identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E.text	5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos atrocyanea (Métrod) E. Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos atrocyanea (Métrod) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986]</p><p>Basionym: Pterospora atrocyanea Métrod, Prodr. Fl. Mycol. Madag. 3: 140. 1949.</p><p>Holotype:— MADAGASCAR. Tananarive, 16 December 1934, leg. R. Decary 1642 (PC!).</p><p>Description is adapted from protologue (Métrod 1949) and from type study by Horak (1968).</p><p>Pileus 25 mm diam., convex, striate; disc bluish black; margin bluish violet; context thin, tough, gelatinous. Lamellae arcuate-decurrent, close to crowded, narrow, white; edges obtuse, flocculose. Stipe 30–35 × 1–1.5 mm, hollow, pruinose, curved and thickened at the base; apex white; base bluish violet to greyish violet.</p><p>Basidiospores 7–8 × 2.5–3.5 μm, ovoid with two lateral wings 2–2.5 μm long (Métrod 1949), 7–9 μm broad and long, tetrahedral (Horak 1968), hyaline. Basidia 30–40 × 6–7 μm, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 45–55 × 3.5–5 μm, cylindrical, apex cylindrical or slightly swollen, irregularly diverticulate, hyaline. Pileipellis and stipitipellis of versiform cells, diverticulate, ramose, hyaline. Pileus and lamellar tramal hyphae 1.5 μm diam, thin-walled, gelatinous. Subhymenium tightly packed, non-gelatinous.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: On soil in pasture. Madagascar.</p><p>Material examined: Holotype.</p><p>Commentary: This species is known from the holotype specimen that is stored in alcohol (Herb. PC), and represents the type species of the genus Tetrapyrgos . Horak (1968) has studied the holotype and published an analysis and figures of micromorphological features. The documentation of “ovoid spores with wings,” Rameales -type cells on the pileus, stipe, and lamellar edges, and a stipe with a white apex and bluish black base, provide enough data to help circumscribe the genus Tetrapyrgos . More material is required to determine whether this taxon from Madagascar is distinct from T. subcinerea (described from Sri Lanka and reported herein from throughout southern Asia and parts of Africa), or whether it represents a later synonym of T. subcinerea . Until additional material becomes available for analysis, we recognize the holotype as representing a distinct species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFC7FFE0FF44F954FC98FD2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFC6FFEEFF44FD4BFC87FE0E.text	5C2387A2FFC6FFEEFF44FD4BFC87FE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos longicystidiata A. H. Honan, Desjardin & T. J. Baroni 2015	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos longicystidiata A.H. Honan, Desjardin &amp; T.J. Baroni spec. nov. Fig. 2a–f</p><p>Mycobank: MB 813638</p><p>Etymology: Refers to the comparatively long cheilocystidia.</p><p>Holotype:— PUERTO RICO. Sierra de Cayey, 23 June 1996, leg. TJ Baroni 7935 (CORT!).</p><p>Diagnosis: Pileus 10–19 mm diam., convex with incurved margin when young, becoming broadly convex to plano-convex with scalloped to undulate, straight to upturned, striate to striatulate margin in age; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose overall; disc grey (6E2) and margin white when young, disc remaining grey or becoming grey-brown (6E3), with dingy dark grey (7F2) or olivaceous grey (4E3) spotting and a white margin in age; always with a grey to olivaceous grey disc and splotches and a white margin. Context 1 mm thick, white, unchanging. Lamellae adnate to arcuate, subdistant with 2 series of lamellulae, not or slightly intervenose, white with olive grey spots in age. Stipe 25–43 × 1–2 mm, stout, central, terete or with flared apex and gradually narrowed downward, tough, pliant, twistedfibrous, hollow, subinsititious from a flattened circular pad of grey appressed mycelium; surface dull, dry, appressed-fibrillose with a granular white covering; apex pure white; base becoming dark charcoal grey to black with a hint of bluish black. Odor and taste not distinctive.</p><p>Basidiospores 7.2–12.8 × 6.0–9.6 μm [x mr = 9–10 × 7.9–8.9 μm, x mm = 9.5 ± 0.4 × 8.1 ± 0.6 μm, Q = 1–1.5, Q mr = 1.1–1.2, Q mm = 1.2 ± 0.04, n = 20, s = 5], tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, clamped. Basidioles 25.6–28.6 × 3.6–8.0 μm, clavate to fusoid. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 26.4–63.2 × 3.2–4.8 (–7.2) μm; apex bulbous and often branching, occasionally diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; central axis sparsely to densely diverticulate; diverticula 0.8–7.2 × 0.8–3.2 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched or acute. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven diverticulate hyphae 2.4–8.8 μm diam, with a nearly trichodermium layer of suberect to erect terminal cells; terminal cells 20–52 × 3.2–4.8 (–7.2) μm, with apex bulbous and smooth, often branching, elsewhere diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–7.2 × 0.8–3.2 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched, rarely acute. Lamellar trama interwoven, hyphae cylindrical, smooth. Stipe tissue monomitic; hyphae 2.8–6.4 μm diam., parallel, cylindrical, yellowish brown, inamyloid, thin-walled. Caulocystidia 42–63 × 5–7 μm, mostly with a branching bulbous apex, diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–6.4 × 0.8–3.6 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, simple or branched. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on decaying leaves and sticks of Quercus spp . (in Costa Rica), and undetermined dicotyledonous wood and occasionally leaves. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico.</p><p>Material examined:— ARGENTINA. Tucumán, Instituto Lillo, 1 March 1962, E Horak 62-092 (ZT) ; Misiones Prov.: Iguazu, 3 March 1980, E Horak 207 (ZT) ; same location, 4 March 1980, E Horak 1871 (ZT). BOLIVIA. Dept. Beni, José Ballivian Prov.: along banks of Río Beni S of Rurrenabaque, between Rurrenabaque and junction of Río Tuichi, 31 March 1990, RE Halling 6376 (NY). BRAZIL. São Paulo State: Municipal Iporanga Parque Estadual Turistico Do Alto Riberia (PETAR), conservation area at Bairro da Serra, 8 March 2005, DE Desjardin 7817 (SP, SFSU). BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. Guana Island: upper 1/3 Quail Dove Ghut, 18 October 1997, DJ Lodge 32</p><p>(SFSU); St. John Island: Reef Bay Trail, 17 November 1996, S Cantrell &amp; DJ Lodge 9632 (CFMR (StJ306)). COSTA RICA. Guanacaste Prov.: Santa Rosa N. P., 21 May 1996, RE Halling 7542 (NY), same location, 14 June 2003, E Horak 10395 (ZT) ; same location, 18 June 2003, RE Halling 8396 (NY); Guanacaste Prov.: P. N. Rincon de la Vieja, Biol. Station Cacao, 17 June 2003, E Horak 12385 (ZT). PUERTO RICO. El Yunque National Forest, El Verde Field Station, 19 June 1996, TJ Baroni 7902 (CORT) ; same location, 19 June 2006, E Horak 5661 (ZT); Sabana, ridge above chicken farm, TJ Baroni and B Ortiz 8305 (CORT) ; Sierra de Cayey, 23 June 1996, TJ Baroni 7935 (CORT, holotype) .</p><p>Commentary: Tetrapyrgos longicystidiata is characterized by a pruinose pileus with olivaceous grey disc and white margin, diverticulate cystidial elements with bulbous apices, and a black or blue-black stipe covered with a white pruina and arising from a dark basal disc. This new species resembles T. nigripes in morphology and substrate, and overlaps in distribution. Tetrapyrgos longicystidiata differs from T. nigripes in having longer cheilocystidia, with many over 50 μm long, and in having a pileus with a consistently grey to olivaceous grey disc. Analyses of ITS sequence data support the distinction of this taxon as a new species. The taxon reported from Trinidad by Dennis (1951) as Marasmius nigripes probably represents T. longicystidiata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFC6FFEEFF44FD4BFC87FE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFC8FFECFF44FE12FF7AFEF2.text	5C2387A2FFC8FFECFF44FE12FF7AFEF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Fr.) E. Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Fr.) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986]. Fig. 3a–f</p><p>Basionym: Marasmius nigripes Fr., Epicr. Syst. Mycol. (Upsaliae): 383. 1838 [1836–1838].</p><p>Replaced synonym: Agaricus nigripes Schwein., Schr. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 678. 1822, nom. illegit. (non Agaricus nigripes Bull., Herb. Fr. 8: tab. 344. 1788.).</p><p>Synonyms: Chamaeceras nigripes (Fr.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. (Leipzig) 3(2): 456. 1898. Heliomyces nigripes (Fr.) Morgan, J. Mycol. 12: 93. 1906. Marasmiellus nigripes (Fr.) Singer, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 32: 130. 1946, (publ. 1948). Pterospora nigripes (Fr.) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 133. 1983. Marasmius caesius Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 148. 1940.</p><p>Holotype: Not extant. Type locality: USA, North Carolina.</p><p>Description based on newly collected specimens: Pileus 4–18 mm diam., convex and sometimes with incurved to inrolled margin when young, becoming convex, broadly convex to plano-convex or plano-depressed, with straight to upturned margin, rarely with a small papilla or umbo, sometimes shallowly umbilicate, at first even overall, soon rugulose-striate or sulcate-striate to the disc; surface dull, dry, opaque, glabrous to minutely pruinose, white overall, discoloring irregularly or at disc in age with grey spots or splotches. Context very thin (&lt;0.5 mm), watery white. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, close to subdistant, with 1–3 series of lamellulae, not or becoming forked and intervenose in age, 0.5–1.75 mm broad, pure white or staining grey irregularly in age, edges occasionally minutely scalloped. Stipe 5–30 × 0.3–2 mm, central to eccentric, terete, rarely cleft and compressed, with equal or flared apex, gradually tapering downward, tough, pliant, hollow, subinsititious from a flattened circular pad of grey appressed mycelium; surface dull, dry, white pruinose or granulose overall; apex pure white; base becoming dark grey (7–8F2) to nearly black or bluish black. Odor and taste not distinctive.</p><p>Basidiospores (6.0–) 7.2–11.2 × 5.6–9.6 μm [x mr = 6.8–9.5 × 6.0–8.0 μm, x mm = 8.5 ± 0.9 × 7.3 ± 0.7 μm, Q = 1.0–1.6, Q mr = 1.1–1.2, Q mm = 1.2 ± 0.03, n = 20, s = 7], tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidioles 20–37 × 3–8 μm, clavate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 23–44 × 2.8–6.4 μm; apex bulbous and smooth, often branched, elsewhere diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–8.5 × 0.8–3.5 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven diverticulate hyphae 2–9 μm diam, with a nearly trichodermium layer of erect terminal cells 15–38.5 × 2–8 μm, occasionally cells branched with diverticulate apex, most often cells with a smooth, bulbous apex that is often branched, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–7.2 × 0.8–4.8 μm, cylindrical to knob-like, occasionally branched. Lamellar trama interwoven; hyphae cylindrical, smooth. Stipe tissue monomitic; hyphae 2.4–8 μm diam, parallel, cylindrical, tightly packed, inamyloid, thin-walled; cortical hyphae yellowish brown; medullary hyphae hyaline. Caulocystidia 34–48 × 4–8 μm diam., usually with a smooth, bulbous apex, occasionally branched, elsewhere diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.4–4 × 0.4–3.2 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Gregarious on leaves and twigs of Quercus spp . ( Fagaceae) and various dicotyledonous plants. Eastern Canada, eastern United States.</p><p>Material examined:— UNITED STATES. Florida: Alachua County, Rochelle Hammock, 8 miles east of Gainesville, 24 July 1958, HD Thiers 4786 (SFSU) ; New York: Essex County, Pettigrew Brook, TJ Baroni 6020 (CORT); North Carolina: Swain Co., vicinity Bryson City, Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), end of Indian Creek Road, N35˚30 ’06”, W83˚24 ’03”, 8 August 2004, coll. by K. W. Hughes, TFB 12137 (TENN 60065) ; Ohio: Lorain, Co., 8 miles West of Oberlin, Green St., Girl Scout Camp, 11 September 1989, DE Desjardin 4958 (SFSU) ; Tennessee: Blount Co., GSMNP, Parsons Branch Rd. near Cades Cove, 31 July 1991, DE Desjardin 5326 (SFSU) ; Knox Co., S of Knoxville, Cherokee Dr., University of Tennessee Woodlot, 15 September 1987, DE Desjardin 4519 (SFSU); Knox Co., Knoxville, University of Tennessee, near old library, 7 July 1991, DE Desjardin 5136 (SFSU) ; Sevier Co, GSMNP, Roaring Fork trail area, 9 July 1987, DE Desjardin 4347 (SFSU) .</p><p>Commentary: Tetrapyrgos nigripes was described originally from North Carolina (USA) and is recognized by a white pruinose pileus that may discolor grey in spots, diverticulate cystidial elements with bulbous apex, and a black or blue-black stipe covered with pruinae and arising from a dark basal disc. This species, the first agaric ever to be described with tetrahedral basidiospores, is rather common on hardwood leaves and twigs in eastern North America. Redhead (1989) reported numerous specimens from eastern Canada (Ontario, Quebec) and eastern United States (District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin). Marasmius caesius, described from Florida, is herein accepted as a synonym of T. nigripes (see type studies below).</p><p>Tetrapyrgos nigripes differs from T. longicystidiata in having shorter cheilocystidia and in lacking a pileus disc that is consistently grey to olivaceous grey. Specimens from Mexico and Colombia reported as T. nigripes by Redhead (1989) may represent T. longicystidiata . Specimens from the Old World reported in the literature as Marasmiellus nigripes (Pegler 1986, Corner 1996) probably represent T. subcinerea .</p><p>A specimen from the British Virgin Islands [Tortola Island: below entrance of Sage Mountain National Park, 6 Oct, 2001, DJ Lodge 20, TOR-89 (SFSU)] and one from Hawaii [Kauai, along road up to Kokee, elev. 914 m, 24 November 1990, G Wong 888 (SFSU)] are morphologically indistinguishable from T. nigripes but have ITS sequences that vary by 2–3% from topotypical material of T. nigripes . Tentatively recognized as T. aff. nigripes, together with T. nigripes they form a grade basal to other Tetrapyrgos species (Fig. 1). Additional material from the Caribbean region and the Hawaiian Islands, and sequences of additional genes may help determine whether they represent distinct species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFC8FFECFF44FE12FF7AFEF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFCAFFEBFF44FE37FC9AFCDE.text	5C2387A2FFCAFFEBFF44FE37FC9AFCDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra (E. Horak) E. Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra (E. Horak) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986]. Fig. 4a–c</p><p>Basionym: Pterospora olivaceonigra E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 131. 1983.</p><p>Synonym: Campanella olivaceonigra (E. Horak) T.W. May &amp; A.E. Wood, Mycotaxon 54: 149. 1995.</p><p>Holotype:— NEW ZEALAND. Mid Canterbury: Craigieburn Range, Broken River, Dracophyllum Flat, on stems of Juncus sp., 3 April 1983, E Horak ZT 2131 (PDD 27170!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of three basidiomes loose in the packet plus several tiny primordia attached to a stem fragment of Juncus sp., all in fair condition.</p><p>Description of dried holotype: Pileus plano-convex; lamellae narrowly adnate, intervenose, narrow; stipe eccentric, pruinose, not appreciably darkened, arising from a very small patch of buff-colored mycelium.</p><p>Macromorphological data adapted from the protologue (Horak 1983): Pileus up to 7 mm broad, conchate; surface minutely velutinous, grayish white to olivaceous. Lamellae well-developed to vein-like, anastomosing, concolorous with the pileus. Stipe –3 × – 1 mm, eccentric, cylindrical; surface tomentose, olivaceous black. Odor absent.</p><p>Micromorphological analysis of the holotype: Basidiospores 8–11 × 5.5–7 μm, triangular with a rounded lateral bulge, not distinctly tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 32–38 × 8–9.5 μm, 4-sterigmate, clavate, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 40–55 × 3.8–6.5 μm, common, irregularly cylindrical with an apical capitulum 6.5–9.5 μm diam; central axis with a few knobby diverticula (identical to those as drawn in the protologue), hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure of diverticulate hyphae; terminal cells entirely diverticulate or a few with a smooth apical capitulum like the cheilocystidia. Pileus trama weakly gelatinized. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: On stems of Juncus sp. (type) ( Juncaceae) and Rubus spp. ( Rosaceae) New Zealand (Horak 1983) and Australia (May &amp; Wood, 1997).</p><p>Material examined:— AUSTRALIA. Victoria: E. Highlands, Gembrook, Mortimer Reserve, 12 May 2003, EL Lewis 880 (MEL 2231603) ; Victoria: Otway Range, Corner of 22 and Upper Gellibrand Rd to Stevenson Falls, 24 June 2003 SH Lewis 950 (MEL 2220682). NEW ZEALAND. Mid Canterbury: Craigieburn Range, Broken River, Dracophyllum Flat, 3 April 1983, E Horak ZT 2131 (PDD 27170, holotype; ZT, isotype) ; Gisborne, Urewera National Park, Ngmoko Track, 10 May 2001, G Gates and D Ratkowsky (PDD 74314) .</p><p>Commentary: First described as Pterospora (Horak 1983), later transferred to Tetrapyrgos (Horak 1987), and then transferred to Campanella (May &amp; Wood 1995), the triangular spores with a broad lateral bulge (nearly tetrahedral), capitate cheilocystidia with central diverticula, weakly gelatinized tramal tissues, and well-developed stipe (albeit small and eccentric) indicate that it is best accepted in Tetrapyrgos . The ITS sequence of a specimen of T. olivaceonigra from Australia (MEL 2220682) is sister to T. subdendrophora with 100% BS and 100% PP support, and differs from three Californian specimens of the latter by only 2.7%. Morphologically the two species are nearly indistinguishable, differing only subtly in basidiome pigmentation, but because of their geographic separation in different hemispheres, we prefer to recognize them as distinct taxa. Excellent illustrations of material from New Zealand are provided by Horak (1983) and of Australian material by May (1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFCAFFEBFF44FE37FC9AFCDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFCDFFEAFF44FCDBFA16F926.text	5C2387A2FFCDFFEAFF44FCDBFA16F926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos parvispora A. H. Honan & Desjardin 2015	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos parvispora A.H. Honan &amp; Desjardin spec. nov. Fig. 5a–f</p><p>Mycobank: MB 813639</p><p>Etymology: Refers to the small spores.</p><p>Holotype:— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Province: Mae Sae Village, Highway 1095 at 50 km marker, 26 June 2005, AH Honan 130 (CMU!).</p><p>Diagnosis: Pileus 2–19 mm diam., hemispherical to convex with straight and sometimes crenate or rivulose margin when young, becoming convex to plano-convex and slightly depressed with straight or occasionally reflexed margin in age; surface dull, dry, subglabrous or covered in white pruinae, not hygrophanous; disc dark greyish brown (6–7E– F3) to greyish brown (7D–E3) with a paler margin when young, becoming greyish white to off-white or brownish grey (6C2) overall through development, with pellucid brownish grey (6C2) striations developing in age. Context in pileus 0.5 mm thick, white. Lamellae adnate or adnate with a decurrent tooth, close to distant, with 2–3 series of lamellulae, shallowly intervenose and anastomosing, up to 2 mm broad, white, staining greyish blue. Stipe 5–34 × 1–1.5 mm, central, terete, cylindrical or with slightly flared apex and gradually narrowed downward, subinsititious from a flattened circular disc of bluish black mycelium, white-pruinose overall; apex white, base becoming dark grey to black with a hint of bluish black. Odor and taste not distinctive.</p><p>Basidiospores (4.8–) 5.6–8.8 (–9.6) × 4.8–8 μm [x mr = 6.8–7.8 × 5.8–6.2 μm, x mm = 7.3 ± 0.54 × 6.5 ± 0.18 μm, Q = 1.0–1.8, Q mr = 1.1–1.4, Q mm = 1.2 ± 0.12, n = 20, s = 4], tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 21–27 × 4–7 μm, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin walled, clamped. Basidioles 20–28 × 3.2–7.2 μm, clavate to fusoid. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 15–44 × 3–6 μm; apex usually smooth and bulbous, often branched; central axis diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–5.6 × 0.8–4 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched or acute. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven diverticulate hyphae 3–8 μm diam., with nearly a trichodermium layer of erect terminal cells; terminal cells 10.5–31 × 3–5 μm, with apex smooth and bulbous, often branched, elsewhere diverticulate, hyaline or with yellowish brown pigments washing out in KOH, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–4.8 × 0.8–3 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched, rarely acute. Lamellar trama interwoven; hyphae cylindrical, smooth. Stipe tissue monomitic; hyphae 3.2–8.8 μm diam., parallel, cylindrical, yellowish brown, inamyloid, thin-walled. Caulocystidia 24–36 × 3.2–6.4 μm, mostly with a branched, smooth, bulbous apex, elsewhere diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–7.2 × 0.8–6.5 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched or acute. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Solitary on decaying undetermined dicotyledonous leaves and twigs. Thailand.</p><p>Material examined:— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Province: Papae Village, Highway 1095 at 22 km marker, N19˚07.57', E98˚45.647', 2 July 2003, DE Desjardin 7603 (SFSU) ; same location, 23 June 2004, AH Honan 25 and AH Honan 26 (SFSU); same location, 5 July 2004, AH Honan 66 (SFSU); same location, 21 June 2005, AH Honan 122 (SFSU); Chiang Mai Province: Mae Sae Village, Highway 1095 at 50 km marker, 26 June 2005, AH Honan 130 (CMU, holotype; SFSU, isotype) .</p><p>Commentary: Tetrapyrgos parvispora appears to be endemic to a small area in Northern Thailand. This may be an artifact of limited collecting and future collections may prove that T. parvispora has a wider distribution than currently recognized. The species differs from other centrally stipitate Tetrapyrgos by having smaller basidiospores, averaging 7.3 × 6.5 μm. Morphological analyses and ITS sequence data (95% PP) support T. parvispora as a distinct species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFCDFFEAFF44FCDBFA16F926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFCCFFE9FF44F943FDD1FB86.text	5C2387A2FFCCFFE9FF44F943FDD1FB86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos reducta (Singer) Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos reducta (Singer) Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986]. Fig. 4d–f</p><p>Basionym: Marasmiellus reductus Singer, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 44: 331. 1973.</p><p>Synonym: Pterospora reducta (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 134. 1983.</p><p>Holotype:— BOLIVIA. Depto. La Paz, Prov. Nor-Yungas: Carmen Pampa, 1900–2000 m elev., 19 February 1956, Singer B 1266 (F 1015901!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of approx. 5 intact basidiomes in good condition attached to fragmented leaves of a bromeliaceous host plant.</p><p>Description of dried holotype: Pileus convex, granulose, pallid. Lamellae distant, well-developed, not-intervenose but may be vein-like. Stipe lateral, tiny, white-pruinose, pallid, subinsititious to non-insititious.</p><p>Macromorphological data adapted from the protologue (Singer, 1973): Pileus 2–5 mm diam., obtuse, convex and depressed at stipe insertion, rear portion with sinus or incision, smooth to slightly sulcate-folded or very slightly sulcate, covered in white pubescence that is denser towards the margin, white to sordid white, becoming buff in age. Lamellae subfree to adnate, distant to subdistant, narrow, rarely vein-like or completely absent, simple to forked, with rather obtuse edges, white, eventually cream. Stipe lateral through development, very short and relatively broad, solid, equal or unequal, covered in white tomentum, usually subinsititious from thin basal disc, base rarely blackish brown in age. Context white, thin. Odor none.</p><p>Micromorphological analysis of the holotype: Basidiospores 8–11.2 × 5.5–7 μm, tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 4-sterigmate, clavate. Basidioles clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia common, scattered along lamellar edges, tibiiform, sometimes lobed, with diverticulate central axis and capitate apex; capitulum 4.5–6 μm diam.; length unmeasurable, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure with coarsely diverticulate hyphae, sometimes apically lobed and capitate, hyaline, inamyloid, non-gelatinous, non-incrusted. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven hyphae 1.5–3 μm diam. with interspersed hyphae up to 14 μm diam., embedded in a thin gelatinous matrix, hyaline, inamyloid. Caulocystidia common, similar to cheilocystidia. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Scattered on bromeliaceous leaves. Bolivia.</p><p>Material examined: Holotype.</p><p>Commentary: This species is known only from the type specimen collected in 1956. Due to age and poor quality of the material, DNA extraction was not attempted. Additional collections of this taxon are necessary to determine the phylogenetic placement in Tetrapyrgos . In our microscopic analyses we observed the spores to be distinctly tetrahedral, which differs from the original protologue that describes the spores as ellipsoid with bulges. Tetrapyrgos tropicalis R.H. Petersen &amp; S.A. Gordon is similar, differing only in larger spores, virescent basidiomes and dicotyledonous substrate. This species is also similar to T. subdendrophora, which differs in having less diverticulate cheilocystidia and more strongly intervenose lamellae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFCCFFE9FF44F943FDD1FB86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFCFFFF7FF44FBE3FCC3F796.text	5C2387A2FFCFFFF7FF44FBE3FCC3F796.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos subcinerea (Berk. & Broome) E. Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos subcinerea (Berk. &amp; Broome) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 103. 1987 [1986]. Fig. 6a–h</p><p>Basionym: Marasmius subcinereus Berk. &amp; Broome, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 37. 1875 (1873).</p><p>Synonyms: Chamaeceras subcinereus (Berk. &amp; Broome) Kuntze, Revis Gen. Pl. (Leipzig) 3(2): 457. 1898.</p><p>Marasmiellus nigripes var. subcinereus (Berk. &amp; Broome) Pegler, Persoonia 4: 110. 1966.</p><p>Marasmiellus subcinereus (Berk. &amp; Broome) Pegler, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 6: 117. 1977.</p><p>Pterospora subcinerea (Berk. &amp; Broome) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 136. 1983.</p><p>Marasmius nigripes var. albus Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 111: 75. 1996.</p><p>Marasmius nigripes var. fuscibrunneus Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 111: 75. 1996.</p><p>Holotype:— SRI LANKA. Peradeniya, September 1868, GHK Thwaites 782 (K!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of 14 intact basidiomes, 13 of them attached to fragments of leaves or small twigs, glued to a card, in fair condition. All are overgrown by several molds.</p><p>Description of dried holotype: Pileus convex, striate, creamy brown. Lamellae adnate with a short decurrent tooth, relatively broad, cream. Stipe central, relatively long, covered with a white pruina, dark brown overall, non-insititious, arising from a flattened, circular pad of radiating brown mycelium.</p><p>Micromorphological analysis of the holotype: Basidiospores only 3 seen, 9.5–10.2 × 8.3–9.5 μm, tetrahedral to triangular in side view, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidioles clavate, clamped. Lamellar edges collapsed and reviving poorly; cheilocystidia few seen, similar to the caulocystidia (see below). Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a loosely arranged Rameales -structure of diverticulate hyphae, non-gelatinized, non-incrusted, hyaline, thin-walled, clamped; badly parasitized. Stipe cortical hyphae parallel, cylindrical, 2.5–6 μm diam., smooth, with olivaceous plasmatic pigments, giving rise to numerous clustered caulocystidia. Caulocystidia 22–32 × 5–8 μm, irregular in outline to cylindrical, often lobate, coarsely diverticulate, hyaline, thin-walled.</p><p>Description based on newly collected specimens: Pileus 1–17 (–27) mm diam., hemispherical or convex, occasionally with a central papilla when young, remaining convex or becoming plano-convex or sometimes applanate and occasionally depressed to umbilicate in age, striate to rivulose; surface dull, dry, finely pubescent overall, white when young, occasionally remaining white through development, more often with disc becoming grey (1A1) to bluish grey (23E2) or dark brown (6F5) in age, margin white to cream, staining blue grey (23E2) or greyish brown (7D2) in age. Context in pileus 0.5 mm thick, concolorous with surface. Lamellae adnate to decurrent, close to subdistant with 2–5 series of lamellulae, shallowly to broadly intervenose and anastomozing, white, sometimes becoming cream or staining grey in age. Stipe 1–17 (–34) × 0.3–0.8 mm, central, occasionally eccentric, terete or with a flared apex and gradually narrowed downward, subinsititious from a flattened circular pad of grey appressed mycelium, dull, dry, twisted fibrous, appressed-fibrillose and covered with pruinae; apex white, base becoming black or bluish black (19F8). Odor and taste not distinctive.</p><p>Basidiospores 6.4–12.4 (–13.6) × (4.8–) 6.4–10 (–12.8) μm [x mr = 7.1–11.6 × 6.1–10.3 μm, x mm = 9.8 ± 1.01 × 8.3 ± 0.98 μm, Q = 0.9–1.6, Q mr = 1.1–1.3, Q mm = 1.2 ± 0.05, n = 5–20, s = 44], tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 21–27 × 6–8 μm, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, clamped. Basidioles 20–28 x 3.5–6 μm,</p><p>subfusoid to subclavate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 16–46 × 3.2–7.2 (–9)</p><p>μm; apex most often bulbous and smooth, often branched, occasionally diverticulate, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled;</p><p>central axis diverticulate; diverticula 0.8–5.6 (–7.2) × 0.8–4 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched or acute. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven, strongly diverticulate hyphae 2.2–8.4 μm diam; terminal cells 15–44 × 3.2–5.6 (–7.2) μm, often branched, diverticulate, hyaline or occasionally with yellowish brown contents that wash out in KOH, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–6.5 × 0.8–3 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, seldom branched. Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae 3.2–8.8 μm diam., parallel, cylindrical, hyaline to yellowish brown, inamyloid, thin-walled, with scattered diverticula; medullary hyphae hyaline. Caulocystidia 24–36 × 3.2–6.4 μm, branched, densely diverticulate, with or without bulbous apices, similar to cheilocystidia. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Solitary to gregarious on decaying leaves and twigs. Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uganda, United States (Hawaiian Islands).</p><p>Material examined:— INDONESIA. Bali: Pasar Desa Belimbing, temple south of Sanda, 16 January 1999, A Retnowati 138 (BO, SFSU) ; Java: Mt. Halimun National Park, trail from Cikaniki, 13 January 1998, A Retnowati 019 (BO, SFSU) ; Java: Jepara District, Karimunjawa subdistrict, Karimunjawa Village, Kampung Alag-alang, Lagon Lele, no date recorded, A Retnowati 505 (BO, SFSU) ; Java: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.795334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.59925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.795334/lat -6.59925)">Bogor Botanical Gardens</a>, elev. 266 m, S06º 35.955’, E106º 47.720’, 8 January 2000, DE Desjardin 7073 (BO, SFSU) ; same location, 15 January 2005, AH Honan 109 (SFSU); Java: Lido, S. side of Gede-Pangrango National Park, Bedogol Research and Conservation Education Center, elev. 800 m, 17 January 2005, AH Honan 115 (SFSU) ; Lombok: Suranadi, 26 January 2001, E Horak 9175 (ZT). KENYA. Central Province: Nairobi District, Nairobi, City Park, 6 April 1968, DN Pegler 376 (K). MALAYSIA. Selangor: Kuala Lumpur, Gombok Field Station, elev. 240 m, N 03º91.50’, E 101º 45.167’, 12 January 2003, DE Desjardin 7517 (SFSU) ; same location, 5 January 2005, AH Honan 82 (SFSU); Selangor: Hulu Langat, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.8412&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.21175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.8412/lat 3.21175)">Sungai Chongkak Forest Reserve</a>, elev. 188 m, N 03º 12.705’, E 101º 50.472’, 7 January 2005, AH Honan 86, AH Honan 88, AH Honan 89, AH Honan 90 (SFSU) ; Selangor: Selayang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.61922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.2992334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.61922/lat 3.2992334)">Kanching Forest Reserve</a>, elev. 110 m, N 03º 17.954’, E 101º 37.153’, 9 January 2005, AH Honan 93, AH Honan 96 (SFSU) ; Selangor: UMFSC, 16 October 2004, Y-S Tan TYS363 (SFSU); Negeri Sembilan: Ulu Bendul Forest Reserve, 23 October 2004 ; Y-S Tan TYS379 (SFSU) ; same location, 24 October 2004, Y-S Tan TYS380 (SFSU); Negeri Sembilan: Kuala Pitah, Ulu Bendon Recreation Area, 6 January 2005, AH Honan 84 (SFSU) ; Langkawi Island: January 2005, KUM60047 and KUM60051 (SFSU) ; Langkawi Island: Matchinchang, 1 September 2004, Y-S Tan TYS347 (SFSU) ; Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, Jalan Genting south to Fraser’s Hill, elev. 1320– 1138 m, 15 January 2004, AH Honan 17 (SFSU). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe District: Bulolo, 2 February 1972, E Horak 72-120 (ZT) ; Eastern Highlands: Mt. Michael, Lufa, 31 July 1972, E Horak 72-549 (ZT) ; Madang: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.75/lat -5.2)">Silibob</a>, elev. 100 m, S05º12’, E145º45’, 29 January 1997, R Walleyn 779 (GENT) ; Madang: Baitabag, Kua Wildlife Area, elev. 170 m, S05º09’, E145º06’, R <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.1/lat -5.15)">Walleyn</a> 832 (GENT). SRI LANKA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.1/lat -5.15)">Peradeniya</a>, September 1868, Thwaites 782 (K, holotype). THAILAND. Mae Hong Son Province: Ma Sa Kut Luang Waterfall, approx. 4 km south of Mae Hong Son, elev. 300 m, 29 June 2002, DE Desjardin 7416 (SFSU) ; Chiang Mai Province: Mok Fa Waterfall on Hwy 1095, elev. 1014 m, 28 June 2003, DE Desjardin 7585 (SFSU) ; Chiang Mai Province: Doi Suthep National Park, across from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.91&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.810333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.91/lat 18.810333)">Sangasabhasri Lane</a>, N18º 48.62’, E 98º 54.60’, 6 July 2004, AH Honan 70, AH Honan 71, AH Honan 72 (SFSU) ; Chiang Mai Province: Doi Suthep National Park, Mok Thaton Waterfall, elev. 1120 m, 3 July 2002, DE Desjardin 7448 (SFSU) ; same location, 6 July 2004, AH Honan 73 (SFSU); same location, 7 July 2004, AH Honan 75 (SFSU); Chiang Mai Province: New Waterfall, 36 km on Hwy 1095, 2 July 2004, AH Honan 52 (SFSU) ; Chiang Mai Province: Mae Sae Village, near 50 km marker on Hwy 1095, elev. 962 m, N19º 14.599’, E 98º 38.456’, 26 June 2005, AH Honan 129, AH Honan 134 (SFSU). UGANDA. Buganda Province: Mengo District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-159.5839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.114334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -159.5839/lat 22.114334)">Mabira Forest</a>, 9 June 1968, DN Pegler U 1366 (K). UNITED STATES. Hawaii: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-159.5839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.114334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -159.5839/lat 22.114334)">Kaua’i Island</a>, Alaka’i Wilderness Preserve, Mohihi-Wai’alae Trail, between N 22º07.204’, W159º36.229’ and N22º06.860’, W159º35.034’, elev. 1219 m, 6 January 1995, DE Desjardin 6178 (SFSU) .</p><p>Commentary: Tetrapyrgos subcinerea has been accepted as a distinct species (Pegler 1977, Horak 1983, 1987) or as a synonym of T. nigripes (Pegler 1966, 1983, 1986, Singer 1973). ITS sequence data (Fig. 1) distinguish 19 Southeast Asian specimens, herein referred to T. subcinerea, in a monophyletic clade with 93% PP support distinct from several New World specimens attributed to T. nigripes . While macromorphological differences exist in our collections from Southeast Asia (in basidiome size, pileus and stipe pigmentation, substrate), microscopically they cannot be differentiated. Cystidia and basidiospore shapes are indistinguishable amongst specimens, and their sizes are variable and overlapping in all collections. There appears to be some phylogenetic differences among the specimens as two distinct internal clades were consistently resolved with 95% and 99% PP support. However, species with identical morphologies and from the same sites fall into different internal clades, (e.g.: AHH 134 and 129; KUM 60051 and 60047). Further analyses of the ITS region to evaluate the presence of non-homologous copies, and sequences of additional genes are necessary to delineate these collections. Based on micromorphology and the current ITS sequence data available, we accept these specimens as representing an Old World species complex with the available name T. subcinerea . DNA extraction of the African and Sri Lankan material was not permitted and new collections from these regions are necessary to clarify the phylogenetic relationships among paleotropical populations. Marasmius nigripes var. albus and Marasmius nigripes var. fuscibrunneus, both described from the Singapore Botanic Gardens, are herein accepted as synonyms of T. subcinerea (see type studies below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFCFFFF7FF44FBE3FCC3F796	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD0FFF5FF44FF0BFE24F892.text	5C2387A2FFD0FFF5FF44FF0BFE24F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) E. Horak, Sydowia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (Redhead) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 103. 1987 [1986]. Fig. 7a–h</p><p>Basionym: Campanella subdendrophora Redhead, Mycologia 66: 185. 1974.</p><p>Synonym: Pterospora subdendrophora (Redhead) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 137. 1983.</p><p>Holotype:— CANADA. British Columbia: University of British Columbia Endowment Lands, on Phalaris arundinacea, 15 September 1972, leg. SA Redhead (DAOM 145301!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of numerous grass stems glued to the inside of the lid of a specimen box, with&gt;10 tiny fragmented basidiomes attached to substrate, and several loose fragmented basidiomes in a packet.</p><p>Description of dried holotype: Pileus convex, cleft; surface wrinkled, pallid cream. Lamellae poorly developed, forked, narrow, cream. Stipe well-developed, eccentric, passing through cleft in pileus, cylindrical, curved; surface pruinose, pallid.</p><p>Description based on newly collected specimens: Pileus 2–10 (–22) mm diam., in side view hemispherical or convex when young, becoming irregular to plano-convex in age; in face view chordate to rounded or irregularly chordate; rugulose to rugulo-sulcate; surface dull, dry, opaque to subtranslucent, minutely pruinose or felted overall, white through development, staining greyish brown to bluish grey or olivaceous. Context in pileus thin (&lt;0.5 mm), rubbery-gelatinous, pliant, concolorous. Lamellae shallowly adnate to adnexed, distant, with 1–2 series of lamellulae, strongly anastomosing and intervenose, edges pruinose, white, staining concolorous with pileus in age. Stipe 0.5–3 × 0.5–1 mm, eccentric to strongly eccentric, appearing lateral in side view, arising through the cleft in pileus, even or slightly tapered downward, solid, white at very apex, base black to blue black, white-pruinose overall, arising from a black basal disc. Odor and taste not distinctive.</p><p>Basidiospores (6.4–) 8–12 × (4.8–) 5.6–10.4 μm [x mr = 8.4–10.2 × 6.5–7.7 μm, x mm = 9.5 ± 0.62 × 7.2 ± 0.48 μm, Q = 1–1.9, Q mr = 1.2–1.5, Q mm = 1.3 ± 0.12, n = 20, s = 13], triangular to shallowly tetrahedral, often with a large vacuole, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 36–45 × 3.2–8 μm, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, clamped. Basidioles 28–38 × 4–7 μm, clavate to fusoid, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Hymenial cystidia common on lamellar sides and edges, 40–64 × 3.2–9.5 μm, irregularly cylindrical; apex capitate 6.5–9.5 diam, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled to firm-walled (–0.7 μm), ranging from non-diverticulate to somewhat densely diverticulate on the central axis, pedicellate, rarely entirely diverticulate; diverticula 0.8–4 (–8.8) × 0.8–2.4 (–4.8) μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven diverticulate hyphae with suberect to erect terminal cells; terminal cells 35–53 × 3–8 μm, irregularly cylindrical, densely diverticulate below a clavate to bulbous capitulum, 5.5–8 μm diam; apex occasionally thick-walled, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; diverticula 0.8–4 × 0.8–3.2 μm, cylindrical to knob-like, occasionally conical or branched. Pileus trama weakly gelatinized. Lamellar trama interwoven; hyphae cylindrical, smooth, gelatinized. Stipitipellis similar to the pileipellis. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: On monocotyledonous leaves and stems of Carex spp. ( Cyperaceae), Phalaris arundinacea ( Poaceae) and various other grasses, and rarely on dicotyledonous stems ( Rubus) and twigs ( Baccharis). Western North America.</p><p>Material examined:— CANADA. British Columbia: University of British Columbia Endowment Lands, 15 September 1972, leg. SA Redhead (DAOM 145301, Holotype). UNITED STATES. California: Mendocino County, Jackson State Forest, road to Mendocino Woodland Camp off Hwy 408, AH Honan 149 (SFSU) ; San Mateo County, Junipero Serra Park, December 2004, AH Honan 78, AH Honan 79 (SFSU) ; same location, 22 February 2005, AH Honan 119 (SFSU); same location, 5 March 2005, AH Honan 120 (SFSU); San Mateo County, Montara State Beach, McNee Ranch, beginning of trail to Montara Mountain, 12 November, 2005, AH Honan 148 (SFSU) ; Solano County, near Monticello Dam, along banks of Putah Creek, 29 January 2005, AH Honan 118 (SFSU) ; Sonoma County, Salt Point State Park, Woodside Campground, 11 November 2001, DE Desjardin 7338 (SFSU). Oregon: Coos County, Bullard’s Beach, 25 November 2005, AH Honan 152 (SFSU) .</p><p>Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular data, T. subdendrophora and T. olivaceonigra are sister taxa, differing subtly in basidiome pigmentation. Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora is distinguished by a small white pileus, strongly intervenose-anastomosing lamellae, the reduced and eccentric stipe, slightly gelatinized tramal tissues, and sparsely centrally diverticulate, capitate cheilocystidia. Interestingly, T. subdendrophora fruits on both monocotyledonous (members of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae) and rarely on dicotyledonous ( Baccharis, Rubus) substrates. Redhead (1974) provided black and white photographs of basidiomes on grass culms, and a map referencing specimens from western Canada and Oregon (Redhead 1989). Desjardin et al. (2015) published a color photograph of basidiomes from California. Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora is morphologically similar also to T. reducta and T. tropicalis, differing by the features outlined in the key.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD0FFF5FF44FF0BFE24F892	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD3FFF4FF44F897FE6DFC4E.text	5C2387A2FFD3FFF4FF44F897FE6DFC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrapyrgos tropicalis R. H. Petersen & S. A. Gordon, Mycologia	<div><p>Tetrapyrgos tropicalis R.H. Petersen &amp; S.A. Gordon, Mycologia 86: 755. 1994 (1995). Fig. 4g</p><p>Holotype:— PUERTO RICO. Caribbean National Forest, El Junque, Big Tree trail, on hardwood stick, 4 December 1990, RH Petersen and SA Gordon 3461 (TENN 52380!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of approx. 10 basidiomes in fair condition loose in the packet. Description of dried holotype: Pileus plano-convex, sulcate, cream-colored. Lamellae adnexed, distant, broad, edges crystalline. Stipe lateral, very dark, pruinose, subinsititious. On woody debris. Basidiospores 9–11.2 × 8–10.2 μm, tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. All other micromorphological data confirmed as identical to those presented in the protologue.</p><p>Macromorphological data adapted from the protologue (Petersen &amp; Gordon 1994): Pileus 4–7 mm, conchate to reniform, crenate to striate, translucent, white to off-white, staining grey to greenish or olivaceous grey in age. Lamellae adnexed, distant, broad, white, staining like the pileus. Stipe short, &lt;1 mm thick, eccentric, strongly curved, noninsititious, arising from a small off-white basal pad of mycelium with hispid margin; surface black with paler furfuraceous vesture. Odor and taste not recorded.</p><p>Micromorphological data adapted from the protologue: Basidiospores 11.4–15.6 × 8.6–13.1 μm (Q = 1.11–1.57, Q m = 1.33, width m = 14.09 μm), tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 29–31 × 12.5–13.5 μm, broadly clavate, 4-spored, clamped. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia abundant, subcylindrical with 1–2 bulbous apices, diverticulate (size not reported). Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of hyphae 2.5–3.5 μm diam., branched and coarsely diverticulate, arising from subpellis hyphae swollen up to 13 μm diam. Stipe tissue modified sarcodimitic, of two types of hyphae: 1) 8–13 μm diam, unclamped, hyaline, with walls up to 0.5 μm thick; and 2) 1.8–2.5 μm diam., clamped, hyaline to brown near vesture, with walls up to 0.5 μm thick. Caulocystidia similar to cheilocystidia, with subcapitate or multilobate apices, diverticulate (size not reported). Clamp connections present on some but not all hyphae.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Scattered on hardwood sticks. Puerto Rico.</p><p>Commentary: This species is similar to the eccentrically stipitate species T. reducta, T. olivaceonigra and T. subdendrophora . Tetrapyrgos tropicalis differs from T. reducta in forming broader basidiospores and growing on dicotyledonous substrates, and from T.olivaceonigra and T.subdendrophora in forming a less intervenose hymenophore. Permission for DNA extraction from the holotype specimen was not granted; consequently, the phylogenetic placement of this species remains uncertain. Our analysis of the holotype specimen revealed basidiospores slightly smaller than those reported in the protologue.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD3FFF4FF44F897FE6DFC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD5FFF2FF44FF5DFC0BFC82.text	5C2387A2FFD5FFF2FF44FF5DFC0BFC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella aequatorialis Singer	<div><p>Campanella aequatorialis Singer, Nova Hedwigia 26: 869. 1976 [1975]. Fig. 8a–c</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora aequatorialis (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 129. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos aequatorialis (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 101. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— ECUADOR. Tungurahua, Rio Verde, elev. about 1600 m, on decaying stems of Pennisetum sp. ( Poaceae), 26 April 1973, R Singer B 7128 (F!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of 2 intact, spathuloid basidiomes with laterally attached pileus. Description of dried holotype: Pileus 2–3 mm diam., cream-colored. Hymenophore nearly poroid with a few major lamellae and numerous, slightly lower cross-lamellae, edges crystalline. Stipe absent. Basidiospores only one seen, 9 × 6 μm, subangular, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia not observed. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia of two types: 1) irregularly cylindrical or lobed cells 24–30 × 4–8 μm, covered overall with coarse to fine diverticula; 2) irregularly cylindrical or lobed cells 36–60 × 5.5–9.5 μm, with a smooth bulbous apex 8–9.5 μm diam., and coarsely diverticulate central axis, some with the capitulum thick-walled; all cystidia hyaline, inamyloid. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure of densely diverticulate hyphae 2.5–5 μm diam.; diverticula crowded, 0.5–1 × 0.5 μm, knob-like to wart-like or short-cylindrical; cells hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, non-gelatinous; terminal cells like the cheilocystidia but all thin-walled. Pileus trama of subparallel to interwoven, strongly gelatinized hyphae 2.5–5 μm diam, cylindrical, hyaline, inamyloid, clamped.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: On grass stems. Ecuador.</p><p>Status: This is one species that spans the morphological boundaries between Tetrapyrgos and Campanella . The pileipellis and cheilocystidium morphologies suggest Tetrapyrgos (with smooth bulbous apex and central diverticula), whereas the lack of a distinct stipe and the subangular (not tetrahedral) basidiospores in combination with strongly gelatinized tramal tissues suggest Campanella . The entirely smooth, metuloid hymenial cystidia illustrated by Singer (1975b: Fig. 1) were not observed. Until further material of this morphologically intermediate taxon is collected and sequenced, we accept the species in Campanella as placed originally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD5FFF2FF44FF5DFC0BFC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD4FFF1FF44FCE7FF45FE2A.text	5C2387A2FFD4FFF1FF44FCE7FF45FE2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella alba (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Singer, Lloydia	<div><p>Campanella alba (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Singer, Lloydia 8: 191. 1945. Fig. 8d–g</p><p>Basionym: Laschia alba Berk &amp; M.A. Curtis, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: 323. 1868.</p><p>Synonyms: Favolaschia alba (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. (Leipzig) 3(2): 476. 1898.</p><p>Pterospora alba (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 129. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos alba (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 101. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Isotype:— CUBA. CW Wright 334, Berkeley &amp; Curtis—Fungi Cubenses #333 (FH!).</p><p>The holotype material at K was not available for inspection. The isotype specimen contains no basidiomycete material. The specimen consists of one woody stick glued to a sheet, on which is a resupinate, orbicular structure with an angular-poroid upper surface, badly fragmented. This material is not fungal in origin.</p><p>Description of representative material (Singer B 1546): Basidiospores only 2 seen, 8 × 5.5 μm, broadly ellipsoid with a rounded bulge on one side, not triangular, not tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 4-sterigmate, clavate, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia scarce, 25–32 × 3–4 μm, irregularly subcylindrical with a capitulum 4.8–5.8 μm diam, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a thin Rameales -structure of diverticulate hyphae, non-gelatinous, hyaline, inamyloid. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven, cylindrical, branched hyphae 1.5–3 μm diam., embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix.</p><p>Habitat and known distribution: Solitary on palm, dicotyledonous branch and Chusquea sp. ( Poaceae). Bolivia, Cuba (type), Ecuador, Peru.</p><p>Representative material examined: BOLIVIA. Dpto. La Paz, Prov. Nor-Yungas: Carmen Pampa, elev. 2000 m, 26 February 1956, R Singer B 1546 (LIL). ECUADOR. Pichincha Prov.: Quito, Quebrada de Miraflores, elev. 2950 m, no date recorded, R Singer B 7117 (F). PERU. Cusco Prov.: Machu Picchu, elev. 2000 m, 20 May 1958, R Singer M 3010 (LIL).</p><p>Status: The isotype material of Laschia alba Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis contains no basidiomes. Our concept of Campanella alba (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Singer follows that of Singer (1975a) based on examination of specimens collected and determined by R Singer as C. alba . This species is a good species of Campanella because of the presence of the following features: a pileipellis that is a thin Rameales -structure overlaying strongly gelatinized tramal tissue; broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with or without a rounded lateral bulge, but distinctly neither triangular nor tetrahedral; hymenial cystidia that are basically tibiiform and lacking central diverticula; and the absence of a stipe. It should be noted that the Lagerheim specimens (FH) from Ecuador (reported below) determined as C. alba by Singer (1975a) do not represent the same taxon as Singer’s specimens from Bolivia and Chile.</p><p>Misidentified material: Laschia alba Berk &amp; M.A. Curtis. ECUADOR. Quito, no date recorded, leg. Lagerheim (Patouillard Herbarium—FH); Quito, 31 January 1892, leg. Lagerheim (Patouillard Herbarium—FH). Basidiospores 12.5–13.7 × 4.8–5.7 μm, elongate-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate, clavate, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Hymenial cystidia common on sides and edges of lamellae, tibiiform, 32–42 × 3.5–6.5 μm with a capitulum 6.5–8 μm diam., hyaline, thin-walled, smooth overall, lacking diverticula. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure but diverticula broad and knob-like, scattered, slightly gelatinous. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven hyphae 1.5–4 μm diam., branched, cylindrical to irregular in outline, embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix, hyaline, inamyloid, clamped.</p><p>The Lagerheim material represents a Campanella species, but differs from others identified as C. alba by Singer (1975a) in size and shape of basidiospores, size of cheilocystidia, and shape of pileipellis diverticula. Because there are no basidiomes in the type collection of Laschia alba, it is impossible to determine if this specimen actually represents L. alba .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD4FFF1FF44FCE7FF45FE2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FE4FFC22FB86.text	5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FE4FFC22FB86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella austrochilensis Singer, Beih.	<div><p>Campanella austrochilensis Singer, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 29: 86. 1969.</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora austrochilensis (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 131. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos austrochilensis (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— CHILE. Llanquihue Prov.: Peulla, 20 March 1959, R Singer M 1948 (reported to be in LIL).</p><p>The type specimen is unavailable at LIL (lost?); description of material known only from the original diagnosis. Description from protologue: Basidiomes relatively small with white, pustulate pileus, a reticulate-lamellate white hymenophore, and stipe absent or a small pseudostipe. Basidiospores 5.5–7.5 × 4.8–6.2 μm, triangular with a rounded lateral bulge, thin-walled. Cheilocystidia 50–55 × 6.8–14 μm, ventricose-capitate with a capitulum 6.8–14 μm diam. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of diverticulate, clamped hyphae. No mention is made of gelatinized tissues, nor of diverticula on the cheilocystidia.</p><p>Status: Without data on the gelatinization of pileus tissues and more details on basidiospore shape, it is impossible to determine if the species is best placed in Campanella (as intended by Singer 1969) or Tetrapyrgos (as designated by Horak 1987). The strongly reticulate-anastomosing hymenophore in combination with a pseudostipe and cheilocystidia lacking central diverticula suggest that it is best accepted in Campanella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FE4FFC22FB86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FBE3FE72F802.text	5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FBE3FE72F802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella candida var. stipitata Singer, Mycologia	<div><p>Campanella candida var. stipitata Singer, Mycologia 47: 765. 1955. Fig. 8h–j</p><p>Synonyms: Campanella stipitata (Singer) Singer, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 29: 86 1969.</p><p>Pterospora stipitata (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 136. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos stipitata (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 103. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— ARGENTINA. Catamarca Prov.: Valle del Rio Campo, near Santa Rosa, elev. 1650 m, on fallen branches of dicotyledonous tree ( Schinus ?), 18 January 1952, R Singer T 1760 (LIL!). The protologue incorrectly reports the date collected as 1954.</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of one intact basidiome, plus woody fragments of a dicotyledonous plant, probably Schinus sp. ( Anacardiaceae). Description of dried holotype: Pileus plano-convex, venose, brown. Lamellae distant, strongly intervenose-anastomizing, narrow, brown. Stipe strongly eccentric to nearly lateral, about 2 × 0.5 mm, white-pruinose, subinsititious, arising from a very narrow ring of mycelium. Basidiospores few observed, 7.5–7.7 × 4.8–5.0 μm ellipsoid, without a lateral bulge (neither triangular nor tetrahedral), smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia not observed. Basidioles 22–29 × 5.5–7.5 μm clavate, clamped. Hymenial cystidia common, of two types: 1) metuloids, 32–55 × 9.5–12.5 μm, fusoid-ventricose, acute, hyaline, with walls up to 4.5 μm thick, often with apical resinous exudates (similar to metuloids in Campanella simulans as suggested by Singer 1955); 2) scattered leptocystidia 33–38 × 8–10 μm clavate, hyaline, thin-walled (not narrowly lageniform like C. tenuitunicata as suggested by Singer 1955). Pileipellis a thin Rameales -structure of densely diverticulate hyphae, hyaline, non-gelatinous, non-incrusted. Pileus trama of strongly gelatinized hyphae 2–5 μm diam., cylindrical, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, smooth, clamped.</p><p>Status: We accept this as a species of Campanella, correctly named C. stipitata, similar to C. simulans but differing from the latter in forming smaller basidiospores, more sharply acute metuloids, and the presence of a stipe. The lack of triangular-bulging or tetrahedral basidiospores and lack of hymenial cystidia with central diverticula suggest that it does not belong in Tetrapyrgos .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD7FFF1FF44FBE3FE72F802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD6FFFFFF44FF0BFD72FB36.text	5C2387A2FFD6FFFFFF44FF0BFD72FB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella dendrophora Singer, Mycologia	<div><p>Campanella dendrophora Singer, Mycologia 47: 763. 1955. Fig. 9a–e</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora dendrophora (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 131. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos dendrophora (Singer) E. Horak Sydowia 39: 103. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— ARGENTINA. Neuquén Prov.: Puerto Manzano, elev. 900 m, on culms of Chusquea couleu ( Poaceae), 18 May 1952, R Singer M 746 (LIL!).</p><p>The holotype consists of seven basidiomes in fair condition. Description of dried holotype: Pileus ovoid to circular in face view, plano-convex in side view; surface glabrous, wrinkled-reticulate, yellowish brown. Lamellae remote, with many anastomosing lamellae, intervenose, narrow, concolorous with pileus. Stipe about 1 × 0.5 mm, either lateral or as a pseudostipe connected within 2 mm of pileus margin, cylindrical, pruinose, concolorous with pileus. No apparent blue or olive tones when dried. Basidiospores not seen. Basidia 4-spored, clavate. Hymenial cystidia common, scattered, subclavate to fusoid or tibiiform with broadly rounded, obtuse apices, mostly collapsed, all entirely smooth, none seen with diverticula, ranging from thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, refractive; no metuloid cystidia or capitate-diverticulate cystidia observed (by Desjardin). Horak (1983) reported two types of hymenial cystidia, viz., metuloids and capitate-diverticulate cystidia. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven, densely diverticulate hyphae 3–6 μm diam., gelatinized, non-incrusted, hyaline, inamyloid; terminal cells coralloid, diverticulate; no capitate pileocystidia seen. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven, cylindrical hyphae 2.5–5.5 μm diam., embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix; hyphae radially arranged, hyaline, thin-walled. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Paratype Specimen:— ARGENTINA. Neuquén Prov.: Isla Victoria, elev. 850 m, on culms of Chusquea sp., 17 May 1952, R Singer M 706 (LIL!). The paratype specimen consists of three fragmented basidiomes, comparable in morphology to the holotype specimen. Basidiospores (only 5 seen) 9.3–10.5 × 5.1–7.0 μm, triangular, not tetrahedral, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Hymenial cystidia common, projecting, cylindrical-capitate to fusoidcapitate, tibiiform or irregularly cylindrical, with or without a diverticulate central axis, refractive, hyaline, thin-walled ; no metuloid cystidia seen. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven, densely diverticulate hyphae; no capitate pileocystidia seen. Pileus tramal hyphae embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Newer specimen examined:— ARGENTINA. Neuquén Prov.: Lago Espejo, on rotten debris of Chusquea couleu, 6 April 1980, E Horak ZT 393 (ZT!). Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 5.1–7 μm [x mr = 8–10.5 × 5.1–7.0 μm, x mm = 9.3 ± 0.53 × 6.2 ± 0.18 μm, Q = 1.3–1.9, Q mr = 1.4–1.6, Q mm = 1.5 ± 0.14, n = 5–7 per 2 basidiomes], triangular with a lateral bulge or tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia and basidioles 29–34 × 7–8.5 μm, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled, clamped. Hymenial cystidia 35–50 × 5–7.5 μm, common, projecting, subclavate to cylindrical, fusoid, tibiiform or irregularly cylindrical, capitate or non-capitate ; apices cylindrical, hyaline, inamyloid, refractive, exudative, thin- to slightly thick-walled; swollen central axis with or without scattered diverticula; diverticula 0.8–2.5 × 0.8–2.5 μm, cylindrical or knob-like, occasionally branched; Horak (1983) reported two types of cystidia. Pileipellis a Rameales -structure of loosely interwoven, densely diverticulate hyphae 3–6 μm, gelatinized, non-incrusted, hyaline, inamyloid; terminal cells 17–22 × 3.0–7.0 μm, non-capitate; diverticula 0.8–2.0 × 0.8–2.0 μm, cylindrical or knob-like. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven to radially arranged, cylindrical hyphae 2.5–6.5 μm diam., embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix, hyaline, thin-walled.</p><p>Status: Because no basidiospores were observed in the holotype specimen, our concept of the species is derived from examination of additional material, including a paratype specimen and a specimen collected in 1980 from the same substrate material near the type locality in Argentina. In combination, the sessile or pseudostipitate basidiomes with strongly gelatinized tramal tissues and triangular basidiospores indicate that the species is best retained in the genus Campanella . There is some confusion concerning the presence or absence of apically incrusted metuloid hymenial cystidia reported in the protologue as they were not observed by Desjardin in any of the specimens cited above, although Horak (1983) reported their presence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD6FFFFFF44FF0BFD72FB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD9FFFEFF44FB73FB3DFE9E.text	5C2387A2FFD9FFFEFF44FB73FB3DFE9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella diplocystis Singer	<div><p>Campanella diplocystis Singer, Nova Hedwigia 26: 868. 1975 (1976). Fig. 9f–g</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora diplocystis (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 131. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos diplocystis (Singer) E. Horak Sydowia 39: 103. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— PERU. Cusco Prov.: Machu Picchu, 20 May 1958, R Singer B 3025 (LIL!)</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of two basidiomes in good condition, one dried brown overall, and the other dried cream-colored overall. Description of dried holotype: Pileus 4 mm diam., plano-convex in profile, hemispherical in surface view; surface glabrous, subreticulate from lamellar depressions. Lamellae remote, few thru lamellae and numerous smaller cross-lamellae giving an angular, subporoid appearance, forked and anastomosing. Stipe absent, with a small, eccentric pseudostipe arising from the pileus surface. Texture gummy-gelatinous. Material reviving poorly. Basidiospores 6.5–7.7 × 5–6 μm, broadly ellipsoid, some with a slight bulge on one side, not tetrahedral, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 4-spored. Hymenial cystidia common, collapsed and not reviving, appearing lageniform-capitate or ventricose-capitate, smooth, lacking diverticula, hyaline, thin-walled; metuloids not observed; some cells may be thick-walled but the morphology is undeterminable because of inability to revive sufficiently. Pileipellis a weakly-gelatinized Rameales -structure, only a few hyphal layers thick; hyphae 2.5–5 μm diam., with scattered but numerous tiny diverticula, hyaline, inamyloid; terminal cells clavate to irregular in outline, densely diverticulate, lacking a smooth capitulum; pileipellis arising from strongly gelatinized tramal tissue. Tramal hyphae monomitic, parallel, embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix, 3–5 μm diam., cylindrical, smooth, inamyloid. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: The following diagnostic features suggest that Campanella diplocystis is best retained in Campanella and not in Tetrapyrgos: 1) basidiospores are not tetrahedral; 2) the pileus tissues are strongly gelatinized; 3) a true stipe is absent, replaced by a pseudostipe; 4) black, dark grey or bluish grey tissues at the base of the stipe are absent, as are any bluish or greenish blue staining reactions; and 5) ventricose-capitate or cylindrical-capitate cystidia that are covered basally by diverticula are absent. It should be noted that the basidiospore measurements in our analysis were much smaller than those reported in the protologue, viz., 6.5–7.7 × 5–6 μm versus 9.5–9.7 × 6–6.5 μm, respectively. In addition, two types of hymenial cystidia upon which the epithet was based were not observed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD9FFFEFF44FB73FB3DFE9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FE9BFCEEFCA5.text	5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FE9BFCEEFCA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella peullensis Singer, Beih.	<div><p>Campanella peullensis Singer, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 29: 85 1969.</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora peullensis (Singer) E. Horak Sydowia 36: 134. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos peullensis (Singer) E. Horak Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— CHILE. Llanquihue Prov.: Peulla, on Chusquea sp., 20 March 1959, collector not reported (LIL).</p><p>The holotype specimen is unavailable at LIL (lost?); known only from the type specimen; no material examined. Description from protologue: Pileus 5–7 mm diam., pallid. Lamellae distant, venose-ramified, white. Stipe 3–5 × 0.7 mm, lateral, pallid. Basidiospores 9–11 × 6–7 μm, ellipsoid or seldom with a rounded lateral bulge. Pleurocystidia and metuloids absent. Cheilocystidia 54–58 × 3.5–4 μm, tibiiform with a capitulum 6.2–10.3 μm diam., thin-walled. No data were provided on the pileipellis, pileus trama tissues and gelatinization of tissues.</p><p>Status: Without data on the gelatinization of pileus tissues and more details on basidiospore shape, it is impossible to determine if the species is best placed in Campanella (as intended by Singer 1969) or in Tetrapyrgos (as designated by Horak 1987). The presence of a lateral, well-developed stipe suggests Tetrapyrgos, whereas cheilocystidia lacking central diverticula and non-tetrahedral spores suggest Campanella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FE9BFCEEFCA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FCC9FCB7F985.text	5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FCC9FCB7F985.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella simulans (Pat.) Singer, Lloydia	<div><p>Campanella simulans (Pat.) Singer, Lloydia 8: 194. 1945. Fig. 9h–j</p><p>Basionym: Laschia simulans Pat., Leafl. of Philipp. Bot. 6: 2252. 1914.</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora simulans (Pat.) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 134. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos simulans (Pat.) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Campanella simulans var. bispora Manimohn &amp; Leelavathy, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 91: 576. 1988.</p><p>Holotype:— PHILIPPINES. Laguna Prov.: Los Banos, 15 July 1913, Dr. Copeland 1268 (FH!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of 4 fragmented to intact basidiomes loose in the packet plus several badly fragmented basidiomes attached to woody substrate. Description of dried holotype: Basidiomes sessile, stipe absent, entirely pallid; lamellae well-developed, distant. Basidiospores 9.5–11.8 × 5.7–6.7 μm, broadly ellipsoid, lacking lateral bulges, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia all 2-sterigmate, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Hymenial cystidia common on sides and edges of lamellae, 48–56 × 9–17.5 μm, ventricose with wall up to 0.8 μm thick (metuloids); apex smooth or capped with resinous incrustations; central axis smooth, hyaline. Pileipellis a thin Rameales -structure of diverticulate hyphae. Pileus trama of loosely interwoven hyphae 2–4 μm diam., hyaline, inamyloid, non-incrusted, clamped, embedded in a thick gelatinous matrix.</p><p>Status: The thick-walled, non-diverticulate hymenial cystidia in combination with ellipsoid (non-tetrahedral) basidiospores, the absence of a stipe, and strongly gelatinized tramal tissues indicate placement in Campanella . It should be noted that the holotype specimen has only 2-spored basidia. This makes the newly described variety C. simulans var. bispora Manimohn &amp; Leelavathy superfluous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD8FFFEFF44FCC9FCB7F985	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFD8FFFDFF44F9E9FD6FF8A6.text	5C2387A2FFD8FFFDFF44F9E9FD6FF8A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Campanella tenuitunicata Singer, Mycologia	<div><p>Campanella tenuitunicata Singer, Mycologia 47: 764. 1955. Fig. 10a–c</p><p>Synonym: Pterospora tenuitunicata (Singer) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 138. 1983.</p><p>Holotype:— ARGENTINA. Catamara Prov.: Valle del Rio Campo, cerca de Santa Rosa, elev. 1650 m, on wood of Schinus sp. ( Anacardiaceae), 18 January 1952, R Singer T 1750 (LIL!).The holotype specimen consists of 7 whole or fragmented basidiomes loose in the box, in poor condition, plus fragments of woody substrate. Description of dried holotype: Basidiomes sessile, attached laterally or by a small pseudostipe within 1 mm of the pileus margin. Pileus plano-convex, pale brown. Lamellae distant to remote, strongly anastomosed and intervenose, narrow. Basidiospores 8–11.5 × 5–7.4 μm, broadly ellipsoid, a few with a lateral bulge, not tetrahedral, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Basidioles clavate. Lamellae reviving poorly and most elements collapsed; hymenial cystidia few observed, narrowly tibiiform, smooth, lacking diverticula, hyaline, thin-walled.Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure of densely diverticulate hyphae, only a few hyphal layers thick, non-gelatinized; hyphae 2.5–5 μm diam., hyaline; diverticula crowded, 0.5–2 × 0.5–1.2 μm, irregularly cylindrical, sometimes lobed, hyaline. Pileus trama heavily gelatinized; hyphae 2–5 μm diam., loosely interwoven, cylindrical, branched, non-incrusted, hyaline, thin-walled. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: Based on the highly gelatinized pileus trama, cheilocystidia lacking diverticula, a reduced lateral stipe or pseudostipe, and the rarely bulging, ellipsoid spores, this represents a species of Campanella, not Tetrapyrgos . Horak (1983) made the initial transfer to Pterospora, but he never subsequently transferred the species to Tetrapyrgos (cf. Horak 1987). Horak suggested that C. tenuitunicata was closely related to C. austrochilensis, C. alba, C. peullensis, and T. subdendrophora . Without analyses of new material of C. austrochilensis and C. peullensis (see above), the relationships amongst these species remain ambiguous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFD8FFFDFF44F9E9FD6FF8A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDBFFFCFF44F8C3FE6BFD2E.text	5C2387A2FFDBFFFCFF44F8C3FE6BFD2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnopus floridanus Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot.	<div><p>Gymnopus floridanus Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 158. 1939. Fig. 10d–g</p><p>Accepted as a synonym of Tetrapyrgos nigripes by Singer (1973) and Horak (1983).</p><p>Holotype:— UNITED STATES. Florida: Kelley’s Hammock, 10 miles northwest of Gainesville, on log of sweet gum ( Liquidambar styraciflua, Altingiaceae), 3 August 1938, leg. West &amp; Murrill (FLAS F-18290!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of numerous basidiomes in fair condition. Description of dried holotype: Pileus convex with a central papilla, translucent-striate. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, distant, very narrow. Stipe silky, broad, non-insititious, with a distinct ring of basal white mycelium. Lignicolous. Basidiospores not observed; material immature; protologue indicates spores not found. Basidia not observed. Basidioles cylindrical to clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia scattered, 22–32 × 3–5 μm, narrowly clavate to cylindrical with an inflated apex, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis of radially arranged, non-diverticulate hyphae, 2.5–8 μm diam.; terminal cells suberect to erect, cylindrical to clavate, smooth, sometimes geniculate, abundant over pileus disc and scattered elsewhere; all cells hyaline, inamyloid, subgelatinous, with walls up to 0.5 μm thick. Tramal hyphae interwoven, subgelatinous, similar to pileipellis hyphae with interspersed highly refractive, cylindrical to contorted oleiferous hyphae. Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical and medullary hyphae similar, subparallel, 2.5–6.5 μm diam., cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled; with scattered oleiferous hyphae. Stipitipellis of numerous, clustered caulocystidia, irregularly clavate, smooth (lacking diverticula), hyaline, thin-walled. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: This taxon is of uncertain taxonomic position, but is certainly not a species of Tetrapyrgos . The material is immature, lacks basidiospores, and has non-diverticulate cheilocystidia, pileipellis and stipitipellis hyphae, excluding Tetrapyrgos from consideration.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDBFFFCFF44F8C3FE6BFD2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FD4BFE66FB3D.text	5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FD4BFE66FB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasmiellus goniosporus D. A. Reid, Aust. J. Bot.	<div><p>Marasmiellus goniosporus D.A. Reid, Aust. J. Bot. 14: 33. 1966.</p><p>Synonyms: Pterospora goniospora (D.A. Reid) E. Horak, Sydowia 36: 131. 1983.</p><p>Tetrapyrgos goniospora (D.A. Reid) E. Horak, Sydowia 39: 102. 1987 [1986].</p><p>Holotype:— PAPUA NEW GUINEA. East New Britain Prov.: Rabaul, Keravat, on Theobroma cacao ( Malvaceae), 28 June 1962, D Shaw 3572 (K).</p><p>This is known from a single collection, which was unavailable for study. Based on the protologue (Reid 1966), this could represent a Tetrapyrgos, albeit the smallest one described with pilei only up to 1 mm diameter. Features that differ from most Tetrapyrgos include: pileipellis terminal cells and cheilocystidia that do not posses bulbous apices and are highly branched; the stipe is tiny, lateral, and does not arise from a basal pad; and no tisues were reported with blue or black pigments. Without further analyses of the holotype specimen or additional material, the taxonomic position of this species remains uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FD4BFE66FB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FB61FC6DF8C1.text	5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FB61FC6DF8C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasmius caesius Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot.	<div><p>Marasmius caesius Murrill, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 148. 1940. Fig. 10h–k</p><p>Holotype:— UNITED STATES. Florida: Gainesville, on oak sticks in high hammock, 28 May 1938, leg. Murrill (FLAS F-18263!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of approx. 10 basidiomes in good condition. Description of dried holotype: Pileus convex, pruinose, smooth, cream-tan. Lamellae adnate, subdistant to distant, narrow to moderately broad, pallid. Stipe pruinose to pubescent, pallid, cream-tan, non-insititious, arising from a ring of radiating cream-colored mycelium. Lignicolous on oak sticks. Basidiospores 8.4–10.8 × 7.2–9.8 μm (x m = 9.6 × 8.3 μm, n = 20), tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 24–32 × 6.5–8 μm, 4-sterigmate, clavate, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia numerous, 20–40 × 4–6.5 μm, irregularly cylindrical, diverticulate overall or only on central axis, with a smooth, often subcapitate apex, sometimes lobed; diverticula 1.5–6.5 × 1–3.2 μm. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure; hyphae strongly diverticulate, 4–6.5 μm diam., hyaline, inamyloid, clamped, noninflated, non-gelatinous; terminal cells strongly diverticulate and often capped with a smooth bulbous capitulum; diverticula 1.5–5 × 1–2.5 μm, rod-like, obtuse, hyaline. Pileus margin with erect pileocystidia with bulbous apices like the cheilocystidia. Pileus trama of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae 2.5–6.5 μm diam., hyaline, inamyloid, non-gelatinous to weakly gelatinous. Stipitipellis a Rameales -structure like the pileipellis. Stipe cortical hyphae and medullary hyphae similar, subparallel, 2–5.5 μm diam., hyaline to pale yellow, inamyloid, smooth, with walls &lt;0.5 μm thick. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: Marasmius caesius represents a synonym of Tetrapyrgos nigripes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDAFFFCFF44FB61FC6DF8C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDAFFFBFF44F82DFAD0FA96.text	5C2387A2FFDAFFFBFF44F82DFAD0FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasmius dichromopus Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc.	<div><p>Marasmius dichromopus Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Córdoba 28: 293. 1926. Fig. 11a–d</p><p>Accepted as a synonym of Tetrapyrgos nigripes by Singer (1973) and Horak (1983).</p><p>Holotype:— ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires Prov.: La Plata, on decayed debris of Eucalyptus globulus ( Myrtaceae), 16 May 1919, C Spegazzini 2690 (LPS!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of one intact basidiome and one fragmented basidiome. Description of dried holotype: Pileus &lt;5 mm diam, convex, striate, dull, pale brown. Lamellae adnate, subdistant (about 14), narrow, pale brown. Stipe about 10 × 1 mm, central, pruinose, darker brown. Material badly infected by mold. Basidiospores (few observed) 8–9 × 6–7.8 μm, triangular with a distinct lateral bulge to tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid, thin-walled. Basidia 19–25 × 5–6.5 μm, 4-sterigmate, clavate, clamped. Basidioles subfusoid to clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar edges badly eroded; cheilocystidia few observed, clavate, diverticulate. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure; hyphae irregularly knobby and diverticulate, inamyloid. Pileus trama weakly gelatinous. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: The central stipe, weakly gelatinized tramal tissues, and tetrahedral spores indicate placement in Tetrapyrgos . While we accept this as a species of Tetrapyrgos, whether it represents the more northern T. nigripes or the more southern T. longicystidiata is unclear. The material was collected on Eucalyptus, a tree introduced into Argentina from Australia, which may suggest that this Tetrapyrgos species represents an introduced Australasian taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDAFFFBFF44F82DFAD0FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDDFFFBFF44FA93FE92F82A.text	5C2387A2FFDDFFFBFF44FA93FE92F82A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasmius nigripes var. albus Corner, Beih.	<div><p>Marasmius nigripes var. albus Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 111: 75. 1996. Fig. 11e–g</p><p>Holotype:— SINGAPORE. Singapore Botanic Gardens, 15 June 1929, leg. EJH Corner (E #192522!).</p><p>The holotype collection consists of 3 basidiomes in fair condition, two attached to undetermined dicotyledonous leaves, one loose in packet, all 3 parasitized by a white mold. Description of dried holotype: Pileus pallid. Stipe slightly eccentric to central, non-insititious. Basidiospores (7–) 8–10.2 × 7.8–9 μm, tetrahedral, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Basidioles clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar edges sterile. Cheilocystidia 24–32 × 6.5–9 μm, irregularly cylindrical, sometimes lobate, apex often with a smooth capitulum or diverticulate, densely and coarsely diverticulate elsewhere, hyaline, thin-walled. Pileipellis a well-developed Rameales -structure of coarsely diverticulate hyphae 3–6 (–9) μm diam., non-gelatinized, non-incrusted, hyaline; diverticula knobby, obtuse, irregular in outline; terminal cells coarsely diverticulate or often with a smooth, bulbous capitulum, similar to the cheilocystidia. Pileus trama of weakly gelatinized, smooth hyphae 2.5–6 (–10) μm diam., hyaline, inamyloid. Stipe tissues not observed; material too scanty. Clamp connections present.</p><p>Status: This may be the oldest name for the pure white Tetrapyrgos with short, eccentric stipe and intervenose lamellae from SouthEast Asia and vicinity. Petch (1948: 27) reports a white form of M. subcinereus that represents this species but did not formally describe it as new. We accept Marasmius nigripes var. albus as a synonym of T. subcinerea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDDFFFBFF44FA93FE92F82A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FF0BFC83FE0E.text	5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FF0BFC83FE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marasmius nigripes var. fuscibrunneus Corner, Beih.	<div><p>Marasmius nigripes var. fuscibrunneus Corner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 111: 75. 1996</p><p>Holotype:— SINGAPORE. Singapore Botanic Gardens, 27 July 1940, leg. EJH Corner (E).</p><p>The holotype specimen is preserved in alcohol and unavailable for examination. We accept this taxon as falling within the morphological variation of T. subcinerea as observed throughout its range in South Asia and Southeast Asia. A color illustration was provided by Corner (1996: Plate 7c).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FF0BFC83FE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FE6BFAA0FB86.text	5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FE6BFAA0FB86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Omphalia caesioatra Speg., An. Mus. Nac.	<div><p>Omphalia caesioatra Speg., An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 6: 107. 1898</p><p>Synonym: Marasmiellus caesioater (Speg.) Singer, Rev. Mycol. 18: 9. 1953.</p><p>Accepted as a synonym of Tetrapyrgo s nigripes by Horak (1983, 1987).</p><p>Holotype:— ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires Prov.: La Plata, on stems and leaves of grass, April 1888, C Spegazzini 46 (LPS 16794!).</p><p>The holotype specimen consists of two fragmented basidiomes attached to the base of the stem of a grass, both entirely blackened and in poor condition. Description of dried holotype: Pileus 4 mm diam., convex. Lamellae badly eroded. Stipe 8 × 1 mm, non-insititious. No basidiospores observed; basidiospores reported as 10 × 5 μm, ellipsoid to ovoid (Spegazzini 1898), or 8–13.8 × 4–6.8 μm, oblong to fusoid-ellipsoid (Singer1973). Hymenial elements collapsed, not observable. Pileipellis a cutis of non-diverticulate hyphae 3.5–8 μm diam., smooth, with dark brown vacuolar pigments (necropigments?); walls hyaline, thin; no pileocystidia observed. Singer (1950: 188) reported the epicuticular hyphae as diverticulate.</p><p>Status: The non-diverticulate pileipellis hyphae in combination with black necropigments and fusoid-ellipsoid basidiospores indicate placement in Marasmiellus sect. Candidi, not in Marasmiellus sect. Tricolores as indicated by Singer (1973: 92), nor is the species a synonym of Tetrapyrgos nigripes as indicated by Horak (1983, 1987). Omphalia caesioater is phenetically similar to Marasmiellus subnigricans (Murr.) Singer, another blackening species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FE6BFAA0FB86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FBE3FE37FA56.text	5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FBE3FE37FA56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xerotus anastomosus Lloyd, Mycol. Writ.	<div><p>Xerotus anastomosus Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 7(Letter 67): 1154. 1922</p><p>Synonym: Marasmiellus anastomosus (Lloyd) Redhead &amp; Nagas., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 974. 1987.</p><p>Redhead and Nagasawa (1987) provided a type study of Xerotus anastomosus, a species described from material collected in the Philippines on dead coconut palm petioles. They reported that the species has a poroid hymenophore and gelatinized tissues like Campanella, but a central stipe like Marasmiellus . Micromorphological features include rhomboidal basidiospores, coralloid to undulate subcapitate cheilocystidia, pileipellis and stipitipellis a Rameales - structure, and a duplex pileus trama with gelatinized upper portion. In combination, these features show some similarity to Campanella and Tetrapyrgos . We have not studied this species. New material would be beneficial for analysis of its phylogenetic relationship.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C2387A2FFDCFFFAFF44FBE3FE37FA56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Honan, Amy H.;Desjardin, Dennis E.;Perry, Brian A.;Horak, Egon;Baroni, Timothy J.	Honan, Amy H., Desjardin, Dennis E., Perry, Brian A., Horak, Egon, Baroni, Timothy J. (2015): Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences. Phytotaxa 231 (2): 101-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.2.1
