taxonID	type	description	language	source
5C59878CFFA0062C5569FAF3FC27D6C5.taxon	description	We currently cannot effectively argue whether Neothoron represents a monophyletic group. The internal pattern of phylogenetic relationships in the family is poorly understood, and it is unclear which group of parasitic Hymenoptera should be considered the sister of Platygastroidea. The elongate postmarginal vein of Neothoron is commonly found among scelionids, but this cannot be construed as convincing evidence that Neothoron is paraphyletic. The best cladistic reason to synonymize the two names is that today, even with much greater sampling around the world, Thoron sensu stricto remains monobasic. Our conclusion is that Neothoron is a junior synonym of Thoron (new synonymy). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Thoron is a widely distributed, but not cosomopolitan genus (fig. 1). One species, T. metallicus, is found in the eastern United States and Canada; Europe, from Ireland east to central Russia; and in northern Tunisia. A single species, T. dayi, has been collected from Indonesia. Thoron longicornis is known only from the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. Six species are found from Panama to southeastern Brazil, and three of these are sympatric in Bolivia.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA0062C5569FAF3FC27D6C5.taxon	biology_ecology	BIOLOGY: The only species of Thoron for which the biology is relatively well known is T. metallicus. This Holarctic species has been reared from eggs of Nepa cinerea L. (Ferrière, 1916; Henriksen, 1918) in Europe. The only species of Nepa in the United States and Canada is Nepa apiculata Uhler, known from southern Québec and Ontario, west to Manitoba and North Dakota, and south to Kansas and Georgia (Sites and Polhemus, 1994). This roughly corresponds with the distribution of T. metallicus in the New World (fig. 1). It seems likely that N. apiculata is the host in the Nearctic, although no rearings have been made. Thoron metallicus appears to be a univoltine species that is particularly long­lived in the adult stage. Eggs of its presumed host in the New World, Nepa apiculata, are present from mid­May to mid­June in southern Illinois (McPherson and Packauskas, 1987). Male specimens have been collected from June to September in the USA and Canada and from July to September in Europe (one male specimen from Tunisia was collected in April). In contrast, females have been collected from April to October and even as early in the year as March in Sweden (59 ° 31 ̍ N). We interpret these data to mean that the adult wasps emerge from the host in midsummer and that the females overwinter and then attack newly laid waterscorpion eggs the following year. Specimens of Thoron longicornis were collected in numbers in the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona in association with nymphs and adults of Curicta pronotata Kuitert. The genus Curicta Stål, recently revised by Keffer (1996), has 16 species in the New World. Nepa does not occur in the Neotropics. We speculate that Curicta is the probable host of Neotropical Thoron because of the similarity in size and biology with Nepa. There appear to be no records of Thoron attacking the widespread and relatively common genus Ranatra Fabricius in the Nearctic. This may well be due to a difference in oviposition habits: Nepa and Curicta generally lay their eggs in sand or mud along the shoreline, with the egg’s respiratory horns protruding into the open air (McPherson and Packauskas, 1987; Keffer et al., 1994). Ranatra, in contrast, places its eggs within the tissue of aquatic vegetation, again with the respiratory horns protruding into the air (Menke, 1979). We have only a single specimen of Thoron from the Old World outside of Europe, Russia, and the Caucasus, described here as T. dayi from Indonesia, yet the Nepidae are most diverse in the tropics of Africa and Asia. This leads us to predict that the Old World may yet harbor numerous undescribed species of Thoron or its close relatives. Most of the specimens of Thoron rivalis were collected in the cerrado of central Brazil along a small permanent stream at the end of the dry season. The first rain that season fell on October 1 (1995), but specimens of both sexes of the wasp were collected in the days preceding that event. RELATIONSHIPS: Kozlov (1970) proposed a new higher classification of the Scelionidae, dividing it into four subfamilies (Scelioninae, Teleasinae, Telenominae, and Baeinae) and 17 tribes. Of particular relevance for this discussion, Kozlov described as new the tribe Psilanteridini (six genera, Scelioninae) and the monobasic tribes Thoronini (Baeinae), Tiphodytini (Telenominae), and Pseudanteridini (Scelioninae). The monophyly of Psilanteridini was based on the explicit recognition of a single apomorphic character, the presence of a skaphion on the mesonotum. Masner (1972) correctly noted that a skaphion is present as well in the other tribes, and, further, that those three are all associated with aquatic habitats. He placed the three, together with the new genera Neothoron, Microthoron Masner, Tanaodytes Masner, and Thoronella Masner, in a single tribe, Thoronini, within the Scelioninae. Thoronidea Masner and Huggert was later described and add­ ed to the thoronine cast of characters (Masner and Huggert, 1979). We now view the proposed monophyly of Thoronini with some skepticism. The basis for the hypothesis was primarily the structure of the female clava; the long, stiff bristles on the mesosoma; and the smooth surface of the body. Austin and Field (1997) demonstrated that one of the genera, Thoronella, possesses a complex apomorphic character complex, the Scelio ­ type tubular ovipositor. This strongly suggests to us that it should be removed from the Thoronini. Carlow (1992) discovered that Thoronella adults are phoretic on dragonflies. It therefore seems plausible to us that the character states used to define Thoronini may well be convergent and somehow associated with underwater behavior, respiration, and locomotion of the adult wasps. There are no known species of Thoron in subsaharan Africa, none in most of tropical Asia, and none in far eastern Asia (Russian Far East, Korea, or Japan). The genus Elgonia Risbec is highly reminiscent of Thoron in both structural details and overall habitus. Species of this genus have been collected in both tropical Africa and Asia in pan traps in aquatic environments, including habitats rich in nepids. Elgonia is distinguished from Thoron by its abrupt, six­segmented female antennal clava, with all clavomeres separated; male antennal segment 5 carinate and with a small basal, ventral excavation (the sex­segment); metasomatic T 3 is densely punctate; and the lower portion of the metapleuron above the hindcoxa is setose. We are continuing to investigate the question of the relationships of Thoron as a component of another, broader study, now in progress.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA0062C5569FAF3FC27D6C5.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Body smooth, shining, with no matte microsculpture, with scattered, long, semierect bristles, usually with underlying micropilosity; body black or, rarely, dark brown. Head transverse, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by 1 – 2 ocellar diameters; compound eye glabrous (fig. 10); occipital carina crenulate; malar sulcus present; cheek with distinct fanlike striae; mandibles tridentate; clypeus truncate; female antenna appearing 8 ­ segmented, radicle distinctly elongate, about one­third length of remaining A 1, clava subcompact, 5 ­ segmented, sensillar formula 1 ­ 2 ­ 2 ­ 2 ­ 1; male antenna 12 ­ segmented, filiform, A 5 not sexually modified; palpal formula 4 – 2. Mesosoma about as high as wide, only slightly arched dorsally; skaphion well developed, glabrous, smooth, shining (fig. 10); notaulus varying from nearly percurrent (fig. 16) to reduced to small rudiment in anterior third of mesoscutum (fig. 15) or small furrows near transscutal articulation (figs. 17, 18); humeral and suprahumeral sulci crenulate; posterior margin of axilla deeply crenulate; scutellar disk weakly transverse, convex; dorsellum usually produced medially into subtriangular process, rarely long and pointed; propodeum variable in length, rugulose; netrion crenulate anteriorly, punctate; mesopleural carina present; mesepisternum rugulose; metepisternum narrow, usually sparsely setose; metepimeron usually glabrous, rarely densely pilose; submarginal vein in forewing closely approximated to costal margin; marginal vein short, slightly to distinctly enlarged; postmarginal vein variable in length, from rudimentary to longer than stigmal vein; basal vein nebulous, Vshaped, upper portion forming distinct acute angle with submarginal vein; submarginal vein in hindwing extremely close to costal margin, costal cell largely absent, near hamuli with narrow, short wing membrane visible. Metasoma pedunculate, with 7 visible tergites in female, 8 in male; laterotergites well developed, deeply incised into sternites to form submarginal ridge; T 1 elongate, in female sometimes with hump, longitudinally costate; T 2 with longitudinal costae, subequal to T 3 in length; T 3 widest segment, always smooth, nearly glabrous; T 7 in female external, subtriangular, articulating with T 6 basally, not extruded with ovipositor; ovipositor internal, nontubular.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906205771FEC2FBC9D303.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.4 mm. Female A 4 subequal to or shorter than A 3; clava robust, 3.75 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 well below top of vertex; female A 2 – A 7 dark brown; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by one­half diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum with regularly spaced, deep, thimblelike punctures (fig. 15); notaulus reduced to short, isolated furrow medially, absent near transscutal articulation, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with long decumbent bristles and no micropilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein extremely short or absent, much shorter than length of stigmal vein; with short spine medially; dorsal surface of propodeum excavate medially; T 1 with moderately developed, smooth hump; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 as long as wide.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906205771FEC2FBC9D303.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Immediately distinguished from all other species of Thoron by the deeply punctate mesosoma and the notauli reduced to small furrows in the anterior portion of the mesoscutum.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906205771FEC2FBC9D303.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: Named after its collector, M. Day.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906205771FEC2FBC9D303.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: IN­ DONESIA: Seram, Solea, Uncanya, viii. 1987, M. C. Day, malaise trap, OSUC 77431 (BMNH).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906205771FEC2FBC9D303.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The family Nepidae is composed of some 200 species and 12 genera around the world (Menke, 1979). This single specimen is, in our opinion, an unusual species, but one that clearly falls within the limits of the genus Thoron. Its disjunct distribution strongly suggests to us that there are more species yet to be discovered along calm watercourses in tropical Asia.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906215777F999FEA9D0A7.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 1.7 mm. Female A 4 subequal to or shorter than A 3; clava robust, 3.2 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 well below top of vertex; female A 2 – A 4 bright yellow, contrasting with dark brown A 5 – A 7; male A 11 1.6 – 1.8 times as long as wide; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by one­half diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures (fig. 17); notaulus very short, not extending anteriorly to level of posterior margin of tegula; mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum spinose medially, short, subtriangular; dorsal surface of propodeum not excavate; all coxae yellow; hindfemur almost entirely honey­yellow to yellow, concolorous with apex of coxa; T 1 without hump, longitudinally costate throughout; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 wider than long.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906215777F999FEA9D0A7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Similar to T. rex in the yellow color of the antennal segments 2 – 4 in the female; distinguished from rex by the presence of a spine on the dorsellum.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906215777F999FEA9D0A7.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin, dux, for prince or leader, and alluding to its similarity with T. rex.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA906215777F999FEA9D0A7.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: BO­ LIVIA: Santa Cruz, Ichilo, ‘‘ El Chore’ ’ pools, 17 ° 01 ̍ S, 64 ° 11 ̍ W, 253 m, 9 – 11. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, OSUC 77426 (CNC type no. 22864). Paratypes: 1 female with same data as holotype (OSUC 77427). Santa Cruz, Andres Ibañez, Potrerillo, 17 ° 40 ̍ S, 63 ° 27 ̍ W, 438 m, 13 – 16. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, 13, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77428, 77429).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.0 mm. Female A 4 subequal to or shorter than A 3; clava slender, at least 4 times longer than wide (fig. 7); apex of A 1 at same level as top of head (lateral view with A 1 in flexed position); female A 2 – A 7 dark brown; male A 11 2.4 – 2.6 times as long as wide; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by one­half diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus long, extending anteriorly beyond level of posterior margin of tegula, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum spinose medially, short, subtriangular; dorsal surface of propodeum not excavate; all coxae yellow; hindfemur almost entirely honey­yellow to yellow, concolorous with apex of coxa; T 1 without hump, longitudinally costate throughout; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 wider than long.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Most similar to T. rivalis (fig. 12), distinguished from it most easily by the yellow hindfemora and the more slender female antennal clava.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: This species in named in honor of our friend and colleague, Dr. José Luis García (Maracay, Venezuela), who braved inundation and stranding in the efforts to collect the series that includes the holotype.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: VE­ NEZUELA: Amazonas, Surumoni, 100 m, 3 ° 10 ̍ 30 ̎ N, 65 ° 40 ̍ 30 ̎ W, 13 – 21. vii. 1999, J. L. García, trampa amarilla flotante, OSUC 77474 (MIZA). Paratypes: 8 ♀, 133 with same data as holotype (including OSUC 77475). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Andres Ibañez, Potrerillo, 17 ° 40 ̍ S, 63 ° 27 ̍ W, 9 – 11. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77476). Thoron lautus (Masner), new combination Figures 9, 19, 20	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.4 mm. Female A 4 longer than A 3; clava slender, at least 4 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 at or below level of top of head (lateral view with A 1 in flexed position); female A 2 – A 7 dark brown; male A 11 3.1 times as long as wide; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by one­half diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus long, almost percurrent, extending anteriorly beyond level of posterior margin of tegula, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum unarmed medially (fig. 19); dorsal surface of propodeum excavate medially; all coxae yellow; hindfemur partly to entirely dark brown; T 1 with strong, smooth hump (figs. 19, 20); costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 as long as T 3; T 3 slightly longer than wide.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Resembling T. rex in the lack of a medial spine or thorn on the dorsellum; distinguished from it by the strongly developed horn on T 1 in the female, the shorter scape, and the presence of fine micropilosity on the mesoscutum.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype male: ECUA­ DOR: Napo and Coca Rivers, Napo, v. 1965, 250 m, L. Peña (CNC type no. 12539). Other material: One male paratype with same data as holotype. ECUADOR: Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge, 270 m, 0 ° 30 ̍ S, 76 ° 30 ̍ W, 23. vi – 3. viii. 1994, P. Hibbs, malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77425). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Andres Ibañez, Potrerillo, 17 ° 40 ̍ S, 63 ° 27 ̍ W, 438 m, 13 – 16. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps B­ 17, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77424). Thoron longicornis Masner and Huggert Figures 8, 16	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.9 mm. Female A 4 distinctly shorter than A 3; clava robust, 3.4 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 distinctly extending above top of head (lateral view with A 1 in flexed position, fig. 8); female A 2 – A 4 reddish brown, A 5 – A 7 brown; male A 11 1.6 – 1.8 times as long as wide; ocelli moderately large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by approximately one diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus long, extending anteriorly beyond level of posterior margin of tegula, deeply crenulate (fig. 16); mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein extremely short or absent, much shorter than length of stigmal vein; with massive, strong medial spine, sharply pointed; dorsal surface of propodeum not excavate; coxae yellowish brown, with base darker than apex; hindfemur almost entirely honey­yellow to yellow, concolorous with apex of coxa; T 1 without hump, longitudinally costate throughout; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 wider than long.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: This species shares with T. rex the elongate scape, clearly extending beyond the vertex. It differs from that species, and all other species treated here, in the deep and strongly crenulate notauli.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: UNIT­ ED STATES: Arizona, Huachuca Mts., Ramsey Canyon, 25 km S Serra Vista, 1820 m, vi. 1967, malaise trap set across creek in a narrow gully, R. F. Sternitzky (CNC type no. 15598). Other material: UNITED STATES: Arizona, Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Ramsey Cyn., 1820 m, 20. viii – 10. ix. 1990, L. Masner, yellow pan traps along creek, below pool, 13 ♀, 553 (including OSUC 77436, 77437).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFA8062254B8FA74FB1ED370.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The nepid Curicta pronotata was also found in numbers in the same creek as this species and, presumably, is its host. This waterscorpion is also known from Sabina Canyon in Arizona and northwestern Mexico: these may be likely areas to find additional populations of this parasitoid. A second species of waterscorpion, Curicta scorpio Stål, is found in Lousiana and Texas, south to Nicaragua (Keffer, 1996). This suggests that there may be another species of Thoron in that region, an area in which we have seen no specimens of Thoron.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAB0624577DF9ACFC3CD1D6.taxon	description	Figures 2 – 5, 10, 11 Thoron metallicus Haliday, 1833: 272. Original description, keyed. Walker, 1836: 355 (description); Thomson, 1858: 420 (description); Kieffer, 1926: 171 (description, keyed); Hellén, 1971: 19 (description); Masner, 1972: 837 (synonymy); Kozlov, 1978: 622 (description); Masner and Huggert, 1979: 917 (diagnosis); Kozlov and Kononova, 1990: 322 (description).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAB0624577DF9ACFC3CD1D6.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.4 mm. Female A 4 subequal A 3, just barely longer than A 5 (fig. 2); clava robust, 2.9 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 well below top of vertex; female A 2 – A 7 dark brown; male A 11 1.6 – 1.8 times as long as wide; ocelli small, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by at least slightly less than twice its diameter (figs. 4, 5); central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus long, almost percurrent (fig. 3), extending anteriorly beyond level of posterior margin of tegula, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum uniformly covered with long, silvery hairs (figs. 2, 11); marginalis thickened, and surrounding membrane deeply pigmented; postmarginal vein extremely short or absent, much shorter than length of stigmal vein; dorsellum spinose medially, short, subtriangular; dorsal surface of propodeum excavate medially; all coxae dark brown to black; hindfemur light brown, lighter in color than dark coxa; T 1 with strong, smooth hump, sometimes low, not strongly raised; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 wider than long.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAB0624577DF9ACFC3CD1D6.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Thoron metallicus is distinguished from all other species by its pilose metapleuron, the small ocelli (POL 1.5 – 2 × OD), the short postmarginalis, and the enlarged area of pigmentation around the marginal vein.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAB0624577DF9ACFC3CD1D6.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: 660 ♀, 1923. Nearctic Region: CANADA: Québec: Gatineau Pk., Ridge Rd., 300 m, Ridge Rd., 7. viii. 1982, L. Masner, 2 ♀, 13 (OSUC 77496). Lac Jean­Venne, 45 ° 41 ̍ N, 76 ° 03 ̍ W, 20 – 25. vi. 1995, yellow pan traps, sphagnum bog, 2 ♀ (OSUC 77462). Old Chelsea, 30. VI. 1961, J. R. Vockeroth, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77494). Pontiac, Ft­Coulonge, 28. X. 1992, Le­ Sage­Masner, Sift. berl. Selix [sic], 1 ♀ (OSUC 77489). Ontario: Essex Co., Pt. Pelee National Park, wooded area by west beach, 10 – 23. ix. 1999, O. Lonsdale, Malaise / pan traps, debu 00012571, 1 ♀. Fanshaw, 17. v. 1982, A. Tomlin, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77498). Flamborough, 43 ° 23 ̍ 02 ̎ N, 80 ° 03 ̍ 10 ̎ W, 20 – 25. vi. 1995, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, creek, 4 ♀, 23 (OSUC 77470, OSUC 77471). Flint Hill nr. Kemptville, 12. vi. 1983, L. Dumochel, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77497). Hess creek, 10 km S Kemptville, 18. vii. 2001, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 4 ♀ (OSUC 77500). London, 14. v. 1982, interception trap, onion field, A. Tomlin, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77495). Mississippi Lake, 2 – 23. x. 1991, BRC HYM TEAM, floating malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77490). Mississippi Lake, McEwen’s Bay, 22 – 29. v. 1991, float pan trap, L. Dumochel, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77499). Ottawa, 22 – 26. ix. 1998, J. R. Vockeroth, yellow pan trap, dry Typha / Carex marsh, 13. Outlet Beach, Prince Edward Co., 14. viii. 1968, J. R. Vockeroth, 1 ♀. Oxford Mills, 29. v­ 1 – vi. 1973, L. Masner, 1 ♀; 12. vii. 1984, 1 ♀ (OSUC 59206); 25. vii. 1979, 1 ♀; 8. viii. 1984, 13; 15. viii. 1984, 23 (OSUC 59207); 10. ix. 1971, L. Masner, taken on water weeds, 13 (OSUC 77491); 13 – 20. vii. 1973, G. Gibson, yellow pan trap, 13; 4. viii. 1978, 13 (OSUC 77492); 17. viii. 1978, 13; 17 – 24. viii. 1973, 23; 27. vii. 1978, 23; 27. vii – 3. viii. 1973, 13; 20 – 27. viii. 1973, 13; 31. viii – 7. ix. 1973, 1 ♀. UNITED STATES: Indiana: Tippecanoe Co., iv. 1977, J. F. MacDonald, malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77466). Maryland: Prince Georges Co., Patuxent Res. Sta., 22 – 26. vi. 1980, pan trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77469). Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Eastham, 8. ix. 1988, J. R. Vockeroth, pan trap, pool margin, Typha, Juncus, 2 ♀, 13 (OSUC 77463 – 77465). Ohio: Pickaway Co., Deer Creek St. Pk., 18 – 19. viii. 2002, 21 – 22. viii. 1999, E. Dotseth, yellow pan trap, 13, 4 ♀. Virginia: Clarke Co., Blandy Exp. Farm, 2 mi S Boyce, 23 – 31. v. 1991, D. R. Smith, malaise trap, 2 ♀ (OSUC 77467 – 77468). Palearctic Region: CZECH REPUBLIC: Čelákovice, Lipovka res., 6. iv. 1993, J. Macek, 3 ♀; 20. vii – 3. viii. 1993, J. Macek, 13 (OSUC 77479); 2 – 6. vi. 1993, malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77480); 2 – 19. vi. 1994, malaise trap, 1 ♀; 8 – 16. vi. 1993, pan trap, 1 ♀. Mer. Lanzhot Ranspurk, climax hardwood forest, 9 – 12. viii. 1991, L. Masner, pan trap, 20 ♀, 143 (OSUC 77478). Lednice, 7 – 9. viii. 1991, L. Masner, pan trap, riparian forest, 490 ♀, 833 (OSUC 77457, 77458). Orlicke Hory, Dolni Cerna, 28. viii – 12. ix. 1993, J. Jezek, 243 (OSUC 77488). Praha­Stromovka, 18 – 19. viii. 1999, 12 ♀, 183 (OSUC 77459, 77460). Řevnice, env., 10 – 12. ix. 1999, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 2 ♀ 13 (OSUC 77486). Šarka, creek, 8. ix. 1999, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 63 (OSUC 77485). Slapy, env., 22. viii. 1999, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, pond, 3 ♀, 93. FRANCE: Dordogne, Couze St. Front, 27. vi – 11. vii. 1993, H. Tussac, malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77441). Hérault, Montferrier sur Lez, 3 ° 51 ̍ E, 43 ° 40 ̍ N, 6. vi. 1994, P. G. Mason, malaise trap, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77481). Dép. Var, Tanneron, env., 27 – 29. viii. 1999, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, creek, 50 ♀, 43 (OSUC 77455, 77456). HUN­ GARY: K ozseg ̎, 16 – 19. v. 2001, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, sphagnum bog, 26 ♀ (OSUC 77461). IRELAND: Co. Dublin, Gollierstown, 25. vii. 1945, A. W. Stelfox, 1 ♀, 13, A. W. Stelfox collecion (OSUC 77443); 3. viii. 1947, 13 (OSUC 77445); 11. ix. 1946, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77444). RUSSIA: Khakassia Rep., 80 km N Shira, 460 m, 54 ° 59 ̍ N, 89 ° 32 ̍ E, 26. vii. 2003, J. Peck, yellow pan traps near streamside, 03 – 112, 43 (OSUC 749465 – 79468). SWEDEN: Halland, Lunna, Bolg, 19. viii. 1973, L. Huggert, 1 ♀, 13 (OSUC 77453, 77454). Västmanland, Kärrbo s: n, Solbacken, shore of Lake Mälaren, 15. iii – 1. v. 1989, G. E. Nilsson, malaise trap, 7 ♀ (OSUC 43330, 43318, 43311, 43284, 43273, 43253, 43245). TUNISIA: 1 km S Toborka, 8. iv. 1994, M. Soderlund, 13 (OSUC 77442). UNITED KINGDOM: Buckinghamshire, Burnham Beeches, 26. viii. 1984, L. Masner, screen sweeping, vegetation on sphagnum bed creek, 2 ♀, 33 (OSUC 77448 – 77452). Oxford, 25. v. 1953, J. R. Vockeroth, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77447). Oxon; Barrow Farm Fen, NCC, 18. viii – 14. ix. 1987, malaise trap, 23 (OSUC 77482). Oxon, Woodstock, 23. x. 1952, 2 ♀ (OSUC 77484). MATERIAL CITED IN LITERATURE (Kozlov and Kononova 1990; O’Connor et al., 2004; Walker, 1836): IRELAND: Down, Holywood, at the edges of ponds, among roots of aquatic plants, and on the water, A. H. Haliday. Dublin, Gollierstown, 6. x. 1946, 3. xiii. 1947, A. W. Stelfox; Royal Canal, Luttrellstown, 28. ix. 1986, J. M. O’Connor, 1 ♀. Kildare, Landenstown, 25. ix. 1949, A. W. Stelfox. UNITED KINGDOM: near London, iii­x, at the roots of grass, moss, & c. Devonshire, by the edges of brooks and ponds. UKRAINE: Cherkasskaya obl., Kanyev, flood plain of Dnepr R., oak forest, 8. ii. 1949, Kryshtal’, 1 ♀. Kievskaya obl., Fastov area, 11. vii. 1972, S. V. Kononova, 13. AZERBAIJAN, Lenkoran’, area of Shakhagach, 22. v. 1975, S. V. Kononova, 1 ♀.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAB0624577DF9ACFC3CD1D6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The gena in the males are quite variable, even within the same population. Some specimens (fig. 4) have the gena subparallel or even slightly bulging so that the head is widest across the genae and not across the compound eyes. In contrast, other specimens, collected at the same time and place (e. g., in the Czech Republic), have the genae distinctly receding immediately behind the compound eyes (fig. 5). All specimens from Britain and from the Nearctic region have expanded temples. Extreme dimorphism in male morphology is known in the Scelionidae (e. g., Johnson, 1984), and this variation may be a more subtle expression of the same phenomenon. We have not been able to locate specimens of Thoron gibbus described by Ruthe. He distinguished his species from T. metallicus based on differences in the antennal clava. In all respects, as far as we can tell from the published data, the description is consistent with T. metallicus. Ruthe’s material was collected near Berlin, in moist habitats, and the species was not uncommon. Because the extensive material of Thoron from Europe consists of only a single species, we propose that Thoron gibbus is a junior synonym of T. metallicus (new synonymy).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAD0625574BFAC4FEFED157.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.0 mm. Female A 4 subequal to or shorter than A 3; clava robust, 2.9 times longer than wide; apex of A 1 distinctly extending above top of head (lateral view with A 1 in flexed position); female A 2 brown, A 3 – A 4 bright yellow, ocelli moderately large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by approximately one diameter of posterior ocellus; contrasting with dark brown A 5 – A 7; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures (fig. 18); notaulus very short, not extending anteriorly to level of posterior margin of tegula, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with only long semierect bristles and no micropilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum unarmed medially; dorsal surface of propodeum excavate medially; all coxae yellow; hindfemur almost entirely honey­yellow to yellow, concolorous with apex of coxa; T 1 without hump, longitudinally costate throughout; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 distinctly shorter than T 3; T 3 wider than long. Male unknown.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAD0625574BFAC4FEFED157.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin, rex, meaning king, emphasizing its similarity with T. dux.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAD0625574BFAC4FEFED157.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: BO­ LIVIA: Santa Cruz, Andres Ibañez, Potrerillo, 17 ° 40 ̍ S, 63 ° 27 ̍ W, 438 m, 13 – 16. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, OSUC 77432 (CNC type no. 22865). Paratypes: 1 ♀ with same data as holotype, OSUC 77433. Santa Cruz, Andres Ibañez, El Hondo, pools, 17 ° 40 ̍ S, 63 ° 27 ̍ W, 375 m, 13 – 16. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77434); 13 with same locality data, collected 15. v. 1997 (OSUC 146632). Santa Cruz, Ichilo, ‘‘ El Chore’ ’ pools, 17 ° 01 ̍ S, 64 ° 11 ̍ W, 253 m, 9 – 11. v. 1997, L. Masner, yellow pan traps, 1 ♀ (OSUC 77435).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	description	Figures 6, 12 DESCRIPTION: Length 2.5 mm. Female A 4 subequal to or shorter than A 3; clava robust, 3.5 times longer than wide (fig. 6); apex of A 1 at same level as top of head (lateral view with A 1 in flexed position); female A 2 – A 7 dark brown; male A 11 2.0 – 2.3 times longer than wide; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by one­half diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus long, extending anteriorly beyond level of posterior margin of tegula; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum spinose medially, short, subtriangular; dorsal surface of propodeum not excavate; all coxae yellow; hindfemur partly to entirely dark brown; T 1 without hump (fig. 12), longitudinally costate throughout; costae on T 2 reaching at least to posterior third of tergite; T 2 as long as or slightly longer than T 3; T 3 wider than long.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Most similar to T. garciai, distinguished from it by the darkened hindfemora in the male, T 3 subequal to or longer than T 2, and the more elongate female antennal clava.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin rivalis, meaning of a stream, referring to its association with a small permanent stream at the type locality.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype female: BRA­ ZIL: Goiás, Niquelândia, Serra da Mesa Survey, 14 ° 01.4 ̍ S, 48 ° 18.5 ̍ W, 4. x. 1995, N. F. Johnson, yellow pan trap along small stream, OSUC 10670 (MZSP). Paratypes. 33, 3 ♀ with same data as holotype (OSUC 10460, 10516, 10619, 10433 10622, 10786). Specimens with same locality, method, and collector: 27. ix. 1995, 13 (OSUC 12369); 28. ix. 1995, 1 ♀ (OSUC 134089); 30. ix. 1995, 23, 2 ♀ (OSUC 335, 336, 162, 197); 1. x. 1995, 2 ♀ (OSUC 13731, 137980); 2. x. 1995, 13, 3 ♀ (OSUC 134677, 134725, 134680, 134785); 3. x. 1995, 13, 2 ♀ (OSUC 131708, 131732, 131765); 5. x. 1995, 33, 2 ♀ (OSUC 110130, 110138, 110152, 110134, 110154). Goiás, Niquelândia, 14 ° 01.3 ̍ S, 48 ° 18.4 ̍ W, 4 – 5. x. 1995, N. F. Johnson, malaise trap, 13 (OSUC 114). Goiás, Campinaçu, Serra da Mesa survey, 13 ° 52.0 ̍ S, 48 ° 23.2 ̍ W, 23 – 25. ii. 1996, A. Sharkov, F. Ejchel, creek yellow pan traps, 13 (OSUC 131144). Goiás, Campinaçu, Serra da Mesa survey, 13 ° 52.0 ̍ S, 48 ° 23.2 ̍ W, 23 – 25. ii. 1996, A. Sharkov, F. Ejchel, creek yellow pan traps, 2 ♀ (OSUC 131350, 131296). São Paulo: Salesópolis, Estação Biológica Boracéia, Trilha dos Pilões, 23 ° 39 ̍ 07 ̎ S, 45 ° 53 ̍ 48.5 ̎ W, 19 – 22. x. 2002, bandejas amarelas, A. P. Aguiar, J. S. Freitas, 1 ♀ (OSUC 119925). PANAMA: Colón, Quebrada López, nr. Sabanita, 120 m, 9 ° 19 ̍ 19 ̎ N, 79 ° 47 ̍ 54 ̎ W, 16. i. 2001, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 13 (OSUC 77438). Veraguas, 1.3 km S Santa Fe´, 300 m, creek bed, 8 ° 30 ̍ 00 ̎ N, 81 ° 04 ̍ 21 ̎ W, 31. xii. 2000 – 3. i. 2001, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 13 (OSUC 77439). Río Sajalices, 8 ° 41 ̍ 20 ̎ N, 79 ° 51 ̍ 17 ̎ W, 22. i. 2001, L. Masner, yellow pan trap, 13 (OSUC 77440).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The only species of Curicta recorded from central Brazil by Keffer (1996) is C. granulosa De Carlo; this must be a prime suspect to be a host of Thoron rivalis. Thoron spinifer, new species Figures 13, 14	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION: Length 2.1 mm. Apex of A 1 well below top of vertex; male A 11 2.4 – 2.6 times as long as wide; ocelli large, lateral ocellus separated from inner orbit by onehalf diameter of posterior ocellus; central portion of mesoscutum and scutellum at most with minute setigerous punctures; notaulus moderately long, but only reaching anterior margin of tegula, simple, without crenulae; mesoscutum with both long bristles and shorter underlying pilosity; metapleuron sparsely setose anteriorly, posterior portion of metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum nearly glabrous; marginalis not thickened, as wide as submarginal or basal portion of stigmal vein; postmarginal vein clearly developed, longer than stigmal vein; dorsellum with long, slender, spinelike needle medially (fig. 13); dorsal surface of propodeum not excavate; all coxae yellow; hindfemur partly to entirely dark brown; costae on T 2 short, reaching only to middle of tergite (fig. 14); T 2 as long as T 3; T 3 wider than long. Female unknown.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other species of Thoron by the long and acute dorsellar spine and the short costae on T 2.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin, spinifer, bearing a spine, referring to the elongate metanotal armature.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype male: ECUA­ DOR: Napo, Puerto Misahuallı´, 250 m, 18 – 22. ii. 1983, M. Sharkey, OSUC 77477 (CNC type no. 22866).	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
5C59878CFFAC062654BDFB40FF60D0D8.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS: The presence of the elongate metanotal spine in the male leads us to predict that female, when discovered, is unlikely to have T 1 expanded into a basal horn or hump.	en	JOHNSON, NORMAN F., MASNER, LUBOMIR (2004): The Genus Thoron Haliday (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Egg-Parasitoids of Waterscorpions (Hemiptera: Nepidae), with Key to World Species. American Museum Novitates 3452: 1-16, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2004)452<0001:TGTHHS>2.0.CO;2, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282004%29452%3C0001%3ATGTHHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
