identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8C5D42D0BCD65699BBBC45F8CD11C476.text	8C5D42D0BCD65699BBBC45F8CD11C476.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidobolus argosi Amézquita & Mazariegos-H & Cañaveral & Orejuela & Barragán-Contreras & Daza 2023	<div><p>Pholidobolus argosi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 3, 6</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. (Figs 1, 3; Table 2). Adult male. Field original label:  “AA_7058.” Museum ID: MHUA-R13905. Type locality in Colombia, Antioquia: municipality of Andes, 5°29.92'N, 75°54.27'W, 2500 m elevation, Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, in secondary forest, amidst the leaf litter, 7 October 2020. Collected by Ubiel  Rendón and Luis A. Mazariegos-H.</p><p>Paratypes. Fourteen males, six females, and one juvenile. Table 2 shows field codes, localities, elevation, and geographic coordinates. Eighteen specimens were collected in Colombia, Antioquia: municipality of Andes, Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve (MPNR), and one in Colombia, Caldas: municipality of Riosucio, MPNR, years 2018, 2019, and 2020. Collected by Ubiel  Rendón, Luis A. Mazariegos, Jorge Jaramillo, and Osman  López . The two other specimens from Colombia, Antioquia: Andes, Santa Rita, year 2009. Collected by Cornelio Bota.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species can be diagnosed combining the following characters: (1) two supraocular scales; (2) prefrontal scales absent; (3) 9-17 temporal scales; (4) dorsal scales keeled; (5) 28-32 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (6) 20-22 transverse rows of ventral scales; (7) 26-35 scales around mid-body; (8) 1-2 (usually 1) rows of lateral scales; (9) lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size; (10) 0-5 femoral pores; (11) no sexual dimorphism in number of femoral pores; (12) labial scales pale, often crossed dorsally by a longitudinal white stripe bordered with black; (13) ventral head colouration paler towards the anterior end; (14) cream or white vertebral stripe bordered by two black stripes, originating on the rostral scale, completely covering the dorsal region of the head and the vertebral region of the body, reaching only the anterior portion of the tail, with maximum width of four scales on the body; (15) lateral colour brown, orange towards the shoulders and anterior part of the tail, with some ocelli, usually less than seven between limbs insertions, each white in centre and surrounded by black scales, with a longitudinal white line in the head, pale and discontinuous towards the body; (16) venter pink to pale orange, with few black markings in females; vivid orange with much more and much larger black markings in adult males; (17) subcylindrical and bilobed hemipenial body with 6-8 and 7-9 rows of spinulated flounces in the lateral columns of the sulcate and asulcate sides, respectively; (18) lateral columns of spinulated flounces connecting in the proximal region of the asulcate side.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Pholidobolus vertebralis differs from  P. argosi sp. nov. (character states in parenthesis) in having the lateral ventral scales smaller than the medial ventrals (lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size). The other species from the north-western and central Colombian Andes (Fig. 7) differ from  P. argosi sp. nov. in having prefrontal scales (absent), and 3-4 supraocular scales (2). In addition, males in  P. paramuno are ventrally reddish brown and in  P. odinsae sp. nov. are black to grey (pink to pale orange). Lastly, males of  P. celsiae sp. nov. are larger in size (Table 3), between 60.7-68.6 mm of snout-vent length (42.6-57.9 mm).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult male; snout-vent length 57.5 mm; tail length 111.0 mm; other body measurements can be found in Table 4. Head scales smooth, juxtaposed, glossy, with small pits organised mainly around their margins. Rostral single, hexagonal, wider than high, dorsally in broad contact with the internasal and laterally in contact with the first supralabial and the nasal. Frontonasal single, wider than long, hexagonal, in contact with the nasal, loreal and the frontal one. Prefrontal scales absent. Frontal single, pentagonal, longer than wide, wider anteriorly, in contact with the frontonasal. Frontoparietals two, pentagonal, longer than wide, narrower anteriorly, contacting the first two supraoculars laterally, and the parietal and interparietals posteriorly. Supraoculars two, wider than longer and increasing in size antero-posteriorly, contacting the superciliaries laterally and the parietal and postocular posteriorly. Interparietal single, hexagonal, longer than wide, narrower than the parietals and contacting laterally the parietals and posteriorly the postparietals. Parietals two, pentagonal, wider than long, slightly shorter and wider than the interparietal, contacting the temporals laterally and the postparietals posteriorly. Postparietals in two rows, two in the anterior row and four in the posterior row. Nasal single, rhomboidal, wider than high, contacting the first and second supralabials, the loreal and frenocular. Loreal single, quadrangular, over the frenocular, in contact with first superciliary dorsally. Frenocular single, triangular, in contact with the first infraocular and the second and third supralabials. Superciliaries three, the anteriormost noticeable larger than the others, contacting the uppermost preocular. Suboculars four contacting supralabials three to five. Postoculars two, the dorsal one larger than the ventral one. Temporals 13, contacting supralabials five to seven. Supralabials seven and infralabials six. Mental single, pentagonal, wider than long, contacting the first infralabial and postmental. Postmental single, pentagonal, contacting the first three infralabials and the anterior genials. Genials in three pairs, the anterior one quadrangular, the posteriors pairs pentagonals and larger than the anterior one, contacting infralabials three, three and four, and five respectively. Pregulars two. Gular scales seven, wider than long, in two longitudinal rows; collar scales ten, decreasing in size laterally. Dorsal scales longer than wide, hexagonal, keeled, imbricate, arranged in 31 transverse rows. Longitudinal rows of dorsal scales 17, the first two rows in each side weakly keeled and rounded. Lateral row scales at mid-body one, smooth, at least half the size of adjacent scales. Scales around mid-body 31. Longitudinal rows of ventrals eight, quadrangular. Transverse rows of ventrals 18. Cloacal plates in two rows of two scales each, the anterior one quadrangular, the posterior row rounded, larger than the anterior one. Tail scales arranged in 80 rings, hexagonal and keeled dorsally, quadrangular and smooth ventrally.</p><p>Limbs pentadactyl with clawed fingers. Dorsal brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, longer than wide, imbricate and smooth. Ventral brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, almost as long as wide, juxtaposed, much smaller than the dorsal ones. Dorsal hand scales hexagonal, wider but shorter than the dorsal antebrachial scales. Finger length formula IV&gt; III&gt; II&gt; V&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and wider than long. Palmar scales polygonal, juxtaposed, and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with six on finger I, 10 on II, 12 on III, 15 on IV, and 10 on V. Thigh scales on the dorsal, anterior and ventral surfaces lanceolate to rhomboidal, longer than wide, those in the dorsal surface smooth and the others smooth and imbricate. Thigh scales on the posterior surface of the legs rounded, smooth, juxtaposed and much smaller than those of the anterior and dorsal surfaces. Five femoral pores per leg; preanal pores absent. Anterior and ventral crus scales polygonal and smooth. Lateral and posterior crus scales rounded, small and subimbricate. Toe length formula IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and longer than wide. Plantar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with six on Toe I, 10 on II, 16 on III, 20 on IV, and 11 on V.</p><p>Colouration.</p><p>In life, dorsally brown, bisected by a mid-dorsal (i.e. vertebral) cream, pale brown, or white stripe, extending from the head to the base of the tail; vertebral stripe bordered with darker, usually black, stripes; on the head, the pale stripe extends from the first supralabial to the shoulder dorsally reaching the rostral scale, and laterally bordering the supraocular and parietal scales; sides of neck, flanks, and limbs predominantly brown, usually with less than ten white ocelli, bordered by a black stripe; white or cream lateral line from the supralabials to the shoulder; cream and interrupted lateral stripe, running between the insertions of fore and hind limbs, not extending towards the tail; scattered red scales, more common and grouped above the shoulder and along the lateral surface of the tail; throat pink to cream; chest, belly and base of the tail pink to pale orange, often with black blotches, apparently more common in adult males (Figs 1, 3, 6). In preservative, brown surfaces become paler, the dorsal and lateral stripes become white, and the red surfaces on the flanks, chest, belly and tail fade to white or very pale pink.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet is dedicated to the Grupo Argos Foundation, for their commitment to sustainable development, and their voluntary actions directed to education and environmental restoration. Through its program "Sembrando Futuro", they promote the conservation and recovery of water resources, depleted gallery forests, mangroves, and the habitat of the spectacled bear, an umbrella species for the conservation of entire Andean ecosystems.</p><p>Distribution, ecology, and conservation.</p><p>The species is currently known from the hilltops of the western Andes, near the municipalities of Andes and Caramanta, within the department of Antioquia. Most specimens were seen amongst the leaf litter of elfin forests; some were collected on secondary forests at the edge of cloud forests. The observed specimens appeared clearly heliothermic: within minutes after the sun appeared, they came out of the leaf litter, remained exposed, and extended their ribs increasing the dorsal surface available for sunlight capture. Under sunny conditions, several individuals could be seen at once in at least two of the spots from where the species is known. Its distribution seems thus to be very patchy, known presently from fewer than five locations and in any case less than 500 km2 (Fig. 7). The cloud and elfin forests are severely fragmented in the area, and remain mainly as small patches on hilltops, which are preserved to protect water sources for crops downhill. Therefore, until new information is collected, we suggest listing the new species as Endangered EN B1ab(iii), B2ac(iii), under the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012). Many individuals showed signs of a regenerated tail.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C5D42D0BCD65699BBBC45F8CD11C476	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Amezquita, Adolfo;Mazariegos-H, Luis A.;Canaveral, Santiago;Orejuela, Catalina;Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra;Daza, Juan M.	Amezquita, Adolfo, Mazariegos-H, Luis A., Canaveral, Santiago, Orejuela, Catalina, Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra, Daza, Juan M. (2023): Species richness under a vertebral stripe: integrative taxonomy uncovers three additional species of Pholidobolus lizards (Sauria, Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the north-western Colombian Andes. ZooKeys 1141: 119-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774
AB37609BD6935ED0838E2E7907FEA8D8.text	AB37609BD6935ED0838E2E7907FEA8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidobolus celsiae Amézquita & Mazariegos-H & Cañaveral & Orejuela & Barragán-Contreras & Daza 2023	<div><p>Pholidobolus celsiae sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Adult male, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: AA_7061. Museum ID: MHUA-R13906. Type locality in Colombia, Risaralda: Municipality of  Mistrató, 5°28.01'N, 75°53.44'W, secondary forest, under rocks, 7 October 2020. Collected by Ubiel  Rendón and Luis A. Mazariegos-H.</p><p>Paratypes. Eleven males, two females, and one juvenile. Table 2 shows field codes, localities, elevation, and geographic coordinates. Twelve specimens were collected in Colombia, Risaralda:  Mistrató, Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve (MPNR), May 2018, June 2019, and October 2020. Collected by Ubiel  Rendón, Luis A. Mazariegos-H., Jorge Jaramillo, and Osman  López . One from Colombia: Risaralda, Municipality of  Mistrató, Mampay village. Collected by Juan P. Hurtado. The other from Colombia, Risaralda: Municipality of Pereira, vereda La Suiza, Santuario de Fauna y Flora  Otún Quimbaya. Collected by Melisa Galeano.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species can be diagnosed combining the following characters: (1) three supraocular scales; (2) prefrontal scales present; (3) 14-28 temporal scales; (4) dorsal scales keeled; (5) 28-32 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (6) 18-21 transverse rows of ventral scales; (7) 36-44 scales around mid-body; (8) 1-3 rows of lateral scales; (9) lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size; (10) 5-6 femoral pores; (11) no sexual dimorphism in number of femoral pores; (12) labial scales pale, often with black markings; (13) ventral head colouration homogeneous in females; with irregular orange or black markings, and paler towards the anterior half in males; (14) white to cream vertebral stripe bordered by two black stripes, originating on the rostral scale, completely covering the dorsal region of the head and the vertebral region of the body, reaching only the anterior portion of the tail, with maximum width of two scales on the body; (15) lateral colour pattern brown and dark orange to red, with numerous ocelli, usually more than seven between the limbs insertions, white in centre and surrounded by black scales, with a longitudinal pale line laterally, continuous and white in the head, pale and discontinuous towards the body; (16) venter pink to pale orange, or brown, with darker marking towards the edge of scales in females; vivid orange to red, with scattered black markings towards the edge of scales in males; (17) subcylindrical and bilobed hemipenial body with 4-5 and 7-9 rows of spinulated flounces in the lateral columns of the sulcate and asulcate sides, respectively; (18) lateral columns of spinulated flounces connecting in the distal region of the asulcate side.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Pholidobolus vertebralis differs from  P. celsiae sp. nov. (character states in parenthesis) in having the lateral ventral scales smaller than the medial ventrals (lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size). The other species from the north-western and central Colombian Andes (Fig. 7) differ from  P. celsiae sp. nov. in exhibiting smaller adult body size in males (Table 2), between 35.4-54.7 mm in  P. odinsae sp. nov., and 42.6-57.9 mm in  P. argosi sp. nov. (60.7-68.6 mm). In addition, males of  P. argosi sp. nov. lack prefrontal scales (present) and have two supraocular scales (3-4). Lastly, males of  P. odinsae sp. nov. exhibit black to grey and males of  P. paramuno reddish brown ventral coloration (orange).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult male; snout-vent length 68.2 mm; tail length 79.0 mm; other body measurements in Table 4. Head scales smooth, juxtaposed, glossy, with small pits organised mainly around their margins. Rostral single, hexagonal, wider than high, dorsally in broad contact with the internasal and laterally in contact with the first supralabial and the nasal. Frontonasal single, wider than long, pentagonal, in contact with the nasal, loreal and prefrontals. Prefrontals two, wider laterally and narrower medially, in wide contact with the first superciliary, the frontal and the anterior supraocular. Frontal single, hexagonal, longer than wide, wider anteriorly, in contact with the prefrontals, the first supraocular and the frontoparietals. Frontoparietals two, pentagonal, longer than wide, narrower anteriorly, contacting the first two supraoculars laterally, and the parietal and interparietals posteriorly. Supraoculars three, the anteriormost nearly as wide as long and the other two wider than long, decreasing in size antero-posteriorly, contacting the superciliaries laterally and the parietal and postocular posteriorly. Interparietal single, heptagonal, longer than wide, narrower than the parietals and contacting laterally the parietals and posteriorly the postparietals. Parietals two, hexagonal, wider than long, slightly shorter and wider than the interparietal, contacting the temporals laterally and the postparietals posteriorly. Postparietals in two rows, three in the anterior row and four in the posterior row. Nasal single, wider than high, contacting the first and second supralabials, the loreal and frenocular. Loreal single, quadrangular, over the frenocular, in contact with first superciliary dorsally. Frenocular single, triangular, in contact with the first infraocular and the second and third supralabials. Superciliaries four, the anteriormost noticeable larger than the others, contacting the uppermost preocular. Suboculars five contacting supralabials three to five. Postoculars two, ventral larger than dorsal. Temporals 17 contacting supralabials five to seven. Supralabials seven and infralabials five. Mental single, pentagonal, wider than long, contacting the first infralabial and postmental. Postmental single, pentagonal, contacting the first two infralabials and the anterior genials. Genials in three pairs, the anterior one quadrangular and the posterior two pentagonal. The anterior two in contact medially and the posterior one separated by postgenials; contacting infralabials two, three, and four. Pregulars two. Gular scales seven, wider than long, in two longitudinal rows; collar scales 13 decreasing in size laterally. Dorsal scales longer than wide, hexagonal, keeled, imbricate, arranged in 29 transverse rows. Longitudinal rows of dorsal scales 23, the first two rows in each side weakly keeled and rounded. Lateral row scales at mid-body one, smooth, at least half the size of adjacent scales. Scales around mid-body 39. Longitudinal rows of ventrals six, quadrangular. Transverse rows of ventrals 20. Cloacal plates in two rows of two quadrangular scales each, the posterior row larger than the anterior one, in contact with two small scales laterally. Tail scales arranged in 54 rings, hexagonal and keeled dorsally, quadrangular and smooth ventrally.</p><p>Limbs pentadactyl with clawed fingers. Dorsal brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, almost as long as wide, imbricate and smooth. Ventral brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, almost as long as wide, juxtaposed, much smaller than the dorsal ones. Dorsal hand scales hexagonal, wider but shorter than the dorsal antebrachial scales. Finger length formula IV = III&gt; II&gt; V&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular and imbricate. Palmar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with four on finger I, 8 on II, 12 on III, 13 on IV, and 7 on V. Thigh scales on the dorsal, anterior and ventral surfaces lanceolate to rhomboidal, longer than wide, those in the dorsal surface keeled and the others smooth and imbricate. Thigh scales on the posterior surface of the legs rounded, smooth, juxtaposed and much smaller than those of the anterior and dorsal surfaces. Five femoral pores per leg; preanal pores absent. Anterior and ventral crus scales polygonal and keeled. Lateral and posterior crus scales rounded, small and subimbricate. Toe length formula IV&gt; III&gt; II&gt; IV&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and longer than wide. Plantar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with four on Toe I, 8 on II, 13 on III, 15 on IV, and 9 on V. Thigh scales on the dorsal, anterior and ventral surfaces lanceolate to rhomboidal, longer than wide, those in the dorsal surface keeled and the others smooth and imbricate. Thigh scales on the posterior surface of the legs rounded, smooth, juxtaposed and much smaller than those of the anterior and dorsal surfaces. Five femoral pores per leg; preanal pores absent. Anterior and ventral crus scales polygonal and keeled. Lateral and posterior crus scales rounded, small and subimbricate. Toe length formula IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and longer than wide. Plantar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with seven on I, nine on II, 13 on III, 18 on IV, and 10 on V.</p><p>Colouration.</p><p>In life, dorsally dark brown, bisected by a mid-dorsal (i.e. vertebral) cream, or white stripe, extending from the head to the base of the tail; vertebral stripe bordered with darker, usually black, stripes; on the head, the pale stripe extends from the first supralabial to the shoulder dorsally reaching the rostral scale, and laterally not in contact with the supraocular and parietal scales; sides of neck, flanks, and limbs predominantly brown; neck, flanks and tail base usually with more than 10 white ocelli, bordered by a black stripe; white or cream lateral line from the supralabials to the shoulder; cream and interrupted lateral stripe, running between the insertions of fore and hind limbs, not extending towards the tail; many red scales, more common in males and grouped above the shoulder and along the lateral surface of the tail; throat cream to pale brown in males, paler towards the anterior extreme; throat pink in females; chest, belly and base of the tail cream to pink in females, but orange in males, often with black blotches, apparently more common in adult males (Figs 1, 3, 6). In preservative, brown surfaces become paler, the dorsal and lateral stripes become white, and the red surfaces on the flanks, chest, belly and tail fade to white or very pale pink.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet is dedicated to the Celsia Foundation, for their voluntary contribution to the restoration of cloud and dry forests in the tropical Andes, through their reforestation program Reverde-C, which already planted more than one million trees. In addition, their program for children education in rural areas, already benefited more than 16000 students in terms of school infrastructure, teacher training, and further logistic support during the Covid pandemic. We believe their commitment contributes to the well-being and education of direct neighbours and thereby stakeholders of Colombian protected nature.</p><p>Distribution, ecology, and conservation.</p><p>The specimens were mostly collected in open areas with secondary vegetation, at the edge of a cloud forest. Groups of up to nine eggs were found together with adult individuals under a rock, suggesting communal nesting. Also, the observed specimens appeared clearly heliothermic: within minutes after the sun appeared, they came out of their refuges, remained exposed, and extended their ribs increasing the dorsal surface available for sun basking. The species is currently known from three localities, two of them within protected areas: the Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, and the Santuario de Flora y Fauna (SFF)  Otún-Quimbaya . Further explorations are needed to ascertain the species distribution. In the meantime, we suggest listing the new species as Endangered EN B1ab(iii), B2ac(iii), under the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012). Many individuals showed signs of a regenerated tail.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB37609BD6935ED0838E2E7907FEA8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Amezquita, Adolfo;Mazariegos-H, Luis A.;Canaveral, Santiago;Orejuela, Catalina;Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra;Daza, Juan M.	Amezquita, Adolfo, Mazariegos-H, Luis A., Canaveral, Santiago, Orejuela, Catalina, Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra, Daza, Juan M. (2023): Species richness under a vertebral stripe: integrative taxonomy uncovers three additional species of Pholidobolus lizards (Sauria, Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the north-western Colombian Andes. ZooKeys 1141: 119-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774
4E59935579EC5471A1FA8D6843068DD4.text	4E59935579EC5471A1FA8D6843068DD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholidobolus odinsae Amézquita & Mazariegos-H & Cañaveral & Orejuela & Barragán-Contreras & Daza 2023	<div><p>Pholidobolus odinsae sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. (Figs 1, 3) Adult male, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original field label: AA_7090. Museum ID: MHUA-R13907. Type locality in Colombia, Antioquia: Municipality of  Jardín, Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, 5°29.76'N, 75°53.35'W, visitor centre, among pastures, 14 November 2020. Collected by Ubiel  Rendón and Luis A. Mazariegos-H.</p><p>Paratypes. Six males, five females, and three juveniles. Table 2 shows field codes, localities, elevation, and geographic coordinates. Eleven specimens were collected in Colombia, Antioquia: Municipality of  Jardín, Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve (MPNR), between June 2018 and June 2020. Collected by Osman  López, Ubiel  Rendón, Jorge Jaramillo, and Luis A. Mazariegos. One from Colombia, Antioquia: Municipality of Andes, vereda Santa Rita, El Chaquiro. One from Colombia, Antioquia: Municipality of  Jericó, vereda Quebradona, Finca La Aurora. The other from Colombia,  Chocó: Municipality of Carmen de Atrato, vereda La Isla, Finca Gualandai.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species can be diagnosed combining the following characters: (1) 3-4 (usually 3) supraocular scales; (2) prefrontal scales present; (3) 11-28 temporal scales; (4) dorsal scales keeled; (5) 28-32 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (6) 17-23 transverse rows of ventral scales; (7) 31-45 scales around mid-body; (8) 3-5 rows of lateral scales; (9) lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size; (10) 0-2 femoral pores; (11) no sexual dimorphism in number of femoral pores; (12) labial scales similar in colour to other head scales, crossed by a curved pale lip line, best described as two oblique white lines converging in the eye; (13) ventral head colouration homogeneous; (14) cream or white vertebral stripe bordered by two black stripes, originating on the rostral scale, completely covering the dorsal region of the head and the vertebral region of the body, reaching only the anterior portion of the tail, with maximum width of four scales on the body; (15) lateral colour pattern brown, with a complete longitudinal line laterally, white and continuous from the posteroventral edge of the ear until the insertion of the hind limbs; with very few ocelli usually above the insertion of the forelimbs and absent between the limbs insertions, small; ocelli white in centre and surrounded by black scales and, beyond that, sometimes a few reddish scales; (16) venter strongly dimorphic in colouration between the sexes, uniformly pink to pale orange in females, sometimes with very few black speckles but no markings; usually glossy black and sometimes medium grey in males; (17) hemipenial body with 7-8 and 11-12 rows of spinulated flounces in the lateral columns of the sulcate and asulcate sides, respectively; (18) lateral columns of spinulated flounces connecting in the medial region of the asulcate side.</p><p>Comparisons.</p><p>Pholidobolus vertebralis differs from  P. odinsae sp. nov. (character states in parenthesis) in having the lateral ventral scales smaller than the medial ventrals (lateral and medial ventral scales equal in size). The other species from the north-western and central Colombian Andes (Fig. 7) differ from  P. odinsae sp. nov. in ventral colouration of males: reddish brown in  P. paramuno, and pink to orange in  P. argosi sp. nov. and  P. celsiae sp. nov. (black to grey). In addition, males of  P. argosi sp. nov. lack prefrontal scales (present) and have two supraocular scales (3-4). Lastly, males of  P. celsiae sp. nov. are larger in size (Table 3), between 60.7-68.6 mm (35.4-54.7 mm).</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Adult male; snout-vent length 54.2 mm; tail length 50.0 mm; other body measurements in Table 4. Head scales smooth, juxtaposed, glossy, with small pits organized mainly around their margins. Rostral single, hexagonal, wider than high, dorsally in broad contact with the internasal and laterally in contact with the first supralabial and the nasal. Frontonasal single, wider than long, pentagonal, in contact with the nasal, loreal and prefrontals. Prefrontals two, wider laterally and narrower medially, in contact, touching the frontonasal, the frontal, the anterior supraocular, and the loreal. Frontal single, hexagonal, longer than wide, wider anteriorly, in contact with the prefrontals, the first supraocular and the frontoparietals. Frontoparietals pentagonal, longer than wide, narrower anteriorly, contacting one to three supraoculars laterally, and the parietal and interparietals posteriorly. Supraoculars four, the anterior most nearly as wide as long and the other two wider than long, decreasing in size antero-posteriorly, contacting the superciliaries laterally and the parietal and uppermost postocular posteriorly. Interparietal single, heptagonal, longer than wide, narrower than the parietals and contacting laterally the parietals and posteriorly the postparietals. Parietals two, hexagonal, wider than long, slightly shorter and wider than the interparietal, contacting the temporals laterally and the postparietals posteriorly. Postparietals in two rows, three in the anterior row and two in the posterior row. Nasal single, rhomboidal, wider than high, contacting the first and second supralabials, the loreal and frenocular. Loreal single, quadrangular, over the frenocular, in contact with first superciliary dorsally. Frenocular single, quadrangular in contact with the first infraocular and the second and third supralabials. Superciliaries three, the anteriormost noticeable larger than the others, contacting the uppermost preocular. Suboculars five, contacting supralabials three to five. Postoculars two, increasing in size antero-posteriorly. Temporals 26, contacting supralabials five to eight. Supralabials eight and infralabials six. Mental single, pentagonal, wider than long, contacting the first infralabial and post-mental. Postmental single, pentagonal, contacting the first two infralabials and the anterior genials. Genials in three pairs, the anterior one quadrangular and the posterior two pentagonal. The anterior two in contact medially and the posterior one separated by postgenials; contacting infralabials two, three, and four. Pregulars two. Gular scales eight, wider than long, in two longitudinal rows; collar scales 17, decreasing in size laterally. Dorsal scales longer than wide, hexagonal, keeled, imbricate, arranged in 30 transverse rows. Longitudinal rows of dorsal scales 24, the first two rows in each side weakly keeled and rounded. Lateral row scales at mid-body one, smooth, at least half the size of adjacent scales. Scales around mid-body 45. Longitudinal rows of ventrals six, quadrangular. Transverse rows of ventrals 20. Cloacal plates in two rows of two quadrangular scales each, the posterior row larger than the anterior one, in contact with two small scales laterally. Tail scales arranged in 62 rings, hexagonal and keeled dorsally, quadrangular and smooth ventrally.</p><p>Limbs pentadactyl with clawed fingers. Dorsal brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, longer than wide, imbricate and smooth. Ventral brachial and antebrachial scales lanceolate to polygonal, almost as long as wide, juxtaposed, much smaller than the dorsal ones. Dorsal hand scales hexagonal, wider but shorter than the dorsal antebrachial scales. Finger length formula IV = III&gt; II&gt; V&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and longer than wide. Palmar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with six on finger I, 8 on II, 13 on III, 15 on IV, and 7 on V. Thigh scales on the dorsal, anterior and ventral surfaces lanceolate to rhomboidal, longer than wide, those in the dorsal surface smooth and the others smooth and imbricate. Thigh scales on the posterior surface of the legs rounded, smooth, juxtaposed and much smaller than those of the anterior and dorsal surfaces. Two femoral pores per leg; preanal pores absent. Anterior and ventral crus scales polygonal and smooth. Lateral and posterior crus scales rounded, small and subimbricate. Toe length formula IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I. Supradigital scales quadrangular, imbricate and longer than wide. Plantar scales polygonal, juxtaposed and small. Subdigital lamellae domelike with a quadrangular base, and often divided longitudinally, with five on Toe I, 9 on II, 13 on III, 15 on IV, and 7 on V.</p><p>Colouration.</p><p>In life, dorsally brown or pale brown, bisected by a mid-dorsal (i.e. vertebral) white stripe, extending from the head to the mid tail; vertebral stripe bordered with darker, usually dark brown or black, stripes; on the head, the pale stripe extends from the first supralabial to the shoulder dorsally reaching the rostral scale, and laterally including the frontonasal, prefrontal, frontal, frontoparietal, interparietal, and postparietal scales; sides of neck, flanks, and limbs predominantly brown, usually with less than five, small and white ocelli, bordered by a black stripe, and predominantly on the shoulders; white or cream lateral line from the supralabials, passing through the shoulder and extending continuously up to the insertion of the limbs, but not towards the tail; very few scattered red scales, more common around the shoulder ocelli; throat cream to pink in females, but grey to black in males; chest, belly and base of the tail pink to orange in adult females, but grey to black in males, with bare or no patterning in all cases (Figs 1, 3, 6). In preservative, brown surfaces become paler, the dorsal and lateral stripes become white, the orange chest, belly and tail of females fade to white or very pale pink, and the black chest, belly and tail of males fade into dark grey.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet is dedicated to the company Odinsa, for their decisive involvement in the Cartama Conservation Project, in southwestern Antioquia, aimed at restoring ecosystem services by regenerating the Andean forest along the Quebrada San Antonio basin. Together with other stakeholders, the initiative planted more than 320000 native trees during 2019-2020 alone.</p><p>Distribution, ecology, and conservation.</p><p>The species is currently known from forest edges, and open areas including pastures, crops, and around human buildings. Most specimens were seen and found amongst grass or leaf litter even hundreds of metres away from the nearest forests. They appeared clearly heliothermic: within minutes after the sun appeared, they came out of their refuges, remain exposed, and extended their ribs increasing the dorsal surface available for sun basking. Under sunny conditions, the species seems to be abundant at the known localities. Its distribution seems not to be patchy, and it is known from more than five locations. Although they encompass less than 500 km2 (Fig. 7), the actual distribution could arguably exceed this threshold area, given the species adaptability to disturbed habitats. Therefore, we suggest listing the new species as Data Deficient, DD (IUCN 2012), until proper information is collected to evaluate the species conservation status. Many individuals showed signs of a regenerated tail.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E59935579EC5471A1FA8D6843068DD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Amezquita, Adolfo;Mazariegos-H, Luis A.;Canaveral, Santiago;Orejuela, Catalina;Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra;Daza, Juan M.	Amezquita, Adolfo, Mazariegos-H, Luis A., Canaveral, Santiago, Orejuela, Catalina, Barragan-Contreras, Leidy Alejandra, Daza, Juan M. (2023): Species richness under a vertebral stripe: integrative taxonomy uncovers three additional species of Pholidobolus lizards (Sauria, Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the north-western Colombian Andes. ZooKeys 1141: 119-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1141.94774
