identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EA856711FB01.text	5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EA856711FB01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hallicoccus Kondo	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hallicoccus Kondo , new genus </p>
            <p> Type species:  Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall, 1935 , by present designation. </p>
            <p>Generic diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Adult female.</p>
            <p> Unmounted material. Body of adult female convex. Living insects with an H-shaped ridge on dorsum somewhat similar to that found on many members of the genus  Saissetia Déplanche.</p>
            <p>Slide-mounted material.</p>
            <p>Dorsum: derm with well-developed areolations. Anal plates each with 4 apical setae. A narrow sclerotized crescent around anal plates present. Anal ring with 6 or 8 setae. Submarginal dorsal tubercles and preopercular pores present or absent. Dorsal setae sharply spinose, stout, with straight and pointed tips. Dorsal microducts heavily sclerotized, with a single central opening. Dorsal simple pores present, small. Eyespots not detected.</p>
            <p>Margin: Marginal setae similar to dorsal setae. Stigmatic spines present submarginally on dorsum, totalling 3–16 in each group; each stigmatic area with usually more than 6 spines of various sizes.</p>
            <p>Ve nt e r: Antennae small, 5 or 6 segmented. Mouthparts typical of the family; labium 1 segmented, with 8 labial setae. Legs greatly reduced, with all segments fused into one segment plus claw, or reduced to a minute sclerotized plate with a few associated setae. Spiracles relatively small. Ventral tubular ducts present on area between anterior and posterior spiracles. Ventral setae all slender or slender medially and sharply spinose submarginally and submedially; prevulvar setae similar to other ventral setae or only slightly longer. Spiracular disc-pores with 5–12 loculi, mostly with 5 loculi. Pregenital disc-pores each with 6–12 (mostly 10) loculi, present around vulva and extending medially on all median areas of abdomen and thorax. Ventral microducts scattered evenly on venter or most abundant submarginally and around mouthparts.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The new genus  Hallicoccus is named after the late Dr. Wilfrid John Hall (who collected and described the type species  Toumeyella lomagundiae ), and comprises the surname plus “  coccus ”, the latinized version of the Greek word “kokkos”, meaning a small grain or seed, an ending commonly used to describe scale insects. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EA856711FB01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa	Kondo, Takumasa (2007): Taxonomy of Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall and T. obunca De Lotto, and their transfer to Hallicoccus gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa 1415: 23-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175688
5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EEF563B8FA51.text	5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EEF563B8FA51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hallicoccus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to species of  Hallicoccus gen. nov. based on adult females </p>
            <p> 1. Submarginal dorsal tubercles present; preopercular pores absent; most stigmatic spines bulbous............... ...............................................................................................  Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall) ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p> – Submarginal dorsal tubercles absent; small preopercular pores present; all stigmatic spines sharply spinose ..........................................................................................  Hallicoccus obunca (De Lotto),  comb. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B6187B54837FFF3FF19EEF563B8FA51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa	Kondo, Takumasa (2007): Taxonomy of Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall and T. obunca De Lotto, and their transfer to Hallicoccus gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa 1415: 23-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175688
5B6187B54837FFF6FF19EC0567D1FE37.text	5B6187B54837FFF6FF19EC0567D1FE37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall) Hall	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall) ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 1 &amp; 2)</p>
            <p> Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall, 1935: 81 ; De Lotto 1966: 149; Hodgson 1969: 36; Ben-Dov 1993: 330. </p>
            <p>Material studied.</p>
            <p> Holotype. ZIMBABWE, 1 (1): Sinoia, coll., 15.xii.1927, ex  Bauhinia macrantha , (det. date: 11.vii.1934), det. W.J. Hall, No. 1770 (BMNH). </p>
            <p>Paratypes. ZIMBABWE, 1 (2): Same data as Holotype (BMNH); ZIMBABWE, 1 (4): Same data as Holotype, except No. 185 (Note: not labelled as Paratypes but with same data as Holotype) (BMNH); ZIM- BABWE, 28 (28): Same data as Holotype, except AL-141-98 (mounted from BMNH dry Type material) (BMNH).</p>
            <p> Non-type material. MALAWI, 1 (1): Chitedzi Exp. Station, 1.vii.1966, ex  Piliostigma thouningii , coll. C.J. Hodgson, BM 1967-558 (528), det. C.J. Hodgson (BMNH). </p>
            <p>Description. Adult female (Fig. 1)</p>
            <p>Unmounted material. “Old adult female very highly convex, the height being approximately the same as the diameter. The sides are roughly vertical with the top more or less evenly rounded but surmounted at the apex by a minute protuberance. The margin is outwardly turned so as to give a small flattened base. On either side of the dorsum is a large and usually conspicuous dent, as though the insect has been pinched between the finger and thumb. In cross-section the adult female is either irregularly broadly oval or circular. In some specimens the dorsum exhibits vertical ridges making it six or seven sided. The colour is a dull brown, darker brown generally in the vicinity of the ridges. The surface of the dorsum is not smooth but has little irregularly shaped flattish protuberances at wide intervals. Very young specimens have a distinct dorsal keel and the margin is set with crystalline outgrowths which are more or less regular and tend to be conical in shape. Similar conical outgrowths occur submarginally and are directed outwards towards the margin. In somewhat older specimens three spurs run down to the margin from the dorsal keel on either side, the conical marginal processes are present and similar crystalline masses occur at intervals over the dorsum giving a somewhat glassy appearance. Diameter of adult female, 5.5–7.5 mm; height, 5–7.5 mm.” (Hall, 1935).</p>
            <p>Mounted material. Body outline subcircular or elongate oval; body 2.7–6.4 mm long, 2.3–5.0 mm wide (n=35).</p>
            <p>Dorsum. Derm of young adult females only slightly sclerotized; derm areolations well developed. Anal plates located about 1/5 of body length from body apex. Each plate 156–199 µm long, 81–97 µm wide, anterolateral margin 102–113 µm long, posterolateral margin 156–194 µm long; with 4 dorsal apical setae: 2 short setae on inner margin, 1 large subapical seta close to outer margin, and 1 short apical seta displaced towards outer margin, often broken off, but setal sockets clearly present; plus 2 ventral anterior margin and 1 shorter lateral margin seta. Anal ring with 8 setae and 2 rows of translucent pores. Submarginal dorsal tubercles present, each about 24 µm in diameter, totalling 6–18 around body. Preopercular pores absent. Setae scattered over dorsum, each 13–17 µm long. Dorsal microducts elongate oval, each about 5 µm wide, scattered throughout dorsum. Simple pores each about 2 µm in diameter, scattered evenly over dorsum.</p>
            <p>Margin. Marginal setae more or less in two rows, each 11–28 µm long, longest on anal lobes, with about 12–16 setae between groups of anterior and posterior stigmatic setae. Stigmatic spines of two shapes, totalling 11–16 in each group, located on dorsal submargin, longest sharply spinose, slender, 77–98 µm long; others spinose with greatly swollen bases, each shorter, 13–43 µm long.</p>
            <p>Ve nt e r. Derm membranous. Antennae reduced, 6 or 7 segmented, each 76–108 µm long. Clypeolabral shield 162–205 µm wide. Legs greatly reduced, with all segments fused but with a claw; prothoracic legs shortest; metathoracic legs longest; total length of each leg, 32–76 µm long. Tarsal digitules on each prothoracic leg dissimilar, one knobbed and the other spiniform; tarsal digitules on each meso- and metathoracic leg similar, knobbed. Claws simple, with no denticle; each claw with a pair of slender, knobbed digitules. Spiracles relatively small, anterior spiracles usually smaller than posterior spiracles, each anterior peritreme 92– 113 µm wide, posterior peritreme 92–124 µm wide. Ventral tubular ducts scarce, present in a narrow band between anterior and posterior spiracles. Ventral setae of two types, those on mid areas of abdomen and thorax slender and long, each 13–17 µm long; rest of setae with broader bases, shorter, each 10–12 µm long. With 2– 4 pairs of interantennal setae present. Spiracular disc-pores with 4–12 loculi, mostly with 5 loculi, each 2–5 µm in diameter; spiracular pore bands each 2–5 pores wide. Pregenital disc-pores numerous, each 4–6 µm in diameter, each with 6–12 (mostly 10) loculi, present medially on all abdominal segments, extending anteriorly onto both sides of mouthparts, and reaching area around prothoracic legs; often with 1 or 2 multilocular discpores on area between antennae. Microducts each about 4 µm wide, abundant around body margin and labium, less frequent elsewhere on venter.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic features. The adult female of  Hallicoccus lomagundiae (Hall) can be easily separated from  Hallicoccus obunca (De Lotto) by the following combination of character states (character states of  H. obunca in brackets): (i) absence of preopercular pores (present), (ii) presence of submarginal dorsal tubercles (absent), (iii) legs with all segments fused, but with a distinct claw (legs vestigial, composed of a small sclerotized plate plus 2 or 3 associated setae), and (iv) presence of bulbous stigmatic spines (stigmatic spines sharply spinose). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The present description of  H. lomagundiae differs from previous descriptions by Hall (1935) and Hodgson (1969) in the following points (character states of present description in parenthesis): (i) dorsal setae most abundant near the anal plates (dorsal setae not particularly abundant around anal plates), (ii) antennae 7 segmented (6 or 7 segmented), and (iii) ventral tubular ducts absent (present in a narrow band between According to Hall (1935),  Hallicoccus lomagundiae (as  Toumeyella lomagundiae ) was a common species on  Bauhinia in the Sinoia district (Lomagundi) of Zimbabwe. The second host,  Piliostigma thonningii , is closely related to  Bauhinia , a genus in which it was formerly included (Missouri Botanical Garden: “w3TROPICOS”, 2006). </p>
            <p>Description. First-instar nymph (Fig. 2)</p>
            <p>Material studied.</p>
            <p>Paratypes. ZIMBABWE, 6(33): Same data as Holotype (slide-mounted from type dry material) (BMNH); ZIMBABWE, 1(6): Same data as Holotype, except No.185, (BMNH).</p>
            <p>Unmounted material. External morphology not recorded.</p>
            <p>Mounted material. Body outline elongate oval; body 464–507 µm long, 226–280 µm wide (n=39).</p>
            <p>Dorsum. Derm membranous. Anal plates each 47–55 µm long, 21–24 µm wide, with 4 dorsal setae: 1 inner margin seta and 3 apical (including long median apical seta), plus 1 anterior margin seta. Anal ring with 6 setae and an irregular row of pores. Dorsal setae short, each about 3 µm long; in 2 submedian parallel rows of 4 setae on head and thorax. A trilocular pore present on each side of head region near margin. Dorsal microducts each about 3 µm wide, present submarginally and in 2 submedian rows. Simple pores each about 2 µm in diameter, usually closely associated with a microduct. Eyespots present on margin of head.</p>
            <p>Margin. Marginal setae slender, each 11–15 µm long, totalling about 32 around body, with 8 anteriorly between eyes, plus (on each side) 2 between eye and anterior stigmatic setae, 2 between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, and 8 between posterior stigmatic setae and body apex on each side. Each stigmatic area with a group of 3 stigmatic spines, each well differentiated from marginal setae; each median spine sharply spinose, 24–28 µm long; lateral spines short, sharply spinose or bulbous, each 5–7 µm long.</p>
            <p>Ve nt e r. Antennae 6 segmented, each 162–178 µm long. Clypeolabral shield 76–86 µm wide. Legs well developed, each trochanter and femur with a very long seta; also with a long seta on each meso- and metathoracic tibia; trochanter + femur of each leg 81–86 µm long, tibia + tarsus 108–113 µm long; anterior tarsal digitules dissimilar, one long and knobbed, the other short and spiniform; meso- and metathoracic tarsal digitules both knobbed and subequal in size; claw digitules all similar and knobbed; claw with a small denticle. Anterior and posterior spiracular peritremes similar in size, each 6–9 µm wide. Submedian abdominal setae in pairs on posterior 3 segments. Submarginal setae arranged in an inner and outer row, each with 7 setae on each side, between posterior stigmatic areas and posterior body apex, plus 1 seta on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, and 1 pair present anteriorly on head region; other ventral setae present in a submedian line, with 1 seta on each abdominal segment. Spiracular disc-pores each about 3 µm in diameter, with 3– 5 loculi (mostly 3 or 5); present in a line between each spiracle and margin, with 3 pores in each anterior line and 4 in each posterior line. Ventral microducts each about 2 µm wide, present submarginally on each segment between inner and outer submarginal setae, except absent from between posterior-most pair; also with 2 microducts on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, and 2 on each side posterior to antennae.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic features. The first-instar nymphs of  H. lomagundiae can be easily diagnosed by the presence of a very long seta on each coxa and femur, with a long seta found also in the meso- and metathoracic tibiae (see remarks for additional comments). </p>
            <p> Distribution of  H. lomagundiae: Afrotropical Region: Zimbabwe, Malawi. </p>
            <p> Host plants.  Fabaceae :  Bauhinia macrantha Oliv. ;  B. variegata (Ben-Dov, 1993; Hodgson, 1969);  Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Milne-Redh.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The extremely long setae observed in the legs of  H. lomagundiae are unique among the  Coccidae in their distribution, being present in each trochanter and femora, and on each tibia of the meso- and metathoracic legs. Williams &amp; Hodges (1997) discussed the taxonomic features of first-instar nymphs of 52 species in 45 genera representative of 8 out of the 10 subfamilies of the  Coccidae as recognized by Hodgson (1994). In their study, Williams and Hodges reported similar long setae in the leg segments of first-instar nymphs of several coccids, i.e., one long seta on the trochanters of  Coccus hesperidum L., two long setae on the trochanters of  Eulecanium tiliae (L.), one long and one short seta on each trochanter of  Ceroplastodes dugesii (Signoret) , and the presence of an extremely long seta on the femur which extends to near the apex of the leg of  Etiennea petasus Hodgson ,  Kilifia americana Ben-Dov ,  Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) and  Protopulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell. However , long setae on the legs of the first-instar nymphs discussed by Williams and Hodges were restricted to one segment on each leg, rather than two or more leg segments as observed on  H. lomagundiae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B6187B54837FFF6FF19EC0567D1FE37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa	Kondo, Takumasa (2007): Taxonomy of Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall and T. obunca De Lotto, and their transfer to Hallicoccus gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa 1415: 23-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175688
5B6187B54832FFF9FF19EBED6201FE37.text	5B6187B54832FFF9FF19EBED6201FE37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hallicoccus obunca (De Lotto) De Lotto	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hallicoccus obunca (De Lotto) ,  comb. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 3)</p>
            <p> Toumeyella obunca De Lotto, 1966: 149 ; Hodgson 1969: 39; Ben-Dov 1993: 381. </p>
            <p>Material studied.</p>
            <p> Holotype. South Africa, 1 (1): Natal, Richmond, 21.iii.1964, coll. J. Munting, ex  Cnestis natalensis , H.C. #856 (SANC). </p>
            <p>Paratypes. South Africa, 3(3): same data as Holotype, H.C. #856/3, 4 &amp; 7 (BMNH).</p>
            <p>Description. Adult female (Fig. 3)</p>
            <p>Unmounted material. “ Living adult females at the beginning of the stage moderately convex, with a well developed H-mark on the dorsum; colour evenly brown.” (De Lotto, 1966).</p>
            <p>Mounted material. Body outline elongate oval; body 1.9–2.3 mm long, 1.6–2.0 mm wide (n=3).</p>
            <p>Dorsum. Derm of young adult females membranous, with well-developed derm areolations. Anal plates located about 1/5–1/6 of body length from body apex. Each plate 117–121 µm long, 55–57 µm wide; anterolateral margin 64–66 µm long, posterolateral margin 100–102 µm long; each with 4 dorsal setae: 2 short setae on inner margin, 1 long subapical seta and 1 short apical seta; plus 2 ventral anterior margin setae and 1 lateral margin seta. Anal ring with 6 setae and 2 rows of translucent pores. Submarginal dorsal tubercles absent. Preopercular pores each 2–3 µm in diameter, present in a group of 15–40 pores on area anterior to anal plates. Setae robust, scattered over dorsum, each 15–22 µm long. Dorsal microducts heavily sclerotized, each about 4 µm wide, scattered throughout dorsum. Simple pores each about 2 µm in diameter, scattered evenly over dorsum.</p>
            <p>Margin. Marginal setae each 12–16 µm long, longest at anal lobes, with 10–15 setae between groups of anterior and posterior stigmatic spines. Stigmatic spines of one type only present on dorsal submargin, each sharply to bluntly spinose, totalling 3–7 in each group, longest 120–150 µm long, others shorter, each 15–120 µm long.</p>
            <p>Ve n te r. Derm membranous. Antennae reduced; antennal segments indistinct, probably 3–5 segmented, 98–107 µm long. Clypeolabral shield 164–175 µm wide. Legs vestigial, each composed of a small sclerotized plate plus 2 or 3 associated setae, not easy to detect. Spiracles: anterior pair usually smaller than posterior pair, each anterior and posterior peritreme 36–43 µm wide. Ventral tubular ducts present in a narrow band between anterior and posterior spiracles. Ventral body setae slender, each 7–16 µm long. Interantennal setae numbering about 2 pairs. Spiracular disc-pores each with 5–7 (mostly 5) loculi, rarely with an occasional disc-pore with 10 loculi, 3–5 µm in diameter; spiracular pore bands each 2–4 pores wide. Pregenital disc-pores numerous, each 5–6 µm in diameter, with 10 loculi, present medially on all abdominal segments, extending anteriorly onto area near anterior spiracles. Ventral microducts each 3 µm wide, scattered throughout venter.</p>
            <p> Diagnostic features. See under diagnostic features of  H. lomagundiae comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The present description of  H. obunca differs from that given by De Lotto (1966) in the following points (character states of present description in parenthesis): (i) preopercular pores absent (present), (ii) absence of legs (legs vestigial), and (iii) slightly larger ranges for some measurements. Perhaps De Lotto did not notice the vestigial legs and the preopercular pores in  H. obunca because of their small size, each leg being represented by a small sclerotized plate plus 2 or 3 associated setae, and the preopercular pores being only about 0.5–1.0 µm wider than the more abundant dorsal microducts. First-instar nymphs were not available during the present study. </p>
            <p> Distribution of  H. obunca: Afrotropical Region: South Africa. </p>
            <p> Host plants.  Connaraceae :  Cnestis natalensis (Hochst.) Planch. ex Sond.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B6187B54832FFF9FF19EBED6201FE37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa	Kondo, Takumasa (2007): Taxonomy of Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall and T. obunca De Lotto, and their transfer to Hallicoccus gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa 1415: 23-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175688
