taxonID	type	description	language	source
581987E1FF91FF8021F85945FC5DFC52.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Paroxacron valdense (Stehlin, 1906) from Mormont Entreroches, Switzerland (MP 19). A left mandibular fragment with I / 1 or I / 2 and P / 2 - M / 3 (NMB Mt. 232; Stehlin, 1906). Diagnosis: P 1 /, P / 1, P 2 / and P / 2 are elongate and premolariform; no or only short diastema between P 1 / - P 2 /, P / 1 - P / 2 and P / 2 - P / 3; the anterior lobe of P 3 / is elongate, upper molars with mesostyle notch (Hürzeler, 1936).	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF97FF8721FA5E9FFEBEFE86.taxon	description	1959 Cainotherium? n. sp.; Berger, p. 47, pl. 5, figs 6 - 10. Holotype. A right mandibular fragment I / 3 - M / 3 (BSP 1879 XV 201), locality of Mouillac in Quercy Phosphorites. Age and precise locality are unknown (Old Quercy collections). Diagnosis. Species of the genus Paroxacron without diastema between P / 2 - P / 3. The edge of the mandible is more strongly bent than in P. valdense. The angulus mandibulae is short, high and angular. It is limited by a short but strong incisura vasorum anteriorly. P / 3 and P / 4 have a more complete talonid and the internal wall of the lower molars is higher than in P. valdense (Heissig, 1978).	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF96FF8722915A74FDD9F99D.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material: Mas de Got: a left maxillary fragment with P 1 / - M 3 / (MGT 3210), a right maxillary fragment with P 3 / - M 3 / (MGT 3211). Pech Crabit: a right maxillary fragment with P 3 / - M 2 / (PCT 412). Roqueprune 2: a left maxillary fragment with P 2 / - M 1 / (ROQ 2 348). Mounayne: a left maxillary fragment with P 3 / - P 4 / (MOU 186). Measurements: See Table 2. Description: The upper premolars are elongate. The P 1 /, borne by the maxillary (Fig. 2 E), is premolariform. The P 2 / bears a small median cusp but no lingual cusp; the latter is replaced by a cingulum. The well developed anterior lobe of P 3 / possesses salient styles on the ectoloph and a weakly developed distolingual cusp. Comparison: Some specimens from Mas de Got (MP 22), Pech Crabit, Roqueprune 2 and Mounayne (MP 23) are of a size comparable to those referred to P. huerzeleri (Berger, 1959). They differ from this species, however, in P 2 /, which has a small median cusp and a lingual cingulum and in P 3 /, which has a more developed anterior lobe and a weaker distolingual cusp than those of P. huerzeleri. All these features are similar to those of species belonging to Paroxacron. Heissig (1978) attributed to Paroxacron (under the name P. bergeri) a fragment of a mandible from Quercy and a specimen from Bernloch, Switzerland (MP 23). This poorly known specimen, which was originally attributed to Cainotherium by Berger (1959), is represented by a few isolated teeth. Among these, some examples of P 3 / are similar to those described in this study. According to Heissig (1978), the P / 2 - P / 3 diastema, typical of Paroxacron, is absent in P. bergeri. It was not possible, however, to distinguish elements of the lower dentition in the material from the Quercy localities. Thus it is with some reservations that this material is attributed to P. bergeri.	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF96FF8523795D43FEE6FA71.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Right mandibular P / 2 - M / 3 (MNHN-QU 1772). Mouillac locality, Quercy Phosphorites. Age and precise locality are unknown (Old Quercy collections). Diagnosis: Protocone and protoconule present (stage B, Hürzeler, 1936: 8). Long diastema between P 1 / and C and between P / 1 and P / 2. P 1 /, P 2 /, P / 2 and P / 3 are short, P 3 / with a strong lingual cone, P 2 / with a weak lingual cone. The premaxilla reaches the frontal. The nasal is long, narrow and straight. The ethmoidal slit is falciform. The choanae are large. The horizontal portion of the lower jaw is slender (Hürzeler, 1936). Referred material: Aubrelong 1: left maxillary fragment with P 2 / - M 3 / (ABL 1 1452), right maxillary fragment with P 3 / - M 3 / (ABL 1 1453); isolated left P 3 / (ABL 1 1559); 12 mandibular fragments, one with left P / 1 - P / 2 (ABL 1 1457), one with left P / 2 - M / 2 (ABL 1 1458), one with right P / 2 - M / 1 (ABL 1 1459), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (ABL 1 1461), one with right P / 2 - P / 3 (ABL 1 1463), one with right P / 3 - M / 2 (ABL 1 1465), one with left P / 2 - P / 3 (ABL 1 1487), one with broken right P / 2 - M / 2 (ABL 1 1492), one with broken right P / 2 - M / 1 (ABL 1 1497), one with left P / 1 - P / 3 (ABL 1 1780), one with right P / 3 - P / 4 (ABL 1 1786), one with right P / 2 - P / 4 (ABL 1 1787); three isolated left P / 2 (ABL 1 1488, ABL 1 1492 ¢, ABL 1 1668), three isolated right P / 3 (ABL 1 1462, ABL 1 1777, ABL 1 1794). Ravet: two isolated right P 2 / (RAV 597, RAV 973), an isolated left P 2 / (RAV 598), an isolated left P 3 / (RAV 840); five mandibular fragments: with left P / 2 - M / 2 (RAV 1017), one with left P / 1 - M / 1 (RAV 1024), one with right P / 3 - M / 1 (RAV 1025), two with left P / 2 - M / 2 (RAV 1026, RAV 1027); an isolated left P / 2 (RAV 853), three isolated right P / 2 (RAV 739, RAV 740, RAV 892), four isolated right P / 3 (RAV 732, RAV 889, RAV 895, RAV 1037), four isolated left P / 3 (RAV 849, RAV 887, RAV 898, RAV 901). Mas de Got: 13 mandibular fragments, one with right P / 1 - M / 3 (MGT 104), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (MGT 129), one with left P / 2 - M / 2 (MGT 135), one with right P / 2 - P / 4 (MGT 151), one with left P / 3 - M / 3 (MGT 154), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (MGT 190), one with left P / 2 - P / 3 (MGT 195), one with right P / 3 - M / 1 (MGT 3185), one with right P / 3 - P / 4 (MGT 3196), one with right P / 1 - P / 2 (MGT 3199), one with left P / 2 - P / 3 (MGT 3200), one with right P / 2 - P / 3 (MGT 3202), one with right P / 2 - P / 4 (MGT 3203). La Plante 2: five maxillary fragments, two with left P 3 / - M 2 / (PL 2 1180, PL 2 1191), one with left P 1 / - P 2 / (PL 2 1201), two with left P 2 / - P 3 / (PL 2 1211, PL 2 1213), 10 mandibular fragments, one with right P / 2 - M / 3 (PL 2 1168), three with left P / 3 - M / 3 (PL 2 1169, PL 2 1242, PL 2 1275), one with right P / 4 - M / 3 (PL 2 1173), one with left P / 2 - M / 3 (PL 2 1174), two with left P / 3 - M / 3 (PL 2 1175, PL 2 1176), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (PL 2 1177), one with right P / 2 - P / 3 (PL 2 1250). Pech Crabit: three right mandibular fragments with P / 3 - M / 1 (PCT 366) and one with P / 2 - P / 3 (PCT 367, PCT 385). Mounayne: two left mandibular fragments, one with P / 2 - M / 2 (MOU 209) and one with P / 2 - P / 4 (MOU 148), a right maxillary fragment with P 2 / - P 3 / (MOU 187). Itardies: a right mandibular fragment with P / 2 - M / 3 (ITD 941). Measurements: See Table 3. For P. cadurcensis, the Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Shapiro- Wilk tests confirm normality for L P / 3 from Aubrelong 1 (N = 12, K – S, d = 0.163, P> 0.20, W = 0.955, P = 0.721), Ravet (N = 12, K – S, d = 0.135, P> 0.20, W = 0.949, P = 0.629), La Plante 2 (N = 9, K – S, d = 0.244, P> 0.20, W = 0.903, P = 0.269) and Mas de Got (N = 12, K – S, d = 0.104, P> 0.20, W = 0.968, P = 0.887). The weakness of variation coefficients (4 <V <10) confirms the homogeneity of samples of P. cadurcensis from localities of the same reference level. For the length of P / 3 from Aubrelong 1 and Ravet (MP 21): N = 24, M = 3.40, s = 0.23, K – S, d = 0.897, P> 0.20, W = 0.96, P = 0.438, V = 6.87. P / 3 from Mas de Got and La Plante 2 (MP 22): N = 21, M = 3.02, s = 0.21, K – S, d = 0.084, P> 0.20, W = 0.97, P = 0.672, V = 6.93. P / 3 from Pech Crabit, Mounayne, Itardies (MP 23): N = 6, M = 3.21, s = 0.16, K – S, d = 0.19, P> 0.20, W = 0.97, P = 0.897, V = 5.05. Description Upper dentition: A maxillary fragment from Aubrelong 1 (Fig. 3 A) bears a premolariform P 1 / that is short and biradicular. The elongate P 2 / has a weakly developed distolingual tubercle. The triangular P 3 / has a well developed mediolingual cusp from which two crests extend to the prominently strong parastyle and metastyle. The labial and lingual cusps of P 4 / are median, the parastyle and the metastyle are strong. The same characters are evident in specimens (PL 2 1180) from La Plante 2 (MP 22). Lower dentition: On the mandibular fragment (MGT 104), the single-rooted P / 1 is caniniform and the anterior stylid is not clearly marked (Fig. 3 B). The diastema that separates P / 1 from P / 2 varies between 0.5 and 1.9 mm in length. The double-rooted P / 2 bears a well developed paraconid, while the main cusp is directed backward and reaches the distolingual angle. On P / 3, the paraconid is situated lingually and P / 4 has a well developed style. The protoconid and the metaconid form large tubercles separated by a deep notch (e. g. ABL 1 1458). There are no differences between the material from Aubrelong 1 and that from La Plante 2 or Pech Crabit. Comparison: The presence of a single-rooted caniniform P / 1, a diastema between this premolar and P / 2, the presence of a well developed mediolingual cusp and a short anterior lobe on P / 3 indicate that this small cainotherine from Aubrelong 1 (MP 21) belongs to Plesiomeryx. In specimens from the localities of Aubrelong 1, La Plante 2, and Pech Crabit, the dimensions of teeth in the lower dental rows (Table 3), and the features of the lower premolars agree with the description of P. cadurcensis. The same is also true for the upper tooth rows, which correspond in their morphology and dimensions to material of P. cadurcensis described by Hürzeler (1936) and Berger (1959). The general similarity of the morphological patterns and dimensions of the material reflect a degree of homogeneity despite the different ages of the studied material.	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF94FF85229D5D15FA4CF8FE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Skull BSP 1952 II 1149. Gaimersheim fissure filling (Germany) (MP 28). Diagnosis: Species of Plesiomeryx that appears similar to P. cadurcensis, but is larger. The fronto- nasal suture is short. The lingual cingulum of P / 3 is missing. The lingual and labial cones of P / 4 reach the same level (Berger, 1959). Referred material: Mas de Got: four maxillary fragments, one with right P 2 / - M 3 / (MGT 3209), one with right P 3 / - M 2 / (MGT 3208), one with left P 1 / - M 1 / (MGT 3212), and one with left P 4 / - M 3 / (MGT 3213); 14 mandibular fragments, two with left P / 2 - M / 3 (MGT 131, MGT 3187), three with left P / 3 - M / 3 (MGT 103, MGT 115, MGT 134), two with left P / 2 - M / 1 (MGT 105, MGT 138), two with right P / 3 - M / 2 (MGT 107, MGT 3183), one with left P / 1 - P / 3 (MGT 124), two with right P / 3 - P / 4 (MGT 191, MGT 3177), one with right P / 3 - M / 1 (MGT 3193), one with left P / 2 - P / 3 (MGT 195). La Plante 2: three mandibular fragments, two with right P / 3 - M / 1 (PL 2 1171, PL 2 1221), one with left P / 2 - P / 3 (PL 2 1216). Pech Crabit: four left maxillary fragments P 1 / - P 2 / (PCT 382, PCT 391, PCT 431, PCT 1000); 11 mandibular fragments, two with left P / 2 - P / 3 (PCT 348),	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF9EFF8F228F5DCEFBDDFD55.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Fragment of mandible bearing P / 2 - M / 3 (Filhol collections, MNHNP). Age and precise locality unknown (Old Quercy collections). Diagnosis: Upper molars are wider than long. Protocone and protoconule present (stage B, Hürzeler, 1936; p. 8). Diastema between P 1 / and C is short. Diastema very short or missing between P / 1 and P / 2. Premolars reduced, P 3 / with a strong lingual cone, P 2 / with a weaker lingual cone, P 1 / very small. The premaxilla does not reach the frontal. The wide nasal bones broaden behind the posterior extremities of the premaxilla. The ethmoidal gap is irregular, the choanae are large and the mandible is high, stocky and massive (Hürzeler, 1936).	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF9EFF8F212059C6FA4CF8FF.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material: Mas de Got: a right maxillary fragment P 3 / - P 4 / (MGT 3178), five mandibular fragments, one with left P / 2 - M / 1 (MGT 118), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (MGT 155), one with right P / 2 - P / 3 (MGT 3207), and one with left P / 3 - P / 4 (MGT 127, MGT 3206). Pech Crabit: three maxillary fragments, one with right P 2 / - P 3 / (PCT 420), two with right P 3 / - P 4 / (PCT 350, PCT 398); seven mandibular fragments, one with right P / 2 - M / 2 (PCT 938), one with left P / 2 - M / 2 (PCT 951), one with right P / 2 - M / 1 (PCT 441), one with right P / 2 - P / 4 (PCT 486), one with left P / 2 - P / 4 (PCT 982), and two with left P / 2 - P / 3 (PCT 995, PCT 997). Itardies: three maxillary fragments, one with left P 1 / - M 1 / (ITD 952), one with right P 1 / - P 2 / (ITD 959), and one with left P 1 / - P 2 / (ITD 961). Mounayne: two left maxillary fragments with P 3 / - P 4 / (MOU 210, MOU 211), and a left mandibular fragment P / 3 - P / 4 (MOU 143). Roqueprune 2: three mandibular fragments, one with right P / 1 - P / 4 (ROQ 2344), one with left P / 3 - M / 2 (ROQ 2341), and one with left P / 3 - P / 4 (ROQ 2383). Measurements: See Table 5. For C. procommunis, the Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Shapiro- Wilk tests confirm normality for P / 3 from Pech Crabit (N = 7, K – S, d = 0.246, P> 0.20, W = 0.905, P = 0.368). The weakness of variation coefficients confirms the homogeneity of Caenomeryx procommunis samples from localities of the MP 23 reference level. For the length of P / 3 from Pech Crabit, Mounayne, Roqueprune 2: N = 11, M = 4.40, s = 0.29, K – S, d = 0.19, P> 0.20, W = 0.95, P = 0.697, V = 6.54. Description Upper dentition: A number of maxillary fragments bear a short premolariform P 1 /, a P 2 / with a wide	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF9CFF9321025F7DFC6CFCE5.taxon	description	1885 b Caenotherium filholi Lydekker, p. 176. 1936? Caenotherium Filholi Lydekker; Hürzeler, p. 102. 1937 Caenotherium commune aff. elegans Pomel; Dehm, p. 353.	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
581987E1FF9CFF9321025F7DFC6CFCE5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Skull (BMNH M 1399). Age and precise locality unknown (Old Quercy collections). Diagnosis: Diastema between P / 1 and P / 2 and between C and P 1 /. Premolars are not shortened. Premaxillo-frontal suture variably present. The ethmoidal slit is irregular. The mandible is high, massive and long (Berger, 1959). Referred material: Pech Crabit: two maxillary fragments, one with left P 2 / - M 3 / (PCT 417), and one with right P 3 / - P 4 / (PCT 390), two isolated left P 3 / (PCT 392, PCT 418), 12 mandibular fragments, two with left P / 2 - P / 4 (PCT 437, PCT 453), two with left P / 2 - M / 1 (PCT 928, PCT 933), one with broken left P / 2 - M / 2 (PCT 445), one with right P / 2 - P / 3 (PCT 936), one with right P / 3 - M / 3 (PCT 449), three with left P / 3 - P / 4 (PCT 456, PCT 959, PCT 984), one with left P / 3 - M / 2 (PCT 971), and one with right M / 1 - M / 3 (PCT 299). A Measurements: See Table 6. For C. filholi, the Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Shapiro- Wilk tests confirm normality for P / 3 from Pech Crabit (N = 10, K – S, d = 0.201 P> 0.20, W = 0.928 P = 0.386, V = 6.18). Description Upper dentition: The material displays all the features that characterize the genus: the double-rooted P 2 / is short. It has a wide lingual talon with a well developed lingual cusp. The P 3 / is triangular and short. The median protocone is well developed, while the parastyle and the metastyle are prominent on the ectoloph (Fig. 4 C). Lower dentition: The single-rooted P / 1 is separated from P / 2 by a diastema 3.3 mm long (ITD 944 d). The median tubercle of P / 2 is poorly developed, and the short P / 3 displays a paraconid strongly carried towards the lingual side (Fig. 4 D). Comparison: The material reported here represents a species that is larger than C. procommunis (Tables 5, 6) and similar to the Gaimersheim species (MP 28) C. filholi in its characters. Moreover, it is very similar to C. filholi forma b described by Berger (1959) in its upper teeth dimensions. However, the mandibular teeth are somewhat smaller. Discussion The older age of the Pech Crabit and Itardies localities (MP 23) might explain the size difference between the specimens from Pech Crabit and from Gaimersheim, although this does not justify the distinction of this form at the specific level. The C. filholi lineage may have evolved between MP 23 and MP 28 concurrently with C. procommunis. Nothing in the collection indicates the presence of Caenomeryx before MP 22. I consider that the C. filholi lineage present near MP 23 originated from that of P. cadurcensis because of numerous similar features. The presence of P. cadurcensis and C. filholi near MP 23 contradicts the idea that these two species are present at chronologically distinct levels (Berger, 1959).	en	Blondel, Cecile (2005): New data on the Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene of south-western France. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 145-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00166.x
