identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7EBA0ECDCC5C2C3ADA4CDADA8ECA4423.text	7EBA0ECDCC5C2C3ADA4CDADA8ECA4423.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium ausonanum Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia 2022	<div><p>Penicillium ausonanum Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 9</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to Ausona (Osona), the region of Catalonia where the fungus was collected.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Osona, Guilleries-Savassona Natural Park, Malafogassa, Major Stream, from sediments, Nov. 2018, E. Carvalho &amp; J. Gené (holotype CBS H-24781, cultures ex-type CBS 148237 = FMR 16948) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Aspergilloides, Penicillium section Lanata-Divaricata, series Penicillium Dalearum .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2-3 μm wide. Conidiophores monoverticillate and divaricate, minor proportion biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 20-120 × 2-2.5 μm; metulae slightly appressed to divergent, mostly 2, occasionally 3 per stipe, 10-18 × 2-3 μm, occasionally a solitary phialide borne on the same level as metulae; phialides 2-5 per stipe/metula, ampulliform to cylindrical, 9-12 × 2-3 μm; conidia smooth-walled, globose to subglobose, 2-3 × 2-3 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (14 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 58-59 mm diam., slightly radially and concentrically sulcate, velvety to floccose, whitish (5A1), margins regular and slightly fimbriate, sporulation absent to sparse, when present conidial masses brownish gray (6C2); reverse grayish yellow (4B4); little production of exudates hyaline, soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 61-62 mm diam., slightly raised, floccose, white (3A1), margins fimbriate, sporulation absent to sparse, conidial masses brownish gray (5E3); reverse light yellow (4A4); exudate absent, soluble pigment absent. On YES, 67-71 mm diam., slightly raised, radially sulcate, randomly furrowed as well, velvety to floccose, dull yellow (3B3) at center and white (3B1) towards periphery, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation absent to sparse, conidial masses grayish to dull green (25C4-5C); reverse brownish yellow (5C8), exudates and soluble pigment absent. On OA, 63-65 mm diam., slightly raised, white (3A1) with gray (3E1) to olive (3F3) areas, velvety, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish to dull green (25C5-D5); reverse grayish-yellow (3B5); exudates and soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 10-12 mm diam., randomly furrowed at the center, radially sulcate towards periphery, velvety, yellowish gray (2B2), margins entire, sporulation absent to sparse, conidial masses grayish to dull green (25C4-5C); reverse grayish yellow (2C3); exudates and soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 61-63 mm diam., slightly raised, floccose, gray (4B1) at center to yellowish gray (4B2) and white (4A1) towards periphery, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses brownish gray (6C2); reverse vivid yellow (3A8); exudates absent, acid production strong.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C 3-2, 15 °C 41-43, 20 °C 46-48, 30 °C 56-57, 35 °C 50-51, 37 °C 38-39, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium ausonanum formed a phylogenetically supported group together with P. amphipolaria and P. viridissimum in series Dalearum (Fig. 6). These are two species recently described, the former from soil in Antarctica and Canada, and the latter from acidic and forest soil from China (Visagie et al. 2016a, Diao et al. 2019). The new species can be morphologically differentiated from them by its equal proportion of monoverticillate and divaricate conidiophores, which are mostly with a complex branching pattern in P. amphipolaria (biverticillate and divaricate) (Visagie et al. 2016a), and mono- to terverticillate in P. viridissimum (Diao et al. 2019). Both P. amphipolaria (6.5-10 µm) and P. viridissimum (6.5-10 µm) have slightly shorter phialides than P. ausonanum (9-12 µm). Also, P. amphipolaria (240-460 µm) and P. viridissimum (40-125 µm) have longer stipes (Visagie et al. 2016a, Diao et al. 2019) in comparison to those of P. ausonanum (20-120 µm). Furthermore, the three species also differed in acid production on CREA, which is strong in P. ausonanum, moderate in P. amphipolaria and absent in the neighboring species P. viridissimum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7EBA0ECDCC5C2C3ADA4CDADA8ECA4423	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
E908122D206FE5674B810C21D19427A8.text	E908122D206FE5674B810C21D19427A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium guarroi Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia 2022	<div><p>Penicillium guarroi Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 10</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named in honor of Josep Guarro for his contributions to our knowledge of microfungi.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Alt Camp, Alcover, Brugent River, sediments, Mar. 2019, D. Torres &amp; J. Gené (holotype CBS H-24782, cultures ex-type CBS 148238 = FMR 17747) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Aspergilloides, Penicillium section Gracilenta, series Penicillium Estinogena .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2.5-3.5 μm wide. Conidiophores predominantly symmetrically biverticillate, occasionally with subterminal branches; stipes smooth- to rough-walled, 88-215 × 3-4 μm; metulae appressed, 2-4 per stipe, vesiculate, 5-10 × 2-4.5 μm (vesicle up to 5.5 μm wide); phialides 3-6 per metula, ampulliform, 6-9 × 1.5-3 μm; conidia smooth-walled, globose, 2-2.5 × 2-2.5 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 38-40 mm diam., slightly raised at center, radially sulcate, velvety, brownish gray (6C2) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins fimbriate, sporulation moderate, conidial masses greenish gray (28C2); reverse dark brown (6F6) and light brown (6D6) at periphery, becoming entirely brown after 14 d; soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 41-43 mm diam., slightly raised, granular, yellowish green (29B7) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation moderate, conidial masses grayish green (28D2); reverse yellowish brown (5E6) at center to grayish yellow at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On YES, 49-51 mm diam., raised at center, radially sulcate, velvety, brownish gray (5C2) and white (1A1) at periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses greenish gray (28D2); reverse dark green (30F5) and yellowish brown (5D5) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On OA, 24-26 mm diam., elevated at center, velvety, white (1A1) at center and dull green (25E3) towards periphery, margins regular, sporulation moderate, conidial masses dull green (25D4); reverse brown (6E4) and yellowish gray (4B2) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 22-25 mm diam., flattened, granular, grayish green (30C3) at center, and dull green (29D49) towards periphery, margins fimbriate, sporulation moderate, conidial masses greenish gray (27D2); reverse grayish green (30E5) and white (1A1) at periphery, soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 22-25 mm diam., flattened, floccose, yellowish green (29B7) and white (1A1) at periphery, margins irregular, sporulation moderate, conidial masses grayish green (27B3-D3); reverse dark gray (1F1); soluble pigment absent, no acid production.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C no growth, 15 °C 17-19, 20 °C 26-28, 30 °C 34-36, 35 °C 4-5, 37 °C no growth, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium guarroi is the second species included in section Gracilenta series Estinogena (Fig. 7). This species shows morphological attributes of the series based on its type P. estinogenum, namely that both have symmetrically appressed biverticillate conidiophores with rough-walled stipes (Houbraken et al. 2020). However, P. guarroi mainly differs from P. estinogenum by producing strictly smooth-walled globose conidia, which are ellipsoidal to ovate and with smooth to finely roughened walls in the latter (Abe 1956; Houbraken et al. 2020). In addition to their phylogenetic distance, other members of section Gracilenta (i.e., series Gracilenta and Macrosclerotiorum) can be differentiated morphologically by the production of monoverticillate conidiophores and the lack of growth at 37 °C, with the exception of P. apimei and P. aquaticum, which are able to grow at this temperature (Barbosa et al. 2018; Houbraken et al. 2020). Penicillium guarroi was unable to grow at 37 °C, but it shows a maximum temperature for growth at 35 °C (4-5 mm), like other members in the section (i.e., P. macrosclerotiorum, P. angustiporcatum, P. gracilentum and P. estinogenum).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E908122D206FE5674B810C21D19427A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
4CED876BA76CDD9BC17779EB1247CC7A.text	4CED876BA76CDD9BC17779EB1247CC7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium heteromorphum H. Z. Kong and Z. T. Qi. Mycosystema 1: 107. 1988.	<div><p>Penicillium heteromorphum H.Z. Kong and Z.T. Qi. Mycosystema 1:107. 1988.</p><p>Figure 11</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Aspergilloides, Penicillium section Exilicaulis . series Penicillium Restricta .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 1.5-3 μm wide. Conidiophores monoverticillate, occasionally irregularly branched; stipes smooth-walled, thin, 6-47.5 × 1.5-2 μm; phialides 2-3 per stipe, ampulliform, 3-7 × 1.5-2.5 μm; conidia roughened, globose to subglobose, 2.5-3 × 2.5-3 μm, occasionally conidia up to 5 μm were observed.</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 19-20 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, radially sulcate, yellowish gray (4B2) at center and white (1A1) at periphery, margins slightly undulate, sporulation absent; reverse pale yellow (4A3); soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 27-28 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, white (1A1) at center, ash blond (3C3) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation absent; reverse champagne colored (4A4) at center, pastel yellow (3A4) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On YES, 22-21 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, radially sulcate, yellowish gray (4B2) and Sahara colored (6C5), margins entire, sporulation absent; reverse grayish orange (5B5) at center and champagne colored (4B4) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On OA, 23-24 mm diam., slightly elevated at center, floccose, greenish gray (28B2) at center and beige (4C3) towards periphery, margins fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (29E3); reverse beige (4C3); soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 14-15 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, yellowish white (1A2) at center and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins regular, sporulation absent; reverse wine yellow (3B3) at center and yellowish white (3A2) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA reaching 17-19 mm diam., slightly raised at center, floccose, white (1A1) at center and lemon yellow (3B8) towards periphery, margins fimbriate, sporulation absent; reverse lemon yellow (3B8); soluble pigment absent and acid production moderate. Colonies on Czapek’s agar reaching 13-14 mm diam., flattened, floccose, white (1A1) at center to ash gray (1B2) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (29D3); reverse ash gray (1B2); soluble pigment absent.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C no growth, 15 °C 9-11, 20 °C 12-13, 30 °C 23-24, 35 °C 16-19, 37 °C 4-7, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Berguedà, Gósol, from stream sediments, Nov. 2019, J. Gené (CBS 148239, FMR 18043).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China and Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium heteromorphum was first described from a soil sample collected in Shennongjia, China. FMR 18043 is thus the second isolate of this species. The protologue of P. heteromorphum, which was based on CYA and Czapek’s agar, noted that it does not grow at 37 °C, has strictly monoverticillate conidiophores with stipes up to 60 μm long, and produce conidia that are globose to subglobose, smooth or nearly, which show two well-differentiated measures on Czapek’s agar (ones of 2-2.5 (-3) μm diam, and the largest of 4-10 μm) (Kong and Qi 1988). By contrast, despite the high sequence similarity to the ex-type strain, our isolate differs phenotypically in its ability to grow at 37 °C, and in the production of shorter conidiophores and rough-walled conidia in all media studied; some larger conidia (up to 5 μm diam.) were only observed on Czapek’s agar. Nevertheless, features we observed in the sediment isolate P. heteromorphum match those of the species of series Restricta, which briefly consisted in growing restricted to moderately fast, producing generally short monoverticillate conidiophores with smooth stipes, globose to subglobose or (broadly) ellipsoidal, smooth or roughened conidia and they commonly grow at 37 °C (Houbraken et al. 2020). Based on the production of two types of conidia, Kong and Qi (1988) compared P. heteromorphum with P. dimorphosporum . However, although both species belongs in section Exilicaulis, the current taxonomy of the genus places P. dimorphosporum in the genetically distant series Erubescentia (Visage et al. 2016b, Houbraken et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4CED876BA76CDD9BC17779EB1247CC7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
4C11DA49E5FB533A3C96A70F7EB86778.text	4C11DA49E5FB533A3C96A70F7EB86778.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium irregulare Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia 2022	<div><p>Penicillium irregulare Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 12</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the variable branching pattern of the conidiophores of the species.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Comunidad de Madrid, Miraflores de la Sierra, Miraflores River, from sediments, Jun. 2019, J.F. Cano (holotype CBS H-24783, cultures ex-type CBS 148240 = FMR 17859) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Penicillium, Penicillium section Canescentia, series Penicillium Canescentia .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2-3.5 μm wide. Conidiophores biverticillate, in minor proportion monoverticillate, terverticillate or divaricate; stipes smooth-walled, 13-152 × 1.5-2 μm; metulae divergent, 2-3 per stipe/branch, unequal in length, vesiculate, 7-10 × 1.5-2.5 μm (vesicle up to 4 μm wide), occasionally a solitary phialide borne on same level as metulae; phialides 5-8 per metula, ampulliform, 6-7.5 × 1.5-2.5 μm; conidia smooth- to finely rough-walled, globose to subglobose, somewhat ellipsoidal, 1.5-3 × 1.5-2 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 36-38 mm diam, slightly elevated, radially sulcate, velvety, grayish orange (6B3) at center and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (25B3); reverse brownish yellow (5C8) at center and vivid yellow towards periphery (3A8); exudate and soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 33-34 mm diam, elevated, floccose, light yellow (4A4) at center and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (25C3); reverse yellowish orange (4A7); exudate and soluble pigment absent. On YES, 43-44 mm diam, raised, concentrically sulcate and pale yellow (4A3) at center, radially sulcate and white (1A1) towards periphery, velvety, margins entire, sporulation absent to sparse, conidial masses grayish green (25D2); reverse brownish yellow (5C8) and white (1A1) at periphery; exudate and soluble pigment absent. On OA, 25-27 mm, slightly elevated at center, cottony and fasciculate, dull green (25E4) at center, gray (1D1) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (30E3); reverse yellowish brown (5F4), golden brown (5D7) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 14-15 mm, elevated, velvety, white (1A1) with grayish turquoise (24E4) areas, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish turquoise (24B3-C5); reverse yellowish green (30B8) at center to pale green (30A3) and white (1A1) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 12-13 mm, flat, floccose, yellowish green (29B7), margins regular, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27B3-C3); reverse dark gray (1F1); soluble pigment and acid production absent.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C no growth, 15 °C 19-20, 20 °C 25-27, 30 °C 31-33, 35 °C 11-12, 37 °C 5-10, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium irregulare is related to P. arizonense, P. yarmokense and P. canescens, all belonging to series Canescentia (Fig. 4). Species of this series are characterized by the production of biverticillate conidiophores, that occasionally produce additional branching stages (divaricate), with smooth- or rough-walled stipes (Houbraken et al. 2020; Visage et al. 2021). Penicillium irregulare can be differentiated from its closest relative P. arizonense by the production of shorter stipes (13-152 μm vs 50-400 μm) and metulae (7-10 μm vs. 8-16 μm), and colony reverse yellowish to orange, in contrast to brown shades, even red brown to violet brown on YES agar in P. arizonense (Grijseels et al. 2016). In addition, P. irregulare was able to grow at 37°C on CYA, but restrictedly (5-10 mm diam. 7 d), while P. arizonense does not grow at this temperature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C11DA49E5FB533A3C96A70F7EB86778	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
A6A662978A57B8733F09F1D52CEB5D22.text	A6A662978A57B8733F09F1D52CEB5D22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium sicoris Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia 2022	<div><p>Penicillium sicoris Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 13</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the Segre River where the fungus was found.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, La Noguera, Camarassa, Segre river, from sediments, Dec. 2019, D. Torres &amp; J. Gené (holotype CBS H-24784, cultures ex-type CBS 148241 = FMR 18076) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Penicillium, Penicillium section Paradoxa, series Penicillium Atramentosa .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 3-5 μm wide. Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticilliate, occasionally irregularly branched with phialides growing directly from branches and divaricate; stipes smooth-walled, 25-215 × 3-4.5 μm; metulae divergent, 2-3 per branch, vesiculate, 7-20 × 2.5-4 μm (vesicle up to 5.5 μm wide); phialides 1-6 per metula, ampulliform, 4-7.5 × 2.5-4 μm; conidia smooth-walled, usually globose to subglobose, some broadly ellipsoidal, 2-4.5 × 2-3.5 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 32-34 mm diam., raised at center, radially sulcate, velvety, brownish violet (11D8) at center, pale orange (5A3) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse light orange (6A5) to orange (6B7) at center and grayish yellow (4B4) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 28-30 mm diam., flat, velvety, grayish green (30D6) at center, bluish green (25C8), and white (1A1) at periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish turquoise (24C3-C4); reverse pea green (29D5), yellowish white (4A2); soluble pigment absent. On YES, 39-43 mm diam., raised at center, radially sulcate, velvety, orange gray (5B2) at center and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28C3); reverse grayish yellow (4B4) and pale yellow (4A3) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On OA, 23-24 mm diam., slightly elevated at center, floccose, grayish green (26E6), opaline green (25C6) and brownish gray (5C2) towards periphery, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (27D3); reverse pea green (29D5) at center and brownish gray (5C2) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 13-16 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, olive (3D3) at center, grayish turquoise (24B3) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish turquoise (24B3); reverse, grayish green (1C4) and white (1A1) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 21-27 mm diam., slightly elevated at center, velutinous, apple green (29C7), margins regular, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (26B3-C3); reverse colorless; soluble pigment absent, acid production absent.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C 3-4, 15 °C 25-26, 20 °C 30-31, 30 °C 29-31, 35 °C no growth, 37 °C no growth, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium sicoris is closely related to P. mexicanum in series Atramentosa (Fig. 3). Phenotypically, species of this series share a moderately fast colony growth and brown reverse on CYA and YES, and good growth on CREA without acid production (Houbraken et al. 2020). However, our species differs in having an orange to grayish yellow reverse on CYA. In addition, P. sicoris also differs from its counterpart in several micromorphological features: i.e., its conidiophores are bi- or terverticillate, whereas in P. mexicanum they are ter- or quaterverticillate, stipes are shorter (25-215 vs. 65-370 μm), phialides shorter (4-7.5 vs. 7-10 μm) and metulae longer (7-20 vs. 8.5-15.5 μm) than those of P. mexicanum, and its conidia are predominantly globose to subglobose, whereas in P. mexicanum they are broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal (Visagie et al. 2014c). Moreover, P. mexicanum has a more restrictive growth on CREA than P. sicoris (5-8 vs. 21-27 mm diam. after 7 d).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6A662978A57B8733F09F1D52CEB5D22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
9BAF568A8315B85B232248AB5B9F8792.text	9BAF568A8315B85B232248AB5B9F8792.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium submersum Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia 2022	<div><p>Penicillium submersum Torres-Garcia, Gene and Dania Garcia sp. nov.</p><p>Figure 14</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the submerged sediment sample where the fungus was isolated.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Montsant Natural Park, Siurana's Swamp , from sediments, Feb. 2018, E. Carvalho &amp; J. Gené (holotype CBS H-24785, cultures ex-type CBS 148242 = FMR 17140) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Penicillium, Penicillium section Robsamsonia, series Penicillium Urticicola .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2-2.5 μm wide. Conidiophores mostly terverticillate, in minor proportion biverticillate and quarterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 29-142 × 1.5-2.5 μm; metulae divergent, mostly 2, occasionally 3 per stipe/branch, 5.5-7.5 × 1.5-4 μm; phialides 2-5 per metula, ampulliform, 4-5.5 × 1.5-2.5 μm; conidia smooth-walled, ellipsoidal, 3-3.5 × 2-2.5 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 34-37 mm diam., elevated, with some radially furrow, floccose, light yellow (4A5) and yellowish white (4A2) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28C4); reverse golden brown (5D7) and orange (5A6) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 28-29 mm diam., slightly elevated, floccose, white (1A1) to light yellow (4A5) at periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27C3); reverse light yellow (4A5); soluble pigment absent. On YES, 33-36 mm diam., slightly elevated at center, radially sulcate, velvety, light brown (6D4) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins slightly lobate, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28C3); reverse grayish orange (5B5); soluble pigment absent. On OA, 18-20 mm diam., elevated at center, fasciculate, yellowish white (4A2) and pale gray towards periphery, margins low and entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse grayish yellow (4C5); soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 11-13 mm diam., elevated, floccose, white (1A1) at center, pale yellow (4A3) and grayish yellow (4C3) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (27C3); reverse light yellow (4A5) and yellowish white (2A2) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 15-19 mm diam., flattened, floccose, white (1A1) and pale yellow (3A3), margins low and irregular, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28B3-C3); reverse white (1A1) and pale yellow (3A3); soluble pigment absent, acid production strong.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C no growth, 15 °C 20-21, 20 °C 25-26, 30 °C 28-30, 35 °C 17-16, 37 °C 9-11, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Species in section Robsamsonia were characterized by restricted to moderately fast growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (15-32 mm diam in 7 d) and lack or slow of growth on CYA at 30 °C (up to 19 mm diam) (Houbraken et al. 2016; Houbraken et al. 2020). However, the novel species showed faster growth rates on CYA at both temperatures (i.e., 34-37 mm and 28-30 mm diam., respectively). Penicillium submersum shares morphological features with the other two species ( P. griseofulvum and P. dipodomycola) of the series Urticicola where it is classified (Fig. 2), which consisted in having bi-, ter, or quarterverticillate, divergent, smooth-walled conidiophores and short phialides (up to 7 µm) (Houbraken et al. 2020). However, P. submersum shows the shortest phialides within the group (4-5.5 vs. 5-7 µm). In addition, our species has strong acid production on CREA, in contrast to the lack of acid production of P. griseofulvum and P. dipodomycola in the same medium (Houbraken et al. 2016, 2020); and colony reverse on CYA and YES in P. submersum is golden brown to orange and grayish orange, respectively, while in P. griseofulvum and P. dipodomycola it is beige brown to dark brown in both culture media (Houbraken et al. 2020). Furthermore, P. griseofulvum differs from P. submersum in its gray colony color, especially on CYA, which is in shades of yellow in our species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9BAF568A8315B85B232248AB5B9F8792	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
F8152D02BC47402FB86940B30BFBC6FA.text	F8152D02BC47402FB86940B30BFBC6FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium tardochrysogenum Frisvad, Houbraken & Samson. Persoonia 29: 93. 2012.	<div><p>Penicillium tardochrysogenum Frisvad, Houbraken &amp; Samson. Persoonia 29: 93. 2012.</p><p>Figure 15</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Penicillium, Penicillium section Chrysogena, series Penicillium Chrysogena .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2.5-5.5 μm wide. Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate or quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 40-200 × 2.5-4 μm; metulae appressed to slightly divergent, 2-4 per branch or stipe, vesiculate, 6-12.5 × 2-4 μm (vesicle up to 4.5 μm wide); phialides 3-6 per metulae, ampulliform, 5.5-7.5 × 1.5-2.5 μm; conidia smooth-walled, globose to subglobose, 2.5-3 × 2.5-3 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA reaching 41-43 mm diam., slightly raised at center, floccose, radially sulcate, yellowish white (1A2) at center to orange white (6A2) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins slightly lobate, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse champagne (4B4) at center to red-haired (6C4) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On MEA, 38-39 mm diam., flattened, velvety, grayish green (26D2-E4), white (1A1) towards periphery, margins low and slightly fimbriate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (25D4); reverse colorless; soluble pigment absent. On YES, 56-57 mm diam., slightly raised at center, floccose, radially sulcate, yellowish white (4A2) at center to champagne (4B4) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27B3); reverse amber yellow (4B6) at center to maize (yellow) (4A5) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On OA, 35-37 mm diam., flattened, velvety, dark green (28F8) at center to greenish gray (28D4) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins low and entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (25D3); reverse honey yellow (4D6) at center and sand yellow (4B3) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 30-32 mm diam., flattened, floccose, dark green (27F8) at center to pale orange (5A3) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins low and entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (28C3) at the center; reverse wax yellow (3B5) at center to white (1A1) towards periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 24-25 mm diam., flattened, floccose, jade green (27E5) at center to yellowish green (30B8) towards periphery, margins slightly fimbriate, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27C3-C4); reverse yellowish white (30B8), soluble pigment absent and acid production moderately strong.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>5 °C 3-4, 15 °C 23-24, 20 °C 27-28, 30 °C 31-33, 35 °C 16-19, 37 °C 8-9, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Montsant Natural Park, Siurana’s Swamp, from sediments, Feb 2018, E. Carvalho &amp; J. Gené (FMR 17137).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Antarctica and Spain.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Although P. tardochrysogenum was introduced based only on the type specimen collected in the Antarctica, the species was later described as endemic of that continent since it was isolated at high densities on rocks from several Islands and Continental Antarctica (Houbraken et al. 2012; Alves et al. 2019). The Spanish isolate from freshwater sediments represents the first report of this species in temperate regions. Of note, however, is that recently the species has also been reported from historical manuscripts preserved in Iraq (Jasim et al. 2019), but only the ITS barcode was used for confirming the identity of isolates, a well-known gene marker unable to distinguish between closely related penicillia (Houbraken et al. 2012; Visagie et al 2014a). Penicillium tardochrysogenum belongs to series Chrysogena and is closely related to P. allii-sativi, P. chrysogenum, P. rubens and P. vanluykii (Fig. 1), but it was distinguished from these species and other members of the series by more restricted and floccose colonies on MEA, the lack of sporulation on YES and the production of finely roughened conidia (Houbraken et al. 2012). Despite the high sequence similarity of the markers analyzed with the ex-type strain of P. tardochrysogenum, our isolate showed some phenotypic variation regarding the protologue; i.e., faster growth rate after 7 d on MEA (38-39 vs. 18-24 mm), sporulation (sparse) on YES, smooth-walled conidia, and shorter stipes (40-200 × 2.5-4 vs. 150-400 × 2-3 µm) and metulae (6-12.5 × 2-4 vs. 10-13(-18) × 2.5-3.5 µm). These differences suggest that more specimens should be examined for a more accurate morphological characterization of this fungus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8152D02BC47402FB86940B30BFBC6FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
7B0B3B580379542FF951E777D5E22DCE.text	7B0B3B580379542FF951E777D5E22DCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penicillium vaccaeorum Quintanilla, Mycopathol. 80: 74. 1982.	<div><p>Penicillium vaccaeorum Quintanilla, Mycopathol. 80: 74. 1982.</p><p>Figure 16</p><p>Penicillium lacussarmientei = Penicillium lacussarmientei Ramírez, Mycopathol. 96: 29. 1986.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Spain, Valladolid, San Miguel del Arroyo, from sandy soil under pine tree; J.A. Quintanilla (holotype CBS H-148.83, cultures ex-type CBS 148.83, DTO 9E2, CECT 2753) .</p><p>Subgeneric classification.</p><p>Subgenus Penicillium Aspergilloides, Penicillium section Citrina, series Penicillium Roseopurpurea</p><p>Description.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed composed of septate, smooth-walled, hyaline hyphae of 1.5-2.5 μm wide. Conidiophores monoverticillate, rarely biverticillate and divaricate; stipes smooth-walled, vesiculate, 22.5-103 × 1.5-2.5 μm (vesicle up to 4.5 µm); metulae divergent 2-3, unequal in length, 7-37 × 1.5-3 µm; phialides 2-5 per stipe/metula, ampulliform, 6-8.5 × 2-2.5 μm; conidia smooth- or finely roughened, globose, 2-2.5 × 2-2.5 μm .</p><p>Culture characteristics (7 d at 25 °C).</p><p>Colonies on CYA, 20-22 mm diam., slightly raised, velvety, radially sulcate, dull red (8C3) at center to light yellow (4A5) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins slightly undulate, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse brownish orange (5C6); with reddish soluble pigment. On MEA, 24-27 mm diam., slightly elevated, velvety, light yellow (4A5) and pale orange (5A2) at periphery, margins low and entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27C4); reverse golden yellow (5B7) and reddish-yellow (4A6) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On YES, 30-32 mm diam., slightly raised at center, velvety, radially sulcate, pale yellow (3A3) to white (1A1) and brownish orange (5C3) towards periphery, margins slightly undulate, sporulation abundant, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse brownish yellow (5C8); soluble pigment absent. On OA, 18-20 mm diam., flattened, velvety, dark green (28F4) to light gray (25D1) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins low and entire, sporulation abundant, conidial masses dull green (25D3); reverse brown (6E4) and yellowish gray (4B2) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On DG18, 12-13 mm, slightly raised at center, velvety, radially sulcate, white (1A1) and yellowish white (1A2) towards periphery, margins regular, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (27C3); reverse light yellow (4A5) and white (1A1) at periphery; soluble pigment absent. On CREA, 9-11 mm diam., flattened, floccose, yellowish green (29B7) and white (1A1) towards periphery, margins entire, sporulation sparse, conidial masses grayish green (28B3); reverse dark gray (1F1); soluble pigment and production of acid absent.</p><p>Colony diameter on CYA after 7d (mm).</p><p>On CYA: 5 °C no growth, 15 °C 13-14, 20 °C 16-17, 30 °C 18-20, 35 °C 6-11, 37 °C no growth, 40 °C no growth.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Spain, Catalonia, Fogars de Montclús, La Costa de l'Infern, from stream sediments, Oct 2018, D. Torres (FMR 17531) ; Fogars de Montclús, La Costa de l'Infern, from stream sediments, Oct 2018, D. Torres (FMR 17534) ; Aitona, Segre River, from sediments, Dec 2020, D. Torres &amp; J. Gené (FMR 18100) ; La Granja d’Escarp, Segre River, from sediments, Dec 2020, D. Torres &amp; J. Gené (FMR 18123) ; Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Serra de Tramontana, from stream sediments, Dec 2018, J. F. Cano (FMR 17616) ; Basque Country, from stream sediments, Aug 2019, J. Gené (FMR 17967) .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Argentina, Canada, Chile, Spain, The Netherlands and Turkey.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Penicillium vaccaeorum and P. lacussarmientei, two species described from sandy soils in Spain and Chile (Quintanilla 1982; Ramírez 1986), respectively, were considered synonyms of P. roseopurpureum by Frisvad et al. (1990), noting that both species were fast growing variants of P. roseopurpureum . Later on, based on that criterion and the lack of morphological differences, Houbraken et al. (2011) considered the two former species synonyms of P. sanguifluum despite some sequence variation where P. vaccaeorum and P. lacussarmientei clustered together in a clade sister to that of P. sanguifluum . Our phylogeny correlates with Houbraken et al. (2011) who found the same topology. Having the opportunity to examine specimens from both monophyletic sister clades (Fig. 8), we observed consistent phenotypic features to distinguish them. For instance, isolates of P. vaccaeorum had longer stipes (up to 103 μm; up to 120 μm in the protologue of the species) (Quintanilla 1982), they were able to grow on CYA at 35 °C (6-11 mm diam. after 7 d), had good sporulation and faster growth on YES agar (30-32 mm diam. 7 d) and more restricted on DG18 (12-13 mm diam. 7 d). In contrast, isolates of the P. sanguifluum clade showed considerably shorter conidiophores (15-50 µm long), they were unable to grow above 30 °C, and the colonies on YES and DG18 showed sparsely or absent sporulation and attained 18-28 mm and 16-22 mm diam., respectively (Houbraken et al. 2011). Hence, genetic and phenotypic differences support the reinstatement of P. vaccaeorum as an accepted species, with P. lacussarmientei considered synonym. This species together with P. sanguifluum and P. roseopurpureum are classified in series Roseopurpurea, which differs from almost all series of the section Citrina by species’ monoverticillate conidiophores. The only other series in the section with monoverticillate conidiophores is Gallaica, represented exclusively by P. gallaicum, which differs from the former series mainly by the production of sclerotia (Houbraken et al. 2020).</p><p>According to the revised data, P. vaccaeorum occurs worldwide, and is commonly isolated from sandy soils of beaches and forests, and even associated with ants (Table 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B0B3B580379542FF951E777D5E22DCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Torres-Garcia, Daniel;Gene, Josepa;Garcia, Dania	Torres-Garcia, Daniel, Gene, Josepa, Garcia, Dania (2022): New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain. MycoKeys 86: 103-145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861
