subsequent study is needed to establish whether my concept of  A. aotearoa represents a single species or includes two or more species. I have applied standard determination labels to all the non-type specimens to reflect my present identifications. </p>
            <p>
                  Type locality. — New Zealand,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.98949/lat -44.76535)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.98949&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.76535">South Island</a>
                 , Fiordlands National Park, east end of Homer Tunnel, 44.76535°S / 167.98949°E, 915 m. 
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            <p>Derivation of species name. — The species epithet is the Maori name for New Zealand, Aoteoroa, which means “the land of the long white cloud,” a reference to the snow-covered crest of the Southern Alps as first seen from a distance at sea. It is used as a noun in apposition.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. — Dorsal surface of elytra without or with faint blue or blue-green metallic reflection; tooth of mentum truncate or only faintly emarginate medially; elytral silhouette subovoid (Fig. 1B), humeri broadly rounded, base narrowed, basal margin distinctly sinuate paramedially, discal pore punctures more distinctly foveate; abdominal sternite VI in males with one pair of apicoparamedial setae, in females with two pairs; median lobe of male genitalia (Fig. 2 C-D) distinctly arcuate, in lateral aspect, apical lamella longer, pointed, narrowly rounded apically, and distinctly deflected right in dorsal aspect; female genitalia with tergite IX (Fig. 3B) short, broadly truncate, only slightly convex apically and with sclerotization/pigmentation pattern with middle transverse band and apicoparalateral arms more slender and sharply defined, apicoparalateral arms extended to apical margin and distinctly recurved laterally along the margin (Fig. 3B), intersegmental membrane ventrad tergite IX with short and sparse setae, ovipositor (Fig. 3D) with gonocoxite 2 distinctly shorter than gonocoxite 1.</p>
            <p> Comments. — As noted above in the Comments section for  A. bembidioides , virtually all of the external features noted to distinguish most members of these two species cannot distinguish all members, whether applied singly or even in combination. This confusing overlap in external morphological features is likely the main reason why the existence of at least two separate species has not been recognized previously. Because males and female of the two species recognized here are each easily distinguished on the basis of their genitalic morphology, dissection and examination of these features are recommended to confirm identifications for either sex.The description that follows includes features characteristic of specimens of the type series. Variation in these features beyond what is seen in the type series but found among specimens identified as  A. aotearoa from other areas is discussed in the section on Geographical variation below. </p>
            <p>Description.— Size small, BL males = 7.5 to 8.0 mm, females = 7.6 to 8.3 mm. Body and all appendages black. Dorsum dull to slightly shiny, without or with slight metallic blue or blue-green metallic reflection. Microsculpture on head comprised of faintly (medially on frons and vertex) to moderately (on occuput) impressed isodiameteric sculpticells, slightly stretched in wrinkled areas; pronotal microsculpture comprised of faintly impressed isodiametric sculpticells, difficult to discern in wrinkled areas; elytral microsculpture comprised of moderately impressed and regular or slightly irregular isodiametric sculpticells.</p>
            <p>Head. Labrum truncate or slightly emarginate apically, with two or three pairs of apical setae and sparse and scattered short pubescence. Clypeus with one pair of fixed setae and very sparse and short pubescence laterally. Mandibles moderately elongate, about 1.75 times as long distance between antennal base and apical margin of labrum. Maxilla with galea comprised of two subequal galomeres and free from the lacinia; apical maxillary palpomere glabrous. Antennae with scape moderately long, slightly more than twice as long as wide, cylindrical; antennomeres 2 and 3 with much reduced pubescence compared with that of more distal antennomeres, but with at least a few sparse and scattered fine setae over their length in addition to the apical whorl of fixed setae; all antennomeres concolorous. Frons convex medially with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and very sparse and short pubescence laterally, frontal furrows poorly defined, shallow, and short. Vertex convex and smooth medially, with obliguely-longitudinal wrinkles laterally, with two or three pairs of supraorbital setae present. Eyes large, convex but only moderately projected. Tempora short, oblique. Ventral surface of each gena with a single fixed seta plus a few sparse and very short setae. Mentum: with median tooth present, truncate or slightly emarginate apically (very slightly bifid in a few specimens); suture between mentum and submentum (gula) straight and complete. Submentum with a single seta on each side.</p>
            <p>Prothorax. Pronotum subcordate, ratio PL/PW 0.85-0.92, greatest width near anterior onefourth, narrowest at base; anterior margin straight or slightly concave; lateral margins rounded in anterior one-third, straight in basal two-thirds or slightly sinuate subapically in some specimens; basal margin straight; anterior angles rounded, not at all projected anteriorly; posterior angles rectangular or very slightly obtuse, not at all projected posteriorly; anterior margin without margination; lateral explanation (medial to lateral bead) absent; lateral bead (margination) thin, slightly elevated, extended from anterior angle posteriorly to near posterior angle then roundly continuous with lateral parts of basal margination; basal margination evident laterally but absent or obscured (by transverse wrinkles) medially; pronotal disc with shallow transverse wrinkles throughout and nearly to base, sparsely and faintly punctate peripherally, without parasagittal impressions; anterior and posterior transverse impressions moderately deep, distinct and broad, medial longitudinal impression well-defined, narrow, extended between anterior and posterior impressions only; midlateral setae absent (but see Geographical variation section below), basolateral setae absent. Proepisterna narrowly visible in dorsal view in basal two-thirds, smooth and impunctate.</p>
            <p>Pterothorax. Elytral silhouette subovoid (Fig. 2B), humeri broadly rounded, base narrowed; basal margin distinctly sinuate paramedially, of uniform depth throughout; lateral explanation narrow throughout; posthumeral sinuation of lateral margin shallow but distinct in most specimens, absent from a few, subapical sinuation obsolete, elytral apices obliquely truncate; elytral topography (in cross-section) flat medially and rounded laterally; intervals slightly convex, all almost equally so; striae moderately and broadly impressed throughout, not or only faintly punctulate; parascutellar seta present on each elytron, inserted at base of stria 1, its pore socket not elevated above interval 1; discal setiferous pore punctures slightly to moderately foveate, interval 3 with three to four discal setae (two in a few specimens), the anteriormost inserted in or near stria 3 and the others in or near stria 2; interval 5 with one to seven discal setae inserted in or near interval 4; interval 7 with three to seven discal setae inserted in or near stria 6; umbilicate series comprised of ten to 13 setae arranged in three groups (four or five anterior setae, one middle seta, and five to seven posterior setae); two apical setae present (one near the apex of stria 2 and one near the apex of interval 2. Hindwings present, apparently full-sized (with a folded apex) and functional. Metepisterna about twice as long as wide.</p>
            <p>Legs. Metacoxae bisetose, with one seta medially and one laterally at the medial end of the lateral coxal wing. Protarsomeres 1 to 3 of males distinctly broader and more robust than in females and with pads of adhesive setae ventrally, these pads absent from females, protarsomere 4 very slightly more robust in males than in females but without a pad of setae in both sexes; metatarsomeres 4 with short lateral lobes; metatarsomeres 5 with 2 rows of three lateral setae.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Visible sternite II with a small cluster of setae medially between the metacoxae; sternites 3 to 5 with two to seven or more pairs of paramedial setae in rows at midlength of each sternite; sternite VI apically truncate or very slightly convex, in males with one pair of apicoparamedial setae, in females with two pairs; abdominal venter with a few scattered, short, and pubescence-like setae, especially laterally and most abundant on sternite VI. Abdominal tergite VIII of both sexes narrowly divided by membranous cuticle medially into laterotergites.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia. Laterotergites VIII with basal apodeme narrow and sclerotized margin incorporating spiracle laterally; mediotergite IX (“ring sclerite”) angulate anteriorly, wishbone-shaped. Median lobe distinctly arcuate, slightly narrowed basally, broadest near mid-length and then evenly tapered toward apex in lateral aspect (Fig. 2D); apical lamella long, pointed, narrowly rounded apically, and distinctly deflected right in dorsal aspect (Fig. 2C).</p>
            <p>Female genitalia. Tergite IX (= mediotergite IX of Deuve (1993)) (Fig. 3B) broadly truncate, only slightly convex apically, sclerotization/pigmentation pattern with middle transverse band and apicoparalateral arms more slender and sharply defined, apicoparalateral arms extended to apical margin and recurved laterally along the margin (Fig. 3B). Intersegmental membrane ventrad tergite IX with short and sparse setae. Gonocoxite 1 of ovipositor (Fig. 3D) with a fringe of four to seven apicoventral setiform setae and with basal apodeme as in Fig. 3D. Gonocoxite 2, shorter than gonocoxite 1, falciform, acuminate and narrowly rounded apically, with two lateral ensiform setae and one dorsal ensiform seta. Bursa copulatrix (Fig. 3D) membranous, asymmetrically vase-like, with narrower extension to common oviduct and spermathecal assembly, without evident spicules; common oviduct short, attached to bursa proximal to spermathecal assembly; spermathecal assembly with basal bulb narrowly joined by a duct to spermathecal sclerite, spermathecal gland reservoir inserted apically on basal bulb and elongate-ovoid.</p>
            <p> Geographical variation. — The size range among all specimens that I have identified as  A. aotearoa is slightly broader (BL males = 6.8 to 8.0 mm, females = 6.5 to 8.8 mm) than that of the type series (BL males = 7.5 to 8.0 mm, females = 7.6 to 8.3 mm). Both the smallest and the largest specimens examined were collected on North Island, with the largest specimens from the Tairua area and the smallest specimens from the Ohakune, Wainuiomata, and Wellington areas. Most surprising was the discovery of specimens with a lateral seta present on each side at or near the apical one-third of the pronotum, inserted partly in the narrow groove just inside the lateral bead and partly on the lateral bead itself. The absence of such setae has been considered a characteristic feature of Actenonxy members; and I have not seen any specimen of  A. bembidioides with these setae present nor are they present in any specimen of type series of  A. aotearoa . In material that I examined, the occurrence of specimens with these pronotal setae was restricted to localities in the southern part of North Island and one locality on the northern end of South Island (see Fig.5). Although sample sizes were small, all specimens examined from these localities had these setae, and no specimens outside of these areas on either island had them. The presence of the lateral pronotal setal also appears to be correlated with smaller size, at least in the material that I examined. However, as far as I could determine, males and females of all sizes and with or without the pronotal setae share similar genitalia, respectively. Consequently, I have found no basis upon which to recognize more than a single new species,  A. aotearoa , at this time. Additional distinguishing features may become apparent with stategic sampling and additional material, particularly from North Island and the northern part of South Island. </p>
            <p> Geographical distribution. — This species is apparently widely distributed in mountainous parts of both North and South Islands. I examined a total of 72 specimens (36 males and 34 females), including the type series, from the following localities (Fig. 5):   NORTH ISLAND. Coromandel:  Tairua (May 1876; two females, BMNH)  .   Taupo:  Ohakune (1 October 1919, T.R. Harris collector; one male, BMNH),  (December 1922, T.R. Harris collector; two males, BMNH), (December, 1919, T.R. Harris collector; one male, NMNH) .   Wanganui: Rangitikei River (near  Porewa , March 1941, S. Gibbs collector; one female, BMNH)  .   Wellington:  Wainuiomata (16 October 1919 H.V. Hudson collector; one male and one female, BMNH)  ;  Wellington (Hudson collector; one female, BMNH), (1891, Hudson collector; three males and three females, BMNH), (one male, BMNH) .   SOUTH ISLAND. Buller:  Boatman’s Creek (near Reefton; one female, BMNH)  ;   Kumara (1884, Helms collector; one male, BMNH)  ;   Lake Guyon (two males, BMNH)  .   Fiordland: Fiordland National Park,  Cleddau River (at  Milford Sound , 9 December 1995, W.W. Middlekauff collector; one male CASC)  ,   Homer Tunnel (east end, 915 m, 23 December 1993, D.H. and T.W. Kavanaugh collectors; 15 males and eight females, BMNH, CASC, NZAC)  ;   Te Anau (19 November 1991, G. Mathieson collector; one female, CASC)  .   Marlborough:  Hanmer Springs (13 November 1986, J.G. Edwards collector: one female, CASC)  .   Mid Canterbury:  Arthur’s Pass (910 m, 4 January. 1923, Myer collector; one female, BMNH),  (3 January 1943, C. E. Clarke collector; one male, BMNH), (1 January 1943, C. E. Clarke collector; one female, BMNH), (1 January 1943, E.S. Gourlay collector; one female, CASC) ;   Arthur’s Pass National Park (  Klondyke Corner , 645m, 27 December 1993, D.H. Kavanaugh collector; one male, CASC)  ;   Bealey (620 m, 27 December 1993, D.H. Kavanaugh collector; one male, CASC)  ;   Cass area (910 m, 7 September 1972, C.W. Sabrosky; one female, NMNH)  ;   Mount Hutt (December 1911; one male, BMNH)  .   Nelson: Abel Tasman National Park (  Marahau , 26 January 1995, H. Fischer collector; one female, RSCC)  ;   Westport (November-December 1901, J.J. Walker collector; one male and one female, BMNH)  .   Otago Lakes:  Lake Wanaka (5 January 1949, B. Davidson collector; one male, BMNH)  .   South Canterbury:  Lake Tekapo (one female, BMNH)  .   Westland:  Otira (20 February 1919, J.W.Campbell collector; two females, NMNH)  ;   Otira River (at  Pegler Creek , 3 January 1943, C.E. Clarke; one male, BMNH)  .  LOCALITY UNKNOWN. (G.V. Hudson collector; one male and one female, BMNH); (J.J. Walker collector; two females, BMHN); (Suter collector; two males, BMNH); (one males and three females, BMNH); (C.M. Wakefield collector; one male and one female, BMNH); (T. Broun collector; one female, BMNH) ;  (one female, NMNH) . </p>
            <p>Habitat distribution. — Specimens of the type series were all collected under stones at the edges of a small snowmelt stream (Fig. 7B) above treeline at an elevation of 915 m. This area was at the base of the east-facing slope of a U-shaped (previously glaciated) valley (Fig. 7A) running north-south on the eastern flank of the Southern Alps. Two additional specimens were collected in the Arthur’s Pass area, one under a stone on a broad, flat, braided river bank at Klondyke Corner (elev. 645 m) and the other under a loose stone in a concrete drainage ditch at Bealey (620 m). All of the other locality records listed above were without associated elevational and/or habitat data, so both the elevational and habitat ranges of this species are still only poorly known and require additional study.</p>
            <p> Geographical relationships with related species. — The geographical range of  A. aotearoa as described here overlaps broadly with that of  A. bembidoides in mountainous parts of both North and South Islands. See this section in the treatment of the latter species above for details. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63637F70CD11FFDE896CFD67161249D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kavanaugh, David H.	Kavanaugh, David H. (2022): A New Species of the New Zealand Endemic Genus Actenonyx White, 1846 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Odacanthini) with Notes on Variation, Distribution, and Habitat. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 67 (11): 281-299, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11067180
