taxonID	type	description	language	source
6E3601F52D3876EA4955079183634CD8.taxon	child_taxa	Families: 10 families with 89 genera and 240 species: Family Suidae Gray 1821 (5 genera with 19 species and 41 subspecies) Family Tayassuidae Palmer 1897 (3 genera with 3 species and 19 subspecies) Family Hippopotamidae Gray 1821 (2 genera with 2 species and 5 subspecies) Family Camelidae Gray 1821 (3 genera with 4 species and 5 subspecies) Family Tragulidae Milne-Edwards 1864 (3 genera with 8 species and 50 subspecies) Family Moschidae Gray 1821 (1 genus with 7 species and 11 subspecies) Family Cervidae Goldfuss 1820 (19 genera with 51 species and 187 subspecies) Family Antilocapridae Gray 1866 (1 genus with 1 species and 5 subspecies) Family Giraffidae Gray 1821 (2 genera with 2 species and 6 subspecies) Family Bovidae Gray 1821 (50 genera with 143 species and 322 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A89A80DFF8EC940B9C9214BE3A06554A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Borneo Indiae orientalis "; identified as " Island of Boero " by Thomas (1911 a) (Indonesia, Buru Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A89A80DFF8EC940B9C9214BE3A06554A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia, Buru (N Molucca Isls) and Sula Isls.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A89A80DFF8EC940B9C9214BE3A06554A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A89A80DFF8EC940B9C9214BE3A06554A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Former subspecies raised to species rank (Groves, 2001 a, Meijaard and Groves, 2002). Probably introduced to Buru and the Sulu Isls; original distribution unknown (Groves, 1980 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E272842F351679EE8B2813BF730B9523.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Bola Batoe cave, near Badjo (Barebo district), ca. 20 km S. W. of Watampone in Central Bone, S. Celebes [Sulawesi] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E272842F351679EE8B2813BF730B9523.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known by jaws and teeth of Holocene age from the type locality and one Recent skull from Gunung Malema, Moa, near Kulawi in C Sulawesi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F1C6CCEC9E6E635AC80CD5FF23CA589D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Lembeh b. Celebes " (N Sulawesi, Lembeh Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F1C6CCEC9E6E635AC80CD5FF23CA589D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Northern peninsula of Sulawesi, at least as far west as Bumbulan and including Lembeh Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AFC759EBC32316470F0642631FB80388.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Babyrousa quadricornua Perry 1811	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AFC759EBC32316470F0642631FB80388.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species: Species Babyrousa babyrussa (Linnaeus 1758) Species Babyrousa bolabatuensis Hoojer 1950 Species Babyrousa celebensis Deninger 1909 Species Babyrousa togeanensis Sody 1949	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AFC759EBC32316470F0642631FB80388.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1980 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DEBC9816D043B257DA5F9F7CBB078DA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Malengi island, Togean group, Res. Manado, N. Celebes " (Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Togean Isls, Malenge Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DEBC9816D043B257DA5F9F7CBB078DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known only from Malenge Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F770B596FAA918327DB5EEEAF24629E6.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 5 genera with 19 species: Genus Babyrousa Perry 1811 (4 species) Genus Hylochoerus Thomas 1904 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Phacochoerus F. Cuvier 1826 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Potamochoerus Gray 1852 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Sus Linnaeus 1758 (10 species with 26 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
72573266DD3CCA0EC71879B55009BD8E.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 5 genera with 19 species in 1 subfamily and 4 tribes: Subfamily Suinae Gray 1821 Tribe Suini Gray 1821 Tribe Babyrousini Thenius 1970 Tribe Phacochoerini Gray 1868 Tribe Potamochoerini Gray 1873 Genus Babyrousa Perry 1811 (4 species) Genus Hylochoerus Thomas 1904 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Phacochoerus F. Cuvier 1826 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Potamochoerus Gray 1852 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Sus Linnaeus 1758 (10 species with 26 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
72573266DD3CCA0EC71879B55009BD8E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: McKenna and Bell (1997) assigned all extant suids to the subfamily Suinae. Babirussina Gray, 1868 is based on Babirussa Frisch, 1775 which is unavailable. Includes as Tribes Babyrousini (including Babyrousa), Phacochoerini (including Phacochoerus), Potamochoerini (including Hylochoerus and Potamochoerus), and Suini (including Sus).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7771E02008333A4F6EEB60F39536C9A.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 5 genera with 19 species in 4 tribes: Tribe Suini Gray 1821 Tribe Babyrousini Thenius 1970 Tribe Phacochoerini Gray 1868 Tribe Potamochoerini Gray 1873 Genus Babyrousa Perry 1811 (4 species) Genus Hylochoerus Thomas 1904 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Phacochoerus F. Cuvier 1826 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Potamochoerus Gray 1852 (2 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Sus Linnaeus 1758 (10 species with 26 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
46EBD0692C57DD1AF09B95394DB52E25.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Kenya, " Nandi Forest, near the Victoria Nyanza, at an altitude of 7000 feet "; Nandi Forest, near Kaimosi [2134 m] (Allen and Lawrence, 1936).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C3FAA0917C29D492CABC9EDD4459FB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Kenya, " Nandi Forest, near the Victoria Nyanza, at an altitude of 7000 feet "; Nandi Forest, near Kaimosi [2134 m] (Allen and Lawrence, 1936).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C3FAA0917C29D492CABC9EDD4459FB8.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. meinertzhageni Thomas 1904 Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. rimator Thomas 1906 Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. ivoriensis Bouet and Neuville 1930	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C3FAA0917C29D492CABC9EDD4459FB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Africa in Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, and Ghana; not confirmed from Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Togo (Grubb et al., 1998). C Africa in W and SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, N and E Dem. Rep. Congo, SW Ethiopia, N Gabon, Kenya, E Nigeria, N Republic of Congo, Rwanda, S Sudan, and Uganda; not reliably recorded from Tanzania (Grimshaw, 1998; Kock and Howell, 2000).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C3FAA0917C29D492CABC9EDD4459FB8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as H. m. ivoriensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C3FAA0917C29D492CABC9EDD4459FB8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See Thomas (1904 a) for designation of the type specimen. Hylochoerus schulzi Zukowsky, 1921 is a synonym of Potamochoerus larvatus hassama (Grimshaw, 1998; Kock and Howell, 2000). Synonymy otherwise follows Grubb (1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3C5EEF505C7C507AB47ACBD16DE829B0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thomas 1904	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3C5EEF505C7C507AB47ACBD16DE829B0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thomas 1904 Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. meinertzhageni Thomas 1904 Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. rimator Thomas 1906 Subspecies Hylochoerus meinertzhageni subsp. ivoriensis Bouet and Neuville 1930	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA755D2D59D72938D0B3B1DA97B67928.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Promontoria Bona Spei advectus "; between Kaffraria and Great Namaqualand (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov.), two hundred leagues from the Cape of Good Hope according to Vosmaer (1766).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA755D2D59D72938D0B3B1DA97B67928.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Phacochoerus aethiopicus subsp. aethiopicus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Phacochoerus aethiopicus subsp. delamerei Lönnberg 1909	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA755D2D59D72938D0B3B1DA97B67928.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly in Cape Provinces, South Africa (extinct since ca. 1870 - 1890); NE Africa in E Ethiopia, N Kenya, and Somalia (Grubb, 1993; d'Huart and Grubb, 2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA755D2D59D72938D0B3B1DA97B67928.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct as P. a. aethiopicus, Vulnerable as P. a. delamerei, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA755D2D59D72938D0B3B1DA97B67928.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For distinctions from P. africanus, see Ewer (1957) and Grubb (1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DCB6A6D0924FB44BE96546E3D31D4C03.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Promontoria Bona Spei advectus "; between Kaffraria and Great Namaqualand (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov.), two hundred leagues from the Cape of Good Hope according to Vosmaer (1766).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13154B00DC85B6F1A5FF1BE7D4D99EF1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa a capite viridi ad caput bonae spei "; restricted to Senegal, " Cape Verd [Verde] " (Lydekker, 1915: 373).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13154B00DC85B6F1A5FF1BE7D4D99EF1.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. africanus Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. aeliani Cretzschmar 1828 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. massaicus Lönnberg 1908 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. sundevallii Lönnberg 1908	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13154B00DC85B6F1A5FF1BE7D4D99EF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Outside rainforest zone of Africa in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nambia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, N Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13154B00DC85B6F1A5FF1BE7D4D99EF1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as P. a. aeliani, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13154B00DC85B6F1A5FF1BE7D4D99EF1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Specifically distinct from P. aethiopicus (Cooke and Wilkinson, 1978; Ewer, 1957; Grubb, 1993). Synonymy tentative, based on Grubb (1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
921E053D622FDBE578A8BC3E7DF1EF24.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa a capite viridi ad caput bonae spei "; restricted to Senegal, " Cape Verd [Verde] " (Lydekker, 1915: 373).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D3A608BBB0318CCB04E510F5E09B4ED.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Aper aethiopicus Pallas 1766	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D3A608BBB0318CCB04E510F5E09B4ED.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 6 subspecies: Species Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Phacochoerus aethiopicus subsp. aethiopicus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Phacochoerus aethiopicus subsp. delamerei Lönnberg 1909 Species Phacochoerus africanus (Gmelin 1788) Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. africanus Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. aeliani Cretzschmar 1828 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. massaicus Lönnberg 1908 Subspecies Phacochoerus africanus subsp. sundevallii Lönnberg 1908	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D3A608BBB0318CCB04E510F5E09B4ED.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Senior synonyms of Phacochoerus F. Cuvier, 1826 and most junior synonyms have been supressed by Opinion 466 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957 g), which, together with Morrison-Scott (1955) should be consulted for dates and authors cited here. Parapatric distribution of species of Phacochoerus in the Horn of Africa reviewed by d'Huart and Grubb (2001); genetic divergence in these species described by Randi et al. (2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E5F7331FFA0BFDF50DAAA5E6E6A9CF5C.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Choiropotamus pictus Gray 1852	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E5F7331FFA0BFDF50DAAA5E6E6A9CF5C.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 6 subspecies: Species Potamochoerus larvatus (F. Cuvier 1822) Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. larvatus F. Cuvier 1822 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. edwardsi A. Grandidier 1867 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. hassama Heuglin 1863 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. koiropotamus Desmoulins 1831 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. nyasae Forsyth Major 1897 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. somaliensis De Beaux 1924 Species Potamochoerus porcus (Linnaeus 1758)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E5F7331FFA0BFDF50DAAA5E6E6A9CF5C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by de Beaux (1924).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
939CD3F93810B849624A92F38906E8DA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Madagascar " (no precise locality) here selected.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
939CD3F93810B849624A92F38906E8DA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. larvatus F. Cuvier 1822 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. edwardsi A. Grandidier 1867 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. hassama Heuglin 1863 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. koiropotamus Desmoulins 1831 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. nyasae Forsyth Major 1897 Subspecies Potamochoerus larvatus subsp. somaliensis De Beaux 1924	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
939CD3F93810B849624A92F38906E8DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, N Botswana, Burundi, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, E and S Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, S Somalia, NE and S South Africa, S Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; Madagascar and Comoro Isls (introduced?).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
939CD3F93810B849624A92F38906E8DA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
939CD3F93810B849624A92F38906E8DA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Specifically distinct from P. porcus (de Beaux 1924; Grubb 1993). Syntypes from " Madagascar " and " Sitsikamma " (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Humansdorp dist., Tsitsikamma); lectotype here designated as the skull from Madagascar illustrated in the original description. Synonymy modified from Grubb (1993). Evidence of domestication of species of Potamochoerus and transportation of P. porcus to Brazil (Simoons, 1953) suggest that P. larvatus could have been transported to Madagascar by humans.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E13FC02A814A6E0A19B1933FF07469BF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Madagascar " (no precise locality) here selected.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9910D704ADBC8913D48B4CDD3A9C17DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa " (West Africa); based on animals exported to Brazil (Simoons, 1953).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9910D704ADBC8913D48B4CDD3A9C17DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rainforest zone of Africa from Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo; no reliable record from Gambia (Grubb et al., 1998) or Sudan (Grubb, 1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9910D704ADBC8913D48B4CDD3A9C17DD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9910D704ADBC8913D48B4CDD3A9C17DD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A monotypic species (Grubb, 1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9514AA881FF2A6E8C2B3C98FA91D1B6B.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9514AA881FF2A6E8C2B3C98FA91D1B6B.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 10 species with 26 subspecies: Species Sus ahoenobarbus Huet 1888 Species Sus barbatus Müller 1838 Subspecies Sus barbatus subsp. barbatus Müller 1838 Subspecies Sus barbatus subsp. oi Miller 1902 Species Sus bucculentus Heude 1892 Species Sus cebifrons Heude 1888 Subspecies Sus cebifrons subsp. cebifrons Heude 1888 Subspecies Sus cebifrons subsp. negrinus Sanborn 1952 Species Sus celebensis Müller and Schlegel 1843 Subspecies Sus celebensis subsp. celebensis Müller and Schlegel 1843 Subspecies Sus celebensis subsp. floresianus Heude 1899 Species Sus oliveri Groves 1997 Species Sus philippensis Nehring 1886 Subspecies Sus philippensis subsp. philippensis Nehring 1886 Subspecies Sus philippensis subsp. mindanensis Forsyth Major 1897 Species Sus salvanius Hodgson 1847 Species Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. scrofa Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. algira Loche 1867 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. attila Thomas 1912 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. cristatus Wagner 1839 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. davidi Groves 1981 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. leucomystax Temminck 1842 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. libycus Gray 1868 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. majori De Beaux and Festa 1927 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. meridionalis Forsyth Major 1882 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. moupinensis Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. nigripes Blanford 1875 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. riukiuanus Kuroda 1924 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. sibiricus Staffe 1922 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. taivanus Swinhoe 1863 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. ussuricus Heude 1888 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. vittatus Boie 1828 Species Sus verrucosus Boie 1832 Subspecies Sus verrucosus subsp. verrucosus Boie 1832 Subspecies Sus verrucosus subsp. blouchi Groves 1981	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9514AA881FF2A6E8C2B3C98FA91D1B6B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1981 a). Can be partitioned into S. barbatus or Euhys group (possibly parapatric; including also S. bucculentus, S. cebifrons, S. celebensis, S. philippensis, and S. verrucosus), and S. scrofa or nominate Sus group (including also S. salvanius).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79EBBD271B4506BAB5458B9177568636.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, " Palauan " (Palawan Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79EBBD271B4506BAB5458B9177568636.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Palawan Isl, Balabac Isl, and Calamian Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79EBBD271B4506BAB5458B9177568636.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as S. barbatus ahoenobarbis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79EBBD271B4506BAB5458B9177568636.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A separate species from S. barbatus according to Groves (2001 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB87920A8F9BE0F09E730763326C6A25.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Borneo ", Kalimantan; " Bornéo, [near] Banjermassing [Banjarmasin] " (Jentink, 1892: 192); " the neighborhood of the village Poeloe-Lampej [Pululampei], not off [i. e. not far from?] the bank of the Moloekko-river [Molukko River], South-eastern Borneo " (Jentink, 1905: 161).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB87920A8F9BE0F09E730763326C6A25.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus barbatus subsp. barbatus Müller 1838 Subspecies Sus barbatus subsp. oi Miller 1902	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB87920A8F9BE0F09E730763326C6A25.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Brunei, Indonesia (Banka Isl, Kalimantan, Rhio Arch., Sumatra), Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Sarawak).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB87920A8F9BE0F09E730763326C6A25.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as S. b. oi, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0CB0883CF1F32E8586807FF55ECF92AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Borneo ", Kalimantan; " Bornéo, [near] Banjermassing [Banjarmasin] " (Jentink, 1892: 192); " the neighborhood of the village Poeloe-Lampej [Pululampei], not off [i. e. not far from?] the bank of the Moloekko-river [Molukko River], South-eastern Borneo " (Jentink, 1905: 161).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00EFB0A2BC45ED70846C8676EAEF59D3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Viet Nam, Cochin China, " sur les bords du Donnaï " (= Dong Nai River); the type is labelled " Bienhoa " (Viet Nam).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00EFB0A2BC45ED70846C8676EAEF59D3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Vietnam, Laos.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00EFB0A2BC45ED70846C8676EAEF59D3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00EFB0A2BC45ED70846C8676EAEF59D3.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The species is more extensively described by Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin., 2: 219, pl. 40 [1894]. Known from the lectotype and paralectotype skulls, now in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, and a third skull recently obtained from the Annamite Range, Laos (Braun et al., 2001; Groves and Schaller, 2000; Groves et al., 1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D5206366D1DB2511501972C0701607A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, " l'ile de Cebu ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D5206366D1DB2511501972C0701607A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus cebifrons subsp. cebifrons Heude 1888 Subspecies Sus cebifrons subsp. negrinus Sanborn 1952	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D5206366D1DB2511501972C0701607A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Cebu, Negros, Panay and probably Masbate Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D5206366D1DB2511501972C0701607A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct as S. c. cebifrons, otherwise Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D5206366D1DB2511501972C0701607A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The species is more extensively described by Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin., 2, pl. 28 [1892], 2: 218 [1894]. Specifically distinct from S. barbatus and S. philippensis (Groves and Grubb, 1993; Sanborn, 1952 a). Revised by Groves (1997 a).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0E3E94F9A6B64F87F99C1AD5052DD3D1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, " l'ile de Cebu ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AEBF261D5C2273ED00088140B3948B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Celebes "; the type is from " Célèbes, Ménado " (Sulawesi, Manado) according to Jentink (1892: 193).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AEBF261D5C2273ED00088140B3948B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus celebensis subsp. celebensis Müller and Schlegel 1843 Subspecies Sus celebensis subsp. floresianus Heude 1899	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AEBF261D5C2273ED00088140B3948B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi and neighboring small islands; feral on Halmahera and Simaleue Isls; possibly feral on Flores Isl as floresianus (= heureni) and on Timor Isl as timoriensis).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AEBF261D5C2273ED00088140B3948B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AEBF261D5C2273ED00088140B3948B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: comments: Although this species is sometimes cited from " Müller, 1840. In Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 42 ", it is not found on that page. A species distinct from S. verrucosus (Groves, 1981 a). Sus timoriensis is a feral population of S. celebensis according to Groves (1981 a), but a valid species according to Hardjasasmita (1987) and a synonym of S. scrofa according to Corbet and Hill (1992). Groves (1981 a) regarded warty pigs from Flores as a feral population of S. celebensis but Hardjasasmita (1987) assigned them to a separate species, Sus heureni which was included with a query in the synonymy of S. celebensis by Corbet and Hill (1992). A prior name for S. heureni is Microsus floresianus Heude, 1899. Both floresianus and timoriensis are provisionally ranked here as subspecies.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D4B787D3BEAF88D1E3B534B948A87D62.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Celebes "; the type is from " Célèbes, Ménado " (Sulawesi, Manado) according to Jentink (1892: 193).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3DC2DF09217BB26934126C0855305A8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Mayapang, Rizal, Mindoro Occidental, Philippines ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3DC2DF09217BB26934126C0855305A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines, Mindoro.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3DC2DF09217BB26934126C0855305A8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A separate species from S. philippensis according to Groves (2001 b), known from four skulls and a head skin.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DBB2DEA281EB10FEB229FAC0F84F473A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, Luzon Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DBB2DEA281EB10FEB229FAC0F84F473A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus philippensis subsp. philippensis Nehring 1886 Subspecies Sus philippensis subsp. mindanensis Forsyth Major 1897	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DBB2DEA281EB10FEB229FAC0F84F473A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Catanduanis and Samar Isls and probably Balabac and Leyte Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DBB2DEA281EB10FEB229FAC0F84F473A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DBB2DEA281EB10FEB229FAC0F84F473A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Regarded as a species distinct from S. barbatus (Groves and Grubb, 1993); revised by Groves (1997 a); an undescribed subspecies or related species recorded from Tawitawi Isls, Sulu Archipelago (Karen Rose, pers. comm.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EAB64E99739B75BEE58E96C7A1BD2B76.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, Luzon Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4FBE071E5A8539BFE6833C385BB9C313.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat, Saul forest " but no locality given; N India, " Sikhim Tarai [Sikkim Terai] … The moist forest-tract at the base of the eastern Himalaya " (Lydekker, 1915: 343).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4FBE071E5A8539BFE6833C385BB9C313.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bhutan, S Nepal, N India (incl. Sikkim).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4FBE071E5A8539BFE6833C385BB9C313.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A161E795AF390F14A08E12E80A6BDBF6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa australiore "; shown to be Germany, from where wild boar had been introduced to Sweden, Oeland (Thomas, 1911 a: 140).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A161E795AF390F14A08E12E80A6BDBF6.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. scrofa Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. algira Loche 1867 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. attila Thomas 1912 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. cristatus Wagner 1839 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. davidi Groves 1981 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. leucomystax Temminck 1842 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. libycus Gray 1868 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. majori De Beaux and Festa 1927 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. meridionalis Forsyth Major 1882 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. moupinensis Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. nigripes Blanford 1875 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. riukiuanus Kuroda 1924 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. sibiricus Staffe 1922 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. taivanus Swinhoe 1863 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. ussuricus Heude 1888 Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. vittatus Boie 1828	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A161E795AF390F14A08E12E80A6BDBF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Africa in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia; anciently introduced into Egypt and N Sudan where now absent. All states of mainland Europe east to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, W Russia (European Russia and Caucasus Mtns), and Ukraine; extinct in Ireland, Scandinavia, and United Kingdom but reintroduced into England, S Finland, and S Sweden; anciently introduced into Corsica and Sardinia. In Asia present in Burma, Cambodia, China (but absent from Tibetan Plateau, Singkiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Ordos Plateau), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java east to Bali and Sumbawa Isls), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan (including Riukiu Isls), W Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya only), Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (S Siberia and Soviet Far East), Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. Widespread as feral populations in South Africa, Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Isls), Australia, USA, West Indies, Central and South America and numerous oceanic islands, including Andaman Isls and Mauritius (Indian Ocean) and Hawaiian, Galapagos and Fiji Isls (Pacific Ocean). Feral and domestic populations of Molucca Isls, New Guinea and Solomon Isls thought to originate from hybrids between scrofa and celebensis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A161E795AF390F14A08E12E80A6BDBF6.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as S. s. riukiuanus, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A161E795AF390F14A08E12E80A6BDBF6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Genov (1999) and Groves (1981 a, 2003). Treatment of majori as a subspecies follows Randi et al. (1996). The species can be partitioned into the following divisions (Genov, 1999; Groves and Grubb 1993): cristatus division (including also davidi), leucomystax division (including also moupinensis, riukiuanus, sibiricus, taivanus, and ussuricus), nominate scrofa division (including also algira, attila, libycus, majori, meridionalis, and nigripes), and vittatus division. For systematics, origin, and distribution of feral populations see Groves (1981 a), Lever (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Vigne (1988). Hardjasasmita (1987) recognised floresianus, milleri and papuensis as subspecies, but Sus scrofa floresianus Jentink, 1905 is a junior secondary homonym of Microsus floresianus Heude, 1899, a subspecies of Sus celebensis. Corbet and Hill (1992) listed the domestic pig as a separate species, Sus domesticus, from Sus scrofa on grounds of utility.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0F249EF6B76B090468075AB12214B253.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa australiore "; shown to be Germany, from where wild boar had been introduced to Sweden, Oeland (Thomas, 1911 a: 140).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39DD135115A33D77C94144DD278C7B8E.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Catagonus metropolitanus Ameghino 1904	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39DD135115A33D77C94144DD278C7B8E.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Catagonus wagneri Rusconi 1930	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
17BDDAD4D4F179DBCD548921D367422A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Argentina, " Llajta-Maiica, tres leguas al noreste de Melero provincia de Santiago del Estero. Época moderna (precolombiana) ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
17BDDAD4D4F179DBCD548921D367422A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gran Chaco of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
17BDDAD4D4F179DBCD548921D367422A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
17BDDAD4D4F179DBCD548921D367422A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Originally described from pre-Hispanic and subfossil remains; subsequently discovered alive (Wetzel et al., 1975; Wetzel, 1977, 1981). Reviewed by Mayer and Wetzel (1986, Mammalian Species, 259).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD8C081CEF306FDA8E4901DD179F009D.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Dicotyles torquatus Cuvier 1816	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD8C081CEF306FDA8E4901DD179F009D.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 14 subspecies: Species Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. tajacu Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. angulatus Cope 1889 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. bangsi Goldman 1917 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. crassus Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. crusnigrum Bangs 1902 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. humeralis Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nanus Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nelsoni Goldman 1926 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. niger J. A. Allen 1913 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nigrescens Goldman 1926 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. patira Kerr 1792 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis Mearns 1897 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. torvus Bangs 1898 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. yucatanensis Merriam 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD8C081CEF306FDA8E4901DD179F009D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The Collared Peccary should be assigned to a separate genus from the White-lipped species according to Woodburne (1968), Husson (1978: 347 - 348), and Wright (1989). Use of appropriate generic names for these taxa is controversial. Genotypes of Tayassu and Dicotyles by subsequent designation are White-lipped Peccaries (Miller and Rehn, 1901: 12; Miller, 1912 b: 384). Notophorus and Adenonotus are obscure names now categorized as nomina oblita (Article 23.9, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), so the valid generic name for Collared Peccaries is Pecari, with type by monotypy Dicotyles torquatus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14BA9D684C91CEFE1ACD89F2305AFF78.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Mexici, Panamae, Brasiliae montibus, sylvis ". Mexico selected by Thomas (1911 a: 140); however, Linnaeus's name Sus tajacu is based on the tajacu of Marcgraf, from Brazil, Pernambuco (Cabrera, 1961: 319; Hershkovitz, 1963, 1987 b) and this restriction of the type locality is adopted here.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14BA9D684C91CEFE1ACD89F2305AFF78.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. tajacu Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. angulatus Cope 1889 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. bangsi Goldman 1917 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. crassus Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. crusnigrum Bangs 1902 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. humeralis Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nanus Merriam 1901 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nelsoni Goldman 1926 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. niger J. A. Allen 1913 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. nigrescens Goldman 1926 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. patira Kerr 1792 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. sonoriensis Mearns 1897 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. torvus Bangs 1898 Subspecies Pecari tajacu subsp. yucatanensis Merriam 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14BA9D684C91CEFE1ACD89F2305AFF78.taxon	distribution	Distribution: USA (mainly in Arizona and Texas), Mexico (outside the Sierra Madre), and all other Central American states; South America in N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, and Venezuela. Introduced to Cuba.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14BA9D684C91CEFE1ACD89F2305AFF78.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II (populations in the USA and Mexico not covered by CITES); IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5C9CDB38FEC8EA378604C50FCA77815B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Mexici, Panamae, Brasiliae montibus, sylvis ". Mexico selected by Thomas (1911 a: 140); however, Linnaeus's name Sus tajacu is based on the tajacu of Marcgraf, from Brazil, Pernambuco (Cabrera, 1961: 319; Hershkovitz, 1963, 1987 b) and this restriction of the type locality is adopted here.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
45965F721C1B2129FB90399F4497A8F0.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Java "; " Java, Palang " (Jentink, 1892: 191).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
45965F721C1B2129FB90399F4497A8F0.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sus verrucosus subsp. verrucosus Boie 1832 Subspecies Sus verrucosus subsp. blouchi Groves 1981	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
45965F721C1B2129FB90399F4497A8F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia (Java, Madoera Isl, Bawean Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
45965F721C1B2129FB90399F4497A8F0.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
45965F721C1B2129FB90399F4497A8F0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This species is usually credited to Müller, 1840 in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 42, but an earlier citation is Temminck, 1836 in von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Coup d'Oeil Faune Iles Sonde Emp. Japan, pp. viii, and Corbet and Hill (1992) noted the still earlier designation cited above. It was further described by Müller and Schlegel, in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 172 (and also on p. 175, but not p. 107 as widely cited) [1845], pl. 28 [1843]. Synonyms apparently from Borneo and Seram were based on wrongly located specimens (Groves, 1981 a).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
16FA772262EEBB709F87F10A6F1AA5EB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Java "; " Java, Palang " (Jentink, 1892: 191).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
296D8F2B130A09276ED0FB0CBA7CBD68.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 3 species: Genus Catagonus Ameghino 1904 (1 species) Genus Pecari Reichenbach 1835 (1 species with 14 subspecies) Genus Tayassu G. Fischer 1814 (1 species with 5 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
296D8F2B130A09276ED0FB0CBA7CBD68.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Dicotylidae does not have priority over Tayassuidae (Article 40.2, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). G. M. Roosmalen (in litt.) is preparing to name a fourth species of peccary from the Amazon basin.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C91986ABE4574BE93E18B33D0A3F54D1.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Hippopotamus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1836	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C91986ABE4574BE93E18B33D0A3F54D1.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies: Species Hexaprotodon liberiensis Morton 1849 Subspecies Hexaprotodon liberiensis subsp. liberiensis Morton 1849 Subspecies Hexaprotodon liberiensis subsp. heslopi Corbet 1969	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C91986ABE4574BE93E18B33D0A3F54D1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Choeropsis Leidy, 1853, following Coryndon (1977).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C422D774A9EBD96F5BAD0F01F5A0344.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Liberia, " the river St. Pauls, a stream that rises in the mountains of Guinea, and passing through the Dey country and Liberia, empties into the Atlantic to the north of Cape Messurado ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C422D774A9EBD96F5BAD0F01F5A0344.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hexaprotodon liberiensis subsp. liberiensis Morton 1849 Subspecies Hexaprotodon liberiensis subsp. heslopi Corbet 1969	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C422D774A9EBD96F5BAD0F01F5A0344.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Sierra Leone to Côte d’Ivoire; SC Nigeria (extinct?).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C422D774A9EBD96F5BAD0F01F5A0344.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered D 1 as H. l. heslopi, otherwise Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C422D774A9EBD96F5BAD0F01F5A0344.taxon	discussion	Discussion: First described as Hippopotamus minor Morton, 1844 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2: 14).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9EF5CC3327199D54982F9506187C78DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Liberia, " the river St. Pauls, a stream that rises in the mountains of Guinea, and passing through the Dey country and Liberia, empties into the Atlantic to the north of Cape Messurado ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
262BDD961B5A886EF4B931020F3A931A.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 2 genera with 2 species: Genus Hexaprotodon Falconer and Cautley 1836 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Hippopotamus Linnaeus 1758 (1 species with 3 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
262BDD961B5A886EF4B931020F3A931A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Hexaprotodon † madagascariensis (Guldberg, 1883), Hippopotamus † lemerlei Grandidier, 1868, and H. † laloumena Faure and Guerin, 1990 were present in the Holocene on Madagascar (Stuenes, 1989), but have not been shown to have survived into the last 500 years.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6FC308D2045ECCA647E61B747CD76684.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Tayassu pecari G. Fischer [von Waldheim 1814	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6FC308D2045ECCA647E61B747CD76684.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 5 subspecies: Species Tayassu pecari (Link 1795) Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. pecari Link 1795 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. aequatoris Lönnberg 1921 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. albirostris Illiger 1815 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. ringens Merriam 1901 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. spiradens Goldman 1912	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6FC308D2045ECCA647E61B747CD76684.taxon	discussion	Discussion: By subsequent designation of Miller and Rehn (1901: 12), the type of Tayassu is T. pecari G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814 (= Sus pecari Link, 1795). By subsequent designation of Miller (1912 b: 384), the type of Dicotyles is D. labiatus G. Cuvier. Sus pecari and Dicotyles labiatus are synonyms of Tayassu pecari (Hershkovitz, 1963). Therefore, Dicotyles is a synonym of Tayassu. Husson (1978: 347 - 348) and Woodburne (1968) held contrary views.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
527FEC6A8A385AD924E98EFA4A13C90C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; identified as French Guiana, Cayenne (Hershkovitz, 1963).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
527FEC6A8A385AD924E98EFA4A13C90C.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. pecari Link 1795 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. aequatoris Lönnberg 1921 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. albirostris Illiger 1815 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. ringens Merriam 1901 Subspecies Tayassu pecari subsp. spiradens Goldman 1912	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
527FEC6A8A385AD924E98EFA4A13C90C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Mexico (E from Oaxaca and Veracruz) and all other Central American states; South America in N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, W Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela. Introduced to Cuba.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
527FEC6A8A385AD924E98EFA4A13C90C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
527FEC6A8A385AD924E98EFA4A13C90C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes albirostris; see Husson (1978: 353). Reviewed by Mayer and Wetzel (1987, Mammalian Species, 293).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
20A9CA9F27F138069A9E7C58AF9087DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; identified as French Guiana, Cayenne (Hershkovitz, 1963).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A5275F1183CA00A39C3C5455FE526B0.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 4 species: Genus Camelus Linnaeus 1758 (2 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Lama G. Cuvier 1800 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Vicugna Lesson 1842 (1 species)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A5275F1183CA00A39C3C5455FE526B0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Extant camelids all belong to the Camelinae (McKenna and Bell, 1997). Includes as Tribes Camelini (including Camelus) and Aucheniini (including Lama). Lamini does not have priority over Aucheniini (Aucheniinae Bonaparte) (Article 40.2, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; identified as " Bactria " (Uzbekistan, Bokhara) by Thomas (1911 a: 150); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Camelus bactrianus subsp. bactrianus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Camelus bactrianus subsp. ferus Przewalski 1878	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Exists in the wild in SW Mongolia and China (Gansu, Tsinghai, and Sinkiang); domesticated in Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, north to Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes ferus Przewalski, based on wild specimen; bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758, has priority. Abramov (1996) showed that ferus dates from Przewalski, 1878, not 1883, and is preoccupied by Camelus dromedarius ferus Falk, 1786, which is probably a nomen oblitum. A. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage should be confirmed by adoption of C. ferus as the name for the wild taxon of Bactrian camels. Though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild Bactrian camel C. ferus rather than C. bactrianus (or C. b. ferus), they asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for the wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a), but it might still be valid for those who consider C. bactrianus and C. ferus to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Domestic and wild camels vary by three base substitutions in the gene fragments studied and it was thought they were genetically differentiated at a level large enough that they could qualify as subspecies (Schaller, 1998). By implication, the domestic form has originated from a taxon subspecifically distinct from the extant wild form, in which case the names C. b. bactrianus and C. b. ferus would be applicable to different taxa. Bactrian and one-humped camels produce viable hybrids (C. dromedarius hybridus J. Fischer, 1829, unavailable) but hybrid males are said to be sterile (A. P. Gray, 1972).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D6BDAEA6A141218B4CF29CF89B1DE7A9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; identified as " Bactria " (Uzbekistan, Bokhara) by Thomas (1911 a: 150); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A4D29880CC6314D821D31387D831C8E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D02CBDFCC0704471378561B540CA9061.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africae desertis arenosis siticulosis ", identified as " deserts of Libya and Arabia " by Thomas (1911 a: 150); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D02CBDFCC0704471378561B540CA9061.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Extinct in the wild; domesticated from wild populations which presumably had become restricted to the S Arabian Peninsula; domesticated in Senegal and Mauritania to Somalia and Kenya, throughout N Africa, the Middle East, Arabia, and Iran to NW India; feral populations in Australia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D02CBDFCC0704471378561B540CA9061.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Produces viable hybrids with bactrianus (see comments therein). Bohlken (1961) considered dromedarius a synonym of bactrianus. Reviewed by Köhler-Rollefson (1991, Mammalian Species, 375). Biology reviewed by Gauthier-Pilters and Innis Dagg (1981). For history of domestication, see R. T. Wilson (1984).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
03080CF1C227DB89317732CA82AE5325.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
03080CF1C227DB89317732CA82AE5325.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 2 subspecies: Species Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Camelus bactrianus subsp. bactrianus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Camelus bactrianus subsp. ferus Przewalski 1878 Species Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
03080CF1C227DB89317732CA82AE5325.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Essentially allopatric distribution of the domesticated populations of the two species may reflect adaptations to different habitats of ancestral wild populations.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A786050B8014F9051B41551FD029E16.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Nilo & Bambolo Africae et ad ostia fluviorum Asiae "; restricted to River Nile (Thomas, 1911 a: 155) in Egypt (G. M. Allen, 1939: 457).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A786050B8014F9051B41551FD029E16.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. amphibius Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. capensis Desmoulins 1825 Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. kiboko Heller 1914	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A786050B8014F9051B41551FD029E16.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rivers of savanna zone of Africa, and main rivers of forest zone in C Africa, in Angola, Benin, N Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Egypt (extinct; formerly along Nile to its Delta), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Liberia (only 2 records), Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi Strip, Okavango River), Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, South Africa (now only in N and E Limpopo Prov. and E Mpumalanga Prov., and N KwaZulu-Natal), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A786050B8014F9051B41551FD029E16.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable as H. a. tschadensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1167C280DFC507ADFA5E70D2245DADB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Nilo & Bambolo Africae et ad ostia fluviorum Asiae "; restricted to River Nile (Thomas, 1911 a: 155) in Egypt (G. M. Allen, 1939: 457).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
54B4F3A99E1194AF62F55034B13949BC.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
54B4F3A99E1194AF62F55034B13949BC.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. amphibius Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. capensis Desmoulins 1825 Subspecies Hippopotamus amphibius subsp. kiboko Heller 1914	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
436732342B3EC61790321CF3B9D48987.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Camelus glama Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
436732342B3EC61790321CF3B9D48987.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Lama glama (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Lama glama subsp. glama Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Lama glama subsp. cacsilensis Lönnberg 1913 Subspecies Lama glama subsp. guanicoe Müller 1776	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
436732342B3EC61790321CF3B9D48987.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Evolution of domesticated llama and alpaca from wild ancestors reviewed by Wheeler (1995) and Kadwell et al. (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in America meridionali ", identified as " Peru ", Andes, by Thomas (1911 a: 150); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Lama glama subsp. glama Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Lama glama subsp. cacsilensis Lönnberg 1913 Subspecies Lama glama subsp. guanicoe Müller 1776	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Cordilleras of the Andes, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile (including Navarino Isl), NW Paraguay, and S Peru. Domesticated as the Llama in S Peru, W Bolivia, and NW Argentina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II as Lama guanicoe; IUCN – Endangered as L. guanicoe huanacus, Vulnerable as L. g. voglii and L. g. cacsilensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A5F5E147145B7D7B6CB3F90DD2624411.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Haltenorth (1963) recognised four subspecies (cacsilensis, guanicoe, huanacus, voglii) but Wheeler (1995) regarded them as poorly defined and did not diagnose them; subspecies are those recognised by Cabrera (1961). The Guanaco has previously been included with the Llama, L. glama, of which it is understood to be the wild ancestor (Hemmer, 1990; Kadwell et al., 2001; Lydekker, 1915). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Lama guanicoe as the name for the wild Guanaco and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It might still be valid for those who consider L. glama and L. guanicoe to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Provisionally, guanicoe is listed here as a subspecies of glama. The Alpaca (Lama pacos including lujanensis and paco) has been regarded as a synonym of glama; see Corbet and Hill (1991: 126). It originated from hybrids between Lama glama and Vicugna vicugna according to Hemmer (1990). Wheeler (1995) favoured a primary origin from the Vicugna and post-Conquest genetic introgression from the Llama. Kadwell et al. (2001) found that there was a relatively low estimated admixture of Vicugna mtDNA in the Alpaca but a high proportion for microsatellites (from four loci studied), and inferred that the Vicugna is the ancestor of the Alpaca. Nevertheless, the Alpaca appears to be of biphyletic origin and its synonymy may be somewhat arbitrary, though it could yet be shown that pacos is best regarded as the same species as vicugna.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E269966B0409DAEE8E957A8A6852F58D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in America meridionali ", identified as " Peru ", Andes, by Thomas (1911 a: 150); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
272F84517D7090955BECE8E111320EED.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Camelus vicugna Molina 1782	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
272F84517D7090955BECE8E111320EED.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Vicugna vicugna (Molina 1782)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3AA12E032A90CC1228FC267FD141132.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Chile, " abondano nella parte della Cordigliera spettante alle Provincie de Coquimbo, e di Copiapò " (cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiapo).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3AA12E032A90CC1228FC267FD141132.taxon	distribution	Distribution: NW Argentina, W Bolivia, N Chile, and S Peru.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3AA12E032A90CC1228FC267FD141132.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I [except for populations of Bolivia and Peru, and parts of the population in Argentina and Chile, which are included in Appendix II]; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3AA12E032A90CC1228FC267FD141132.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Systematics reviewed by Wheeler (1995). Regarded as polytypic (mensalis a distinct subspecies) by some authors (Haltenorth, 1963) but systematics here follows Cabrera (1961). Kadwell et al. (2001) suggested that the Alpaca should be assigned to Vicugna. Gentry et al. (1996) had already proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Vicugna vicugna as the name for the wild taxon of Vicugna on the assumption that the Alpaca is the domesticated descendent and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by pacos, the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98D7D3290E32F4449D946BF3FEA7A77B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98D7D3290E32F4449D946BF3FEA7A77B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Africa in Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone; C Africa in Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, and Bwamba Forest of Semliki Valley, Uganda, where not known to survive according to East et al. (1999) but seems likely to be present according to Kingdon's (1979) account. Supposed occurrence in Benin, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Senegal, and Togo unsupported by evidence.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98D7D3290E32F4449D946BF3FEA7A77B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F6CDA9548A1D6229951562655E546CE.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Moschus aquaticus Ogilby 1841	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F6CDA9548A1D6229951562655E546CE.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Hyemoschus aquaticus (Ogilby 1841)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
790C8F3984A39C329BD1AE2476788526.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Moschus meminna Erxleben 1777	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
790C8F3984A39C329BD1AE2476788526.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Moschiola meminna (Erxleben 1777)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
790C8F3984A39C329BD1AE2476788526.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a full genus by Groves and Grubb (1987), following Flerov (1931). It has yet to be shown that Meminna Gray, 1836 fully qualifies as a nomen oblitum (Article 23.9.1.2, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5917BC25670EF30A3A1F2E0B9B659CD8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " in Ceylona " (Sri Lanka).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5917BC25670EF30A3A1F2E0B9B659CD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Supposed occurrence in Himalayan foothills of India and Nepal not confirmed (Champion, 1929).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5917BC25670EF30A3A1F2E0B9B659CD8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E66FD83FDDFAB8A4DD39E72177A51DA7.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 8 species: Genus Hyemoschus Gray 1845 (1 species) Genus Moschiola Gray 1852 (1 species) Genus Tragulus Brisson 1762 (6 species with 50 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E66FD83FDDFAB8A4DD39E72177A51DA7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: From the description, Moschus leverianus Kerr, 1792 may be a tragulid, but its synonymy has not been determined.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D6767BE06EDD84CAE594148D6D691AA.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus javanicus Osbeck 1765	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D6767BE06EDD84CAE594148D6D691AA.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 6 species with 50 subspecies: Species Tragulus javanicus (Osbeck 1765) Species Tragulus kanchil Raffles 1821 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. kanchil Raffles 1821 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. abruptus Chasen 1935 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. affinis Gray 1861 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. anambensis Chasen and Kloss 1928 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. angustiae Kloss 1918 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. brevipes Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. carimatae Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. everetti Bonhote 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. fulvicollis Lyon 1908 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. fulviventer Gray 1836 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. hosei Bonhote 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. insularis Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. klossi Chasen 1935 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. lampensis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. lancavensis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. longipes Lyon 1908 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. luteicollis Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. masae Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. mergatus Thomas 1923 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pallidus Miller 1901 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. penangensis Kloss 1918 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pidonis Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pinius Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. ravulus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. ravus Miller 1902 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. rubeus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. russeus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. russulus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. siantanicus Chasen and Kloss 1928 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. subrufus Miller 1903 Species Tragulus napu F. Cuvier 1822 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. napu F. Cuvier 1822 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. amoenus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. bancanus Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. banguei Chasen and Kloss 1931 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. batuanus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. billitonus Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. bunguranensis Miller 1901 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. flavicollis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. hendersoni Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. lutescens Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. neubronneri Sody 1931 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. niasis Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. nigricollis Miller 1902 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. nigrocinctus Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. parallelus Miller 1911 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. pretiellus Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. rufulus Miller 1900 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. sebucus Lyon 1911 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. stanleyanus Gray 1836 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. terutus Thomas and Wroughton 1909 Species Tragulus nigricans Thomas 1892 Species Tragulus versicolor Thomas 1910 Species Tragulus williamsoni Kloss 1961	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D6767BE06EDD84CAE594148D6D691AA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Tragulus was attributed to Brisson (1762) by many authors (A. Gentry, 1994) though some (e. g. Chasen, 1940; Lydekker, 1915) assigned it to Pallas (1779). Recent rejection of Brisson (1762) was on the assumption that it was unavailable. Brisson (1762: 65 - 68) listed the species T. indicus, T. guineensis (= Neotragus pygmaeus), T. surinamensis (= Mazama americana), T. africanus (= Sylvicapra grimmia), and [T.] moschus (= Moschus moschiferus). Of these, only T. indicus is referred to Tragulus as currently used, according to A. Gentry (1994: 141). Brisson's Tragulus was defined by lacking horns (or antlers). However, three species were included on the strength of females or immatures which lack horns or antlers, while adult males possess them, so the character can not help to confirm that T. indicus is a mouse-deer. This nominal species is also based on descriptions of specimens of N. pygmaeus by Linnaeus and Seba (and secondary citations by Klein) and on Kolbe's " Chevre de Congo ". Brisson's own description is mostly undiagnostic but indicates a small animal with upperparts of head, neck and body reddish-yellow mixed with blackish; throat, belly, and inner parts of thighs whitish; and 26 teeth (so not with the whole tragulid complement of 34), including two upper canines, one on each side. The vernacular name is " Le Chevrotain des Indes ". The streaked pelage suggests a species of Tragulus rather than the uniformly-coloured N. pygmaeus, and so does the presence of upper canines, as noted by A. W. Gentry (1995). Although infants of N. pygmaeus often have upper milk canines, canines are rarely present in subadults and adults and are then very small. Reference to the Indies is suggestive. This is the evidence for inferring that Brisson had studied a subadult specimen of mouse-deer, one of the syntypes of T. indicus. Tragulus indicus Brisson could be identified as a mouse-deer and the genus could apply to these mammals. Merriam (1895 c: 375) designated Tragulus indicus as the type of Tragulus Brisson, but identified it as the same as " Capra pygmea Linn., which becomes Tragulus pygmeus (Linn.) 1758 " (i. e. N. pygmaeus), probably for reasons suggested by A. W. Gentry (1995). He did not designate a lectotype for T. indicus that was N. pygmaeus (for instance, Linnaeus' or one of Seba's specimens) and ignored the evidence that a tragulid was among the syntypes: the species can still be regarded as a tragulid. Gardner (1995: 79, 81) preferred to treat Tragulus Brisson as unavailable and to date Tragulus from Pallas (1767, fasc. 6, p. 6), but this would appear to be a nomen nudum, with Tragulus not distinguished from Moschus. It is also the only place where Pallas cited Tragulus pygmaeus (possibly a misidentification of N. pygmaeus as a tragulid), which contrary to A. Gentry (1994: 140) is not the single species included in the genus by which Tragulus Pallas was made available. Elsewhere, Pallas (1779, fasc. 13, p. 28) provided a diagnosis of Tragulus and in a footnote referred to T. ceylonensis, nomen nudum, and T. javensis, a name validated by a reference to Pallas' earlier description of a tragulid from Java (Pallas, 1777, fasc. 12, p. 18). Hopwood (1947: 534) considered Tragulus Brisson to be unavailable and by quoting selected text, denied that Pallas defined or formally adopted the genus Tragulus (he did not refer to the diagnosis in fasc. 13, p. 28). He therefore assigned Tragulus to Boddaert (1785: 131), who included in the genus T. moschus (= Moschus moschiferus), T. (= Moschiola) meminna, and T. pygmaeus. Hopwood (1947: 534) selected T. pygmaeus as the type and as this is Neotragus pygmaeus, Tragulus Boddaert would be referred to the Bovidae (A. Gentry, 1994: 141). But because Tragulus Boddaert is a replacement for Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 and thus an objective synonym, the type of the genus must be T. moschus (= Moschus moschiferus) according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 350). This would have to be set aside if T. meminna = Moschus meminna Erxleben, 1777 were to be treated as the type of Tragulus, should Tragulus Brisson or Tragulus Pallas be regarded as unavailable, and should this genus be therefore referred to Boddaert (Gardner, 1995: 81). Brisson (1762) was rejected for nomenclatural purposes (but only in 1998), so it might seem that Tragulus Pallas, 1779: 29 is now the first available designation of the genus; however, Tragulus Brisson, 1762 has been conserved (Opinion 1894, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998), with Cervus javanicus Osbeck, 1765 as type species. In the same Opinion, Tragulus Pallas, 1767 (though not Tragulus Pallas, 1779) and Tragulus Boddaert, 1785 were placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. It has long been assumed that Tragulus includes only two species, T. javanicus (T. kanchil in the older literature) and T. napu (mistakenly given the name T. javanicus in the older literature); see Van Bemmel (1949 b). A revision by Meijaard and Groves (2004) recognised six species in three species-groups: napu group (including T. napu and T. nigricans), versicolor group (monotypic) and javanicus group (including T. javanicus, T. kanchil, and T. williamsoni).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B053897F802C70C9A787E5FF6F371A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, W Java, Udjung Kulon Peninsula, " Nieu Bay " (Meeuwenbaai or Muara Tjikuja), Jankolan (Djungkulan) kampong; identified by Van Bemmel (1949 b) and Hoogerwerf (1970: 353).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B053897F802C70C9A787E5FF6F371A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia (Java).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B053897F802C70C9A787E5FF6F371A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B053897F802C70C9A787E5FF6F371A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Meijaard and Groves (2004) were not convinced that Cervus javanicus Osbeck, 1765 is a mouse-deer and preferred to date the name from Tragulus javanicus (Gmelin, 1788). Until their evidence is published, the older name is retained here. Tragulus javensis Pallas, 1779 is available and predates Moschus javanicus Gmelin, 1788. The two names are objective synonyms because they are both based on the description of a specimen by Pallas (1777, fasc. 12, p. 18), but javensis has not been noticed and is a nomen oblitum.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5737CFF5469202D4064D26204F5C2782.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sumatra "; identified as Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulu (Meijaard and Groves, 2004).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5737CFF5469202D4064D26204F5C2782.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. kanchil Raffles 1821 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. abruptus Chasen 1935 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. affinis Gray 1861 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. anambensis Chasen and Kloss 1928 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. angustiae Kloss 1918 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. brevipes Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. carimatae Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. everetti Bonhote 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. fulvicollis Lyon 1908 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. fulviventer Gray 1836 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. hosei Bonhote 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. insularis Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. klossi Chasen 1935 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. lampensis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. lancavensis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. longipes Lyon 1908 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. luteicollis Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. masae Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. mergatus Thomas 1923 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pallidus Miller 1901 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. penangensis Kloss 1918 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pidonis Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. pinius Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. ravulus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. ravus Miller 1902 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. rubeus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. russeus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. russulus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. siantanicus Chasen and Kloss 1928 Subspecies Tragulus kanchil subsp. subrufus Miller 1903	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5737CFF5469202D4064D26204F5C2782.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indochina, Burma (isthmus of Kra), Brunei, Cambodia, China (S Yunnan), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, and many small islands), Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya, Sarawak, and many small islands), Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5081427E777B164927BCB7D3C286C03E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sumatra "; identified as Indonesia, Sumatra, Bengkulu (Meijaard and Groves, 2004).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BAA41328B2E89586C5EBD6E11B71DA1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Sumatra "; restricted to the southern part of Sumatra by Sody (1931: 355).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BAA41328B2E89586C5EBD6E11B71DA1E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. napu F. Cuvier 1822 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. amoenus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. bancanus Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. banguei Chasen and Kloss 1931 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. batuanus Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. billitonus Lyon 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. bunguranensis Miller 1901 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. flavicollis Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. hendersoni Chasen 1940 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. lutescens Miller 1903 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. neubronneri Sody 1931 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. niasis Lyon 1916 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. nigricollis Miller 1902 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. nigrocinctus Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. parallelus Miller 1911 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. pretiellus Miller 1906 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. rufulus Miller 1900 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. sebucus Lyon 1911 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. stanleyanus Gray 1836 Subspecies Tragulus napu subsp. terutus Thomas and Wroughton 1909	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BAA41328B2E89586C5EBD6E11B71DA1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indochina, Burma (isthmus of Kra), Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, and many small islands), Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya, Sarawak, and many small islands), Singapore, and Thailand.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BAA41328B2E89586C5EBD6E11B71DA1E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as T. n. nigricans, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1AEAA091E107E1FDE80B1106D94CAF61.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Sumatra "; restricted to the southern part of Sumatra by Sody (1931: 355).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0E0E9684B5EE1A8E2174AD4483F5B83A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Balabac, Philippine Islands ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0E0E9684B5EE1A8E2174AD4483F5B83A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Balabac, Bugsuc, and Ramos Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8BE857B872183DAA12149DD9D28A790E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Vietnam, " Nhatrang, Annam ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8BE857B872183DAA12149DD9D28A790E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A53160967C14584303441521F018A8BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Me Song forest, Pre, North Siam " (N Thailand, Song forest, Muang Pre, Meh Lem, 18 ° 25 ' N, 100 ° 23 ' E, according to Meijaard and Groves, 2004).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A53160967C14584303441521F018A8BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Thailand.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A53160967C14584303441521F018A8BE.taxon	conservation	Conservation: Known only from the holotype.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E20ADB83B087803595A77C39213734DF.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 1 genus with 7 species: Genus Moschus Linnaeus 1758 (7 species with 11 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E20ADB83B087803595A77C39213734DF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A family separate from the Cervidae; see Flerov (1960), Webb and Taylor (1980), Groves and Grubb (1987), and Janis and Scott (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79D30551FF1CD3830BD13CD2399581DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " Changling region (31 ° 10 ' 42 '' N, 115 ° 53 ' 48 '' E, altitude 500 m), Jinzhai county, Anhui province ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79D30551FF1CD3830BD13CD2399581DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known only from Anhui Prov., China.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79D30551FF1CD3830BD13CD2399581DD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79D30551FF1CD3830BD13CD2399581DD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Originally described as a subspecies of M. moschiferus; included in M. berezovskii by Groves and Feng (1986); a valid species according to Su et al. (2001), inferred from mtDNA sequences to be the sister taxon of a group including M. chrysogaster, M. fuscus, M. leucogaster, and M. berezovskii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0287D2DE0AB2CB6B755FD2FAA190EE61.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Mountain défilé [sic] Ho-tzi-how, environs of town Lun-ngan-fu, Sze-chuan, China " (China, Sichuan, near Lungan, Ho-tsi-how Pass).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0287D2DE0AB2CB6B755FD2FAA190EE61.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. berezovskii Flerov 1928 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. bijiangensis Wang and Li 1993 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. caobangis Dao 1969 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. yanguiensis Wang and Ma 1993	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0287D2DE0AB2CB6B755FD2FAA190EE61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S and C China (Shaanxi to Yunnan, and S Tibet) and N Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0287D2DE0AB2CB6B755FD2FAA190EE61.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Endangered in Tibet and Yunnan (China); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0287D2DE0AB2CB6B755FD2FAA190EE61.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Wang et al (1993). A well-defined species sharply distinct from the parapatric or marginally sympatric M. chrysogaster; see Kao (1963), Groves (1976), and Grubb (1982 a), yet treated as a synonym of M. moschiferus sifanicus (= M. chrysogaster sifanicus) by Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4CDBF5769B15A8AB3C480E7FA9EAD985.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Mountain défilé [sic] Ho-tzi-how, environs of town Lun-ngan-fu, Sze-chuan, China " (China, Sichuan, near Lungan, Ho-tsi-how Pass).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4233493EF1F6FC05A2163ECA18B25B82.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions "; " lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet, especially towards the Chinese frontier, where the first and loveliest, or Chrysogaster, is almost exclusively found … I have specimens of all three species [chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus] from Lassa and Digurchee " (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6: 285). (China, Tibetan Plateau).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4233493EF1F6FC05A2163ECA18B25B82.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Moschus chrysogaster subsp. chrysogaster Hodgson 1839 Subspecies Moschus chrysogaster subsp. sifanicus Büchner 1891	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4233493EF1F6FC05A2163ECA18B25B82.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bhutan, S and C China (S Gansu, S Ningxia, Qinghai, W Sichuan, S Tibet, and N Yunnan), N India (Sikkim), and Nepal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4233493EF1F6FC05A2163ECA18B25B82.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I in Bhutan, India and Nepal; otherwise Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Endangered in Bhutan, China (Yunnan and Tibet), India and Nepal; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4233493EF1F6FC05A2163ECA18B25B82.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A well defined species; see Groves (1976) and Gao (1963), under the name sifanicus, which should be included in M. chrysogaster (see Grubb, 1982 a). However, " chrysogaster " of Cai and Feng (1981) is subspecifically or specifically distinct and available name for this taxon may be leucogaster Hodgson, 1839; see Grubb (1982 a).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
184BA49863254533B6683844FA4A1B8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions "; " lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet, especially towards the Chinese frontier, where the first and loveliest, or Chrysogaster, is almost exclusively found … I have specimens of all three species [chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus] from Lassa and Digurchee " (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6: 285). (China, Tibetan Plateau).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B78D20A8247E91AA28623DD072C7A491.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India or Pakistan, " Kashmir (no precise locality) ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B78D20A8247E91AA28623DD072C7A491.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Himalayas of India and Pakistan in Kashmir, and N Afghanistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B78D20A8247E91AA28623DD072C7A491.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B78D20A8247E91AA28623DD072C7A491.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Originally described as a subspecies of chrysogaster; very similar to leucogaster; Groves et al. (1995) suggested that cupreus might be a separate species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B2EB7B5BC543F11A06F079E7386AE08C.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B2EB7B5BC543F11A06F079E7386AE08C.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 7 species with 11 subspecies: Species Moschus anhuiensis Wang, Hu, and Yan 1982 Species Moschus berezovskii Flerov 1928 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. berezovskii Flerov 1928 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. bijiangensis Wang and Li 1993 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. caobangis Dao 1969 Subspecies Moschus berezovskii subsp. yanguiensis Wang and Ma 1993 Species Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson 1839 Subspecies Moschus chrysogaster subsp. chrysogaster Hodgson 1839 Subspecies Moschus chrysogaster subsp. sifanicus Büchner 1891 Species Moschus cupreus Grubb 1982 Species Moschus fuscus Li 1981 Species Moschus leucogaster Hodgson 1839 Species Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. moschiferus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. arcticus Flerov 1929 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. parvipes Hollister 1911 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. sachalinensis Flerov 1929 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. turowi Zalkin 1945	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B2EB7B5BC543F11A06F079E7386AE08C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Species limits in Himalayas are still uncertain; see Cai and Feng (1981), Groves (1976, 1980 a), Groves et al. (1995), Groves and Grubb (1987), and Grubb (1982 a). Su et al. (1999) recognised the following phylogeny from study of cytochrome b genes: (moschiferus) (( berezovskii) (chrysogaster, fuscus, leucogaster )), confirming affinity of at least some alpine taxa. Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1996, 1997) recognised only one species in the genus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59E1D8275D36574B35B667D13D1457E6.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 9 genera with 22 species: Genus Alces Gray 1821 (2 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Blastocerus Wagner 1844 (1 species) Genus Capreolus Gray 1821 (2 species with 8 subspecies) Genus Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 (2 species) Genus Mazama Rafinesque 1817 (9 species with 26 subspecies) Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 (2 species with 48 subspecies) Genus Ozotoceros Ameghino 1891 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Pudu Gray 1850 (2 species) Genus Rangifer C. H. Smith 1827 (1 species with 14 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59E1D8275D36574B35B667D13D1457E6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For use of Capreolinae, see Lister et al. (1998). The widely used term Neocervinae Carette, 1922 includes Odocoileini and Rangiferini and as it is not based on any genus is an unavailable name. Tribe Alcini is now to be spelt Alceini, approved by Opinion 1081 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1977 c). Allocation of genera to tribes is as follows: Alceini (Alces), Capreolini (Capreolus), Odocoileini (Blastocerus, Mazama, Odocoileus, Ozotoceros), Odocoileini or Rangiferini (Hippocamelus, Pudu), Rangiferini (Rangifer). Webb (2000) transferred Hippocamelus and Pudu to Rangiferini.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
63386AC831077B5DA165B2070B09E7B8.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 19 genera with 51 species in 3 subfamilies: Subfamily Capreolinae Brookes 1828 Genus Alces Gray 1821 (2 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Blastocerus Wagner 1844 (1 species) Genus Capreolus Gray 1821 (2 species with 8 subspecies) Genus Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 (2 species) Genus Mazama Rafinesque 1817 (9 species with 26 subspecies) Genus Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 (2 species with 48 subspecies) Genus Ozotoceros Ameghino 1891 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Pudu Gray 1850 (2 species) Genus Rangifer C. H. Smith 1827 (1 species with 14 subspecies) Subfamily Cervinae Goldfuss 1820 Genus Axis C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Cervus Linnaeus 1758 (2 species with 34 subspecies) Genus Dama Frisch 1775 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Elaphodus Milne-Edwards 1872 (1 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Elaphurus Milne-Edwards 1866 (1 species) Genus Muntiacus Rafinesque 1815 (11 species with 14 subspecies) Genus Przewalskium Flerov 1930 (1 species) Genus Rucervus Hodgson 1838 (3 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Rusa C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 18 subspecies) Subfamily Hydropotinae Trouessart 1898 Genus Hydropotes Swinhoe 1870 (1 species with 2 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
63386AC831077B5DA165B2070B09E7B8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Whitehead (1972) and Groves and Grubb (1987). For introduced populations, see Lever (1985). For revision of the whole family, see Geist (1998). The following names have not been identified: Cervus anomalus Kerr, 1792; C. minutus Kerr, 1792; C. paludosus Kerr, 1792; C. squinaton Kerr, 1792.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
12E16CA8A206146BFB352B43A08A708B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " Bapo, Gongshan-Xian, Yunnan. Altitude 3,500 m ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
12E16CA8A206146BFB352B43A08A708B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma, China (NW Yunnan and SE Tibet), India (Assam), and Nepal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
12E16CA8A206146BFB352B43A08A708B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I in Bhutan, Burma, India, and Nepal; otherwise Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
12E16CA8A206146BFB352B43A08A708B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Moschus saturatus Hodgson, 1839 may be a prior name for this species. Gao (1985) treated fuscus as a subspecies of chrysogaster.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5993F130789111CF1F7A22A8D7E18DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Cis and Trans Hemelayan regions "; " lofty mountains of the interior of Tibet ... On the Tibetan slopes of the Himanchal, Saturatus chiefly resides ... I have specimens of all three species [chrysogaster, leucogaster, saturatus] from Lassa and Digurchee, whilst my garden is seldom deprived of the ornament of several live families of the Saturatus of the Kachar [Alpine life-zone] " (Hodgson, 1842, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6: 285) (Nepal, Himalayas).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5993F130789111CF1F7A22A8D7E18DDC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Himalayas of Bhutan, N India (incl. Sikkim), and Nepal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5993F130789111CF1F7A22A8D7E18DDC.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as M. chrysogaster leucogaster.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5993F130789111CF1F7A22A8D7E18DDC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Groves and Grubb (1987) and Groves et al. (1995) treated leucogaster as a separate species from M. chrysogaster, from which it differs in skull proportions; Grubb (1990) listed it as a Himalayan subspecies-group of M. chrysogaster.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA11F9900ED42214E42E2034966A2C55.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Tataria versus Chinam "; restricted to Russia, SW Siberia, Altai Mtns by Heptner et al. (1961).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA11F9900ED42214E42E2034966A2C55.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. moschiferus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. arcticus Flerov 1929 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. parvipes Hollister 1911 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. sachalinensis Flerov 1929 Subspecies Moschus moschiferus subsp. turowi Zalkin 1945	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA11F9900ED42214E42E2034966A2C55.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Forests of Russia (Sakhalin Isl and E Siberia), N China (N Sinkiang; Inner Mongolia to Shanxi), Korea, and N Mongolia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA11F9900ED42214E42E2034966A2C55.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA11F9900ED42214E42E2034966A2C55.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes sibiricus; see Corbet (1978 c: 198). Revised by Sokolov and Prikhod'ko (1996, 1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C33D94305C76152D6A3B8BDF0B07F56A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Tataria versus Chinam "; restricted to Russia, SW Siberia, Altai Mtns by Heptner et al. (1961).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39A7BFE104167A3B66C89564CFE2130F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in boroealibus Europae, Asiaeque Populetis "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39A7BFE104167A3B66C89564CFE2130F.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Alces alces subsp. alces Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Alces alces subsp. caucasicus Vereshchagin 1955	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39A7BFE104167A3B66C89564CFE2130F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Eurasia from Scandinavia, Poland, N Austria, and S Czech Republic (vagrant in Croatia, Hungary, and Romania), east to the Yenisei River (Siberia) and south to Ukraine, N Kazakhstan, N China (N Sinkiang), and possibly adjacent parts of Mongolia; extinct in Caucasus region since 19 th century.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39A7BFE104167A3B66C89564CFE2130F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39A7BFE104167A3B66C89564CFE2130F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Differs from A. americanus in karyotype, body dimensions and proportions, form of premaxilla, colouration, and structure and dimensions of antlers (Boyeskorov, 1999; Geist, 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5DB6DE81B3418F54C11DEB0B3BD67050.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in boroealibus Europae, Asiaeque Populetis "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
55C3526C36324C7DBEE3C9DDE28B6C96.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Country north of Whitestown ". USA, New York, probably in the western Adirondack region.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
55C3526C36324C7DBEE3C9DDE28B6C96.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Alces americanus subsp. americanus Clinton 1822 Subspecies Alces americanus subsp. cameloides Milne-Edwards 1867	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
55C3526C36324C7DBEE3C9DDE28B6C96.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Russia (E Siberia), east of the Yenisei River east to Anadyr region (E Siberia) and south to N Mongolia and N China (N of Inner Mongolia and Manchuria). N America in Canada and N USA (including Alaska); introduced to New Zealand where now extinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
55C3526C36324C7DBEE3C9DDE28B6C96.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as A. alces cameloides.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
55C3526C36324C7DBEE3C9DDE28B6C96.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies limits follow Geist (1998). Characters diagnosing species not fully confirmed for cameloides. Cervus americanus Clinton, 1822 is preoccupied by Cervus americanus Erxleben, 1777 (= Odocoileus virginianus), a name used in the literature that has not been declared to be unavailable. It is probably a nomen oblitum and the familiar name Alces americanus (Clinton, 1822) continues to be used here. Cervus coronatus Lesson, 1827 (= C. coronatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803), based on a single rack, is usually cited as a synonym of Alces alces but is reputedly from America. It is much too small to be a Moose (C. H. Smith, 1827), and is possibly an aberrant Rangifer tarandus, according to Blyth (1860).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8426E603FA98C13FF8E5758C98F3A1AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Country north of Whitestown ". USA, New York, probably in the western Adirondack region.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2B5DD16355FD9725EEA847F47FC2645.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus alces Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2B5DD16355FD9725EEA847F47FC2645.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 4 subspecies: Species Alces alces (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Alces alces subsp. alces Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Alces alces subsp. caucasicus Vereshchagin 1955 Species Alces americanus Clinton 1822 Subspecies Alces americanus subsp. americanus Clinton 1822 Subspecies Alces americanus subsp. cameloides Milne-Edwards 1867	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2B5DD16355FD9725EEA847F47FC2645.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Has been regarded as a monotypic genus by most recent workers but Boyeskorov (1999) treated the alces and americanus subspecies groups as species. They are said to be separated by the Yenisei River in Siberia. More information is required on the location and nature of the contact zone, particular in the upper Yenisei, Mongolia, and China. It has yet to be confirmed that both species occur or occurred in Mongolia and China. Genus revised by Peterson (1952); reviewed by Franzmann (1981, Mammalian Species, 154) and Geist (1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9C0BFA75FA35258AEE605FE46DDC413F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality given; based on the gouazoupoukou of Azara; restricted to Paraguay, Lake Ypoá, south of Asuncion (Cabrera, 1961: 329).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9C0BFA75FA35258AEE605FE46DDC413F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (S of Amazon River), Paraguay, E Peru, and Uruguay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9C0BFA75FA35258AEE605FE46DDC413F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered (Paraná Brazilian Basin subpopulation), Endangered (Delta del Paraná subpopulation), otherwise Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9C0BFA75FA35258AEE605FE46DDC413F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Pinder and Grosse (1991, Mammalian Species, 380).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
82D047BDAA691838AE0E7428935044E8.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus paludosus Desmarest 1822	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
82D047BDAA691838AE0E7428935044E8.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger 1815)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
82D047BDAA691838AE0E7428935044E8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Odocoileus by Haltenorth (1963: 44 - 45), but generically distinct (Groves and Grubb, 1987). Hershkovitz (1958) argued that first valid use of generic name was Gray, 1850 but Grubb (2000 a) provided evidence to support wide acceptance of Wagner, 1844 as author.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97B3C602FFB5482B5A6A2A42582F9E25.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa, Asia "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97B3C602FFB5482B5A6A2A42582F9E25.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. capreolus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. canus Miller 1910 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. caucasicus Dinnik 1910 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. italicus Festa 1925	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97B3C602FFB5482B5A6A2A42582F9E25.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Europe (excluding Corsica, Ireland, Sardinia, and Sicily) to W Russia and Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus region, NW Syria, N Iraq, N Iran; extinct in Lebanon and Israel; Protoneolithic record from Jordan (Jericho).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97B3C602FFB5482B5A6A2A42582F9E25.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97B3C602FFB5482B5A6A2A42582F9E25.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Sempéré et al. (1996, Mammalian Species, 538) and by Lister et al. (1998) whose identification of caucasicus as correct name for large-sized subspecies north of Caucasus Mtns is provisional. Treatment of italicus as a valid subspecies follows Lorenzini et al. (2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0350AD8EA8344EA89D4BB17102BE1A9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa, Asia "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AB7878A1858EBB6459DB3D814DEC27.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus capreolus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AB7878A1858EBB6459DB3D814DEC27.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 8 subspecies: Species Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. capreolus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. canus Miller 1910 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. caucasicus Dinnik 1910 Subspecies Capreolus capreolus subsp. italicus Festa 1925 Species Capreolus pygargus (Pallas 1771) Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. pygargus Pallas 1771 Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. bedfordi Thomas 1908 Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. mantschuricus (Noack 1889) Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. ochraceus Barclay 1935	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
05AB7878A1858EBB6459DB3D814DEC27.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Sokolov et al (1986 c).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BD7C46A25FF6F9B6332487D7E61DE9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " In campestribus et montanis fruticosis ultra Volgam "; identified as Russia, former Samar district or province (Orenburgskaia Obl.), source of River Sok (a left tributary of the Volga), Bugulma-Belebei uplands (Heptner et al. 1961; Rossolimo in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BD7C46A25FF6F9B6332487D7E61DE9AF.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. pygargus Pallas 1771 Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. bedfordi Thomas 1908 Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. mantschuricus (Noack 1889) Subspecies Capreolus pygargus subsp. ochraceus Barclay 1935	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BD7C46A25FF6F9B6332487D7E61DE9AF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Ural Mtns (Russia), N and E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and S Siberia (Russia) eastward to Pacific coast, south into N and C China (N Sinkiang and Inner Mongolia south to Sichuan), N Mongolia, and Korea; apparently formerly in E Ukraine and N Caucasus Mtns (Russia) but original natural distribution not well documented.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BD7C46A25FF6F9B6332487D7E61DE9AF.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BD7C46A25FF6F9B6332487D7E61DE9AF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Year of publication stated to be 1773 by Heptner et al. (1961) but no evidence provided and bibliographies cite 1771. Now regarded by most Russian authors as a species distinct from C. capreolus (Hewison and Danilkin, 2001; Sokolov et al., 1985; Sokolov and Gromov, 1990). Reviewed by Danilkin (1995, Mammalian Species, 512); revised by Sokolov et al. (1986 c). Cervus pygargus mantschuricus Noack, 1889 is not preoccupied by Cervus mantchuricus Swinhoe, 1864 (= Cervus nippon) as there is a one letter difference (Article 57.6, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Treatment of ochraceus as a valid subspecies follows Koh and Randi (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A732CE3C183281BE568AB89AA5C8B336.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " In campestribus et montanis fruticosis ultra Volgam "; identified as Russia, former Samar district or province (Orenburgskaia Obl.), source of River Sok (a left tributary of the Volga), Bugulma-Belebei uplands (Heptner et al. 1961; Rossolimo in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A0CFB5DFDB2E372CDBDAAFDF980EF83A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " du versant oriental des Cordillieres "; Bolivian Andes, near La Paz, at about 3,500 m (Cabrera, 1961: 333).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A0CFB5DFDB2E372CDBDAAFDF980EF83A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Andes of NW Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A0CFB5DFDB2E372CDBDAAFDF980EF83A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8FDAD28485827B1283DC4658C5B3F417.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Chile, " delle Andi [Andes] "; restricted to Colchagua Prov. (Cabrera, 1961: 334).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8FDAD28485827B1283DC4658C5B3F417.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Andes of S Chile and S Argentina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8FDAD28485827B1283DC4658C5B3F417.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2334D54116972D990A7B5DF63805CC0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Hippocamelus dubius Leuckart 1816	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2334D54116972D990A7B5DF63805CC0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species: Species Hippocamelus antisensis d'Orbigny 1834 Species Hippocamelus bisulcus (Molina 1782)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E2334D54116972D990A7B5DF63805CC0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Odocoileus by Haltenorth (1963: 44, 46). Sister genus of Rangifer according to Webb (1992).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4106EEFD357B10A43D619FA0C7070DC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Guiania et Brazilia " and also cited from Surinam; restricted to French Guiana, Cayenne (Cabrera, 1961: 335).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4106EEFD357B10A43D619FA0C7070DC1.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. americana Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. carrikeri Hershkovitz 1959 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. gualea J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. jucunda Thomas 1913 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. rosii Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. rufa Illiger 1815 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. sarae Thomas 1925 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. sheila Thomas 1913 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. trinitatis J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. whitelyi Gray 1873 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. zamora J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. zetta Thomas 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4106EEFD357B10A43D619FA0C7070DC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4106EEFD357B10A43D619FA0C7070DC1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4106EEFD357B10A43D619FA0C7070DC1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Mazama americana tumatumari J. A. Allen, 1915 is a composite based on a skull of Odocoileus virginianus (the lectotype) and a skin of Mazama americana; see Tate (1939).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A9678932DD6366F50A653ED2CCC3B92B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Guiania et Brazilia " and also cited from Surinam; restricted to French Guiana, Cayenne (Cabrera, 1961: 335).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A3D63815C4CF2D62142976560F6BA869.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Mazama pita Rafinesque 1817	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A3D63815C4CF2D62142976560F6BA869.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 9 species with 26 subspecies: Species Mazama americana (Erxleben 1777) Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. americana Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. carrikeri Hershkovitz 1959 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. gualea J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. jucunda Thomas 1913 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. rosii Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. rufa Illiger 1815 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. sarae Thomas 1925 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. sheila Thomas 1913 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. trinitatis J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. whitelyi Gray 1873 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. zamora J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama americana subsp. zetta Thomas 1913 Species Mazama bororo Duarte 1996 Species Mazama bricenii Thomas 1908 Species Mazama chunyi Hershkovitz 1959 Species Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer 1814) Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. gouazoubira G. Fischer 1814 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. cita Osgood 1912 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. medemi Barriga-Bonilla 1966 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. mexianae Hagmann 1908 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. murelia J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. nemorivaga F. Cuvier 1817 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. permira Kellogg 1946 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. sanctaemartae J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. rondoni Miranda Ribeiro 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. superciliaris Gray 1852 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. tschudii Wagner 1855 Species Mazama nana Hensel 1872 Species Mazama pandora Merriam 1901 Species Mazama rufina Pucheran 1851 Species Mazama temama (Kerr 1792) Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. temama Kerr 1792 Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. cerasina Hollister 1914 Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. reperticia Goldman 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A3D63815C4CF2D62142976560F6BA869.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Czernay (1987). The genus includes brown brockets (gouazoubira, pandora), red brockets (americana, temama), and small brockets (bororo, bricenii, chunyi, nana, rufina); it has not been established that brown or small brockets are monophyletic groups.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FE00DA2D19FC58B89B0120D2259427.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Esta espécie, aparentemente, se distribui nos poucos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica existentes no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo e nordeste do Estado do Paraná "; type from Brazil, São Paulo, Capão Benito (J. M. Barbanti Duarte, in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FE00DA2D19FC58B89B0120D2259427.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Brazil (Atlantic Forest from SE São Paulo State to NE Paraná State).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FE00DA2D19FC58B89B0120D2259427.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FE00DA2D19FC58B89B0120D2259427.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Stated to have not yet been formally described (Wemmer, 1998) but Duarte's (1996) description made the name available. Revised by Duarte and Jorge (2003). The name bororo Mirando Ribeiro, 1919, which is a nomen nudum, may refer to this species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
355EE7461EE27F599EA60437EA59F67F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Paramo de la Culata, Merida, Venezuela ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
355EE7461EE27F599EA60437EA59F67F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Venezuela.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
355EE7461EE27F599EA60437EA59F67F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A species distinct from M. rufina according to Czernay (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83C47A1D5751F38BF90F2D68145A39B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Cocopunco, a site on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Real on the road to Mapiri, La Paz, Bolivia; altitude, about 3200 meters ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83C47A1D5751F38BF90F2D68145A39B2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bolivian Andes, S Peru.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83C47A1D5751F38BF90F2D68145A39B2.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83C47A1D5751F38BF90F2D68145A39B2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Prior to 1959 this species was confused with Pudu mephistophiles; see Hershkovitz (1959 c). Regarded as a subspecies of M. bricenii by Anderson (1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A059EE2DBC52B886F0F492BCE8FED12.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Paraqu. " (Paraguay); restricted to Asuncion region (Cabrera, 1961: 339).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A059EE2DBC52B886F0F492BCE8FED12.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. gouazoubira G. Fischer 1814 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. cita Osgood 1912 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. medemi Barriga-Bonilla 1966 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. mexianae Hagmann 1908 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. murelia J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. nemorivaga F. Cuvier 1817 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. permira Kellogg 1946 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. sanctaemartae J. A. Allen 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. rondoni Miranda Ribeiro 1915 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. superciliaris Gray 1852 Subspecies Mazama gouazoubira subsp. tschudii Wagner 1855	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A059EE2DBC52B886F0F492BCE8FED12.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama (San Jose Isl), Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, and Venezuela.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A059EE2DBC52B886F0F492BCE8FED12.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A059EE2DBC52B886F0F492BCE8FED12.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Although the specific name is based on the gouazoubira of Azara, the original spelling was " gouazoupira " not " gouazoubira ". The latter has been conserved as the correct original spelling (Opinion 1985; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2001 b). Cabrera (1961) and Czernay (1987) included rondoni in superciliaris; Duarte (1996) and Duarte and Merino (1997) listed it as a separate species, based on an anomalous karyotype; Pinder and Leeuwenberg (1997) listed it as a subspecies, and provisionally also listed namby as valid.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3D46314D2B8943A447A6C7D87BCF3BD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Paraqu. " (Paraguay); restricted to Asuncion region (Cabrera, 1961: 339).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
500B8BE8484C1BF150F5BAFEE89A248D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Brazil, " Río Grande do Sul ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
500B8BE8484C1BF150F5BAFEE89A248D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Argentina, SE Brazil, and E Paraguay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
500B8BE8484C1BF150F5BAFEE89A248D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
500B8BE8484C1BF150F5BAFEE89A248D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Hensel misidentified this species as Cervus rufinus Pucheran, but regarded Cervus nanus Lund as a synonym. The latter name becomes valid from Hensel's description, as Mazama nana (Hensel, 1872). The name is preooccupied by Cervus † nanus Kaup, 1839, possibly a junior synonym of † Euprox dicranocerus (Kaup, 1833), and probably a nomen oblitum. A species distinct from M. rufina according to Czernay (1987). " Bororo " has been used as a vernacular name for M. nana by Czernay (1987) but needs to be qualified in view of the recently described M. bororo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3FEBC98500E6638A67CAF5AA14357E2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Mexico, " Tunkas, Yucatan ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3FEBC98500E6638A67CAF5AA14357E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Campeche and Yucatán, Mexico.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3FEBC98500E6638A67CAF5AA14357E2.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient (DSG recommended).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3FEBC98500E6638A67CAF5AA14357E2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Restored to species status by Medellin et al. (1998 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7723B785206E2413CCDC2DA81B9AFF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Ecuador, " la vallée de Lloa, sur le versant occidental de la Cordillière du Pichincha " (Pichincha, Pichincha Mtns, Lloa valley).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7723B785206E2413CCDC2DA81B9AFF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Ecuador and S Columbia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7723B785206E2413CCDC2DA81B9AFF0.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7723B785206E2413CCDC2DA81B9AFF0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Bourcier and Pucheran were cited as the authors in the original publication, but Pucheran provided the description and is the sole author; Bourcier collected the syntypes.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A86C5A4B2EB45C6AA8F1E806CCB55BF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but reference made to " Hernand. hist. nat. mexic. p. 325 ". Restricted by Hershkovitz (1951) to Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A86C5A4B2EB45C6AA8F1E806CCB55BF7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. temama Kerr 1792 Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. cerasina Hollister 1914 Subspecies Mazama temama subsp. reperticia Goldman 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A86C5A4B2EB45C6AA8F1E806CCB55BF7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Belize, W Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (SE from S Tamaulipas), Nicaragua, and Panama.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A86C5A4B2EB45C6AA8F1E806CCB55BF7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Guatemala) as M. americana cerasina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A86C5A4B2EB45C6AA8F1E806CCB55BF7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Raised to species status by Geist (1998), following suggestions by Groves and Grubb (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A3E17CA74D21A6D6D84702ED417D5EE5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but reference made to " Hernand. hist. nat. mexic. p. 325 ". Restricted by Hershkovitz (1951) to Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F591155B5BA0298F4109519A6025DB14.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, South Dakota, mouth of Big Sioux River (Bailey, 1926: 41).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F591155B5BA0298F4109519A6025DB14.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. hemionus Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. californicus Caton 1876 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. cerrosensis Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. columbianus Richardson 1829 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. eremicus Mearns 1897 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. fuliginatus Cowan 1933 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. inyoensis Cowan 1933 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. peninsulae Lydekker 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. sheldoni Goldman 1939 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. sitkensis Merriam 1898	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F591155B5BA0298F4109519A6025DB14.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Canada, Mexico (Baja California and Sonora to N Tamaulipas), W USA east to Minnesota, and Alaskan Panhandle. Introduced to Kauai (Hawaiian Isls) and Argentina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F591155B5BA0298F4109519A6025DB14.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as O. h. cedrocensis [sic; = cerrosensis]; IUCN – Endangered as O. h. cerrosensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F591155B5BA0298F4109519A6025DB14.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Cowan (1936); reviewed by Anderson and Wallmo (1984, Mammalian Species, 219) and Geist (1998). The species can be partitioned into the columbianus division or Black-tailed Deer (including also sitkensis) and the nominate hemionus division or Mule Deer sensu stricto (including also californicus, cerrosensis, eremicus, fuliginatus, inyoensis, peninsulae, and sheldoni). Dorcelaphus crooki Mearns, 1897 is based on a hybrid between O. virginianus and O. hemionus (Heffelfinger, 2000).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
715816E100326EE61D7FBEC2A5AE73B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, South Dakota, mouth of Big Sioux River (Bailey, 1926: 41).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D7254387025DCB456996CB0A1314ADED.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Odocoileus speleus Rafinesque 1832	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D7254387025DCB456996CB0A1314ADED.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 48 subspecies: Species Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque 1817) Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. hemionus Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. californicus Caton 1876 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. cerrosensis Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. columbianus Richardson 1829 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. eremicus Mearns 1897 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. fuliginatus Cowan 1933 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. inyoensis Cowan 1933 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. peninsulae Lydekker 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. sheldoni Goldman 1939 Subspecies Odocoileus hemionus subsp. sitkensis Merriam 1898 Species Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann 1780) Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. virginianus Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. acapulcensis Caton 1877 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. borealis Miller 1900 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. cariacou Boddaert 1784 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. carminis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. chiriquensis J. A. Allen 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. clavium Barbour and G. M. Allen 1922 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. couesi Coues and Yarrow 1875 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. curassavicus Hummelinck 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. dacotensis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. goudotii Gay and Gervais 1846 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. gymnotis Wiegmann 1833 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. hiltonensis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. leucurus Douglas 1829 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. macrourus Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mcilhennyi F. W. Miller 1928 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. margaritae Osgood 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mexicanus Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nelsoni Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nemoralis C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nigribarbis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. oaxacensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ochrourus V. Bailey 1932 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. osceola Bangs 1896 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. peruvianus Gray 1874 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. rothschildi Thomas 1902 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. seminolus Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. sinaloae J. A. Allen 1903 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. taurinsulae Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. texanus Mearns 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. thomasi Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. toltecus Saussure 1860 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. tropicalis Cabrera 1918 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ustus Trouessart 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. venatorius Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. yucatanensis Hays 1872	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D7254387025DCB456996CB0A1314ADED.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Hall (1981: 1087) employed Dama Zimmermann, 1780, of which Dama virginiana (= Odocoileus virginianus) is the type, for this genus, but Dama Frisch, 1775, with Cervus dama (= Dama dama) as type has priority and thus preoccupies Dama Zimmermann, 1780 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1960).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79AD95D03348BB98706ACF708CC9BF0C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Bewohnt in grossen Heerden Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter "; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948 c: 43) to USA, Virginia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79AD95D03348BB98706ACF708CC9BF0C.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. virginianus Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. acapulcensis Caton 1877 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. borealis Miller 1900 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. cariacou Boddaert 1784 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. carminis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. chiriquensis J. A. Allen 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. clavium Barbour and G. M. Allen 1922 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. couesi Coues and Yarrow 1875 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. curassavicus Hummelinck 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. dacotensis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. goudotii Gay and Gervais 1846 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. gymnotis Wiegmann 1833 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. hiltonensis Goldman and Kellog 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. leucurus Douglas 1829 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. macrourus Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mcilhennyi F. W. Miller 1928 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. margaritae Osgood 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. mexicanus Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. miquihuanensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nelsoni Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nemoralis C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. nigribarbis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. oaxacensis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ochrourus V. Bailey 1932 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. osceola Bangs 1896 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. peruvianus Gray 1874 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. rothschildi Thomas 1902 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. seminolus Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. sinaloae J. A. Allen 1903 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. taurinsulae Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. texanus Mearns 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. thomasi Merriam 1898 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. toltecus Saussure 1860 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. tropicalis Cabrera 1918 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. ustus Trouessart 1910 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. venatorius Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. veraecrucis Goldman and Kellogg 1940 Subspecies Odocoileus virginianus subsp. yucatanensis Hays 1872	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79AD95D03348BB98706ACF708CC9BF0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Canada extending N of 60 ° N in the North West Territory and in the Yukon, USA (absent from California to W Colorado), and all nations of Central America; South America in Bolivia, N Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela. Introduced to Czech Republic, Finland, New Zealand, and West Indies, possibly surviving on Cuba, Curacao, St. Croix, and St. Thomas Isls.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79AD95D03348BB98706ACF708CC9BF0C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Guatemala) as O. v. mayensis; U. S. ESA – Endangered as O. v. clavium, Endangered (but proposed delisting) as O. v. leucurus; IUCN – Endangered as O. v. clavium, Lower Risk (nt) as O. v. leucurus, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79AD95D03348BB98706ACF708CC9BF0C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Smith (1991, Mammalian Species, 388) and Geist (1998). The species includes two divisions (Groves and Grubb, 1987; Grubb, 1990), the cariacou division or Cariacu (including also acapulcensis, chiriquensis, curassavicus, goudotii, margaritae, mexicanus, miquihuanensis, nelsoni, nemoralis, oaxacensis, peruvianus, rothschildi, sinaloae, thomasi, toltecus, tropicalils, truei, ustus, veraecrucis, and yucatanensis) and the nominate virginianus division, the White-tailed Deer sensu stricto (including also borealis, carminus, clavium, couesi, dacotensis, hiltonensis, leucurus, macrourus, mcilhennyi, nigribarbis, ochrourus, osceola, seminolus, taurinsulae, texanus, and venatorius). Three taxa in Venezuela (goudotii, gymnotis, margaritae) regarded as species by Molina and Molinari (1999) but not by Moscarella et al. (2003).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
645B3EFA796DAFCD8702BB13EE5D55F6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Bewohnt in grossen Heerden Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter "; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948 c: 43) to USA, Virginia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A72F63B4C0BDF14012B7B0C38554A7F0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus bezoarticus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A72F63B4C0BDF14012B7B0C38554A7F0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 5 subspecies: Species Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. bezoarticus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. arerunguaensis González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado 2002 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. celer Cabrera 1943 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. leucogaster Goldfuss 1817 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. uruguayensis González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado 2002	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A72F63B4C0BDF14012B7B0C38554A7F0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Ozotoceros is the name to be used for Blastoceros Fitzinger, 1860, if Blastoceros is regarded as an invalid emendation of Blastocerus; see Hershkovitz (1958) and Grubb (2000). Included in Odocoileus by Haltenorth (1963: 46), Bianchini and Delupi (1979), and Ximenez et al. (1972), but a distinct genus (Groves and Grubb, 1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A629BCEA18D05E51EE1A2A5CFBC40FA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in America australis "; identified as Brazil, Pernambuco (Thomas, 1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A629BCEA18D05E51EE1A2A5CFBC40FA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. bezoarticus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. arerunguaensis González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado 2002 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. celer Cabrera 1943 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. leucogaster Goldfuss 1817 Subspecies Ozotoceros bezoarticus subsp. uruguayensis González, Álvares-Valin and Maldonado 2002	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A629BCEA18D05E51EE1A2A5CFBC40FA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Argentina, SE Bolivia, Brazil (S of Amazon), Paraguay, and Uruguay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A629BCEA18D05E51EE1A2A5CFBC40FA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as O. b. uruguayensis and O. b. arerunguaenis, Endangered as O. b. celer, Data Deficient as O. b. bezoarticus, Lower Risk (nt) as O. b. leucogaster.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A629BCEA18D05E51EE1A2A5CFBC40FA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Jackson (1987, Mammalian Species, 295). Widely known in the older literature as Blastocerus or Cariacus campestris (= Cervus campestris F. Cuvier, 1817), a name which is properly a junior synonym of Odocoilelus virginianus cariacou.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
587ABFE2408ECCCB851DFBA504072D57.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in America australis "; identified as Brazil, Pernambuco (Thomas, 1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4DE5E3D36917A5E6C3E174791045FADD.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra puda Molina 1782	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4DE5E3D36917A5E6C3E174791045FADD.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species: Species Pudu mephistophiles de Winton 1896 Species Pudu puda (Molina 1782)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4DE5E3D36917A5E6C3E174791045FADD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Mazama by Haltenorth (1963: 48); includes Pudella; revised by Hershkovitz (1982).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A32352CB5741AC6E3047155BA27F02DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Ecuador, Napo-Pastaza Prov., " Paramo of Papallacta … east of Quito, only just south of the Equator … about 11,000 feet [3353 m] above the sea ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A32352CB5741AC6E3047155BA27F02DC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A32352CB5741AC6E3047155BA27F02DC.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F135458957E7056A5B0453E92C7F6FAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Chile, " Cordigliera … delle Province Australi "; restricted to " los bosques del lago Todos los Santos, en la provincia de Chiloé " (Cabrera, 1961: 343).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F135458957E7056A5B0453E92C7F6FAD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Chile and SW Argentina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F135458957E7056A5B0453E92C7F6FAD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered as P. pudu; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F135458957E7056A5B0453E92C7F6FAD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For original spelling of specific name, see Hershkovitz (1982).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D5D3453E9795D9B656E864932AEFD5B9.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus tarandus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D5D3453E9795D9B656E864932AEFD5B9.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 14 subspecies: Species Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. tarandus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. buskensis Millais 1915 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. caboti G. M. Allen 1914 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. caribou Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. dawsoni Thompson-Seton 1900 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. fennicus Lönnberg 1909 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. groenlandicus Borowski 1780 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. osborni J. A. Allen 1902 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. pearsoni Lydekker 1903 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. pearyi J. A. Allen 1902 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. phylarchus Hollister 1912 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. platyrhynchus Vrolik 1829 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. sibiricus Murray 1866 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. terraenovae Bangs 1896	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D5D3453E9795D9B656E864932AEFD5B9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Banfield (1961), Geist (1998), and Markov et al. (1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1A875BE3781C31C55A6B584DFB2CE0B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Alpibus Europae et Asiae maxime septentrionalibus "; identified as Sweden, Alpine Lapland by Thomas (1911 a: 151); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1A875BE3781C31C55A6B584DFB2CE0B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. tarandus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. buskensis Millais 1915 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. caboti G. M. Allen 1914 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. caribou Gmelin 1788 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. dawsoni Thompson-Seton 1900 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. fennicus Lönnberg 1909 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. groenlandicus Borowski 1780 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. osborni J. A. Allen 1902 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. pearsoni Lydekker 1903 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. pearyi J. A. Allen 1902 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. phylarchus Hollister 1912 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. platyrhynchus Vrolik 1829 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. sibiricus Murray 1866 Subspecies Rangifer tarandus subsp. terraenovae Bangs 1896	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1A875BE3781C31C55A6B584DFB2CE0B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Circumboreal in tundra and taiga from Svalbard, Norway, Finland, Russia, Alaska (USA) and Canada including most arctic islands, and Greenland, south to N Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia; now only domesticated or feral?), Sakhalin Isl, and USA (N Idaho and Great Lakes region). Introduced to, and feral in, Iceland, Kerguelen Isls, South Georgia Isl, Pribilof Isls, St. Matthew Isl. Extinct in Sweden.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1A875BE3781C31C55A6B584DFB2CE0B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as R. t. caribou in Canada (SE British Columbia at the Canadian-USA border, Columbia River, Kootenay River, Kootenay Lake, and Kootenai River) and USA (Idaho, Washington); IUCN – Endangered as R. t. pearyi, otherwise Lower Risk (lc). The woodland caribou is highly endangered throughout its distribution right into Ontario (V. Geist, in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1A875BE3781C31C55A6B584DFB2CE0B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies have been placed in two divisions, compressicornis or Woodland Reindeer, and cylindricornis or Tundra Reindeer (Jacobi, 1931). These names of divisions are non-Linnean; cilindricornis Camerano, 1902 is a lapsus for cylindricornis and is not a Linnean name. An additional category has since been recognised for the Peary Caribou, due to marginal or seasonal sympatry between caribou in Arctic America, following Banfield (1963). Subspecies here considered valid are based on Banfield (1961), considerably modified by Geist (1998): caribou division or Woodland Caribou (includes also buskensis, valentinae, dawsoni, fennicus, and phylarchus); populations transitional between caribou and tarandus divisions (includes osborni); tarandus division, Barren-ground Caribou or Reindeer (includes also caboti, groenlandicus, pearsoni, sibiricus, and terraenovae); and platyrhynchus division (including pearyi or Peary Caribou and platyrhynchus or Svalbard Reindeer). The extinct insular dawsoni has been treated as a distinct species (Cowan and Guiguet, 1965) but does not differ from caribou or granti (= groenlandicus) in mtDNA sequences (Byun et al., 2002). Grouping the Svalbard Reindeer with the Peary Caribou is provisional (Groves and Grubb, 1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
20777B5023287DA992F94C5ECF87179C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Alpibus Europae et Asiae maxime septentrionalibus "; identified as Sweden, Alpine Lapland by Thomas (1911 a: 151); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9837FDE90979A83614EB50B2A75CEC02.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat ad ripas Gangis; in Iana, Ceylona "; restricted to India, Bihar, banks of the Ganges River (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 360).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9837FDE90979A83614EB50B2A75CEC02.taxon	distribution	Distribution: India (incl. Sikkim), Nepal, and Sri Lanka; introduced to Andaman Isls, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Croatia, Moldavia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Ukraine, Uruguay, and USA (Florida, Hawaiian Isls, and Texas).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9837FDE90979A83614EB50B2A75CEC02.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B0710D908CD6004E69EE12C8F6FEA20.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus axis Erxleben 1777	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B0710D908CD6004E69EE12C8F6FEA20.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 2 subspecies: Species Axis axis (Erxleben 1777) Species Axis calamianensis Heude 1888 Species Axis kuhlii Temminck 1836 Species Axis porcinus (Zimmermann 1780) Subspecies Axis porcinus subsp. porcinus Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Axis porcinus subsp. annamiticus Heude 1888	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B0710D908CD6004E69EE12C8F6FEA20.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a full genus, not a subgenus of Cervus, by Groves and Grubb (1987). Subgenus Axis contains axis only; subgenus Hyelaphus contains calamianensis, kuhlii and porcinus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD6CFB3211D7260807A670638C888902.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, " l'ile Calamian et l'isle de la Paragua [= Palawan Isl.] "; restricted to Calamian Isls, Culion Isl (Lydekker, 1915: 59).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD6CFB3211D7260807A670638C888902.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines, Calamian Isls (Busuanga, Calauit, Culion and some smaller Isls). Not recorded from Palawan and Heude did not have material from Palawan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD6CFB3211D7260807A670638C888902.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered as A. porcinus calamianensis; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD6CFB3211D7260807A670638C888902.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in A. porcinus by Haltenorth (1963), but treated as a full species by Groves and Grubb (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DB5CBA89472339C25E01FC18C4A5C1A4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " les îles Bavian " (= Bawean Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DB5CBA89472339C25E01FC18C4A5C1A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia, Bawean Isl. Specimen in Institute of Zoology, Beijing, labelled from Bangka Isl, off Sumatra, Indonesia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DB5CBA89472339C25E01FC18C4A5C1A4.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered as A. porcinus kuhli [sic]; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DB5CBA89472339C25E01FC18C4A5C1A4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The name of this deer is widely attributed to Müller, 1840 in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Zoogd. Indisch. Archipel., p. 45, but Corbet and Hill (1992) indicated the earlier publication. This species was further described by Müller and Schlegel, in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederland. Overz. Bezitt., Zool., Mammalia, p. 223 [1845], pl. 44 [1842]. Included in A. porcinus by Haltenorth (1963), but treated as a full species by Groves and Grubb (1987) and Geist (1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FDDB1A2F1171503B03C775B1D7FC36E5.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 9 genera with 28 species: Genus Axis C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Cervus Linnaeus 1758 (2 species with 34 subspecies) Genus Dama Frisch 1775 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Elaphodus Milne-Edwards 1872 (1 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Elaphurus Milne-Edwards 1866 (1 species) Genus Muntiacus Rafinesque 1815 (11 species with 14 subspecies) Genus Przewalskium Flerov 1930 (1 species) Genus Rucervus Hodgson 1838 (3 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Rusa C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 18 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FDDB1A2F1171503B03C775B1D7FC36E5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Cervini includes Axis, Cervus, Elaphurus, Przewalskium, Rucervus, and Rusa. Muntiacini includes Elaphodus and Muntiacus. Muntiacini generally has been regarded as a subfamily (Haltenorth, 1963) and has usually been attributed to Pocock, 1923, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1923: 207; treated as a full family by Groves and Grubb (1990); relegated to tribal status in Cervinae, by Groves and Grubb (1987) and Grubb (2000 b) supported by evidence in Kraus and Miyamoto (1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
204ADE1FFCF52C31C7D3696789D56A1B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality given, based on captive in Bengal; " Indo-Gangetic Plain of India " (Lydekker, 1915: 56); here restricted to India, West Bengal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
204ADE1FFCF52C31C7D3696789D56A1B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Axis porcinus subsp. porcinus Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Axis porcinus subsp. annamiticus Heude 1888	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
204ADE1FFCF52C31C7D3696789D56A1B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (Yunnan), N India, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (introduced?), and S Vietnam; introduced to S Australia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
204ADE1FFCF52C31C7D3696789D56A1B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Cervus porcinus annamiticus; U. S. ESA – Endangered as Axis porcinus annamiticus; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as A. p. porcinus, Data Deficient as A. p. annamiticus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
204ADE1FFCF52C31C7D3696789D56A1B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Cervus porcinus Zimmermann, 1777, is not an available name as it was published in an unavailable work (Spec. Zool. Geogr., p. 532): see Hemming (1950: 547).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
72F5C3A7B7BE83895BEF18063BA33F72.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality given, based on captive in Bengal; " Indo-Gangetic Plain of India " (Lydekker, 1915: 56); here restricted to India, West Bengal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa, Asia "; identified as S Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. elaphus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. alashanicus Bobrinskii and Flerov 1935 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. atlanticus Lönnberg 1906 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. barbarus Bennett 1833 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. brauneri Charlemagne 1920 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. canadensis Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. corsicanus Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. hanglu Wagner 1844 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. hispanicus Hilzheimer 1909 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. kansuensis Pocock 1912 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. macneilli Lydekker 1909 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. maral Gray 1850 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. nannodes Merriam 1905 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. pannoniensis Banwell 1997 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. songaricus Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. wallichii G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. xanthopygus Milne-Edwards 1867 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. yarkandensis Blanford 1892	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Africa in NE Algeria and Tunisia. All states of continental Europe east to S Norway, S Sweden, Ukraine and Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia); extinct in Albania, Moldavia, and Sicily; introduced but now extinct on Lampedusa Isl and islands off Sicily; in Corsica and Sardinia only since Neolithic; not in Finland; reintroduced into Belorussia, Estonia, Kaliningrad, Latvia, and Lithuania. Near and Middle East in Turkey, N Iran, and Iraq; extinct in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (extinct), Uzbekistan, N Afghanistan, N India (Kashmir Valley), N Pakistan (vagrant), east to Siberia, Mongolia, W and N China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Manchuria, Ninxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, and E Tibet including Qinghai), Korea, and Ussuri region (Russia). Canada and USA, where now restricted to western areas and reserves. Red Deer (elaphus division) introduced to Morocco, USA, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand; Elk or Wapiti (canadensis division) introduced to Ural Mtns and Volga Steppe (Russia), and New Zealand.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as C. e. hanglu; Appendix II as C. e. bactrianus; Appendix III (Tunisia) as C. e. barbarus. U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. e. bactrianus, C. e. barbarus, C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu, C. e. macneilli, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; IUCN – Endangered as C. e. yarkandensis, C. e. corsicanus and C. e. hanglu, Vulnerable as C. e. bactrianus, Lower Risk (nt) as C. e. barbarus, Data Deficient as C. e. affinis, C. e. alashanicus, C. e. macneilli, and C. e. wallichi, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: European and North American populations are known as Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti) respectively; neither is suited as the name for the whole species; " maral ", a Mongolian name widely used for Asiatic members of the species could be selected but is unlikely to be acceptable; for history and meaning of " maral ", see Oswald (2002). Reviewed by Dolan (1988) and Geist (1998). Following Geist (1998) in part, subspecies modified from Groves and Grubb (1987) who recognised divisions of the species including nominate elaphus division or Red Deer sensu stricto (including also atlanticus, barbarus, brauneri, corsicanus, hispanicus, maral, pannoniensis, and scoticus), possibly paraphyletic wallichii division (primitive Wapiti alashanicus and kansuensis, Hangul hanglu, McNeill's Deer macneilli, Shou wallichii, and Bactrian or Yarkand Deer yarkandensis), and canadensis division or Elk (including also nannodes, songaricus, and xanthopygus). The name pannoniensis has priority over other names for SE European Red Deer (Banwell, 1997, 1998, 2002) though Oswald (2002) and V. Geist (in litt.) regarded pannoniensis as a synonym of maral; too many subspecies are recognised in the elaphus division but a definitive synonymy is not yet available. Retention of nannodes follows Schonewald (1994). Advanced North American Elk belong to a clade including C. nippon, Rusa timorensis and R. unicolor, of which the sister group consists of European Red Deer according to study of the mtDNA control region (Randi et al., 2001), so C. elaphus appears to be polyphyletic (supported by Kuwayama and Ozawa, 2000 but not by Mahmut et al., 2002). The work of these authors and A. Lister and I. Van Piljen (in litt.) distinguished western and eastern lineages in the species, the western lineage including atlanticus, corsicanus, elaphus, hanglu, cf. hippelaphus, hispanicus, and yarkandensis and the eastern lineage alashanicus, cf. kansuensis, macneilli, cf. manitobensis, nannodes, cf. nelsoni, cf. roosevelti, cf. sibiricus, songaricus, wallichii, and xanthopygus: the wallichii division appears to be paraphyletic, with alashanicus, macneilli, and wallichii affined to canadensis, and hanglu, and yarkandensis associated with nominate elaphus. Groves (2003) ranked hanglu and wallichii (and canadensis) as species separate from C. elaphus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CA8B1CB992D979912ACDDA0DB7AFB97B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa, Asia "; identified as S Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 151).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5FAF3A2BB7B68938CC69A44AB23F917C.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5FAF3A2BB7B68938CC69A44AB23F917C.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 34 subspecies: Species Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. elaphus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. alashanicus Bobrinskii and Flerov 1935 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. atlanticus Lönnberg 1906 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. barbarus Bennett 1833 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. brauneri Charlemagne 1920 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. canadensis Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. corsicanus Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. hanglu Wagner 1844 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. hispanicus Hilzheimer 1909 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. kansuensis Pocock 1912 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. macneilli Lydekker 1909 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. maral Gray 1850 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. nannodes Merriam 1905 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. pannoniensis Banwell 1997 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. songaricus Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. wallichii G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. xanthopygus Milne-Edwards 1867 Subspecies Cervus elaphus subsp. yarkandensis Blanford 1892 Species Cervus nippon Temminck 1838 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. nippon Temminck 1838 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. aplodontus Heude 1884 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. grassianus Heude 1884 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. hortulorum Swinhoe 1864 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. keramae Kuroda 1924 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. kopschi Swinhoe 1873 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mageshimae Kuroda and Okada 1950 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mandarinus Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mantchuricus Swinhoe 1864 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pseudaxis Gervais 1841 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. sichuanicus Guo, Chen and Wang 1978 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. soloensis Heude 1888 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. taiouanus Blyth 1860 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yakushimae Kuroda and Okada 1950 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yesoensis Heude 1884	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5FAF3A2BB7B68938CC69A44AB23F917C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Formerly included Rusa, Rucervus, and Przewalskium as subgenera, see Groves and Grubb (1987). Van Gelder (1977 b) also included Elaphurus, Axis, Dama and Hyelaphus. Information from various sources suggests that Cervus sensu lato is polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Dendrograms derived from mitochondrial-DNA restriction-site maps suggest that Axis axis and Rucervus duvauceli form a sister-clade to Elaphurus davidianus, Rusa unicolor and Cervus elaphus (Cronin, 1991), whereas genetic distances obtained from protein analysis suggested that Axis axis, Dama species and Rusa species formed a sister clade to Elaphurus davidianus, C. elaphus, and C. nippon (Emerson and Tate, 1993). Phylogram of Randi et al. (2001) suggests Rucervus eldi and Elaphurus davidianus form a clade whose sister-group includes Rusa and Cervus species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B2F50271689AF3677F89C9104D491C4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Les îles du domaine du Japon "; restricted to Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki (Groves and Smeenk, 1978).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Les îles du domaine du Japon "; restricted to Japan, Kyushu, Nagasaki (Groves and Smeenk, 1978).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. nippon Temminck 1838 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. aplodontus Heude 1884 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. grassianus Heude 1884 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. hortulorum Swinhoe 1864 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. keramae Kuroda 1924 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. kopschi Swinhoe 1873 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mageshimae Kuroda and Okada 1950 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mandarinus Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. mantchuricus Swinhoe 1864 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pseudaxis Gervais 1841 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. sichuanicus Guo, Chen and Wang 1978 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. soloensis Heude 1888 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. taiouanus Blyth 1860 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yakushimae Kuroda and Okada 1950 Subspecies Cervus nippon subsp. yesoensis Heude 1884	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Manchuria south to Guangxi, and Sichuan to Anhui), Korea (incl. Cheju Isl), Japan (incl. Tsushima Isls), Russia (Soviet Far East), Taiwan (extinct but reintroduced), and Vietnam. Apparently wild populations now very localised in China. Presumably anciently introduced to Philippines (Solo Isl; still extant?). Introduced in 17 th century to Kerama Isls (Ryukyu Isls). Introduced in 19 th- 20 th centuries to British Isles, mainland Europe (Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Kaliningrad, Lithuania, Poland, W Russia, and Ukraine), New Zealand, USA, and small islands off Japan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. kopschi, C. n. mandarinus, and C. n. taiouanus; IUCN – Critically Endangered as C. n. grassianus, C. n. keramae, C. n. mandarinus, C. n. taiouanus, and C. n. pseudaxis, Endangered as C. n. sichuanicus and C. n. kopschi, Data Deficient as C. n. aplodontus, C. n. mantchuricus, C. n. pulchellus, and C. n. yesoensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B1B184C4AE591EF59338F8FC90C7AB5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Further described by Temminck in von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm. Japon, p. 54, pl. 17 [1844] as Cervus sika. Includes hortulorum, taiouanus and pulchellus, which were considered species by Imaizumi (1970 a). Includes soloensis, see Grubb and Groves (1983). Revised in part by Groves and Smeenk (1978) who included mageshimae and yakushimae in nominate nippon, and noted that aplodontus has priority over centralis. Reviewed by Feldhamer (1980, Mammalian Species, 128) and Banwell (1999). Native and introduced populations seriously threatened by genetic pollution; numerous populations are of uncertain provenance or have mixed ancestry; status of hortulorum is particularly uncertain.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1E9147872CA66E5752780D004A76780.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus dama Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1E9147872CA66E5752780D004A76780.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies: Species Dama dama (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Dama dama subsp. dama Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Dama dama subsp. mesopotamica Brooke 1875	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1E9147872CA66E5752780D004A76780.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Dama as generic name for the Fallow Deer was conserved by Opinion 581, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1960).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
670E93F6E34C906CBD2BC41F9E67F8F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa "; identified as " Habitat in vivariis Regis & Magnatum " by Thomas (1911 a: 151), in Sweden to which it had been introduced.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
670E93F6E34C906CBD2BC41F9E67F8F8.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Dama dama subsp. dama Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Dama dama subsp. mesopotamica Brooke 1875	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
670E93F6E34C906CBD2BC41F9E67F8F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Naturally wild populations of nominate form still present in S Turkey; introduced into nearly all countries of Europe (incl. Lithuania and Ukraine), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, as well as islands in Fijian group, Lesser Antilles, and off W Canadian Coast. For present distribution, see Chapman and Chapman (1980); for natural recent distribution see Uerpmann (1987). Subspecies mesopotamica formerly in Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, E Turkey, and possibly Syria; survives in W Iran.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
670E93F6E34C906CBD2BC41F9E67F8F8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as D. mesopotamica; U. S. ESA – Endangered as D. mesopotamica (= D. d. mesopotamica); IUCN – Endangered as D. dama mesopotamica, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
670E93F6E34C906CBD2BC41F9E67F8F8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Feldhamer et al. (1988, Mammalian Species, 317), who included mesopotamica in this species. Dama schaeferi Hilzheimer, 1926 was supposedly from Africa, but the name is now known to have been based on a specimen from Italy (Kock, 2000 b). The form mesopotamica has recently been regarded as a subspecies of D. † clactoniana (Falconer, 1868), treated as a separate species from D. dama by di Stefano (1996), based on the resemblance of its antlers to a fossil antler of † clactoniana from Edelsheim, Germany. Since characters of fossil antlers are open to varying interpretations, the evidence supporting this conclusion seems insufficient at present (A. Lister, in litt.); mesopotamica has also been regarded as a separate species from D. dama by Haltenorth (1959), Ferguson et al. (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Harrison and Bates (1991) but in Geist's (1998) revision has been restored to subspecies status.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
18F89CC0F9569C2BF6A9C63C219EA331.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Europa "; identified as " Habitat in vivariis Regis & Magnatum " by Thomas (1911 a: 151), in Sweden to which it had been introduced.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B465E70A4BDB1F696F4363C391E3C5FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Sichuan, " la principauté de Moupin " (= Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B465E70A4BDB1F696F4363C391E3C5FC.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. cephalophus Milne-Edwards 1872 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. fociensis Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. ichangensis Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. michianus Swinhoe 1874	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B465E70A4BDB1F696F4363C391E3C5FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma and S and C China (S Gansu to Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B465E70A4BDB1F696F4363C391E3C5FC.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B465E70A4BDB1F696F4363C391E3C5FC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Tibet-Oriental, p. 356, pl. 65 - 67 [1874].	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2583AB86F7C306448BD7856F13A11F66.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Sichuan, " la principauté de Moupin " (= Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF7D45282B6A513142812838E30384CA.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Elaphodus cephalophus Milne-Edwards 1872	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF7D45282B6A513142812838E30384CA.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 4 subspecies: Species Elaphodus cephalophus Milne-Edwards 1872 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. cephalophus Milne-Edwards 1872 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. fociensis Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. ichangensis Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Elaphodus cephalophus subsp. michianus Swinhoe 1874	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF7D45282B6A513142812838E30384CA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For year of publication, see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1953).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FD4EA2E8B2EE6CAC8EE9FFD97681B0.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " dans le parc impérial situé à quelque distance de Pékin [Beijing] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FD4EA2E8B2EE6CAC8EE9FFD97681B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly NE China; extinct in wild since 3 rd or 4 th Century; now reintroduced to its former range, near Beijing and near Shanghai.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FD4EA2E8B2EE6CAC8EE9FFD97681B0.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FD4EA2E8B2EE6CAC8EE9FFD97681B0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Elaphurus by Corbet (1978 c: 201); but see Van Gelder (1977 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
986B8843C582D4584EAE3074496A3AD6.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards 1866	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
986B8843C582D4584EAE3074496A3AD6.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards 1866	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C90E54B77F191BDCF0EC8D62C404561B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Malaysia, Borneo, " near forest camp 1, Cocoa Research Station, Tawau, Saba [= Sabah], 800 ft. [244 m] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C90E54B77F191BDCF0EC8D62C404561B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Borneo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C90E54B77F191BDCF0EC8D62C404561B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C90E54B77F191BDCF0EC8D62C404561B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Formerly included in M. muntjak, or in a separate species, M. pleiharicus; see Chasen (1940: 203); however pleiharicus is a synonym of muntjak; see Groves and Grubb (1982).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9ED3550C67A481B5F21607E8AA915266.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Vicinity of Ningpo, China " (= China, Zhejiang, near Ningpo).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9ED3550C67A481B5F21607E8AA915266.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E China (S Anhui, N Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang; not reliably recorded from Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9ED3550C67A481B5F21607E8AA915266.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9ED3550C67A481B5F21607E8AA915266.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in muntjak by Haltenorth (1963: 42). Former presumed occurrence from Yunnan and Guangdong to Jaingsu (China) (Shou, 1962: 454) may involve confusion with M. truongsongensis. Records from N Burma (Rabinowitz and Saw Tun Khaing, 1998; Rabinowitz et al., 1998) are probably based on M. gongshanensis. Differs radically from that species in karyotype (Yang et al., 1995, 1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1769D08E56234394B54718740DEEA34D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Burma, " Thagatà Juva, a S. E. del Monte Mooleyit [= Mt. Mulaiyit], Tenasserim ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1769D08E56234394B54718740DEEA34D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Peninsular Burma and Thailand; records from China are doubtful (SE Yunnan) or refer to M. gonghanensis (SE Tibet and W Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1769D08E56234394B54718740DEEA34D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered; IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1769D08E56234394B54718740DEEA34D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in muntjak by Haltenorth (1963: 42). For spelling of the species name feai, see Grubb (1977); but see Article 31.1.1. (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) for retention of original spelling feae.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11FBC017A2BA1A18A5D1E10D44B5C260.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " Mijiao (27 ° 35 ' N., 98 ° 47 ' E.), Puladi, Gongshan county, East slope of the northern sector of Gaoligong Mountain, north-western Yunnan ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11FBC017A2BA1A18A5D1E10D44B5C260.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma and China (SE Tibet and W Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11FBC017A2BA1A18A5D1E10D44B5C260.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11FBC017A2BA1A18A5D1E10D44B5C260.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Identified in the literature as M. reevesi (Bailey, 1914, 1915; Dollman, 1932), M. feae (Groves and Grubb, 1990; Zhang et al, 1984), or M. crinifirons (Amato et al., 1999; Rabinowitz and Saw Tun Khaing, 1998; Rabinowitz et al., 1998), from which it differs in the structure of the chromosomes (Yang et al., 1995).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D2AFA8FA5591A42B021FD00B707BBA9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Java ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D2AFA8FA5591A42B021FD00B707BBA9.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. muntjak Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. annamensis Kloss 1928 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. aureus C. H. Smith 1826 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. curvostylis Gray 1872 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. guangdongensis Li and Xu 1996 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. malabaricus Lydekker 1915 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. menglalis Wang and Groves 1988 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. montanus Robinson and Kloss 1918 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. nigripes G. M. Allen 1930 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. vaginalis Boddaert 1785 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. yunnanensis Ma and Wang 1988	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D2AFA8FA5591A42B021FD00B707BBA9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, S China (S Tibet and Yunnan to Guangdong), India, Laos, peninsular Malaya, Nepal, NE Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Sunda Isls (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Lombok, and many smaller Indonesian islands).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D2AFA8FA5591A42B021FD00B707BBA9.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D2AFA8FA5591A42B021FD00B707BBA9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes pleiharicus, listed as a distinct species by Chasen (1940: 203), and vaginalis. Haltenorth (1963: 40) included reevesi, feae, rooseveltorum and crinifrons. Distinctive differences in karyotype between single peninsular Malayan specimen (2 N = 8) and other mainland populations (2 n = 6 or 7) suggest possible division between Malesian and Continental semispecies (Groves and Grubb, 1987). Groves (2003) treated the Continental vaginalis (including subspecies aureus, malabaricus and others) as a species separate from muntjak.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
13237388A2579E58560A45C52CF89EF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Java ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
974E933D35E48FD3D47215995C93F6A7.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus muntjak Zimmermann 1780	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
974E933D35E48FD3D47215995C93F6A7.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 11 species with 14 subspecies: Species Muntiacus atherodes Groves and Grubb 1982 Species Muntiacus crinifrons Sclater 1885 Species Muntiacus feae Thomas and Doria 1889 Species Muntiacus gongshanensis Ma 1990 Species Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann 1780) Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. muntjak Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. annamensis Kloss 1928 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. aureus C. H. Smith 1826 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. curvostylis Gray 1872 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. guangdongensis Li and Xu 1996 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. malabaricus Lydekker 1915 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. menglalis Wang and Groves 1988 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. montanus Robinson and Kloss 1918 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. nigripes G. M. Allen 1930 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. vaginalis Boddaert 1785 Subspecies Muntiacus muntjak subsp. yunnanensis Ma and Wang 1988 Species Muntiacus puhoatensis Trai 1997 Species Muntiacus putaoensis Amato, Egan and Rabinowitz 1999 Species Muntiacus reevesi Ogilby 1838 Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. reevesi Ogilby 1838 Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. jiangkouensis Gu and Zu 1998 Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. micrurus Sclater 1875 Species Muntiacus rooseveltorum Osgood 1932 Species Muntiacus truongsonensis Giao, Tuoc, Eric, Dung et al. [sic; apparently Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander and Mackinnon] 1997 Species Muntiacus vuquangensis Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander and Mackinnon 1994	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
974E933D35E48FD3D47215995C93F6A7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Muntiacus Rafinesque is a nomen nudum, but was conserved by Opinion 460 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957 b). Revised by Groves and Grubb (1990). Six new species named from 1982 through 1999. Megamuntiacus treated as a synonym of Muntiacus by Amato et al. (2000), Giao et al. (1998), and Schaller and Vrba (1996). Studies of mtDNA sequences by Wang and Lan (2000) suggested the following phylogeny: (reevesi, vuquangensis) ((( feae) (gongshanensis, crinifrons )) (muntjac )), indicating Muntiacus would be paraphyletic if Megamuntiacus were regarded as valid.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
783C6ECBA95C241407F6331193C117DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Vietnam, " Puhoat area in Que Phong District, Nghe An Province ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
783C6ECBA95C241407F6331193C117DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known only from the type locality.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
783C6ECBA95C241407F6331193C117DE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Systematic status uncertain.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F2B605DB9883C8A0E33E3C2F33F6D0CA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " purchased … at Atanga village, 30 km east of Putao (27 ° 21 ' N, 97 ° 24 ' E), northern Myanmar [N Burma] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F2B605DB9883C8A0E33E3C2F33F6D0CA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F2B605DB9883C8A0E33E3C2F33F6D0CA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Names putaoensis and puhoatensis refer to localities in Burma and Vietnam respectively.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B3632D14F24D8AA1ABAF7A907CAF26B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " China "; " Near Canton, Kwantung [Guangdong], Southern China " (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 357).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B3632D14F24D8AA1ABAF7A907CAF26B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. reevesi Ogilby 1838 Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. jiangkouensis Gu and Zu 1998 Subspecies Muntiacus reevesi subsp. micrurus Sclater 1875	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B3632D14F24D8AA1ABAF7A907CAF26B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE China (S Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan; introduced to England (successfully) and France (no longer present).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B3632D14F24D8AA1ABAF7A907CAF26B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B3632D14F24D8AA1ABAF7A907CAF26B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in muntjak by Haltenorth (1963: 42); but see Corbet (1978 c: 199).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C1CEE12F29119D72CC39F28C59FD9D8F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " China "; " Near Canton, Kwantung [Guangdong], Southern China " (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 357).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4B272A1921EAF4324DF42FF5BBDF18F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Muong Yo, Laos. Altitude 2,300 feet [701 m]. ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4B272A1921EAF4324DF42FF5BBDF18F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from the type locality, ca. 31 ° 30 ' N, 102 ° 00 ' E. Recently recorded from the Annamite Mtns in N Laos at 19 ° 49 ' N, 103 ° 45 ' E and observed in captivity at Lak Sao, N Laos, 18 ° 20 ' N, 106 ° 00 ' E (Amato et al., 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4B272A1921EAF4324DF42FF5BBDF18F8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient as M. feae rooseveltorum.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4B272A1921EAF4324DF42FF5BBDF18F8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in M. feae by Groves and Grubb (1990) but now known to differ.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52EFBBB483E67CE489F6A8BC35A55D41.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Vietnam, " in the west of Quang Nam province "; " collected from four houses in three locations in Hien District, West Quang Nam Province, Vietnam … The three locations are: Hien, the District capital, A Tin village, and A Plo village (15 ° 56 ' 59 '' N, 107 ° 34 ' 18 '' E) " (Giao et al., 1998). The type locality is one of these three places.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52EFBBB483E67CE489F6A8BC35A55D41.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Upland forest in S Laos and C Vietnam; possibly S China (including SE Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52EFBBB483E67CE489F6A8BC35A55D41.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Not Evaluated, Data Deficient DSG recommended, as Truong Son muntjac.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52EFBBB483E67CE489F6A8BC35A55D41.taxon	discussion	Discussion: First described as Caninmuntiacus truongsonensis Giao, Tuoc, Eric [Wikramanayake], Dung et al., in Ha (1997). Later named as Muntiacus truongsonensis Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander and Mackinnon, 1998. These authors named a holotype, though technically it is probably a lectotype. The earlier publication satisfies the requirements for availability and the authorship appears to be correctly attributable to Giao et al. (Articles 9 and 10 and Article 50.1.1, respectively, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Known distribution discussed by Groves and Schaller (2000). A skin attributed to M. feae from SE Yunnan (Sokolov, 1957) may represent this species; presumed occurrence of M. crinifrons in Yunnan and Guangdong to Jaingsu (Shou, 1962: 454) may also refer to M. truongsonensis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
700C9E2DF234E9DBCBC9B85F3EC9289A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Vu Quang Nature Reserve in Ha tinh province of Vietnam ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
700C9E2DF234E9DBCBC9B85F3EC9289A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Upland forest in Laos and Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
700C9E2DF234E9DBCBC9B85F3EC9289A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Megamuntiacus vuquanghensis [sic]. Locally relatively abundant but its restriction to upland forests suggests it should be classified as Potentially At Risk (Duckworth et al. 1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
700C9E2DF234E9DBCBC9B85F3EC9289A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Distribution and status in Laos reviewed by Timmins et al (1998). Placed in genus Muntiacus by Amato et al. (2000), Giao et al (1998), and Schaller and Vrba (1996).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D3E13372D8828A59DDF890B49F05A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Gansu, 3 km above mouth of Kokusu River, Humboldt Mtns, Nan Shan (Flerov, 1960).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D3E13372D8828A59DDF890B49F05A2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan, E Tibet including Qinghai, and N Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D3E13372D8828A59DDF890B49F05A2.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as C. albirostris.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
38441214430F61808D9CD4BC3C785495.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus albirostris Przewalski 1883	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
38441214430F61808D9CD4BC3C785495.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Przewalskium albirostris (Przewalski 1883)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
070ED5A44FBD8C8ECD0DD2EE38323340.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " des Indes "; restricted to N India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun by Groves (1982 b: 624).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
070ED5A44FBD8C8ECD0DD2EE38323340.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. duvaucelii G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. branderi Pocock 1943 Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. ranjitsinhi Groves 1982	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
070ED5A44FBD8C8ECD0DD2EE38323340.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N and C India, SW Nepal; extinct in Pakistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
070ED5A44FBD8C8ECD0DD2EE38323340.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Cervus duvaucelii; U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. duvauceli [sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as Cervus duvauceli ranjitsinhi, Endangered as C. d. branderi, Vulnerable as C. d. duvauceli.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
070ED5A44FBD8C8ECD0DD2EE38323340.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1982 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C100523662E574BBB9B333989249F033.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " des Indes "; restricted to N India, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun by Groves (1982 b: 624).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FB6AD9E1A9795F517CC85B1FF9CE8CB0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus elaphoides Hodgson 1835	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FB6AD9E1A9795F517CC85B1FF9CE8CB0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 6 subspecies: Species Rucervus duvaucelii (G. Cuvier 1823) Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. duvaucelii G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. branderi Pocock 1943 Subspecies Rucervus duvaucelii subsp. ranjitsinhi Groves 1982 Species Rucervus eldii M'Clelland 1842 Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. eldii M'Clelland 1842 Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. siamensis Lydekker 1915 Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. thamin Thomas 1918 Species Rucervus schomburgki Blyth 1863	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6D046A31AD5CA1C55623439318A14BD1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, Assam, " the valley of Munipore " (Manipur).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6D046A31AD5CA1C55623439318A14BD1.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. eldii M'Clelland 1842 Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. siamensis Lydekker 1915 Subspecies Rucervus eldii subsp. thamin Thomas 1918	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6D046A31AD5CA1C55623439318A14BD1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Burma, Cambodia, China (Hainan Isl), N India (Manipur), Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; now much reduced in numbers in several of these countries.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6D046A31AD5CA1C55623439318A14BD1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Cervus eldii; U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. eldi [sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as Cervus eldii eldii, Lower Risk (nt) as C. e. thamin, Data Deficient as C. e. siamensis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6D046A31AD5CA1C55623439318A14BD1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Phylogeography studies support the recognition of three subspecies (Balakrishnan et al., 2003).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7F4321E2867758732003A840F1188E9D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, Assam, " the valley of Munipore " (Manipur).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14982AD16A80E510D775B9C8DC91AF6A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " probably inhabiting Siam [Thailand] "; occurrence in central plains of Thailand since confirmed.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14982AD16A80E510D775B9C8DC91AF6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Thailand (extinct), China (Yunnan), and possibly in N Laos.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14982AD16A80E510D775B9C8DC91AF6A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct (but see below).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
14982AD16A80E510D775B9C8DC91AF6A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in duvaucelii by Haltenorth (1963: 58) and Groves (1982 b); but treated as a full species by Lekagul and McNeely (1977). Last Thailand specimen killed in 1932 (Harper, 1945); one record from Sanda Valley, Yunnan (Bentham, 1908; Sclater, 1891); present status in Yunnan unknown; recently observed antlers suggest another population may survive in N Laos (Schroering, 1995, and in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
979A760676F9E00A5A57BC608776E20A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " transmitted … from Singapore … Hab. Malayan peninsula, or adjoining islands (?) "; " Philippines, the type specimen having been received from Manila " (Lydekker, 1915: 63).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
979A760676F9E00A5A57BC608776E20A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Panay and Negros Isls; formerly also Guimaras and possibly Siquijor but almost certainly not Bohol, Cebu or any other Isls according to W. Oliver, in litt.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
979A760676F9E00A5A57BC608776E20A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered as Cervus alfredi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
979A760676F9E00A5A57BC608776E20A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in R. marianna by Haltenorth (1963). Revised by Grubb and Groves (1983), where treated as a full species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B3467FA7C7F286ECE4E76B628D35DA1.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus unicolor Kerr 1792	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B3467FA7C7F286ECE4E76B628D35DA1.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 18 subspecies: Species Rusa alfredi Sclater 1870 Species Rusa marianna (Desmarest 1822) Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. marianna Desmarest 1822 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. barandana Heude 1888 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. nigella Hollister 1913 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. nigricans Brooke 1876 Species Rusa timorensis (de Blainville 1822) Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. timorensis de Blainville 1822 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. djonga Van Bemmel 1949 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. floresiensis Heude 1896 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. macassaricus Heude 1896 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. moluccensis Quoy and Gaimard 1830 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. renschi Sody 1932 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. russa Müller and Schlegel 1845 Species Rusa unicolor (Kerr 1792) Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. unicolor Kerr 1792 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. brookei Hose 1893 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. cambojensis Gray 1861 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. dejeani de Pousargues 1896 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. equina G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. hainana Xu 1983 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. swinhoii Sclater 1862	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B3467FA7C7F286ECE4E76B628D35DA1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Assumption that this is a monophyletic group has been challenged by Randi et al. (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B95E8975C51CA4B8648B0F62971D340.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Les îles Mariannes " (Mariana Isls, Guam); introduced.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B95E8975C51CA4B8648B0F62971D340.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. marianna Desmarest 1822 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. barandana Heude 1888 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. nigella Hollister 1913 Subspecies Rusa marianna subsp. nigricans Brooke 1876	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B95E8975C51CA4B8648B0F62971D340.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines (Basilan, Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon, Polillo, and Samar Isls, and possibly Bohol and other small Isls); introduced to Mariana, Caroline and Ogasawara (= Bonin) Isls (W Pacific Ocean).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B95E8975C51CA4B8648B0F62971D340.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Data Deficient as Cervus mariannus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B95E8975C51CA4B8648B0F62971D340.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a separate species from C. unicolor by Haltenorth (1963), and by Grubb and Groves (1983), who revised this taxon. Brought to Ogasawara Isls in late 18 th to early 19 th centuries by Spanish ships; extinct there by about 1925; reintroduced from Guam after World War II but do not now survive (Miura and Yoshihara, 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85BB5434BCFD9CDF9F38E9F86C6D1E53.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Les îles Mariannes " (Mariana Isls, Guam); introduced.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C1204A25C1F5E5FB9A265AEB1BF0AB7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, " Timor " Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C1204A25C1F5E5FB9A265AEB1BF0AB7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. timorensis de Blainville 1822 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. djonga Van Bemmel 1949 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. floresiensis Heude 1896 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. macassaricus Heude 1896 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. moluccensis Quoy and Gaimard 1830 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. renschi Sody 1932 Subspecies Rusa timorensis subsp. russa Müller and Schlegel 1845	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C1204A25C1F5E5FB9A265AEB1BF0AB7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia, Sunda Isls; autochthonous on Bali, and Java; probably introduced in antiquity to Lesser Sunda Isls, Molucca Isls (including Buru and Seram), Sulawesi, and Timor; since 17 th century, introduced to Borneo (Kalimantan; now extinct?), New Guinea, New Britain, Aru Isls, Mauritius, Comoro Isls, Madagascar (extinct?), Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and small islands in Indonesia and off the coast of Australia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C1204A25C1F5E5FB9A265AEB1BF0AB7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C1204A25C1F5E5FB9A265AEB1BF0AB7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Van Bemmel (1949 a). Includes tavistocki; see Grubb and Groves (1983).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C446FBF82C6B16A8BF71F47331DA6153.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Isls, " Timor " Isl.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
230F4A34C26F45DEC36E2B4B9826FF78.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Inhabits the dry hilly forests of Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes and Java "; restricted to Ceylon (Sri Lanka; Lydekker, 1915: 73).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
230F4A34C26F45DEC36E2B4B9826FF78.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. unicolor Kerr 1792 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. brookei Hose 1893 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. cambojensis Gray 1861 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. dejeani de Pousargues 1896 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. equina G. Cuvier 1823 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. hainana Xu 1983 Subspecies Rusa unicolor subsp. swinhoii Sclater 1862	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
230F4A34C26F45DEC36E2B4B9826FF78.taxon	distribution	Distribution: India and Sri Lanka east to S China (E Tibet and Sichuan to Yunnan; Hainan Isl) and Taiwan; south to Peninsular Malaysia, Sunda Isles (Sumatra, Borneo, Siberut, Sipora, and Pagi and Nias Isls); introduced to Australia and New Zealand.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
230F4A34C26F45DEC36E2B4B9826FF78.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
230F4A34C26F45DEC36E2B4B9826FF78.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies from Groves and Grubb (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BFBA84947552C78697BABBA9C41BD28E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Inhabits the dry hilly forests of Ceylon, Borneo, Celebes and Java "; restricted to Ceylon (Sri Lanka; Lydekker, 1915: 73).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1E9DDC3BAF009A7D0F67CB82CEAF3CA4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, " On the plains and the highlands of the Missouri [River] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1E9DDC3BAF009A7D0F67CB82CEAF3CA4.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. americana Ord 1815 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. mexicana Merriam 1901 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. oregona V. Bailey 1932 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. peninsularis Nelson 1912 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. sonoriensis Goldman 1945	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1E9DDC3BAF009A7D0F67CB82CEAF3CA4.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Alberta and S Saskatchewan (Canada) south through W USA to Hidalgo, Baja California, W Sonora (Mexico). Introduced to Lanai Isl (Hawaiian Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1E9DDC3BAF009A7D0F67CB82CEAF3CA4.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I (Mexican populations); U. S. ESA – Endangered as A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis; IUCN – Critically Endangered as A. a. peninsularis, Endangered as A. a. sonoriensis, Lower Risk (cd) as A. a. mexicana, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1E9DDC3BAF009A7D0F67CB82CEAF3CA4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by O'Gara (1978, Mammalian Species, 90).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9E18464B263E743FC92AE63C3CC919D1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, " On the plains and the highlands of the Missouri [River] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A092AE6E0422DC71C3A2CA5709CEBCA.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope americana Ord 1815	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A092AE6E0422DC71C3A2CA5709CEBCA.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 5 subspecies: Species Antilocapra americana (Ord 1815) Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. americana Ord 1815 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. mexicana Merriam 1901 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. oregona V. Bailey 1932 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. peninsularis Nelson 1912 Subspecies Antilocapra americana subsp. sonoriensis Goldman 1945	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3A092AE6E0422DC71C3A2CA5709CEBCA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Bovidae by O'Gara and Matson (1975); but restored to separate family status by Janis and Scott (1987) and Soulounias (1988).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
040C8678BA7D072567EEB7CC06F24514.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 1 genus with 1 species: Genus Antilocapra Ord 1818 (1 species with 5 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E8417856AA54FA102A86420B5D9B9C9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Syntypes purchased in Shanghai market, but based on the place where Swinhoe saw the species in the wild, type locality restricted to China, Kiangsu, Chingkiang, Yangtze River, Deer Isl (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 354).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0D723DE6D3C433E0B288AA934CBF653E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Syntypes purchased in Shanghai market, but based on the place where Swinhoe saw the species in the wild, type locality restricted to China, Kiangsu, Chingkiang, Yangtze River, Deer Isl (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 354).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0D723DE6D3C433E0B288AA934CBF653E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hydropotes inermis subsp. inermis Swinhoe 1870 Subspecies Hydropotes inermis subsp. argyropus Heude 1884	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0D723DE6D3C433E0B288AA934CBF653E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (formerly from Liaoning to Guangxi including the lower Yangtze Basin) and Korea; introduced in England and France.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0D723DE6D3C433E0B288AA934CBF653E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as H. i. inermis, Data Deficient as H. i. argyropus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0D723DE6D3C433E0B288AA934CBF653E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Original description usually given as Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870: 89 [publ. June, 1870], but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that publication in the Athenaeum was earlier (19 Feb. 1870).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E218874BB14597968BFA6D373522CDEB.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe 1870	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E218874BB14597968BFA6D373522CDEB.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies: Species Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe 1870 Subspecies Hydropotes inermis subsp. inermis Swinhoe 1870 Subspecies Hydropotes inermis subsp. argyropus Heude 1884	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E218874BB14597968BFA6D373522CDEB.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Original description usually given as Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870: 90 [publ. June, 1870], but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that publication in The Athenaeum was earlier (19 Feb. 1870).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D5122CDB5B0D685325E121DBB3248EFC.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 1 genus with 1 species: Genus Hydropotes Swinhoe 1870 (1 species with 2 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D5122CDB5B0D685325E121DBB3248EFC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Affinities controversial; from cladistic analysis of skeletal characters, distanced from all other Cervidae by Gentry and Hooker (1988), making Cervidae paraphyletic if included; so perhaps to be placed in a different family; alternatively nested within Odocoileinae (= Capreolinae), close to Capreolus, by Randi et al. (1998), using mtDNA studies, and inferred to have lost antlers secondarily.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
43ABF19FA9292DBE32A297913C8DA5DD.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervus camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
43ABF19FA9292DBE32A297913C8DA5DD.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 6 subspecies: Species Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. reticulata De Winton 1899 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. rothschildi Lydekker 1903 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. thornicrofti Lydekker 1911 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. tippelskirchi Matschie 1898 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. giraffa von Schreber 1784	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
43ABF19FA9292DBE32A297913C8DA5DD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Brisson (1762) is rejected for nomenclatural purposes (and see Hopwood, 1947) but Giraffa Brisson, 1762 has been conserved (Opinion 1894, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F83149B2B73797E36A21F46BF77640E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Æthiopia et Sennar "; identified as Egypt, in captivity at Cairo (Thomas, 1911 a: 150); restricted to Sudan, Sennar, by Harper (1940: 322).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F83149B2B73797E36A21F46BF77640E9.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. reticulata De Winton 1899 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. rothschildi Lydekker 1903 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. thornicrofti Lydekker 1911 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. tippelskirchi Matschie 1898 Subspecies Giraffa camelopardalis subsp. giraffa von Schreber 1784	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F83149B2B73797E36A21F46BF77640E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Disjunct; W and C Africa in Burkina Faso (vagrant), N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea (extinct), W and S Ethiopia, Gambia (extinct), Kenya, Mali (extinct), SE Mauritania (extinct), Niger, Nigeria (extinct, now a vagrant), Senegal (extinct), S Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda; no reliable records from Ghana, Guinea, and Togo; may have occurred in Benin; introduced into Rwanda; S Africa in S Angola (extinct?), Botswana, Mozambique (extinct), Namibia, South Africa (originally mostly N of Orange River), Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Zambia (SW and Luangwa Valley), and Zimbabwe. Distribution now much restricted; in W Africa still present in Niger, and N Cameroon but extinct in Mali according to Ciofolo and Le Pendu (2002), apparently very recently; in southern Africa, now naturally distributed no farther south than N Namibia, Botswana and NE South Africa (E Limpopo and E Mpumalanga Provs.). Introduced beyond its former range in South Africa, including KwaZulu-Natal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F83149B2B73797E36A21F46BF77640E9.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F83149B2B73797E36A21F46BF77640E9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecific synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 13). Reviewed by Dagg (1971, Mammalian Species, 5). Cotterill (2003 a) listed thornicrofti as a species. The names reticulata Weinland, 1863 and australis Rhoads, 1896 have been suppressed, while reticulata De Winton, 1899 has been conserved (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1971 a, 1979 b), even though australis is probably a junior synonym of giraffa, not a senior synonym of reticulata De Winton.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8062BEF406318F8D402C70071224EDAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Æthiopia et Sennar "; identified as Egypt, in captivity at Cairo (Thomas, 1911 a: 150); restricted to Sudan, Sennar, by Harper (1940: 322).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
15B4D8B9DFF2BD6366DF4337BA89B48A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53FCFF5810FF0216672E3D3E3AFE16D1.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 2 genera with 2 species: Genus Giraffa Brisson 1762 (1 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Okapia Lankester 1901 (1 species)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53FCFF5810FF0216672E3D3E3AFE16D1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Placement of this family follows Janis and Scott (1987). According to McKenna and Bell (1997) there are two subfamilies, Giraffinae and the wholly extinct Sivatheriinae. Giraffini includes Giraffa; Palaeotragini includes Okapia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
99B39CA0D24123611DD72B3D1923F123.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Dem. Rep. Congo, " in sylvis fluvio Semliki adjacentibus " (= Semliki Forest, Mundala).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
99B39CA0D24123611DD72B3D1923F123.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N and E Dem. Rep. Congo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
99B39CA0D24123611DD72B3D1923F123.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
95A588EAF449FDFB3284757A2498375D.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Equus johnstoni P. L. Sclater 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
95A588EAF449FDFB3284757A2498375D.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Okapia johnstoni P. L. Sclater 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B573E81A807DCBC8A5415E6466E6DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Koossi-Thale ", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Khosis (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B573E81A807DCBC8A5415E6466E6DD.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. melampus Lichtenstein 1812 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. johnstoni Thomas 1893 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. katangae Lönnberg 1914 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. petersi Bocage 1879 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. rendilis Lönnberg 1912 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. suara Matschie 1892	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B573E81A807DCBC8A5415E6466E6DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Angola, N and E Botswana, Burundi (extinct?), Dem. Rep. Congo (SE Shaba Prov.), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, N Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa (North-West, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga Provs. and KwaZulu-Natal; formerly in N Northern Cape Prov.), Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda (marginally in NE and SW), Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B573E81A807DCBC8A5415E6466E6DD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as A. m. petersi; IUCN – Vulnerable as A. m. petersi, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31B573E81A807DCBC8A5415E6466E6DD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy and inclusion of petersi follows Ansell (1972: 57). Nersting and Arctander (2001) found petersi haplotypes to be strongly isolated from haplotypyes of populations in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe and N Botswana. Cotterill (2003 a) considered petersi to be an evolutionary species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DD721EF46AC70C942DA58F047AA62ECB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Koossi-Thale ", now identified as South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., Khosis (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
339A59898A6B3369D26604A442653DB9.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope melampus Lichtenstein 1812	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
339A59898A6B3369D26604A442653DB9.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 6 subspecies: Species Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein 1812) Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. melampus Lichtenstein 1812 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. johnstoni Thomas 1893 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. katangae Lönnberg 1914 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. petersi Bocage 1879 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. rendilis Lönnberg 1912 Subspecies Aepyceros melampus subsp. suara Matschie 1892	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6306BCF8E1B40631FF6596EEB81E7A5.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 1 genus with 1 species: Genus Aepyceros Sundevall 1845 (1 species with 6 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
08DE888749E08A725FECE09A55168BA5.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 4 genera with 10 species: Genus Alcelaphus de Blainville 1816 (3 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Beatragus Heller 1912 (1 species) Genus Connochaetes Lichtenstein 1812 (2 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Damaliscus Sclater and Thomas 1894 (4 species with 5 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
08DE888749E08A725FECE09A55168BA5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Living genera assigned to two subtribes by Vrba (1997), Alcelaphini (including Alcelaphus, Beatragus, and Connochaetes) and Damaliscini (includes only Damaliscus), but retention of flehmen behavior, lost in Alcelaphus and Damaliscus (Estes, 1999), and karyology suggests Beatragus is sister group of Alcelaphus plus Damaliscus (Kumamoto et al., 1996; Robinson et al., 1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A774185EF7438330F2D66A43D73BAD5A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but the name is based on " Le bubale " of Buffon, " en Barbarie & dans toutes les parties septentrionales de l'Afrique ", and on other sources. Restricted to Barbary by designation of the " Vache de Barbarie " of Perrault as the lectotype (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929: 575). Further restricted to Morocco (Lydekker, 1914 a: 5).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A774185EF7438330F2D66A43D73BAD5A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. buselaphus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. cokii Günther 1884 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. lelwel Heuglin 1877 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. major Blyth 1869 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. swaynei P. L. Sclater 1892 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. tora Gray 1873	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A774185EF7438330F2D66A43D73BAD5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In N Africa, now extinct but within historic times occurred in N Algeria, Libya (marginally), N Morocco, and Tunisia. In West and Equatorial Africa in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia (outside highlands), Gambia (extinct or vagrant), Ghana, E Guinea Bissau, Guinea, S Kenya, S Mali, Niger (marginal in SW), Nigeria, Senegal, NW Somalia (extinct), S Sudan, N Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. No authentic records from Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A774185EF7438330F2D66A43D73BAD5A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as A. b. swaynei and A. b. tora; IUCN – Extinct as A. b. buselaphus, Endangered as A. b. swaynei and A. b. tora, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A774185EF7438330F2D66A43D73BAD5A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: More than one taxon is included among the syntypes of Antilope buselaphus Pallas, 1766, hence the designation of a lectotype was necessary. Six species recognised by earlier authors (buselaphus, cokii, lelwel, major, swaynei, tora) were all assigned to A. buselaphus once hybridization between some of them was recognised (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929); caama later included (Ellerman et al., 1953: 202); lichtensteinii has also been included (Haltenorth, 1963: 102; Kingdon, 1997: 429) but not by most workers. The species can be partitioned into nominate buselaphus division (including also major), lelwel division, and tora division (including also cokii and swaynei) on the basis of skull morphology, but cytochrome b and D-loop sequence data (Flagstad et al., 2000) suggest a close affinity between lelwel and tora divisions. Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 53).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9D388C487EC902FAA40A21CBA0A0BD74.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but the name is based on " Le bubale " of Buffon, " en Barbarie & dans toutes les parties septentrionales de l'Afrique ", and on other sources. Restricted to Barbary by designation of the " Vache de Barbarie " of Perrault as the lectotype (Ruxton and Schwarz, 1929: 575). Further restricted to Morocco (Lydekker, 1914 a: 5).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5A420F4BAB1A8D9767EFE533C4D1AFBF.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope bubalis Pallas 1767	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5A420F4BAB1A8D9767EFE533C4D1AFBF.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 6 subspecies: Species Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. buselaphus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. cokii Günther 1884 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. lelwel Heuglin 1877 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. major Blyth 1869 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. swaynei P. L. Sclater 1892 Subspecies Alcelaphus buselaphus subsp. tora Gray 1873 Species Alcelaphus caama (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803) Species Alcelaphus lichtensteinii Peters 1849	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5A420F4BAB1A8D9767EFE533C4D1AFBF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Van Gelder (1977 b) included Damaliscus in this genus, but has not been followed by recent authors; see Swanepoel et al. (1980: 187). Phylogeographic studies (Arctander et al., 1999; Flagstad et al., 2001) suggest a tree of the following form: (A. lichtensteinii, A. caama) (( A. buselaphus buselaphus, A. b. major) (A. b. tora, A. b. swaynei, A. b. cokii, A. b. lelwel )).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2ACB950A3692B3423A73BC75C3D0E0E7.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 50 genera with 143 species in 8 subfamilies: Subfamily Aepycerotinae Gray 1872 Genus Aepyceros Sundevall 1845 (1 species with 6 subspecies) Subfamily Alcelaphinae Brooke 1876 Genus Alcelaphus de Blainville 1816 (3 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Beatragus Heller 1912 (1 species) Genus Connochaetes Lichtenstein 1812 (2 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Damaliscus Sclater and Thomas 1894 (4 species with 5 subspecies) Subfamily Antilopinae Gray 1821 Genus Ammodorcas Thomas 1891 (1 species) Genus Antidorcas Sundevall 1845 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Antilope Pallas 1766 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Dorcatragus Noack 1894 (1 species) Genus Eudorcas Fitzinger 1869 (3 species with 7 subspecies) Genus Gazella de Blainville 1816 (10 species with 26 subspecies) Genus Litocranius Kohl 1886 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Madoqua Ogilby 1836 (4 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Nanger Lataste 1885 (3 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Neotragus C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Oreotragus A. Smith 1834 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Ourebia Laurillard 1842 (1 species with 8 subspecies) Genus Procapra Hodgson 1846 (3 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Raphicerus C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Saiga Gray 1843 (2 species with 2 subspecies) Subfamily Bovinae Gray 1821 Genus Bison H. Smith 1827 (2 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Bos Linnaeus 1758 (5 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Boselaphus de Blainville 1816 (1 species) Genus Bubalus C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Pseudoryx Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander and MacKinnon 1993 (1 species) Genus Syncerus Hodgson 1847 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Taurotragus Wagner 1855 (2 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Tetracerus Leach 1825 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Tragelaphus de Blainville 1816 (7 species with 18 subspecies) Subfamily Caprinae Gray 1821 Genus Ammotragus Blyth 1840 (1 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Budorcas Hodgson 1850 (1 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Capra Linnaeus 1758 (8 species with 12 subspecies) Genus Capricornis Ogilby 1836 (6 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Hemitragus Hodgson 1841 (3 species) Genus Naemorhedus C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Oreamnos Rafinesque 1817 (1 species) Genus Ovibos de Blainville 1816 (1 species) Genus Ovis Linnaeus 1758 (5 species with 30 subspecies) Genus Pantholops Hodgson 1834 (1 species) Genus Pseudois Hodgson 1846 (2 species) Genus Rupicapra de Blainville 1816 (2 species with 7 subspecies) Subfamily Cephalophinae Gray 1871 Genus Cephalophus C. H. Smith 1827 (15 species with 21 subspecies) Genus Philantomba Blyth 1840 (2 species with 14 subspecies) Genus Sylvicapra Ogilby 1836 (1 species with 13 subspecies) Subfamily Hippotraginae Sundevall 1845 Genus Addax Laurillard 1841 (1 species) Genus Hippotragus Sundevall 1845 (3 species with 10 subspecies) Genus Oryx de Blainville 1816 (4 species with 2 subspecies) Subfamily Reduncinae Knottnerus-Meyer 1907 Genus Kobus A. Smith 1840 (5 species with 27 subspecies) Genus Pelea Gray 1850 (1 species) Genus Redunca C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 10 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2ACB950A3692B3423A73BC75C3D0E0E7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Distribution and status of introduced populations reviewed by Lever (1985). Distribution and status of African species reviewed by East (1988, 1989, 1990) and East et al. (1999). Systematics of African species reviewed by Ansell (1972) and Gentry (1972). Family-group names reviewed by Grubb (2001 b). Evidence is accumulating that all Bovidae other than Bovinae constitute a monophyletic clade (Hassanin and Douzery, 1999 a; Kingdon, 1982; Vrba and Schaller, 2000). Within this section of Bovidae some conventional subfamilies are probably paraphyletic if not polyphyletic and until monophyletic clades are defined and downgraded into tribes, Aepycerotinae, Alcelaphinae, Antilopinae, Caprinae, Cephalophinae, Hippotraginae, and Reduncinae are retained here as subfamilies. The synonymy of the following names remains undecided: Ixalus Ogilby, 1836, Adenota mengesi Neumann, 1900, Antilope mazama C. H. Smith, 1821, Antilope koba Erxleben, 1777, Antilope temamazama C. H. Smith, 1821, Ixalus probaton Ogilby, 1836. Cervus guineensis Linnaeus, 1758 is possibly a bovid if correctly reported from Guinea (= West Africa).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4401F17F121B7CDBEB065D3E76ADB020.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Le cap de Bonne Esperance "; since restricted to syntype locality South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Steynsburg (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4401F17F121B7CDBEB065D3E76ADB020.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Angola, Botswana, Lesotho (extinct), Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (introduced), and W Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4401F17F121B7CDBEB065D3E76ADB020.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as A. buselaphus caama.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4401F17F121B7CDBEB065D3E76ADB020.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Authorship and date of publication validated by Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002 b). Alcelaphus buselaphus would be paraphyletic if A. caama were included, as the latter is the sister-species of A. lichtensteinii (Arctander et al., 1999; Flagstad et al., 2000).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB143B45A22C46B3EC43D6FFA7B06175.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No type locality indicated; since identified as Mozambique, Tette.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB143B45A22C46B3EC43D6FFA7B06175.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Angola, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal and doubtfully Limpopo Prov.; extinct but reintroduced), Swaziland (extinct), Tanzania, Zambia, SE Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB143B45A22C46B3EC43D6FFA7B06175.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB143B45A22C46B3EC43D6FFA7B06175.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Alcelaphus buselaphus by Haltenorth (1963: 102) and Kingdon (1997: 429), but regarded as a distinct species by other authors and placed in a separate genus, Sigmoceros by Vrba (1979). Included in Alcelaphus by Gentry (1990).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6CAF6AA5FEFD013EDED96091DBD4BDBA.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cobus hunteri P. L. Sclater 1889	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6CAF6AA5FEFD013EDED96091DBD4BDBA.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Beatragus hunteri (P. L. Sclater 1889)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6CAF6AA5FEFD013EDED96091DBD4BDBA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Placed in Alcelaphus by Van Gelder (1977 b: 18); but see also Vrba (1979) and Gentry (1990).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F11A4DF5FEA1CBEEE7F7CE0BCEFC6457.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Kenya, " Africam orientalem, in ripis fl. Tana " (E bank of Tana River).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F11A4DF5FEA1CBEEE7F7CE0BCEFC6457.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Kenya, S Somalia. Introduced into Tsavo National Park, Kenya.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F11A4DF5FEA1CBEEE7F7CE0BCEFC6457.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Critically Endangered as Damaliscus hunteri.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F11A4DF5FEA1CBEEE7F7CE0BCEFC6457.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Damaliscus lunatus by Haltenorth (1963: 100). Formerly in Beatragus; see Ansell (1972: 54); retained in Beatragus by Gentry and Gentry (1978) and Gentry (1990). Differs from Damaliscus (and Alcelaphus) in independent fusions of formerly acrocentric chromosomes (Kumamoto et al., 1996).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DD2B67CBA56BADBD518395642E1FAA43.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, " Die lander der Caffern, ziemlich tief ins land vom Cap gerechnet in grossen Waldern ohnmeit der Uchtermanns Brenjes hogde und Camdebo "; since selected as Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Agterbruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DD2B67CBA56BADBD518395642E1FAA43.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formally W Lesotho, South Africa (E of 22 o E in Karoo and grassveld vegetation types), and W Swaziland; now only in captivity, or as reintroduced populations in Lesotho, South Africa (including introductions beyond its former range), and Swaziland.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DD2B67CBA56BADBD518395642E1FAA43.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DD2B67CBA56BADBD518395642E1FAA43.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Von Richter (1974, Mammalian Species, 50). Catoblepas brookii C. H. Smith, 1827 is not a synonym but is based on a horn probably of the domestic cattle of Bornu (Lydekker, 1912).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BDA4B80EC459393220058AA706B48A55.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope gnu Gmelin 1788	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BDA4B80EC459393220058AA706B48A55.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 5 subspecies: Species Connochaetes gnou (Zimmermann 1780) Species Connochaetes taurinus Burchell 1824 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. taurinus Burchell 1824 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. albojubatus Thomas 1892 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. cooksoni Blaine 1914 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. johnstoni P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. mearnsi Heller 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F78B3C2580D5BC628CAAD037838CD94F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Apparently " Kosi Fountain ", but lectotype came from South Africa, North West Prov., Vryburg Dist., " Chue Spring, Maadji Mtn [Klein Heuningvlei] "; see Grubb (1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F78B3C2580D5BC628CAAD037838CD94F.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. taurinus Burchell 1824 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. albojubatus Thomas 1892 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. cooksoni Blaine 1914 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. johnstoni P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Connochaetes taurinus subsp. mearnsi Heller 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F78B3C2580D5BC628CAAD037838CD94F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, Botswana, S Kenya, Malawi (extinct), Mozambique, Namibia, NE South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F78B3C2580D5BC628CAAD037838CD94F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F78B3C2580D5BC628CAAD037838CD94F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For year of publication see Ellerman et al. (1953: 205). Synonymy follows Ansell (1972: 51). Status of babaulti discussed by Scoazec (1996). Cotterill (2003 a) listed johnstoni and cooksoni as species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
08747C8BEDABEFCEBA65892F2D61B4B5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Apparently " Kosi Fountain ", but lectotype came from South Africa, North West Prov., Vryburg Dist., " Chue Spring, Maadji Mtn [Klein Heuningvlei] "; see Grubb (1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2E45A8EA4A3E6F1F4DC81CFA0AA58C8D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: N Nigeria, " Bornou " (Borno Prov.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2E45A8EA4A3E6F1F4DC81CFA0AA58C8D.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. korrigum Ogilby 1836 Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. jimela Matschie 1892 Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. topi Blaine 1914	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2E45A8EA4A3E6F1F4DC81CFA0AA58C8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: West and Equatorial Africa in N Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, N Central African Republic, Chad, Dem. Rep. Congo (Rwindi-Rutshuru plain only), W Ethiopia, Gambia, N Ghana, Guinea-Bisau, Kenya, Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, N Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal, S Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. Former occurrence in Guinea unconfirmed. Now extinct in Burundi, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2E45A8EA4A3E6F1F4DC81CFA0AA58C8D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Vulnerable as D. lunatus korrigum, Lower Risk (cd) as D. l. jimela and D. l. topi, Lower Risk (nt) as D. l. tiang.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2E45A8EA4A3E6F1F4DC81CFA0AA58C8D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The vernacular name " Topi " applies to both jimela and topi, while the Korrigum or Tiang is korrigum. Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 56).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0B7DD7DABC7C63500404886DDEEF167F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: N Nigeria, " Bornou " (Borno Prov.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3E844C9E3F5519CE5F6776CCB905F9AE.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope pygargus Pallas 1767	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3E844C9E3F5519CE5F6776CCB905F9AE.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 5 subspecies: Species Damaliscus korrigum (Ogilby 1836) Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. korrigum Ogilby 1836 Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. jimela Matschie 1892 Subspecies Damaliscus korrigum subsp. topi Blaine 1914 Species Damaliscus lunatus (Burchell 1824) Species Damaliscus pygargus (Pallas 1767) Subspecies Damaliscus pygargus subsp. pygargus Pallas 1767 Subspecies Damaliscus pygargus subsp. phillipsi Harper 1939 Species Damaliscus superstes Cotterill 2003	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3E844C9E3F5519CE5F6776CCB905F9AE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Placed in Alcelaphus by Van Gelder (1977 b: 18); but see also Vrba (1979) and Gentry (1990).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6FD744EC4FAFD9376FEC59791C5F73CD.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 15 genera with 38 species: Genus Ammodorcas Thomas 1891 (1 species) Genus Antidorcas Sundevall 1845 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Antilope Pallas 1766 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Dorcatragus Noack 1894 (1 species) Genus Eudorcas Fitzinger 1869 (3 species with 7 subspecies) Genus Gazella de Blainville 1816 (10 species with 26 subspecies) Genus Litocranius Kohl 1886 (1 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Madoqua Ogilby 1836 (4 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Nanger Lataste 1885 (3 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Neotragus C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Oreotragus A. Smith 1834 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Ourebia Laurillard 1842 (1 species with 8 subspecies) Genus Procapra Hodgson 1846 (3 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Raphicerus C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Saiga Gray 1843 (2 species with 2 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6FD744EC4FAFD9376FEC59791C5F73CD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Antilopini includes Ammodorcas, Antidorcas, Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, Litocranius, Nanger, Procapra, and Saiga; Neotragini includes Dorcatragus, Madoqua, Neotragus, Oreotragus, Ourebia, and Raphicerus. Neotragini probably paraphyletic if not polyphyletic; Oreotragus and Neotragus distant from other genera, associated with Cephalophus or Aepyceros, respectively, in molecular phylogenies, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999 b) and Matthee and Davis (2001). The latter regarded Antidorcas, Gazella, Litocranius, Madoqua, Ourebia and Raphicerus as members of a clade. Possibly Oreotragus and Neotragus to be excluded from Neotragini and remaining neotragine genera placed in Gazellini. Antilope, Eudorcas, Gazella, and Nanger may form a clade within Antilopini, sharing translocation of autosome to X chromosome, while within this clade, relationships suggest Gazella sensu stricto is still paraphyletic: (Antidorcas) (( Eudorcas, Nanger) (( Gazella dorcas group) (Antilope, Gazella subgutturosa group ))) (Vassart et al, 1995). Using 74 morphological characters, Groves' (2000 b) cladogram was (Litocranius) (( Saiga, Procapra) (Ammodorcas, Antidorcas) (Gazella, Eudorcas, Nanger, Antilope )). In an earlier study without Saiga (Groves, 1997 c), the cladogram was (Procapra) (( Antidorcas) (( Ammodorcas, Litocranius) (gazelles + Antilope ))).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A20F7C803D5D66310D8DCF844BEAA512.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, Northern Cape Prov., Kuruman Dist., " Makkwarin " (Matlhwareng) River.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A20F7C803D5D66310D8DCF844BEAA512.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Southern Africa in E Angola, N Botswana, Mozambique (extinct), NE Namibia, South Africa (extinct in Northern Cape, North-West, and Mpumalanga Provs., and N KwaZulu-Natal; survives in E Limpopo Prov.; reintroduced within former range), Swaziland (extinct; reintroduced), E and C Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A20F7C803D5D66310D8DCF844BEAA512.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A20F7C803D5D66310D8DCF844BEAA512.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For date of publication see Ellerman et al. (1953: 201), who included korrigum in this species. Cotterill (2003 c) separated a Zambian population as a separate species and also regarded korrigum as a separate species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ECDE557E6AFD10090B163091EE467624.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality. Since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Caledon, Swart River (Bigalke, 1948).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ECDE557E6AFD10090B163091EE467624.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Damaliscus pygargus subsp. pygargus Pallas 1767 Subspecies Damaliscus pygargus subsp. phillipsi Harper 1939	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ECDE557E6AFD10090B163091EE467624.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bontebok sensu stricto (D. p. pygargus) only in South Africa (Western Cape Prov.); Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) formerly in SW Lesotho, South Africa (Northern Cape Prov. E of 23 o E, Eastern Cape Prov., Free State, North-West Prov., Gautung, Mpumalanga, and NW and W KwaZulu-Natal), and Swaziland; now only in captivity, or as reintroduced populations in Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland. Introduced on private land in Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (East, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ECDE557E6AFD10090B163091EE467624.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II as D. pygargus pygargus; and U. S. ESA – Endangered as D. pygarus [sic] (= dorcas) dorcas; IUCN – Vulnerable as D. p. pygargus, Least Concern as D. p. phillipsi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ECDE557E6AFD10090B163091EE467624.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The name Bontebok usually applies to D. p. pygargus, while D. d. phillipsi is the Blesbok. Includes phillipsi and albifrons; see Ansell (1972: 55). Includes dorcas, a junior secondary homonym; pygargus is the valid name; see Rookmaaker (1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
941BACD11C29961B6BE8E35FD87E87D1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality. Since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Caledon, Swart River (Bigalke, 1948).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A87DEBFA32E4A4B90405D911E8DB163E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Muku Muku Flats, Luapala Province, north east Zambia 12 ° 21 ' S; 30 ° 00 ' E ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A87DEBFA32E4A4B90405D911E8DB163E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Southern Bangweulu Flats in NE Zambia and extinct in Katanga Pedicle of Dem. Rep. Congo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C54CC33BC35DE5DE2260E1859F16A51.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Northern Somali-land "; according to the collector Clarke (in Sclater and Thomas, 1898: 220), " about three hours from ' Bairwell' or about one day from ' Buroa Well, Habergerhagi's country' " (N Somalia, vicinity of Burao and Ber).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C54CC33BC35DE5DE2260E1859F16A51.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Ethiopia and N Somalia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C54CC33BC35DE5DE2260E1859F16A51.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C54CC33BC35DE5DE2260E1859F16A51.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Schomber (1964). Sometimes placed in a separate tribe, Ammodorcadini (e. g. Eastet al., 1999), the correct form of " Ammodorcini ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B99CED65BE813436DFD09FF27C32E42.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cervicapra clarkei Thomas 1891	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B99CED65BE813436DFD09FF27C32E42.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Ammodorcas clarkei Thomas 1891	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B99CED65BE813436DFD09FF27C32E42.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Sister taxon of Litocranius; see Groves (1997 c) but not Groves (2000 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9175E4840F84FEAA29CF279E013E5197.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, " die Lander am Cap der guten Hoffnung ", since restricted to " Cape Colony [Cape Prov.] " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 111).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9175E4840F84FEAA29CF279E013E5197.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. marsupialis Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. angolensis Blaine 1922 Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. hofmeyri Thomas 1926	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9175E4840F84FEAA29CF279E013E5197.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SW Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa (range here now much reduced).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9175E4840F84FEAA29CF279E013E5197.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9175E4840F84FEAA29CF279E013E5197.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1981 b). Assigned to a separate tribe, Antidorcini by Kingdon (1997), correctly Antidorcadini.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A6F5A29DA903627F7F595B3896E1DD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, " die Lander am Cap der guten Hoffnung ", since restricted to " Cape Colony [Cape Prov.] " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 111).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11494B8EEE8CD2D575076F95F0DBBE51.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope euchore J. R. Forster 1790	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11494B8EEE8CD2D575076F95F0DBBE51.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann 1780) Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. marsupialis Zimmermann 1780 Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. angolensis Blaine 1922 Subspecies Antidorcas marsupialis subsp. hofmeyri Thomas 1926	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9B9A451DF45D4BD0509421D3E7801096.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in India, Asia "; restricted by Zukowsky (1927: 125) to " Trivandrum im südlichsten Vorderindien nahe Kap Comorin " (India, Travancore, inland of Trivandrum).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9B9A451DF45D4BD0509421D3E7801096.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Antilope cervicapra subsp. cervicapra Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Antilope cervicapra subsp. rajputanae Zukowsky 1927	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9B9A451DF45D4BD0509421D3E7801096.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bangladesh (extinct), India (Punjab south to Madras and east to Bihar; formerly up to Assam; now localized), Nepal (Terai; now very localized), and E Pakistan (extinct but vagrants occur); introduced to Texas (USA), and Argentina.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9B9A451DF45D4BD0509421D3E7801096.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Nepal); IUCN – Near Threatened.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9B9A451DF45D4BD0509421D3E7801096.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1982 c).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
30588A3DB578A6E01FD6A9E93BC40106.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in India, Asia "; restricted by Zukowsky (1927: 125) to " Trivandrum im südlichsten Vorderindien nahe Kap Comorin " (India, Travancore, inland of Trivandrum).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B9DAC12B2F16CF4BA91C21261AC1430.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra cervicapra Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B9DAC12B2F16CF4BA91C21261AC1430.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies: Species Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Antilope cervicapra subsp. cervicapra Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Antilope cervicapra subsp. rajputanae Zukowsky 1927	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00773694E1B78EAAA1D0DDFFD5531A85.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Somalia, " in den Schluchten des Hekebo " (ravine in the Hekebo region); 35 mi (56 km) SW of Berbera (Moreau et al., 1946: 437).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00773694E1B78EAAA1D0DDFFD5531A85.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Djibouti, NE Ethiopia (Marmar Mtns only), and N Somalia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00773694E1B78EAAA1D0DDFFD5531A85.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
00773694E1B78EAAA1D0DDFFD5531A85.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Present occurrence in Djibouti established by Künzel and Künzel (1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D87DA36BD5B64826AEAF0A8BF33AB0EC.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Oreotragus megalotis Menges 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D87DA36BD5B64826AEAF0A8BF33AB0EC.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Dorcatragus megalotis Menges 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BBD96D3CC28776BCB2D2A52C610DECE0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Gazella laevipes Sundevall 1847	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BBD96D3CC28776BCB2D2A52C610DECE0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 7 subspecies: Species Eudorcas rufifrons (Gray 1846) Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. rufifrons Gray 1846 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. albonotata W. Rothschild 1903 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. kanuri Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. laevipes Sundevall 1847 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. tilonura Heuglin 1869 Species Eudorcas rufina Thomas 1894 Species Eudorcas thomsonii Günther 1884 Subspecies Eudorcas thomsonii subsp. thomsonii Günther 1884 Subspecies Eudorcas thomsonii subsp. nasalis Lönnberg 1908	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BBD96D3CC28776BCB2D2A52C610DECE0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Eudorcas has been treated as a full genus as a result of cladistic analysis by Groves (2000 b); may be sister taxon of Nanger, as shares translocation of an autosome to the Y chromosome (Vassart et al., 1995); genetically distinct according to Rebholz and Harley (1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D83DBB9BBF6B40DB8A9C563D146AEDF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Senegal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D83DBB9BBF6B40DB8A9C563D146AEDF0.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. rufifrons Gray 1846 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. albonotata W. Rothschild 1903 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. kanuri Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. laevipes Sundevall 1847 Subspecies Eudorcas rufifrons subsp. tilonura Heuglin 1869	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D83DBB9BBF6B40DB8A9C563D146AEDF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Burkino Faso, N Cameroon, N Central African Republic, Chad, N Eritrea, Ethiopia (NW and Omo valley in SW), N Ghana (probably extinct), S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, N Nigeria, N Senegal, Sudan, and N Togo. Possibly occurred in Benin; possibly formerly a rare vagrant in The Gambia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D83DBB9BBF6B40DB8A9C563D146AEDF0.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as G. rufifrons and G. rufifrons tilonura, Lower Risk (nt) as G. thomsonii albonotatus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D83DBB9BBF6B40DB8A9C563D146AEDF0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Haltenorth (1963: 112) excluded tilonura but Gentry (1972: 90) provided evidence to include it. Revised as subspecies of Gazella cuvieri (Groves, 1969 a), though later separated from cuvieri (Groves 1975 a). Skull and horn proportions associate albonotata with rufifrons rather than thomsonii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6AEBAB69149A313D74F69B02DF33819.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Senegal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84372D27606C678CBB5E03C7DE80D5C8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Hab. Doubtful. Type bought at Algiers "; " probably the interior of Algeria " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 66).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84372D27606C678CBB5E03C7DE80D5C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Algeria.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84372D27606C678CBB5E03C7DE80D5C8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: Thought to have become extinct in 20 th Century; see Corbet (1978 c: 210); IUCN – Extinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF74E1506A015CD254E6DBC4CBE3567D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " the range of country from Kilimanjaro to Baringo and at various heights above 6000 ' [1829 m] "; restricted to " Kilimanjaro district " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 84) in Kenya (G. M. Allen, 1939: 526).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF74E1506A015CD254E6DBC4CBE3567D.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Eudorcas thomsonii subsp. thomsonii Günther 1884 Subspecies Eudorcas thomsonii subsp. nasalis Lönnberg 1908	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF74E1506A015CD254E6DBC4CBE3567D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S and C Kenya, N Tanzania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF74E1506A015CD254E6DBC4CBE3567D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF74E1506A015CD254E6DBC4CBE3567D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Brooks (1961). Groves (1969 a) included thomsonii in Gazella cuvieri; but Gentry (1972: 88, 90 - 91) gave reasons for rejecting this classification. Groves (1985 a, 1988) and Rebholz and Harley (1999) included thomsonii in E. rufifrons but Gentry (1964) presented evidence to show they are distinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CC64B9F7E249B4191608D1B54D79E4A4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " the range of country from Kilimanjaro to Baringo and at various heights above 6000 ' [1829 m] "; restricted to " Kilimanjaro district " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 84) in Kenya (G. M. Allen, 1939: 526).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9019D65F5A62D25B7567D4C7B7106586.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra dorcas Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9019D65F5A62D25B7567D4C7B7106586.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 10 species with 26 subspecies: Species Gazella arabica Lichtenstein 1827 Subspecies Gazella arabica subsp. arabica Lichtenstein 1827 Subspecies Gazella arabica subsp. bilkis Groves and Lay 1985 Species Gazella bennettii Sykes 1831 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. bennettii Sykes 1831 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. christii Blyth 1842 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. fuscifrons Blanford 1873 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. karamii Groves 1993 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. salinarum Groves 2003 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. shikarii Groves 1993 Species Gazella cuvieri Ogilby 1840 Species Gazella dorcas (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. dorcas Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. beccarii De Beaux 1931 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. isabella Gray 1846 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. massaesyla Cabrera 1928 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. osiris Blaine 1913 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. pelzelnii Kohl 1886 Species Gazella erlangeri Neumann 1906 Species Gazella gazella (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. gazella Pallas 1766 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon 1997 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. cora C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. darehshourii Karami and Groves 1993 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. farasani Thoulless and Al Basari 1991 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. muscatensis Brooke 1874 Species Gazella leptoceros F. Cuvier 1842 Subspecies Gazella leptoceros subsp. leptoceros F. Cuvier 1842 Subspecies Gazella leptoceros subsp. loderi Thomas 1894 Species Gazella saudiya Carruthers and Schwarz 1935 Species Gazella spekei Blyth 1863 Species Gazella subgutturosa (Guldenstaedt 1778) Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. subgutturosa Guldenstaedt 1778 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. hillieriana Heude 1894 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. marica Thomas 1897 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. yarkandensis Blanford 1875	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9019D65F5A62D25B7567D4C7B7106586.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1969 a), who recognised Trachelocele as a subgenus for G. subgutturosa only. Since then, Eudorcas has been revived (Groves, 2000 b) and G. cuvieri, G. leptoceros, and G. subgutturosa have been recognised as a clade (G. subgutturosa group) distinct from G. dorcas and G. erlangeri in sharing 11 unique centric fusions of the autosomes (Vassart et al. 1995) and having similar mitochondrial genes (Rebholz and Harley, 1999). Trachelocele may seem redundant but Gazella may be paraphyletic, as the subgutturosa group could be a sister taxon of Antilope, sharing two unique centric fusions (Vassart et al. 1995), suggesting the possible need to revive Trachelocele. The other species of Gazella may be divided into two groups. In the dorcas group, G. dorcas and G. erlangeri share 9 unique homologous centric fusions, G. spekei is similar to them in the low number of chromosomes; G. arabica and G. gazella should probably be included: a group including G. dorcas, G. gazella and G. spekei is supported, if weakly, by studies of mitochondrial DNA sequences (Rebholz and Harley, 1999). In the bennettii group, G. bennettii and G. saudiya share up to 6 unique homologous centric fusions, with some fission / fusion polymorphism, and are said to be genetically closer to the subgutturosa group than the dorcas group (Kumamoto et al., 1995; Rebholz and Harley, 1999). Status of Palaearctic and Indian species reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8B2738283DBE27899608A5DD2F9259ED.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Saudi Arabia, " Insel Farsan " (Farasan Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8B2738283DBE27899608A5DD2F9259ED.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella arabica subsp. arabica Lichtenstein 1827 Subspecies Gazella arabica subsp. bilkis Groves and Lay 1985	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8B2738283DBE27899608A5DD2F9259ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Farasan Isls; extinct) and Yemen (mountains near Ta'izz; possibly extinct).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8B2738283DBE27899608A5DD2F9259ED.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct as G. arabica and G. bilkis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8B2738283DBE27899608A5DD2F9259ED.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a separate species from G. gazella by Groves (1985 a). Nominate subspecies known from only two specimens; see Groves (1983); even if formerly present on Farasan Isls, now replaced there by G. gazella farasani; see Thouless and Al Bassri (1991). Status of bilkis (known from five specimens collected in 1951) reviewed by Greth et al (1993); treated as a subspecies of arabica by Groves (1997 c); type locality is Yemen, Wadi Maleh 5 mi (8 km) east of Ta'izz, El Hauban.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F799B956AC78E8551CD6F6EE584EEBC7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Saudi Arabia, " Insel Farsan " (Farasan Isls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F799B956AC78E8551CD6F6EE584EEBC7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Known from only two specimens; see Groves (1983); even if formerly present on Farasan Isls, now replaced there by G. gazella farasani; see Thouless and Al Bassri (1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
696DDCF13BE26A87F873035E9F12D0F4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Yemen, Wadi Maleh 5 mi (8 km) east of Ta'izz, El Hauban.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
696DDCF13BE26A87F873035E9F12D0F4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Status of bilkis (known from five specimens collected in 1951) reviewed by Greth et al (1993).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
99DD149614D49E58618952E3DB51A2B5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, " found on the rocky hills of Dukhun [the Deccan] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AAE895D4DC44CE3C7265B5EFE5F3385.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, " found on the rocky hills of Dukhun [the Deccan] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AAE895D4DC44CE3C7265B5EFE5F3385.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. bennettii Sykes 1831 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. christii Blyth 1842 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. fuscifrons Blanford 1873 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. karamii Groves 1993 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. salinarum Groves 2003 Subspecies Gazella bennettii subsp. shikarii Groves 1993	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AAE895D4DC44CE3C7265B5EFE5F3385.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Afghanistan, Iran, India, and Pakistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AAE895D4DC44CE3C7265B5EFE5F3385.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AAE895D4DC44CE3C7265B5EFE5F3385.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A species distinct from G. gazella according to Furley et al. (1988) and Groves (1985 a, 1988). Revised by Groves (2003).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8182F2FA44494AC044220913F16C3E16.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Morocco, " Mogadore " (Mogador).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8182F2FA44494AC044220913F16C3E16.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Morocco, N Algeria, Tunisia. No reliable record from Libya.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8182F2FA44494AC044220913F16C3E16.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8182F2FA44494AC044220913F16C3E16.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Assigned to G. gazella by Haltenorth (1963: 111); but a distinct species according to Groves (1969 a).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DFF7117843558C4E835809F70CFE6768.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; restricted to Lower Egypt by Blaine (1913: 292), west of the Nile River (Osborn and Helmy, 1980: 508).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DFF7117843558C4E835809F70CFE6768.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. dorcas Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. beccarii De Beaux 1931 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. isabella Gray 1846 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. massaesyla Cabrera 1928 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. osiris Blaine 1913 Subspecies Gazella dorcas subsp. pelzelnii Kohl 1886	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DFF7117843558C4E835809F70CFE6768.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, N Ethiopia, S Israel, W Jordan, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, N Nigeria (vagrant), Senegal (seasonal; reintroduced), N Somalia, N Sudan, and Tunisia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DFF7117843558C4E835809F70CFE6768.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U. S. ESA – Endangered as G. d. massaesyla and G. d. pelzelni (sic); IUCN – Vulnerable as G. dorcas, not evaluated as G. d. pelzelnii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DFF7117843558C4E835809F70CFE6768.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1981 c), reviewed by Ferguson (1981) and Yom-Tov et al. (1995, Mammalian Species, 491). Includes pelzelnii; see Gentry (1972: 89); Haltenorth (1963: 112) regarded it as a separate species. Due to differences in spelling Gazella dorcas massaesyla Cabrera, 1928 is not preoccupied by † Antilope (Dorcas) massoessilia Pomel, 1895 = † Gazella (or † Nanger) atlantica Bourguignat, 1870.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7F745529AEEFC9E3CC9D826A96943E93.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; restricted to Lower Egypt by Blaine (1913: 292), west of the Nile River (Osborn and Helmy, 1980: 508).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1C6857F4205D7C185B63161CCB6300B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Yemen, Lahej.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1C6857F4205D7C185B63161CCB6300B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Saudi Arabia and W Yemen.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1C6857F4205D7C185B63161CCB6300B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: In need of evaluation.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D1C6857F4205D7C185B63161CCB6300B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Morphologically distinct from G. gazella; distribution records intervene between those of G. g. cora suggesting sympatry or parapatry, at least in the past (Groves, 1996 a); treated as a separate species by Groves (1997 c).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DF252154DB6647795D667BC278CC8AD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " La Gazelle " of Buffon, from " Syrié " (Syria).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DF252154DB6647795D667BC278CC8AD.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. gazella Pallas 1766 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. acaciae Mendelssohn, Groves and Shalmon 1997 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. cora C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. darehshourii Karami and Groves 1993 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. farasani Thoulless and Al Basari 1991 Subspecies Gazella gazella subsp. muscatensis Brooke 1874	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DF252154DB6647795D667BC278CC8AD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, W Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; introduced to Farur Isl (Iran, Persian Gulf) and Farasan Isls (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). Marginal occurrence in Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) based on old sightings only; not known to occur there now.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DF252154DB6647795D667BC278CC8AD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered as G. g. acaciae and G. g. muscatensis, Endangered as G. g. gazella, otherwise Vulnerable as G. gazella, G. g. cora and G. g. farasini.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DF252154DB6647795D667BC278CC8AD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Mendelssohn et al. (1995, Mammalian Species, 490), revised by Groves (1996 a). Subspecies darehshourii and farasani apparently based on introduced populations. Captive population in King Khalid Wildlife Research Center, Thumamah, Saudi Arabia may represent an undescribed subspecies (Groves, 1996 a, 1997 c).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
50987B9D2DE6E472B8E7F547E5672FD1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
807D059A51417BFF9CB43CFCC527D9C8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
290C9D524B375A969B873068B28B39C7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " La Gazelle " of Buffon, from " Syrié " (Syria).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DE1387D5C6D0C3EB7B5002E2E65A9888.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " rapportés du Sennaar [Sudan, Sennar] par M. Burton "; corrected to " desert between Giza and Wadi Natron, lower Egypt, as the type-specimen was brought to Paris by James Burton, circa 1833 " (Flower, 1932: 438).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DE1387D5C6D0C3EB7B5002E2E65A9888.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella leptoceros subsp. leptoceros F. Cuvier 1842 Subspecies Gazella leptoceros subsp. loderi Thomas 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DE1387D5C6D0C3EB7B5002E2E65A9888.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Algeria, S Tunisia, Libya, NW Egypt, Niger (Air Massif), and N Chad; apparently Mali and Sudan, though material evidence is lacking; not recorded from Mauritania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DE1387D5C6D0C3EB7B5002E2E65A9888.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Tunisia); U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DE1387D5C6D0C3EB7B5002E2E65A9888.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Status reviewed by East (1988) and Mallon and Kingswood (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5AE52C822EF98DC0645C3191CF8ABE00.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " rapportés du Sennaar [Sudan, Sennar] par M. Burton "; corrected to " desert between Giza and Wadi Natron, lower Egypt, as the type-specimen was brought to Paris by James Burton, circa 1833 " (Flower, 1932: 438).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
098747EA25B59078632D13C5DDCD797D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Saudi Arabia, " Dhalm, about 150 miles [241 km] north-east of Mecca, central Arabia, 3500 feet [1067 m] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
098747EA25B59078632D13C5DDCD797D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly Saudi Arabia and Yemen; one record dubiously from Kuwait; single reported specimen from S Iraq is G. subgutturosa marica (Mallon and Kingswood, 2001); extinct in the wild.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
098747EA25B59078632D13C5DDCD797D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as G. dorcas saudiya; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
098747EA25B59078632D13C5DDCD797D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A species distinct from G. dorcas according to Groves (1988). Status reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3048B956E3DFE61B46D257AE514B9DF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Somâli-land " (= Somalia).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3048B956E3DFE61B46D257AE514B9DF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Somalia, E Ethiopia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3048B956E3DFE61B46D257AE514B9DF5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3F36C8A784AECF947EDF82592199BAF9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Patria Antilopes subgutturosai Persia est. Inter mare caspicum & nigrum septentrionem versus usque ad pedem australem promontorii iugi alpini caucasici, vix ultra gradum latitudinis 42 procedit … per Georgiam … per Cardueliam et Cachetiam regis … Teflisi " (Georgia, steppes of E Transcaucasia, near Tbilisi).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3F36C8A784AECF947EDF82592199BAF9.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. subgutturosa Guldenstaedt 1778 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. hillieriana Heude 1894 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. marica Thomas 1897 Subspecies Gazella subgutturosa subsp. yarkandensis Blanford 1875	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3F36C8A784AECF947EDF82592199BAF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, N Tibet), SE Georgia (extinct), Iran, Iraq, E Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait (extinct), Kyrgyztan (extinct?), Mongolia, Oman, WC Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, SE Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, and Yemen (possibly extinct).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3F36C8A784AECF947EDF82592199BAF9.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as G. s. marica; IUCN – Vulnerable as G. s. marica, otherwise Near Threatened.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3F36C8A784AECF947EDF82592199BAF9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The type locality may once have been within the boundaries of Persia (Iran) (Heptner et al., 1961) but does not lie within its modern limits. Revised by Groves (1969 a). Reviewed by Kingswood and Blank (1996, Mammalian Species, 518).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
06856276007E00BFDC9B168CC8D60B48.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Patria Antilopes subgutturosai Persia est. Inter mare caspicum & nigrum septentrionem versus usque ad pedem australem promontorii iugi alpini caucasici, vix ultra gradum latitudinis 42 procedit … per Georgiam … per Cardueliam et Cachetiam regis … Teflisi " (Georgia, steppes of E Transcaucasia, near Tbilisi).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F39E6E14B13C2DF51A13E08AD5A02D02.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Gazella walleri Brooke 1879	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F39E6E14B13C2DF51A13E08AD5A02D02.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies: Species Litocranius walleri (Brooke 1878) Subspecies Litocranius walleri subsp. walleri Brooke 1878 Subspecies Litocranius walleri subsp. sclateri Neumann 1988	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F39E6E14B13C2DF51A13E08AD5A02D02.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Schomber (1963) and Grubb (2002). Sister taxon of Ammodorcas according to Groves (1997 c) but not Groves (2000 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
96957E3EC261FBFFDF01182EFE436B30.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Mainland of Africa, north of the island of Zanzibar, about lat. 30 ° S and long. 38 ° E " and therefore apparently in Kenya, but shown to be correctly " Somalia, coast near Juba River " by Sclater and Thomas (1898) and Moreau et al. (1946) and more specifically, the vicinity of Chisimayo (Grubb, 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
96957E3EC261FBFFDF01182EFE436B30.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Litocranius walleri subsp. walleri Brooke 1878 Subspecies Litocranius walleri subsp. sclateri Neumann 1988	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
96957E3EC261FBFFDF01182EFE436B30.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, NE Tanzania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
96957E3EC261FBFFDF01182EFE436B30.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
34D3B327017D03B82DC31DD2CFEB8594.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Mainland of Africa, north of the island of Zanzibar, about lat. 30 ° S and long. 38 ° E " and therefore apparently in Kenya, but shown to be correctly " Somalia, coast near Juba River " by Sclater and Thomas (1898) and Moreau et al. (1946) and more specifically, the vicinity of Chisimayo (Grubb, 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
79B5AA585D5FCEABA71772FB0BDB1C2A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Ethiopia, " Central Ogaden, 3000 feet [914 m] "; identified as " District immediately north of Imi and Karanle on the Webi Shebeli, Ogaden, Ethiopia, about 6 ° 30 ' N, 42 ° 30 ' E " by Moreau et al. (1946: 437).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
862EEF976A4D714E176DB3F27C1E5D11.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Ethiopia, " Central Ogaden, 3000 feet [914 m] "; identified as " District immediately north of Imi and Karanle on the Webi Shebeli, Ogaden, Ethiopia, about 6 ° 30 ' N, 42 ° 30 ' E " by Moreau et al. (1946: 437).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
862EEF976A4D714E176DB3F27C1E5D11.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Madoqua guentheri subsp. guentheri Thomas 1894 Subspecies Madoqua guentheri subsp. smithii Thomas 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
862EEF976A4D714E176DB3F27C1E5D11.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Ethiopia, N Kenya, S and C Somalia, SE Sudan, NE Uganda.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
862EEF976A4D714E176DB3F27C1E5D11.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
862EEF976A4D714E176DB3F27C1E5D11.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 63 - 64) and review by Kingswood and Kumamato (1996, Mammalian Species, 539).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
803BE7BCA86BBC09B469A58203B32A06.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Somalia, " near Brava, in the South Somali country ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
803BE7BCA86BBC09B469A58203B32A06.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. kirkii Günther 1880 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. cavendishi Thomas 1898 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. damarensis Günther 1880 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. hindei Thomas 1902	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
803BE7BCA86BBC09B469A58203B32A06.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Kenya, N and C Tanzania, and S Somalia in East Africa; SW Angola and Namibia in Southern Africa.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
803BE7BCA86BBC09B469A58203B32A06.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
803BE7BCA86BBC09B469A58203B32A06.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 64) who included cavendishi, damarensis, and thomasi; and from review by Kingswood and Kumamoto (1997, Mammalian Species, 569). Specimens whose karyology was studied by Ryder et al. (1989) and Kumamoto et al. (1994) may really represent three or more species, M. kirkii sensu stricto or M. hindei, M. cavendishi and M. damarensis. Regarded as four evolutionary species (M. kirkii, M. cavendishi, M. thomasi, and M. damarensis) by Cotterill (2003 b), but thomasi grades into cavendishi and is not a separate taxon.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
596579F61E549B16142216C7F4F37421.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Somalia, " near Brava, in the South Somali country ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
76B3C14816788A68570CFA42F448D046.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope saltiana Desmarest 1816	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
76B3C14816788A68570CFA42F448D046.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 11 subspecies: Species Madoqua guentheri Thomas 1894 Subspecies Madoqua guentheri subsp. guentheri Thomas 1894 Subspecies Madoqua guentheri subsp. smithii Thomas 1901 Species Madoqua kirkii Günther 1880 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. kirkii Günther 1880 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. cavendishi Thomas 1898 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. damarensis Günther 1880 Subspecies Madoqua kirkii subsp. hindei Thomas 1902 Species Madoqua piacentinii Drake-Brockman 1911 Species Madoqua saltiana (de Blainville 1816) Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. saltiana de Blainville 1816 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. hararensis Neumann 1905 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. lawrancei Drake-Brockman 1926 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. phillipsi Thomas 1894 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. swaynei Thomas 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
76B3C14816788A68570CFA42F448D046.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Rhynchotragus; see Ansell (1972: 61). Comprises two species-groups, saltiana or nominate Madoqua group, including also piacentinii (revised by Yalden 1978); and kirkii or Rhynchotragus group, including also guentheri.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B6AD0952773B0A9A79DAD2C1F379298.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: E Somalia, " Gharabwein, within a day's march of Obbia [5 ° 25 ' N, 48 ° 25 ' E], in the Mijertain country, Italian Somaliland ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B6AD0952773B0A9A79DAD2C1F379298.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Somalia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B6AD0952773B0A9A79DAD2C1F379298.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6B6AD0952773B0A9A79DAD2C1F379298.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in swaynei by Ansell (1972: 62) but a distinct species according to Yalden (1978: 262).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
70C40F55A4EA20491EC0BD309A2F803B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Abyssinie " (Ethiopia).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
70C40F55A4EA20491EC0BD309A2F803B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. saltiana de Blainville 1816 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. hararensis Neumann 1905 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. lawrancei Drake-Brockman 1926 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. phillipsi Thomas 1894 Subspecies Madoqua saltiana subsp. swaynei Thomas 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
70C40F55A4EA20491EC0BD309A2F803B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Djibouti, Eritrea, N Ethiopia, NE Sudan, Somalia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
70C40F55A4EA20491EC0BD309A2F803B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
70C40F55A4EA20491EC0BD309A2F803B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The author of the name is usually cited as Desmarest, 1816 (Nouv. Dict. Nat., Nouv. ed., 2: 192), who however acknowledged de Blainville's paper and cited the page number where saltiana was named, confirming de Blainville is the author. Smaller species of dikdik were revised by Ansell (1972: 62 - 63) who recognised M. saltiana (including cordeauxi), M. swaynei (including hararensis and piacentinii), and M. phillipsi (including erlangeri, gubanensis, and lawrancei). Revised by Yalden (1978) who synonymised several subspecies and included all these taxa in M. saltiana except for piacentinii, which was treated as a distinct species. Regarded as five evolutionary species (M. saltiana, M. hararensis, M. lawrancei, M. phillipsi and M. swaynei) by Cotterill (2003 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E9D403B2CDAEA367818744246098F5C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Abyssinie " (Ethiopia).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
48FBE79A08CEBC8332D5F85B0A299055.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " Le Nanguer " of Buffon from " Sénégal "; see discussion in Harper (1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
48FBE79A08CEBC8332D5F85B0A299055.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. dama Pallas 1766 Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. mhorr Bennett 1833 Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. ruficollis C. H. Smith 1827	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
48FBE79A08CEBC8332D5F85B0A299055.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S and W Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt (one Recent record from Western Desert), S Mali, S Mauritania (extinct), Morocco, S Niger, N Nigeria (extinct?), N Senegal (extinct but reintroduced), N Sudan (W of Nile), Tunisia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
48FBE79A08CEBC8332D5F85B0A299055.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Gazella dama; U. S. ESA – Endangered as G. d. lozanoi and G. d. mhorr, otherwise Proposed Endangered as G. dama; IUCN – Endangered as G. dama.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
48FBE79A08CEBC8332D5F85B0A299055.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Andreae and Krumbiegel (1976), who retained lozanoi and permista (includes reducta) as separate subspecies, and Cano Perez (1984), who reduced them to synonymy. Wirth (1984) defended the status of these two subspecies. Status reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF5D60E4B299496C6B101D02221978D4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " Le Nanguer " of Buffon from " Sénégal "; see discussion in Harper (1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D945CD17B20B7DD84E8ED45B629E5361.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Tanzania, " Western Kinyenye, in Ugogo ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D945CD17B20B7DD84E8ED45B629E5361.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. granti Brooke 1872 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. brighti Thomas 1901 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. notata Thomas 1897 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. petersii Günther 1884 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. robertsi Thomas 1903	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D945CD17B20B7DD84E8ED45B629E5361.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Ethiopia, Kenya, S Somalia, SE Sudan, NE Uganda, and N Tanzania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D945CD17B20B7DD84E8ED45B629E5361.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as Gazella granti.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D945CD17B20B7DD84E8ED45B629E5361.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies recognised follow Arctander et al (1995), and Grubb (1994, 2000 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5E3B7E62CEC487EF45C78D45F86CC4A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Tanzania, " Western Kinyenye, in Ugogo ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1774B5DC35CCCDB5CD47056A6FCE3556.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope mhorr Bennett 1833	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1774B5DC35CCCDB5CD47056A6FCE3556.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 11 subspecies: Species Nanger dama (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. dama Pallas 1766 Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. mhorr Bennett 1833 Subspecies Nanger dama subsp. ruficollis C. H. Smith 1827 Species Nanger granti (Brooke 1872) Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. granti Brooke 1872 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. brighti Thomas 1901 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. notata Thomas 1897 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. petersii Günther 1884 Subspecies Nanger granti subsp. robertsi Thomas 1903 Species Nanger soemmerringii (Cretzschmar 1828) Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. soemmerringii Cretzschmar 1828 Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. berberana Matschie 1893 Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. butteri Thomas 1904	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1774B5DC35CCCDB5CD47056A6FCE3556.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Status as a full genus restored by Groves (2000 b). May be sister taxon of Eudorcas, as shares translocation of autosome to Y chromosome; Nanger species share 9 unique centric fusions (Vassart et al., 1995) and are genetically distinct (Rebholz and Harley, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DDDEB74D08133EE1D2A6F6ADE65987BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " an dem östlichen Abhange Abyssiniens " (E Ethiopia); restricted by Lydekker (1914 b: 97) to " Tal E'Sabb, Abyssinia " (Ethiopia, El Shab Valley).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DDDEB74D08133EE1D2A6F6ADE65987BE.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. soemmerringii Cretzschmar 1828 Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. berberana Matschie 1893 Subspecies Nanger soemmerringii subsp. butteri Thomas 1904	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DDDEB74D08133EE1D2A6F6ADE65987BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EC Sudan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DDDEB74D08133EE1D2A6F6ADE65987BE.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as Gazella soemmerringii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DDDEB74D08133EE1D2A6F6ADE65987BE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from G. M. Allen (1939) and Gentry (1972). Year of publication is usually cited as 1826, but 1828 according to J. E. Hill (ms notes based on Anon., 1829: 1291 - 1292).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8DBED7973B2C9D2CF30ABA83DAA14667.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " an dem östlichen Abhange Abyssiniens " (E Ethiopia); restricted by Lydekker (1914 b: 97) to " Tal E'Sabb, Abyssinia " (Ethiopia, El Shab Valley).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2292F7AC25648BC27960C69C4B46E311.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Efulen, Bulu Country, Kamarun [Cameroon], 1500 ft. [457 m] above sea ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2292F7AC25648BC27960C69C4B46E311.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Forest zone of SE Cameroon, E Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Gabon, SE Nigeria, N Republic of Congo, and W Uganda. Occurrence south of the Ogôoué River in Gabon not confirmed by material evidence.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2292F7AC25648BC27960C69C4B46E311.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2292F7AC25648BC27960C69C4B46E311.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 68). Regarded as three evolutionary species (N. batesi, N. harrisoni, and N. " ogouensis " [nomen nudum]) by Cotterill (2003 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EF77C67FF20ABD4AD213AB4283EFECD9.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra pygmea Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EF77C67FF20ABD4AD213AB4283EFECD9.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 4 subspecies: Species Neotragus batesi De Winton 1903 Species Neotragus moschatus Von Dueben 1846 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. moschatus Von Dueben 1846 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. kirchenpaueri Pagenstecher 1885 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. livingstonianus Kirk 1865 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. zuluensis Thomas 1898 Species Neotragus pygmaeus (Linnaeus 1758)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EF77C67FF20ABD4AD213AB4283EFECD9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Nesotragus; see Ansell (1972: 68). Neotragus distant from other Neotragine genera, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999 b) and Matthee and Davis (2001), and should perhaps be only member of Neotragini.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DA3CDD927EDE99F95078AE8639ABD9C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " in Chapani (Anglis French island) occisa insula prope Zanzibar in Lat. Austr. 6 ° 9 ', Long. Orient. 39 ° 14 ' a Greenwich sita, fructibus dense tecta et fonte irrigata " (Tanzania, Chapani Isl, 3 km from Zanzibar).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B773BB27946E4B3DB94B03AB2B0CAF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " in Chapani (Anglis French island) occisa insula prope Zanzibar in Lat. Austr. 6 ° 9 ', Long. Orient. 39 ° 14 ' a Greenwich sita, fructibus dense tecta et fonte irrigata " (Tanzania, Chapani Isl, 3 km from Zanzibar).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B773BB27946E4B3DB94B03AB2B0CAF7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. moschatus Von Dueben 1846 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. kirchenpaueri Pagenstecher 1885 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. livingstonianus Kirk 1865 Subspecies Neotragus moschatus subsp. zuluensis Thomas 1898	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B773BB27946E4B3DB94B03AB2B0CAF7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, E Limpopo and E Mpumalanga Provs.), E Tanzania (including Zanzibar and Mafia Isls), NE Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B773BB27946E4B3DB94B03AB2B0CAF7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as N. m. moschatus; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1B773BB27946E4B3DB94B03AB2B0CAF7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes livingstonianus (Ellerman et al., 1953). Revised by Grubb (1989) who recognised nominate moschatus division (including kirchenpaueri) and livingstonianus division (including zuluensis), differing in dimensions and separated by Zambezi River; representatives of these divisions (cf. akeleyi and zuluensis) differ in chromosome complement (2 n = 52 and 56 respectively) (Kingswood et al., 1998 a). Regarded as three evolutionary species (N. moschatus, N. livingsonianus, and N. zanzibaricus) by Cotterill (2003 b), but zanzibaricus appears to be an objective synonym of moschatus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB91D9634CF3887FDD09E50250F7D047.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Guinea, India "; restricted to " Guinea " (West Africa) by Thomas (1911 a: 152).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB91D9634CF3887FDD09E50250F7D047.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Forest zone of Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB91D9634CF3887FDD09E50250F7D047.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB91D9634CF3887FDD09E50250F7D047.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Pallas (1767: 6, 1777: 18) recognised two different species, Tragulus pygmaeus = Neotragus pygmaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), misidentified as a tragulid, and Antilope pygmaea Pallas, 1777. Both have types that are royal antelopes and therefore are both homonyms and synonyms. Gmelin in Linnaeus (1788: 173, 191) recognised the same two species as Moschus pygmaeus and Antilope pygmaea and Erxleben (1777: 278) called them M. pygmaeus and A. regia, speculating that they may be female and male respectively of the same species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7E50BBBDCAB6EE4DAB2C0737F94E333B.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope oreotragus Zimmermann 1783	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7E50BBBDCAB6EE4DAB2C0737F94E333B.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 5 subspecies: Species Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann 1783) Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. aceratos Noack 1899 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. saltatrixoides Wagner 1855 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. stevensoni Roberts 1946 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. tyleri Hinton 1921	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7E50BBBDCAB6EE4DAB2C0737F94E333B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Oreotragus distant from other Neotragine genera and associated with Cephalophus in molecular phylogenies, according to Hassanin and Douzery (1999 b) and Matthee and Davis (2001). Not shown to share any synapomorphies with Cephalophus and perhaps should be restored to tribe Oreotragini.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
354DC38CFAA6D3C2C0915242088BEB1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Die Caffern "; now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Dist., False Bay (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
354DC38CFAA6D3C2C0915242088BEB1E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. oreotragus Zimmermann 1783 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. aceratos Noack 1899 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. saltatrixoides Wagner 1855 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. stevensoni Roberts 1946 Subspecies Oreotragus oreotragus subsp. tyleri Hinton 1921	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
354DC38CFAA6D3C2C0915242088BEB1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SW Angola, E Botswana, Burundi (extinct?), Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, C Nigeria, Central African Republic (NE and NW only), Dem. Rep. Congo (SE Shaba Prov. and formerly in western Rift Valley), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, N Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, NE and SE Sudan, Tanzania, NE and SW Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Former or present occurrence in Lesotho unconfirmed (Lynch, 1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
354DC38CFAA6D3C2C0915242088BEB1E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as O. o. porteousi, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
354DC38CFAA6D3C2C0915242088BEB1E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Systematics considerably modified from Ansell (1972: 61). Kingdon (1982) synonymised aureus with schillngsi (here followed) and implied that stevensoni, transvaalensis and tyleri are synonymous with nominate oreotragus. Cotterill (2003 b) recognised porteousi and schillingsi as evolutionary species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
56DA7374416155B562B3EB07E2A29EA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Die Caffern "; now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Dist., False Bay (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
30FDBDAF8216D7BA9047CEC86B48EBB5.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope scoparia von Schreber 1799	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
30FDBDAF8216D7BA9047CEC86B48EBB5.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 8 subspecies: Species Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann 1783) Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. ourebi Zimmermann 1783 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. dorcas Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. gallarum Blaine 1913 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. haggardi Thomas 1895 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. hastata Peters 1852 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. montana Cretzschmar 1826 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. quadriscopa C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. rutila Blaine 1922	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F8261D75BDDC007C0A4FD0498698D981.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Bewohnt die Cafferen " (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Kaffraria); since restricted to one of the syntypical localities: South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Bruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F8261D75BDDC007C0A4FD0498698D981.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. ourebi Zimmermann 1783 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. dorcas Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. gallarum Blaine 1913 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. haggardi Thomas 1895 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. hastata Peters 1852 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. montana Cretzschmar 1826 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. quadriscopa C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Ourebia ourebi subsp. rutila Blaine 1922	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F8261D75BDDC007C0A4FD0498698D981.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, Benin, N Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (extinct?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, N Côte d’Ivoire, N and SE Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, W Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, SW Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, S Senegal, N Sierra Leone, S Somalia, E South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F8261D75BDDC007C0A4FD0498698D981.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct as O. o. keniae, Vulnerable as O. o. haggardi, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F8261D75BDDC007C0A4FD0498698D981.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 66). Cotterill (2003 b) regarded haggardi and perhaps hastata as evolutionary species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CE5B84A8306467F336077F1400DB7BF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Bewohnt die Cafferen " (South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Kaffraria); since restricted to one of the syntypical localities: South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Somerset East Dist., Bruintjieshoogte (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97844639B2DAB76C7E502EE715092892.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Intra Siberiae limites maxime Dauuriam transmontanum, campos dico circa Ononem and Argunum, frequentat " (Russia, SE Transbaikalia, Chitinsk. Obl., upper Onon River).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97844639B2DAB76C7E502EE715092892.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shaanxi), NE Kazakhstan, Mongolia (except mountains and SW desert), and Russia (Chuya Steppe, Transbaikalia and Tuva on Mongolian border). Now extinct in Kazakhstan and survives only in Inner Mongolia (China), Khomin Tal Steppe in W Mongolia, E Mongolia, and Transbaikalia (Russia).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97844639B2DAB76C7E502EE715092892.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97844639B2DAB76C7E502EE715092892.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Sokolov and Lushchekina (1997, Mammalian Species, 571). Distribution reviewed by Mallon and Kingswood (2001). Monotypic status follows Groves (1986).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B88D2990EE1E8899A07612F5328EF11.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Procapra picticaudata Hodgson 1846	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B88D2990EE1E8899A07612F5328EF11.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 2 subspecies: Species Procapra gutturosa (Pallas 1777) Species Procapra picticaudata Hodgson 1846 Species Procapra przewalskii Büchner 1891 Subspecies Procapra przewalskii subsp. przewalskii Büchner 1891 Subspecies Procapra przewalskii subsp. diversicornis Stroganov 1949	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7B88D2990EE1E8899A07612F5328EF11.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1967 a). Gromov and Baranova (1981: 393) considered Procapra a subgenus of Gazella; but Groves (1985 a) maintained its status as a genus. Genus comprises P. picticaudata or Procapra group (includes also przewalskii) and P. gutturosa or Prodorcas group.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59160D124821F08D9B7580EE68FDC4D3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat: the plains of Tibet, amid ravines and low bare hills ", restricted to China, " Hundes district of Tibet " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 31) " but more likely the district north of Sikkim, where most of Hodgson's specimens were obtained after 1844 " (Groves, 1967 a: 148).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59160D124821F08D9B7580EE68FDC4D3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan, Tibetan Plateau including Qinghai) and India (Ladak and seasonally in Sikkim).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59160D124821F08D9B7580EE68FDC4D3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E59A01F045FA20990F8683031CF3897.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " im südlichen Ordos " (S Ordos desert); Groves (1967: 149) stated that the type locality is the Chagrin Gol (or Steppe).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E59A01F045FA20990F8683031CF3897.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Procapra przewalskii subsp. przewalskii Büchner 1891 Subspecies Procapra przewalskii subsp. diversicornis Stroganov 1949	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E59A01F045FA20990F8683031CF3897.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Sinkiang, Qinghai); may only survive in Qinghai.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E59A01F045FA20990F8683031CF3897.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E59A01F045FA20990F8683031CF3897.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Considered a subspecies of picticaudata by G. M. Allen (1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31032EF915AE3111850A36425310AF4E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " im südlichen Ordos " (S Ordos desert); Groves (1967: 149) stated that the type locality is the Chagrin Gol (or Steppe).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FEC591359052FAC58F81F538427FC878.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Cerophorus acuticornis de Blainville 1816	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FEC591359052FAC58F81F538427FC878.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 4 subspecies: Species Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg 1811) Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. campestris Thunberg 1811 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. capricornis Thomas and Schwann 1906 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. kelleni Jentink 1900 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. neumanni Matschie 1894 Species Raphicerus melanotis (Thunberg 1811) Species Raphicerus sharpei Thomas 1896	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FEC591359052FAC58F81F538427FC878.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Genus comprises R. melanotis or Nototragus group (a superspecies according to Ansell, 1972: 68), including also R. sharpei; and R. campestris or nominate Raphicerus group.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A92467AC089F7C6B266526D9FD38512D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; South Africa by implication; since restricted to Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914 a: 148) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939: 502); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Malmesbury Div., Swartland (Grubb, 1999: 23).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A92467AC089F7C6B266526D9FD38512D.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. campestris Thunberg 1811 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. capricornis Thomas and Schwann 1906 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. kelleni Jentink 1900 Subspecies Raphicerus campestris subsp. neumanni Matschie 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A92467AC089F7C6B266526D9FD38512D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Africa in S Kenya and N and C Tanzania; S Africa in S Angola, Botswana, S Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, W Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A92467AC089F7C6B266526D9FD38512D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A92467AC089F7C6B266526D9FD38512D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Synonymy modified from Ansell (1972: 67).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DAC17124E8DCB7D6526745049E7771CA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; South Africa by implication; since restricted to Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914 a: 148) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939: 502); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Malmesbury Div., Swartland (Grubb, 1999: 23).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BFB13DB3F0393964B447327DAE2C1FC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; South Africa by implication; Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914 a: 157) or Cape of Good Hope (G. M. Allen, 1939: 504); since selected as Western Cape Prov., Cape Peninsula (Grubb, 1999: 23).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BFB13DB3F0393964B447327DAE2C1FC8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape, Eastern Cape).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BFB13DB3F0393964B447327DAE2C1FC8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5465F2EADC8919BBB0F0CD29F25286DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Malawi, " Southern Angoniland ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5465F2EADC8919BBB0F0CD29F25286DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Botswana, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (Limpopo Prov.), Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5465F2EADC8919BBB0F0CD29F25286DD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5465F2EADC8919BBB0F0CD29F25286DD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in melanotis by Haltenorth (1963: 78) but was too distinct for this according to Ansell (1972: 67). Examination of museum material indicates the species is monotypic.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
57B465658C77D9ABEAE0454ED761DA9B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Russia, Siberia, Yakutsia, River Wiljui or Vilyuy.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
57B465658C77D9ABEAE0454ED761DA9B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: Extinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
57B465658C77D9ABEAE0454ED761DA9B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species account.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0C4FE19C14C669A9360D0ABE83FDC8B5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under species account.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
35EB187676997DC73B94C9E069D3F19B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Russia, Siberia, Yakutsia, River Wiljui or Vilyuy.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
35EB187676997DC73B94C9E069D3F19B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Saiga borealis subsp. borealis Tschersky 1876 Subspecies Saiga borealis subsp. mongolica Bannikov 1946	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
35EB187676997DC73B94C9E069D3F19B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Mongolia (S. b. mongolica).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
35EB187676997DC73B94C9E069D3F19B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered and IUCN – Vulnerable as S. tatarica mongolica.; see comments.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
35EB187676997DC73B94C9E069D3F19B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The Pleistocene mammoth-steppe Saiga is a distinct species including the living subspecies mongolica according to Baryshnikov and Tikhonov (1994). Reviewed in part as S. tatarica mongolica by Sokolov (1974, Mammalian Species, 38).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FAC0F3FACFA9EBE0BBC94F0271952E83.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra tatarica Linnaeus 1766	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FAC0F3FACFA9EBE0BBC94F0271952E83.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 2 subspecies: Species Saiga borealis Tschersky 1876 Subspecies Saiga borealis subsp. borealis Tschersky 1876 Subspecies Saiga borealis subsp. mongolica Bannikov 1946 Species Saiga tatarica (Linnaeus 1766)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FAC0F3FACFA9EBE0BBC94F0271952E83.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This generic name is spelt " Saiga " on p. xxvi and " Siaga " on p. 160 of the original citation. Synonymy suggested in part by Baryshnikov and Tikhonov (1994) and Kahlke (1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A475444A84EA8A26281C5997E1C606F2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in summa Asia "; identified as W Kazakhstan, steppes along the Ural River.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A475444A84EA8A26281C5997E1C606F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (extinct; formerly in Dzungarian Basin of Sinkiang), Kazakhstan, Moldavia (extinct), E Poland (extinct), S Russia (now restricted to Kalmykia, occasionally entering Dagestan), Ukraine (Crimea, extinct), NW Uzbekistan (seasonal).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A475444A84EA8A26281C5997E1C606F2.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A475444A84EA8A26281C5997E1C606F2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Sokolov (1974, Mammalian Species, 38).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52F4F527402955532E8DFA9739672A46.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Mexico, Florida "; identified as " Mexico " by Thomas (1911 a: 154); restricted to USA, C Kansas, " Quivera " by Hershkovitz (1957 b); redesignated as USA, E New Mexico, Canadian River valley by McDonald (1981: 62).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52F4F527402955532E8DFA9739672A46.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly NW and C Canada, south through USA, to Chihuahua, Coahuila (Mexico). Exterminated in the wild except in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming (USA) and Wood Buffalo Park, Northwest Territory (Canada). Reintroduced widely within native range and in C Alaska.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52F4F527402955532E8DFA9739672A46.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II as B. b. athabascae; U. S. ESA – Endangered in Canada as B. b. athabascae; IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
52F4F527402955532E8DFA9739672A46.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Meagher (1986, Mammalian Species, 266). Bison bison athabascae treated as a distinct taxon by Geist and Karsten (1977) and Van Zyll de Jong (1986), and assigned to † B. priscus by Flerov (1979), but regarded as an ecotype by Geist (1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83955C236C1D1505A26A0908228F10D0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Bos bison Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83955C236C1D1505A26A0908228F10D0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 3 subspecies: Species Bison bison (Linnaeus 1758) Species Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. bonasus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. caucasicus Turkin and Satunin 1904 Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. hungarorum Kretzoi 1946	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
83955C236C1D1505A26A0908228F10D0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Bohlken (1967), and McDonald (1981). A synonym of Bos according to Groves (1981 d).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
488CF073E38DDC9705C837FED1FE1C10.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 9 genera with 24 species: Genus Bison H. Smith 1827 (2 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Bos Linnaeus 1758 (5 species with 11 subspecies) Genus Boselaphus de Blainville 1816 (1 species) Genus Bubalus C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Pseudoryx Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander and MacKinnon 1993 (1 species) Genus Syncerus Hodgson 1847 (1 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Taurotragus Wagner 1855 (2 species with 5 subspecies) Genus Tetracerus Leach 1825 (1 species with 3 subspecies) Genus Tragelaphus de Blainville 1816 (7 species with 18 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
488CF073E38DDC9705C837FED1FE1C10.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Boselaphini includes Boselaphus and Tetraceros; Bovini includes Bison, Bos, Bubalus, Pseudoryx and Syncerus; and Tragelaphini includes Taurotragus and Tragelaphus. Tetracerotidae, as Tetracerotini, has priority over Boselaphini but has only been used since 1899 as junior to Boselaphini so should not replace it (Article 35.5, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Strepsiceriae as Strepsicerotini has priority over Tragelaphini, but the junior synonym is in general use and should continue to be used, until an appropriate submission is made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Subtribe Pseudoryina is wrongly constructed and should be Pseudorygina; inadvertantly redescribed as tribe Pseudorygini by Grubb (2001 b). Eubovini Geraads, 1992, is unavailable (not based on a recognised genus). Tribe Bovini revised by Groves (1981 d) and Geraads (1992).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53BAD98A8935CFFD35DD1CEC8CCDFFE7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa, Asia "; restricted to " Bielowitza, Lithuania " (Poland, Bialowieza Forest) by Lydekker (1913: 35).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53BAD98A8935CFFD35DD1CEC8CCDFFE7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. bonasus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. caucasicus Turkin and Satunin 1904 Subspecies Bison bonasus subsp. hungarorum Kretzoi 1946	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53BAD98A8935CFFD35DD1CEC8CCDFFE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Europe, surviving in Germany, Romania and W Russia into 18 th Century, in Hungary until about 1790, and in W Caucasus Mtns (Armenia, Georgia, Russia) and Poland until early part of 20 th Century (but extinct in East Prussia, now N Poland, in 1755); extinct in the wild but now reintroduced to E Poland, W Russia, and Caucasus Mtns.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53BAD98A8935CFFD35DD1CEC8CCDFFE7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
53BAD98A8935CFFD35DD1CEC8CCDFFE7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Considered conspecific with bison by Bohlken (1967) and Van Zyll de Jong (1986); but not included in B. bison by MacDonald (1981) or Meagher (1986). Reviewed by Flerov (1979).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE409533F1B0A5B7DE464C837643D674.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa, Asia "; restricted to " Bielowitza, Lithuania " (Poland, Bialowieza Forest) by Lydekker (1913: 35).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAE36635E7D5CC4FE741E13312080A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Native " of the hills to the north-east and east of the Company's province of Chittagong in Bengal, inhabiting that range of hills which separate it from the country of Arracan " (Bangladesh, NE Chittagong).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAE36635E7D5CC4FE741E13312080A3.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. frontalis Lambert 1804 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. laosiensis Heude 1901 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. gaurus C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1951	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAE36635E7D5CC4FE741E13312080A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (S Tibet and Yunnan), India, Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya), Nepal, Sri Lanka (extinct), Thailand, and S Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAE36635E7D5CC4FE741E13312080A3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as B. gaurus (excluding domesticated form); U. S. ESA – Endangered as B. gaurus; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAE36635E7D5CC4FE741E13312080A3.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The name frontalis was based on a Gyall or Gayal (also known as Mithan). These are wild animals recurrently taken into captivity and hence categorised as feral or domestic. Gayal derive from wild Gaur and differ in proportions but are uniform and tend to breed true; interbreeding with domestic cattle appears to be relatively recent (Simoons, 1984). Includes gaurus; but see Corbet and Hill (1991: 130). Formerly placed in Bibos. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Bos gaurus as the name for the wild taxon of Gaur and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It may still be valid for those who consider B. gaurus and B. frontalis to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Gayal possibly originated from the form laosiensis, hence frontalis could be a synonym of laosiensis. Nearly all authors have termed the Gaur B. gaurus rather than B. frontalis (or B. f. gaurus). Provisionally gaurus and laosiensis are here listed as subspecies of frontalis. Gaur that survived into historic times on Sri Lanka were named from fossil material as † sinhaleyus (Deraniyagala, 1951).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
75AE292F4C446398E2CB14D7E1B9F6A7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Native " of the hills to the north-east and east of the Company's province of Chittagong in Bengal, inhabiting that range of hills which separate it from the country of Arracan " (Bangladesh, NE Chittagong).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
533DED9A9EAA37239E3E33DF626725C0.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Bos taurus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
533DED9A9EAA37239E3E33DF626725C0.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 5 species with 11 subspecies: Species Bos frontalis Lambert 1804 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. frontalis Lambert 1804 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. laosiensis Heude 1901 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. gaurus C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Bos frontalis subsp. sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1951 Species Bos grunniens Linnaeus 1766 Subspecies Bos grunniens subsp. grunniens Linnaeus 1766 Subspecies Bos grunniens subsp. mutus Przewalski 1883 Species Bos javanicus d'Alton 1823 Subspecies Bos javanicus subsp. javanicus d'Alton 1823 Subspecies Bos javanicus subsp. lowi Lydekker 1912 Species Bos sauveli Urbain 1937 Species Bos taurus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. taurus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. indicus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. primigenius Bojanus 1827	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
533DED9A9EAA37239E3E33DF626725C0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Bibos, Novibos, and Poephagus; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 380). Genus traditionally comprises B. frontalis or Bibos group (includes also B. javanicus and B. sauveli), B. taurus or nominate Bos group, and B. grunniens or Poephagus group. From cranial morphometrics Groves (1981 d) suggested that Bibos group is paraphyletic, B. sauveli is related to B. taurus, and Bison should be included in Bos. From mtDNA sequences, the most parsimonious cladogram suggested that Poephagus plus Bison formed the sister-group of domestic cattle, but Bibos was not studied (Miyamoto et al., 1989). From cranial morphometrics, Geraads (1992) suggested Bison plus Poephagus is the sister-group of Bibos plus nominate Bos, with Bibos paraphyletic. Using restriction-site mapping of nuclear-ribosomal DNA regions, Wall et al. (1992) came to similar conclusions but with the position of Poephagus unresolved and " Bibos " species, Bos javanicus and Bos gaurus (= frontalis), sister species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2B1C85FA9DBA3BB0C8A99E501E3EC69A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Asia boreali "; " in regno Tibetano " according to Gmelin, in Linnaeus, 1788 (China, Tibetan Plateau); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2B1C85FA9DBA3BB0C8A99E501E3EC69A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bos grunniens subsp. grunniens Linnaeus 1766 Subspecies Bos grunniens subsp. mutus Przewalski 1883	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2B1C85FA9DBA3BB0C8A99E501E3EC69A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Gansu, Sichuan, Sinkiang, Tibet including Qinghai), N India (Ladak), and Nepal; apparently in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and S Russia (Siberia) until 13 th to 18 th centuries; domesticated in C Asia; feral in China, Inner Mongolia, Helan Mtns (Wiener et al, 2003).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2B1C85FA9DBA3BB0C8A99E501E3EC69A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as B. mutus (excluding domesticated form); U. S. ESA – Endangered as B. mutus (= grunniens m.); IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2B1C85FA9DBA3BB0C8A99E501E3EC69A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes mutus; but see Corbet (1978 c: 206). Formerly placed in Poephagus. Reviewed by Olsen (1990). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Bos mutus as the name for the wild taxon of yak, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors have termed the wild yak B. mutus rather than B. grunniens (or B. g. mutus). Gentry et al. (1996) asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It may still be valid for those who consider B. grunniens and B. mutus to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997); here mutus is provisionally treated as a subspecies of grunniens. Domestic and wild yaks have identical mitochondrial haplotypes in the gene fragments tested (Schaller, 1998). Bos bunelli Frick, 1937 is not a Pleistocene Alaskan yak but a domestic cow (Guthrie, 1990; Olsen, 1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E71614F26EB540FDA8D7F64F2A765918.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Asia boreali "; " in regno Tibetano " according to Gmelin, in Linnaeus, 1788 (China, Tibetan Plateau); based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AA58797845A5280EABEBA107D8D04FFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, Java.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AA58797845A5280EABEBA107D8D04FFB.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bos javanicus subsp. javanicus d'Alton 1823 Subspecies Bos javanicus subsp. lowi Lydekker 1912	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AA58797845A5280EABEBA107D8D04FFB.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Borneo, Burma, Cambodia, China (S Yunnan), Java, Laos, Malaysia (N peninsular Malaya), Thailand, and Vietnam; introduced to Australia, Bali Isl, Sangihe, and Enggano Isls; domesticated in SE Asia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AA58797845A5280EABEBA107D8D04FFB.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AA58797845A5280EABEBA107D8D04FFB.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For use of javanicus instead of banteng, see Hooijer (1956). Synonymy from C. P. Groves (in litt.). Formerly placed in Bibos.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B7608A6305B735BEE01F42A9E10AF66C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, Java.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6DA70E3CF9C5B4245090EA76FC5A77BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Nord Cambodge " (Cambodia, near Tchep Village).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6DA70E3CF9C5B4245090EA76FC5A77BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Cambodia, S Laos, SE Thailand, and W Vietnam; possibly extinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6DA70E3CF9C5B4245090EA76FC5A77BE.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6DA70E3CF9C5B4245090EA76FC5A77BE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Novibos by Coolidge (1940); but see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 380). Reviewed by MacKinnon and Stuart (1989).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Linnaeus (1758) stated " Habitat in Poloniae depressis graminosis ferus Urus ". " Urus " applies to the aurochs because Linnaeus' only source was Caesar in his " Gallic Wars " where the aurochs is described (Lydekker, 1912). Other authors have used the name " urus " for the European Bison Bison bonasus, in the 18 th Century thought to be the wild form of domestic cattle. Thomas (1911 a: 154) proposed to restrict the type locality to Sweden, Upsala, applying taurus to domestic cattle.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. taurus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. indicus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus subsp. primigenius Bojanus 1827	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Extinct in the wild, except in Jaktorowka Forest, Masovia, Poland, by commencement of 15 th century; last wild individual reputed to have died in 1627. Distributed worldwide under domestication; feral populations in Spain, France, Australia, New Guinea, USA, Colombia, Argentina and many islands, including Hawaiian, Galapagos, Dominican Republic / Haiti, Tristan da Cunha, New Amsterdam and Juan Fernandez Isls.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as Pseudonovibos spiralis (but see comments).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4A1F92B9996B75713C7545A8C31B79A7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes † primigenius (extinct wild ancestor surviving into 17 th Century) and indicus; but see Corbet (1978 c: 206). Studies of mtDNA suggest two independent domestications of cattle (Loftus et al. 1994), taurus and indicus, originating presumably from Eurasiatic and Indian populations. Formal synonymy disputed. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Bos primigenius as the name for the wild taxon of Aurochsen. They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It may still be valid for those who consider B. taurus and B. primigenius to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Provisionally, indicus, and † primigenius are here listed as subspecies of taurus. Kretzoi (1942) noted that urus Linnaeus, 1758 and † priscus von Schlotheim, 1820 antedate † primigenius Bojanus, 1827. The citation in Linnaeus (1758: 71) is as follows: " BOS … Taurus … a. Urus. Caesar bello Gallico VI. C. 5. Habitat in Poloniae depressis graminosis ferus Urus [Only distribution given by Linnaeus for Bos taurus]. " The name urus Linnaeus is varietal and such names are regarded as available. Independently, Harper (1945) questioned whether † primigenius was an available name but it is now conserved (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). Until the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules on Kretzoi's (1942) paper, † primigenius is retained as the name for the Aurochs. Fitzinger (1860) listed 102 mostly new binomial or trinomial names for European domestic cattle. Only those cited by other authors are included above. Pseudonovibos spiralis was named from isolated horns (Peter and Feiler, 1994 a, b); since known from frontlets with horns in situ (Dioli, 1995, 1997; Timm and Brandt, 2001), some of which had previously been mistaken for Bos sauveli (Hoffman, 1986). History and phylogenetic relationships discussed by Timm and Brandt (2001) who recommended the vernacular name Khting Vor (Khting = gaur, and Vor = spiral climbing plant). Further material examined has been found to consist of horns and associated frontlets of domestic cattle, with the horns modified by carving and twisting when softened by heat (Thomas et al., 2001), and this view is supported by evidence from DNA (Hassanin et al., 2001), but not all specimens, including the type, have been confirmed to be artefacts. A review of the evidence (Brandt et al., 2001) leaves the status of this name equivocal; Brandt, Dioli, Olson, and Timm insist that some specimens are not artefacts and accept assignment to Bos; Seveau suggests that the holotype consists of modified buffalo horns, in which case Pseudonovibos spiralis would be a synonym of Bubalus bubalis (a new name would be necessary for the genuine specimens, if that is what they are); Melville finds the circumstantial evidence for this bovine occurring in Indochina to be flawed. Genetic analysis of another specimen by Kuznetsov et al. (2002) suggested affinities with Bubalis. Further review by Galbreath and Melville (2003) suggests that Pseudonovibos spiralis should not be regarded as a valid species unless new incontrovertable evidence is obtained.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
93EC227950E49F7184F884E71316715D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Linnaeus (1758) stated " Habitat in Poloniae depressis graminosis ferus Urus ". " Urus " applies to the aurochs because Linnaeus' only source was Caesar in his " Gallic Wars " where the aurochs is described (Lydekker, 1912). Other authors have used the name " urus " for the European Bison Bison bonasus, in the 18 th Century thought to be the wild form of domestic cattle. Thomas (1911 a: 154) proposed to restrict the type locality to Sweden, Upsala, applying taurus to domestic cattle.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A2F5C49633C41E5F242B8E251AEE960F.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope tragocamelus Pallas 1766	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A2F5C49633C41E5F242B8E251AEE960F.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas 1766)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D370F542B64E790893C312E85909D6EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; restricted to " plains of Peninsular India " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 227).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D370F542B64E790893C312E85909D6EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: India, Nepal (Terai), and E Pakistan; introduced into Texas (USA).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D370F542B64E790893C312E85909D6EC.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D370F542B64E790893C312E85909D6EC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Antilope tragocamelus Pallas, 1766, was based on accounts of the " tragelaphus " by Caius, Gesner and Ray and on Parsons' (1745) description of a male nilgai in London (here designated the lectotype), which had first been " brought to Bengal, from a very remote part of the Mogul's Dominions ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4FCC51ECCEE97BA6FE70C063FFCAE19.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Bos bubalis Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4FCC51ECCEE97BA6FE70C063FFCAE19.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 6 subspecies: Species Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. bubalis Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. arnee Kerr 1792 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. fulvus Blanford 1891 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. kerabau Fitzinger 1860 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. migona Deraniyagala 1952 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. theerapati Groves 1996 Species Bubalus depressicornis C. H. Smith 1827 Species Bubalus mindorensis (Heude 1888) Species Bubalus quarlesi Ouwens 1910	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4FCC51ECCEE97BA6FE70C063FFCAE19.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Bubalus includes the B. depressicornis or Anoa group (includes also quarlesi), revised by Groves (1969 b); and the B. bubalis or nominate Bubalus group, (includes also B. mephistopheles and B. mindorensis).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Asia, cultus in Italia ". Restricted by Thomas (1911 a: 154) to Italy, Rome, but Linnaeus' (1758) comment indicates Asia (India?).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. bubalis Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. arnee Kerr 1792 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. fulvus Blanford 1891 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. kerabau Fitzinger 1860 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. migona Deraniyagala 1952 Subspecies Bubalus bubalis subsp. theerapati Groves 1996	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, India (survives in Assam and Orissa), Nepal, N Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly at least formerly in Laos; domesticated in N Africa, S Europe, and even England, east to Indonesia and in E South America; supposedly feral populations in Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines and other parts of SE Asia; feral populations resulting from introductions in New Britain and New Ireland (Bismarck Arch., Papua New Guinea), and Australia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Nepal) as B. arnee (excludes domesticated forms - but see comments below; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
236A383081CC964E39BFFD7DA7597C4C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes arnee, the name used for the species by those workers who do not employ specific names based on domestic mammals; bubalis is the senior synonym; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 383); but see also Corbet and Hill (1991: 130). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Bubalus arnee as the name for the wild taxon of water buffaloes, though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild buffalo B. arnee rather than B. bubalis (or B. b. arnee). They asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It may still be valid for those who consider B. bubalis and B. arnee to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Domestic buffaloes comprise Murrah or river buffaloes (the Bos bubalis of Linnaeus), with distinctive morphology (Cockrill, 1974), and swamp buffaloes, which resemble the wild populations. These two kinds differ not only in morphology but also in karyotype (Berardino and Iannuzzi, 1981; Fischer and Ulbrich, 1968) and DNA sequences that suggest two independent domestications of water buffalo (Tanaka et al., 1996), presumably from different infraspecific wild taxa. However, Kierstein et al. (2003) inferred that there was only a single domestication. A third taxon, † Bubalus mephistopheles Hopwood, 1925, was also domesticated but is not known to have survived later than ca. 3000 yr BP (Olsen, 1993; Teilhard de Chardin and Young, 1936). Whatever name might apply to swamp buffaloes, it would appear that river buffaloes could be recognized as a separate taxon (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) from B. b. arnee. Status of insular populations unclear; some populations on Sumatra and Java have " wild " morphology (Dammerman, 1934) and are here provisionally assigned to kerabau; kerabau and migona are here treated as subspecies until more information becomes available. Mainland wild populations revised by Groves (1996 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5E282A71A4F4BDC8D8F47BC279435C6D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Asia, cultus in Italia ". Restricted by Thomas (1911 a: 154) to Italy, Rome, but Linnaeus' (1758) comment indicates Asia (India?).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB8A4A60F3C376CA9D8C10ECC92190C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Island of Celebes " (Sulawesi).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB8A4A60F3C376CA9D8C10ECC92190C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Sulawesi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB8A4A60F3C376CA9D8C10ECC92190C5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB8A4A60F3C376CA9D8C10ECC92190C5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes anoa; see Groves (1969 b: 3). Formerly included in Anoa but placed in genus Bubalus, subgenus Anoa by Groves (1969 b: 3).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D78AFF2EB58E8DDE175F810ADBE1B74D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Philippines, " l'ile de Mindoro ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D78AFF2EB58E8DDE175F810ADBE1B74D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Philippines, Mindoro.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D78AFF2EB58E8DDE175F810ADBE1B74D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D78AFF2EB58E8DDE175F810ADBE1B74D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Described independently as Bubalus mindorensis Heude, 1888 and Anoa mindorensis Steere, 1888. Reviewed by Custodio et al. (1996, Mammalian Species, 520). A subspecies of B. bubalis according to Bohlken (1958), but restored to specific status, in subgenus Bubalus by Groves (1969 b: 10).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
58CBD5FACF05D6F90EF952A7675BA676.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, Sulawesi, " des bois des hautes montagnes de la région centrale de Toradja ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
58CBD5FACF05D6F90EF952A7675BA676.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Mountains of Sulawesi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
58CBD5FACF05D6F90EF952A7675BA676.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
58CBD5FACF05D6F90EF952A7675BA676.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subgenus Anoa; see Groves (1969 b). Formerly included in A. depressicornis; see Haltenorth (1963: 131).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3088867681C3E6F512E4401E6EE35B2B.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander and MacKinnon 1993	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3088867681C3E6F512E4401E6EE35B2B.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, and MacKinnon 1993	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3088867681C3E6F512E4401E6EE35B2B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A recently discovered monotypic genus (Dung et al. 1993, 1994; Shaller and Rabinowitz, 1995), possibly a member of the Caprinae (Thomas, 1994) but more probably a member of the Bovinae (Dung et al., 1993; Robichaud 1998). Recent studies place it in the Bovini as a subtribe Pseudorygina Hassanin and Douzery (1999 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3619A7B73A3AC47A4CA0D21077D0605C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam 105 ° 25 ' E by 18 ° 15 ' N ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3619A7B73A3AC47A4CA0D21077D0605C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rainforest of Vietnam (Ha Tinh and Nghe An Prov.) and neighbouring parts of Laos.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3619A7B73A3AC47A4CA0D21077D0605C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3619A7B73A3AC47A4CA0D21077D0605C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See comments under genus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A67D44C8862907D90DA86064FAAE84CA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Seecov Rivier " and " Akter Brunties hoogte ", now restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage district, Sunday River, Algoa Bay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A67D44C8862907D90DA86064FAAE84CA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. caffer Sparrman 1779 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. aequinoctialis Blyth 1866 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. brachyceros Gray 1837 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. matthewsi Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. nanus Boddaert 1785	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A67D44C8862907D90DA86064FAAE84CA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rain forest and savanna of Angola, Benin, N and E Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini; extinct on Bioko), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), SW Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A67D44C8862907D90DA86064FAAE84CA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A67D44C8862907D90DA86064FAAE84CA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Ansell (1972: 19) compared subspecific systematics of different authors, here modified from Schouteden (1945). The species can be partitioned into the nominate caffer division (including also aequinoctialis) and the nanus division (including also brachyceros); phylogeography indicates similar haplotypes for nanus and cf. brachyceros, which differ from those of nominate caffer (Van Hooft et al., 2002); matthewsi is probably of polyphyletic origin; cottoni is based on a specimen of nominate caffer showing characters reflecting gene flow between caffer and nanus. Bos pegasus C. H. Smith, 1827 has been identified as an African buffalo, but is probably a sheep (Blyth, 1871).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B20854E1229E70BD04C552A35BE09936.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Seecov Rivier " and " Akter Brunties hoogte ", now restricted to South Africa, Eastern Cape Prov., Uitenhage district, Sunday River, Algoa Bay.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
347D2557D6EC07FB07AEAA888D9E48DC.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Bos brachyceros Gray 1837	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
347D2557D6EC07FB07AEAA888D9E48DC.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 5 subspecies: Species Syncerus caffer (Sparrman 1779) Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. caffer Sparrman 1779 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. aequinoctialis Blyth 1866 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. brachyceros Gray 1837 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. matthewsi Lydekker 1904 Subspecies Syncerus caffer subsp. nanus Boddaert 1785	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
347D2557D6EC07FB07AEAA888D9E48DC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A subgenus of Bubalus according to Haltenorth (1963: 133). Reviewed by Grubb (1972).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84FBB96DF2BAA94E44C1339191BD5C4C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Western Africa, Gambia ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84FBB96DF2BAA94E44C1339191BD5C4C.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Taurotragus derbianus subsp. derbianus Gray 1847 Subspecies Taurotragus derbianus subsp. gigas Heuglin 1863	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84FBB96DF2BAA94E44C1339191BD5C4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Savanna of W Africa in Gambia (extinct), Guinea (extinct?), Guinea Bissau, SW Mali (extinct?), S Senegal, and Sierra Leone (formerly a vagrant); purported records from Ghana and Togo not accepted (Grubb et al., 1998). C Africa in N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad (extinct), N Dem. Rep. Congo, E Nigeria (extinct), SW Sudan, and NW Uganda (extinct).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84FBB96DF2BAA94E44C1339191BD5C4C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as T. d. derbianus; IUCN – Endangered as Tragelaphus d. derbianus (but also listed, from the same evaluation date, as Lower Risk (nt) for Taurotragus derbianus), Lower Risk (nt) as Tragelaphus d. gigas.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84FBB96DF2BAA94E44C1339191BD5C4C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Regarded as conspecific with T. oryx by Haltenorth (1963: 86), but usually treated as a full species; see Ansell (1972: 26), whose synonymy is followed here. " Giant eland " refers only to the subspecies gigas.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DB23B6D54D2A067BB108643445D086A6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Western Africa, Gambia ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EBBDCA9C122FC3E287541E1F7F83081B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Known to the Dutch " ad Promontorium B. Spei ", restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Cape Town by Shortridge (1934: 607).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EBBDCA9C122FC3E287541E1F7F83081B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. oryx Pallas 1766 Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. livingstonei P. L. Sclater 1864 Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. pattersonianus Lydekker 1906	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EBBDCA9C122FC3E287541E1F7F83081B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Burundi (extinct), S Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia (seasonal in Omo Valley), Kenya, Lesotho (seasonal), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, SE Sudan, Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Tanzania, Uganda, S Zaire, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EBBDCA9C122FC3E287541E1F7F83081B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as Tragelaphus oryx.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EBBDCA9C122FC3E287541E1F7F83081B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Systematics modified from Ansell (1972: 27).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C4131E7B4B855AE2CC07BD47730A5390.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Known to the Dutch " ad Promontorium B. Spei ", restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., near Cape Town by Shortridge (1934: 607).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98CCC23ECE13E3C14B3F39764A0276F8.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope oreas Pallas 1777	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98CCC23ECE13E3C14B3F39764A0276F8.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 5 subspecies: Species Taurotragus derbianus (Gray 1847) Subspecies Taurotragus derbianus subsp. derbianus Gray 1847 Subspecies Taurotragus derbianus subsp. gigas Heuglin 1863 Species Taurotragus oryx (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. oryx Pallas 1766 Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. livingstonei P. L. Sclater 1864 Subspecies Taurotragus oryx subsp. pattersonianus Lydekker 1906	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98CCC23ECE13E3C14B3F39764A0276F8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: This genus has been included in Tragelaphus; see Van Gelder (1977 a, b) and Ansell (1978: 53). Generic rank was restored by Smithers (1983: 679), Meester et al. (1986: 216), and Ansell and Dowsett (1988: 87).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C77CBF0EE19652021F832EDFC89A2CDB.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope chickara Hardwicke 1825	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C77CBF0EE19652021F832EDFC89A2CDB.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 3 subspecies: Species Tetracerus quadricornis (de Blainville 1816) Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. quadricornis de Blainville 1816 Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. iodes Hodgson 1847 Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. subquadricornutus Elliot 1839	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
61C6AAB87FD46466C32A2C2EAC46DBB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " native de l'Inde "; " plains of Peninsular India " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 222).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
61C6AAB87FD46466C32A2C2EAC46DBB5.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. quadricornis de Blainville 1816 Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. iodes Hodgson 1847 Subspecies Tetracerus quadricornis subsp. subquadricornutus Elliot 1839	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
61C6AAB87FD46466C32A2C2EAC46DBB5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: India, Nepal (Terai).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
61C6AAB87FD46466C32A2C2EAC46DBB5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Nepal); IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
61C6AAB87FD46466C32A2C2EAC46DBB5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The type of Cervus labipes F. Cuvier, 1832 is not a deer from the Philippines but a female Four-horned Antelope (Sundevall, 1846). The incorrect original spelling Antilope sub- 4 - cornutus Elliot was justifiably emended to subquadricornutus by Hodgson (1847; Calcutta Journal of Natural History, 8: 89). Revised by Groves (2003).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8C08E5897E33269D8E3F19DA7A228EC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " native de l'Inde "; " plains of Peninsular India " (Lydekker, 1914 b: 222).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F9D1A7672F5A83B2E337DC3BF033205.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, " Hills that border upon the northern shores of St. Lucia Bay, in the Zulu country, lat. 28 ° south ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F9D1A7672F5A83B2E337DC3BF033205.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa (N and E Limpopo Prov., E Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), and N and S Zimbabwe. Reintroduced or newly introduced to private land in South Africa and Namibia (East, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F9D1A7672F5A83B2E337DC3BF033205.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F9D1A7672F5A83B2E337DC3BF033205.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The name angasii is usually attributed to Gray, because Angas (1849) stated " Mr Gray has named this species after my father, George Fife Angas, Esq, of South Australia " but this is insufficient to make Gray the author (Article 50.1.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4223DBD8167B2F009A6EFD04AC55E3A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Ethiopia, Bak Prov., " Arusi plateau of Gallaland, in the Sahatu Mountains, and south-east of Lake Zwei [Zwai], at an estimated height of 9000 feet [2,700 m] above sea level ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4223DBD8167B2F009A6EFD04AC55E3A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Ethiopia, east of Rift Valley.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4223DBD8167B2F009A6EFD04AC55E3A3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D22C3849ACA2047C831325885BDBF1.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope sylvatica Sparrman 1780	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D22C3849ACA2047C831325885BDBF1.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 7 species with 18 subspecies: Species Tragelaphus angasii Angas 1848 Species Tragelaphus buxtoni Lydekker 1910 Species Tragelaphus eurycerus Ogilby 1836 Species Tragelaphus imberbis Blyth 1869 Species Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. scriptus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. bor Heuglin 1877 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. decula Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. fasciatus Pocock 1900 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. knutsoni Lönnberg 1905 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. meneliki Neumann 1902 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. ornatus Pocock 1900 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. sylvaticus Sparrman 1780 Species Tragelaphus spekii Speke 1863 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. spekii Speke 1863 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. gratus P. L. Sclater 1880 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. larkenii St. Leger 1931 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. selousi W. Rothschild 1898 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. sylvestris Meinertzhagen 1916 Species Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas 1766) Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. strepsiceros Pallas 1766 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. bea Heller 1913 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. burlacei Ansell 1969 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. chora Cretzschmar 1826 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. zambesiensis Lorenz 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
59D22C3849ACA2047C831325885BDBF1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Boocercus, Limnotragus, Nyala and Strepsiceros; see Ansell (1972: 20) and Van Gelder (1977 a, b); except for T. buxtoni, all species have been made types of genera. Monophyletic lineages within the Tragelaphini have not been proposed on the basis of morphology, though Ansell (1972) allocated angasii and spekii to a superspecies. From gene analysis, there is a lack of evidence that Tragelaphus species form a clade excluding Taurotragus, and therefore Tragelaphus is regarded as paraphyletic if Taurotragus is excluded (Essop et al., 1997 a; Gatesy et al., 1997; Geordiadis et al., 1990; Hassanin and Douzery, 1999 a; Hassanin and Douzery, 1999 a; Matthee and Robinson, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
297F66E28D48287323E30F1EF8613003.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Their origin is unknown, but I have reason to believe they [the syntypes] came from Western Africa ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
297F66E28D48287323E30F1EF8613003.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rain forest of W Africa in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo; C Africa in SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Gabon, Republic of Congo, SW Sudan, Uganda (extinct); and in S Kenya. Occurrence in Equatorial Guinea (Mbini) questionable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
297F66E28D48287323E30F1EF8613003.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Endangered as T. e. isaaci, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
297F66E28D48287323E30F1EF8613003.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Formerly placed in Boocercus. Reviewed by Ralls (1978, Mammalian Species, 111).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E24D1F068269ACED3C4597EEDA35CC63.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Abyssinia "; now known to be Ethiopia, Shoa Prov.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E24D1F068269ACED3C4597EEDA35CC63.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, SE Sudan, E Tanzania, NE Uganda. Also apparently Yemen and SW Saudi Arabia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E24D1F068269ACED3C4597EEDA35CC63.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E24D1F068269ACED3C4597EEDA35CC63.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The type specimen was procured in Shoa Prov. by W. C. Harris, possibly at Manyo or Taboo Forest (Yalden et al., 1984). Arabian records are based on only two specimens (Harrison and Bates, 1991: 192).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7AA7E2B0234C0DA9ED3520DC13E164AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but based on " Le Guib " of Buffon, from " Sénégal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7AA7E2B0234C0DA9ED3520DC13E164AA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. scriptus Pallas 1766 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. bor Heuglin 1877 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. decula Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. fasciatus Pocock 1900 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. knutsoni Lönnberg 1905 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. meneliki Neumann 1902 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. ornatus Pocock 1900 Subspecies Tragelaphus scriptus subsp. sylvaticus Sparrman 1780	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7AA7E2B0234C0DA9ED3520DC13E164AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Savanna and secondary forest in Angola, Benin, N and E Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambiqiue, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), SW Niger, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S Somalia, E and S South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Not recorded from Lesotho (Lynch, 1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7AA7E2B0234C0DA9ED3520DC13E164AA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7AA7E2B0234C0DA9ED3520DC13E164AA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecific systematics modified from Ansell (1972: 24) and Grubb (1985, 2000 b); the species comprises decula division (includes also meneliki), nominate scriptus division (includes also bor and knutsoni), and sylvaticus division (includes also fasciatus and ornatus).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
43C787A0CD0C894137633B9711D481BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited but based on " Le Guib " of Buffon, from " Sénégal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EDB797FBFADF9447232F131B837CF95.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope lervia Pallas 1777	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EDB797FBFADF9447232F131B837CF95.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 6 subspecies: Species Ammotragus lervia (Pallas 1777) Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. lervia Pallas 1777 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. angusi W. Rothschild 1921 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. blainei W. Rothschild 1913 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. fassini Lepri 1930 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. ornatus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1827 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. sahariensis W. Rothschild 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EDB797FBFADF9447232F131B837CF95.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Ansell (1972: 70) included Ammotragus in Capra; but see comment under Capra.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D6D7AAA48F33780820F068DF1B14DEB2.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 12 genera with 35 species: Genus Ammotragus Blyth 1840 (1 species with 6 subspecies) Genus Budorcas Hodgson 1850 (1 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Capra Linnaeus 1758 (8 species with 12 subspecies) Genus Capricornis Ogilby 1836 (6 species with 2 subspecies) Genus Hemitragus Hodgson 1841 (3 species) Genus Naemorhedus C. H. Smith 1827 (4 species with 4 subspecies) Genus Oreamnos Rafinesque 1817 (1 species) Genus Ovibos de Blainville 1816 (1 species) Genus Ovis Linnaeus 1758 (5 species with 30 subspecies) Genus Pantholops Hodgson 1834 (1 species) Genus Pseudois Hodgson 1846 (2 species) Genus Rupicapra de Blainville 1816 (2 species with 7 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D6D7AAA48F33780820F068DF1B14DEB2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Caprini includes Ammotragus, Capra, Hemitragus, Ovis, Oreamnos, Pseudois, and Rupicapra; Naemorhedini includes Capricornis and Naemorhedus; Ovibovini includes Budorcas and Ovibos; Pantholopini includes Pantholops. Placing of Pantholops in the Caprinae is supported by morphological and molecular studies (Gatesy et al., 1997; Gentry, 1992; Hassanin et al., 1998; Vrba and Schaller, 2000). It may be the sister taxon of all other Caprinae. Relationshiops in the rest of the Caprinae are problematical. Nadler et al. (1973) noted identity of karyotypes in Ammotragus and Ovis (O. aries arkar). From electrophoresis of proteins, Hartl et al. (1990) obtained the following tree: (Ovis) (( Rupicapra, Oreamnos) (( Hemitragus) (Ammotragus, Capra ))). Hassanin et al. (1998) recognised three clades on the basis of their studies of cytochrome b sequences, namely (1) Capricornis, Naemorhedus, Ovibos; (2) Capra, Hemitragus, Pseudois; and (3) Budorcas, Ovis; with the positions of Ammotragus, Oreamnos and Rupicapra less certain; Ovibovini hence appeared to be polyphyletic. The tree based on behavior, glands, skull and postcrania (Vrba and Schaller, 2000) is of the following form: (Budorcas) (( Ovibos) (( Oreamnos) (Naemorhedus, Capricornis )))) (( Ovis) (( Pseudois) (Capra, Hemitragus ))). Distribution reviewed by Shackleton (1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB0D80C298C406EFE747A291448317B2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Tanzania, Karagwe, E of Lake Victoria, at a lake named " Little Windermere " by Speke; identified as Bukoba district, Lake Lwelo, 2 ° S, 30 ° 57 ' E by Moreau et al. (1946: 441).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB0D80C298C406EFE747A291448317B2.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. spekii Speke 1863 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. gratus P. L. Sclater 1880 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. larkenii St. Leger 1931 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. selousi W. Rothschild 1898 Subspecies Tragelaphus spekii subsp. sylvestris Meinertzhagen 1916	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB0D80C298C406EFE747A291448317B2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Disjunct. Swamps in Gambia, W Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and S Senegal; not authentically recorded from Sierra Leone and doubtfully recorded from Côte d’Ivoire (Grubb et al., 1998). Rainforest and swamps in C and E Angola, S Benin, N Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad (Lake Chad only), Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, SE Ghana, W Kenya, Mozambique (W Tete Prov. only), NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip only), Niger (Lake Chad only; extinct), S Nigeria (and Lake Chad), Republic of Congo, Rwanda, S Sudan, W and NW Tanzania, Togo (extinct?), Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (extreme NW). Occurrence in Ghana only recently confirmed (East, 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB0D80C298C406EFE747A291448317B2.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (Ghana); IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BB0D80C298C406EFE747A291448317B2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Speke (1863) described and illustrated the ' nzoé' or ' water-boc' and reported in a footnote that Sclater had named the species Tragelaphus Spekii [sic], but this is insufficient to make Sclater the author of the name (Article 50.1.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972: 22).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
927E61198AE043626D024F82CB8E5FA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Tanzania, Karagwe, E of Lake Victoria, at a lake named " Little Windermere " by Speke; identified as Bukoba district, Lake Lwelo, 2 ° S, 30 ° 57 ' E by Moreau et al. (1946: 441).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85B8A717301B82F681DFFFAEBF132A63.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Prom. B. Spei " (Cape of Good Hope); restricted to South Africa, south-eastern Cape Prov. [eastern part of Western Cape Prov.] by Grubb (1999: 36).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85B8A717301B82F681DFFFAEBF132A63.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. strepsiceros Pallas 1766 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. bea Heller 1913 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. burlacei Ansell 1969 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. chora Cretzschmar 1826 Subspecies Tragelaphus strepsiceros subsp. zambesiensis Lorenz 1894	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85B8A717301B82F681DFFFAEBF132A63.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, Botswana, N Central African Republic, S Chad, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, Djibouti, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia (extinct?), South Africa, W and E Sudan, NE Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85B8A717301B82F681DFFFAEBF132A63.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
85B8A717301B82F681DFFFAEBF132A63.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972: 25), modified by Grubb (1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
344BED025462957A67AD9B7AE54E3A0C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Prom. B. Spei " (Cape of Good Hope); restricted to South Africa, south-eastern Cape Prov. [eastern part of Western Cape Prov.] by Grubb (1999: 36).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8CABA75580B6F6E80BE0D0A0A1D0E9EA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Africae borealori propria "; restricted to Algeria, Department of Oran (Harper, 1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8CABA75580B6F6E80BE0D0A0A1D0E9EA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. lervia Pallas 1777 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. angusi W. Rothschild 1921 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. blainei W. Rothschild 1913 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. fassini Lepri 1930 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. ornatus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1827 Subspecies Ammotragus lervia subsp. sahariensis W. Rothschild 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8CABA75580B6F6E80BE0D0A0A1D0E9EA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Algeria, N Chad, Egypt, Libya, N Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Niger, Sudan (west of Nile and east of Nile in Red Sea Hills), and Tunisia; introduced to USA, N Mexico and Spain.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8CABA75580B6F6E80BE0D0A0A1D0E9EA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild as A. l. ornatus, otherwise Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8CABA75580B6F6E80BE0D0A0A1D0E9EA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecific systematics from Ansell (1972: 71). Reviewed by Gray and Simpson (1980, Mammalian Species, 144).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C56E9851AD0051DA9AA54ED4581D38AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Africae borealori propria "; restricted to Algeria, Department of Oran (Harper, 1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C4BF095C3893540F5ABC297128DF6EA2.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Budorcas taxicolor Hodgson 1850	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C4BF095C3893540F5ABC297128DF6EA2.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 4 subspecies: Species Budorcas taxicolor Hodgson 1850 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. taxicolor Hodgson 1850 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. bedfordi Thomas 1911 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. tibetana Milne-Edwards 1874 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. whitei Lydekker 1907	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C4BF095C3893540F5ABC297128DF6EA2.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Doubtfully included in Ovibovini following analysis of skull characters (Gentry, 1996).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8066C796999287A5E5D685832D05178.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, Assam, " Mishmi mountains [Mishmi Hills] … in the Eastern Himalaya ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8066C796999287A5E5D685832D05178.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. taxicolor Hodgson 1850 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. bedfordi Thomas 1911 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. tibetana Milne-Edwards 1874 Subspecies Budorcas taxicolor subsp. whitei Lydekker 1907	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8066C796999287A5E5D685832D05178.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bhutan, N Burma, China (Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, SE Tibet, and Yunnan), and NE India (Sikkim and Mishmi Hills).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8066C796999287A5E5D685832D05178.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as B. t. taxicolor and B. t. bedfordi, Vulnerable as B. t. tibetana and B. t. whitei.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8066C796999287A5E5D685832D05178.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Neas and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 277).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E89283868FF747D35420FAC74A8DF2E4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, Assam, " Mishmi mountains [Mishmi Hills] … in the Eastern Himalaya ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6B29296EFAE1A137438E228F9965208.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra hircus Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6B29296EFAE1A137438E228F9965208.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 8 species with 12 subspecies: Species Capra caucasica Guldenstaedt and Pallas 1779 Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. caucasica Guldenstaedt and Pallas 1779 Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. cylindricornis Blyth 1841 Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. severtzovi Menzbier 1888 Species Capra falconeri Wagner 1839 Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. falconeri Wagner 1839 Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. heptneri Zalkin 1945 Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. megaceros Hutton 1842 Species Capra hircus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. hircus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. aegagrus Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. chialtanensis (Lydekker 1913) Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. cretica Schinz 1838 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. jourensis Ivrea 1899 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. picta Erhard 1858 Species Capra ibex Linnaeus 1758 Species Capra nubiana F. Cuvier 1825 Species Capra pyrenaica Schinz 1838 Species Capra sibirica Pallas 1776 Species Capra walie Rüppell 1835	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6B29296EFAE1A137438E228F9965208.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Coutourier (1962). Includes Orthaegoceros; see Heptner et al. (1961: 593). Some authors have included Ammotragus and Ovis; see Ansell (1972: 70) and Van Gelder (1977 b). However, most authors have not followed this arrangement; see Gray and Simpson (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), Hall (1981), and Corbet and Hill (1991). There is no consensus concerning the number of species to be recognized in this genus; some would recognize only two (hircus and falconeri; see Haltenorth, 1963), while others would recognize up to nine. Heptner et al. (1961) are followed here except that only one species of Tur is recognised. Suggested divisions within the genus according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) are C. caucasica or Hilzheimeria group, C. falconeri or Orthaegoceros group, C. hircus or nominate Capra group, C. ibex or Ibex group (including also nubiana, sibirica, and walie as subspecies, as well as " C. ibex severtzovi "), and C. pyrenaica or Turocapra group. Systematics of the genus has been inferred from mtDNA sequences. Hassanin et al. (1998) suggested the following tree: (C. sibirica, Hemitragus jemlahicus) (( C. nubiana) (( C. hircus, C. falconeri) (( C. caucasica) (C. cylindricornis, C. aegagrus )))). Manceau et al (1999 a) concluded that C. aegagrus and C. ibex sensu lato were polyphyletic, that C. cylindricornis and C. caucasica were distinct, though they did not state whether their material included specimens of the intermediate severtzovi, and that C. pyrenaica was allied to C. ibex. From studies of fossil material, Crégut-Bonnoure (1992) concluded that there were two lineages in late Pleistocene Europe, the ibex lineage, and the caucasica-cylindricornis-pyrenaica lineage.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22B04105A7008246B9014BE5F4E9F93B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Russia, " in summis Caucasi jugis, circa fluviorum Terek et Kubam summas origines, itemque in Ossetino tractu et Cachetia " (Caucasus Mtns, between Malka and Baksan Rivers, east of Mt. Elbrus).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22B04105A7008246B9014BE5F4E9F93B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. caucasica Guldenstaedt and Pallas 1779 Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. cylindricornis Blyth 1841 Subspecies Capra caucasica subsp. severtzovi Menzbier 1888	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22B04105A7008246B9014BE5F4E9F93B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Caucasus Mtns (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22B04105A7008246B9014BE5F4E9F93B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as C. caucasica, Vulnerable as C. cylindricornis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22B04105A7008246B9014BE5F4E9F93B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951: 407) recognised two taxa, C. caucasica with synonym cylindricornis, and C. ibex severtzovi; Heptner et al. (1961) recognised C. caucasica with synonym severtzovi, and C. cylindricornis; Sokolov and Tembotov (1993) recognised these three taxa as subspecies in a single species and their classification is followed here.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1440E3640188E6D90575A82261A69D5A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Russia, " in summis Caucasi jugis, circa fluviorum Terek et Kubam summas origines, itemque in Ossetino tractu et Cachetia " (Caucasus Mtns, between Malka and Baksan Rivers, east of Mt. Elbrus).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
94A2B0E17F7164D025B5A7588B63F13D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Kaschmir "; restricted to Pakistan, Kashmir, Astor (Lydekker, 1913).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F113B1863647151131E6F0936ED0C8BF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Kaschmir "; restricted to Pakistan, Kashmir, Astor (Lydekker, 1913).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F113B1863647151131E6F0936ED0C8BF.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. falconeri Wagner 1839 Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. heptneri Zalkin 1945 Subspecies Capra falconeri subsp. megaceros Hutton 1842	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F113B1863647151131E6F0936ED0C8BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: NE Afghanistan, N India (SW Jammu and Kashmir), N and C Pakistan, S Tajikistan, and S Uzbekistan. a.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F113B1863647151131E6F0936ED0C8BF.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. f. jerdoni and C. f. megaceros; IUCN – Critically Endangered as C. f. heptneri, Endangered as C. f. falconeri and C. f. megaceros.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F113B1863647151131E6F0936ED0C8BF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Schaller (1977).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1BBD1FCEE685114C67AD584D847812EA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in montosis "; identified as Sweden (Thomas, 1911 a: 152), based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1BBD1FCEE685114C67AD584D847812EA.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. hircus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. aegagrus Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. chialtanensis (Lydekker 1913) Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. cretica Schinz 1838 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. jourensis Ivrea 1899 Subspecies Capra hircus subsp. picta Erhard 1858	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1BBD1FCEE685114C67AD584D847812EA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Afghanistan, Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, NE Georgia, and S Russia), Iraq, Iran, Israel (till Neolithic), Jordan (extinct), Lebanon (extinct), S Pakistan, Syria (extinct), Turkey, and S Turkmenistan; anciently introduced into Greek isls and probably Oman. Domesticated worldwide; feral populations in British Isles, islands in the Mediterranean, USA, Canada, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand and many oceanic islands including Bonin, Hawaiian, Galapagos, Seychelles, and Juan Fernandez Isls.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1BBD1FCEE685114C67AD584D847812EA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; ESA – Endangered C. falconeri (= aegagrus) chiltanensis [sic]; IUCN – Critically Endangered as C. aegagrus chialtanensis; otherwise Vulnerable as C. acera and as C. a. aegagrus, C. a. cretica, and C. a. blythi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1BBD1FCEE685114C67AD584D847812EA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes aegagrus, but see Corbet (1978 c: 214). Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Capra aegagrus as the name for the wild taxon of Goats and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary power to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It might still be valid for those who consider C. hircus and C. aegagrus to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997). Both names have been used when referring to wild Goats. Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777 is a junior synonym of C. bezoartica Linnaeus, 1766 whose syntypes may have included other species (Blanford, 1875 b); bezoartica may be regarded as a nomen oblitum. Populations anciently introduced to Greek islands include cretica on Crete and Theodorou, jourensis on Giura or Joura in the Northern Sporades, and picta on Antimilo or Erimomilos in the Cyclades. They have been regarded as synonyms of hircus or aegagrus, but their systematic status needs evaluation. Provisionally, aegagrus, cretica, jourensis and picta are listed here as subspecies of C. hircus. A DNA analysis of cretica, aegagrus and domestic Goats (Kahila Bar-Gal et al., 2002) found that cretica was closely allied to domestic Goats and an Iranian wild Goat while a wild Goat from Turkmenistan was distinct. Capra hircus chialtanensis is a population originating from hybrids between Goat and Markhor; Schaller (1977) identified it as most like C. hircus and did not consider it valid, while Manceau et al. (1999 a) regarded it as a markhor or a hybrid, from mtDNA sequence data.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
29D376D2B3AD5E4022C65393AFFEF842.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in montosis "; identified as Sweden (Thomas, 1911 a: 152), based on domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5B4AF353E76EE72895504E4C9E5EF455.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Wallesiae praeruptis inaccessis "; identified as Switzerland, Valais by Thomas (1911 a: 152).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5B4AF353E76EE72895504E4C9E5EF455.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly the Alps of Austria, France, Germany, N Italy, and Switzerland; extinct except in Italy but reintroduced into its former range.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5B4AF353E76EE72895504E4C9E5EF455.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4259DDE91452BA037F23B6E6FEE469C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Egypt, " de la Haute-Égypte … ou de Nubie "; Nubia (Lydekker, 1913: 153; G. M. Allen, 1939: 549) or Upper Egypt (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951: 407), which are virtually synonymous; here restricted to Sudan, Northern Prov., Nubian Desert, east of Nile River.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4259DDE91452BA037F23B6E6FEE469C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Egypt east of the Nile, N Eritrea, Israel, W Jordan, Lebanon (extinct), SE Oman, Saudi Arabia, NE Sudan, Syria (extinct; no archaeological records), and SE Yemen.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4259DDE91452BA037F23B6E6FEE469C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B4259DDE91452BA037F23B6E6FEE469C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a species distinct from C. ibex by Uerpmann (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
836539E7AC56AC4DC2F1D1D1EDF16423.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " In den spanischen Pyrenäen, auf den Gebirgen der Sierra de Randa und des Königreiches Granada "; restricted to Spain, Pyrenees Mtns, Huesca, near Maladetta Pass (Harper, 1940).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
836539E7AC56AC4DC2F1D1D1EDF16423.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Iberian Peninsula; extinct in Portugal.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
836539E7AC56AC4DC2F1D1D1EDF16423.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered as C. p. pyrenaica; IUCN – Extinct as C. p. pyrenaica, Vulnerable as C. p. victoriae, Lower Risk (cd) as C. p. hispanica, otherwise Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
836539E7AC56AC4DC2F1D1D1EDF16423.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Validity of subspecies questioned by Coutourier (1962), Clouet (1979) and following mtDNA analysis by Manceau et al. (1999 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FA87A258390C9ECD5BAAC5ED86D36C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " sylvas inter Udae et Birjussae fluviorum fontes ad ipsam calcem Sajensis "; " northern slope of Sayansk Mountains, in the neighbourhood of Munku Sardyx, west of Lake Baikal " (Lydekker, 1913: 143) (Russia, Siberia, Sayan Mtns, near Munku-Sardyk).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FA87A258390C9ECD5BAAC5ED86D36C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Mountain ranges of N Afghanistan, China (N Gansu, W Inner Mongolia, Sinkiang, N Tibet), N India (Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh), E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, S and W Mongolia, N Pakistan, Russia (S Siberia), and Tajikistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FA87A258390C9ECD5BAAC5ED86D36C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91FA87A258390C9ECD5BAAC5ED86D36C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a species distinct from C. ibex by Heptner et al. (1961).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C897A7AA30F7C50BFDEE5247466F337D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " die höchsten felsigten Gebirge Abyssiniens … in den Provinzen Simen und Godjam "; restricted to Ethiopia, mountains of Simien (Lydekker, 1913: 156).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C897A7AA30F7C50BFDEE5247466F337D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Ethiopia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C897A7AA30F7C50BFDEE5247466F337D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C897A7AA30F7C50BFDEE5247466F337D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as a species distinct from C. ibex by Ansell (1972: 70) and Yalden et al. (1984).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D7D1B2B8F61DA7EE9CB1BE30E53E750.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope thar Hodgson 1831	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D7D1B2B8F61DA7EE9CB1BE30E53E750.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 6 species with 2 subspecies: Species Capricornis crispus Temminck 1836 Species Capricornis milneedwardsii David 1869 Subspecies Capricornis milneedwardsii subsp. milneedwardsii David 1869 Subspecies Capricornis milneedwardsii subsp. maritimus Heude 1888 Species Capricornis rubidus Blyth 1863 Species Capricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein 1799) Species Capricornis swinhoei Gray 1862 Species Capricornis thar (Hodgson 1831)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4D7D1B2B8F61DA7EE9CB1BE30E53E750.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves and Grubb (in prep.) who raise milneedwardsii, rubidus, and thar to species status.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560700C7E55F51724C5D9113B0BEF2F0.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Les îles du domaine du Japon "; " On ne la trouve que dans les parties de l'île de Nippon couvertes de hautes alpes, telle qu la partie, nommée Josino; puis sur les montagnes les plus élevées de l'île de Sikok [Shikoku] "; restricted to " Nippon (Hondo) [Honshu], Japan " (Lydekker, 1913: 200).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560700C7E55F51724C5D9113B0BEF2F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu (Japan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560700C7E55F51724C5D9113B0BEF2F0.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560700C7E55F51724C5D9113B0BEF2F0.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Widely cited from Temminck, 1844. In von Siebold, Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aperçu Gén. Spéc. Mamm. Japon, p. 55, pls. 18,19 [1844]. Included in sumatraensis by Haltenorth (1963: 119); but a valid species according to Dolan (1963).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF00DAE774734380708DED0C8C70913D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Sichuan, " Moupin " (Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF00DAE774734380708DED0C8C70913D.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Capricornis milneedwardsii subsp. milneedwardsii David 1869 Subspecies Capricornis milneedwardsii subsp. maritimus Heude 1888	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF00DAE774734380708DED0C8C70913D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Burma, Cambodia, S and C China (Himalayas and E Tibet, S Gansu to Zhejiang and S to Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF00DAE774734380708DED0C8C70913D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as C. sumatraensis maritimus and C. s. milneedwardsi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3E4E50CCF0C35FF00783D6628AF635A6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Sichuan, " Moupin " (Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
426695DD79981535354475A809B015C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Burma, " Arakan Hills ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
426695DD79981535354475A809B015C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
426695DD79981535354475A809B015C3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as C. sumatraensis rubidus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C2E4DC5C511049EA3906E7787F262C06.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Indonesia, " Sumatra ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C2E4DC5C511049EA3906E7787F262C06.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (peninsular Malaya), Thailand (isthmus of Kra).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C2E4DC5C511049EA3906E7787F262C06.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as Naemorhedus sumatraensis; U. S. ESA – Endangered as Naemorhedus (= Capricornis) sumatraensis; IUCN – Endangered as C. s. sumatraensis, otherwise Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98DE56CA55553B8803C7F872E4ED14FB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Formosa [Taiwan], on the central ridge of the Snowy Mountains ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98DE56CA55553B8803C7F872E4ED14FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Taiwan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98DE56CA55553B8803C7F872E4ED14FB.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
98DE56CA55553B8803C7F872E4ED14FB.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Regarded as a species distinct from C. crispus by Groves and Grubb (1985).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
68B886D9510C8F29871E46BB2F252D18.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " the central region, equidistant from the snows on one hand, and the plains of India on the other; … between the Sutlege, west, and the Teesta, east, … in Nepal proper " (Nepal, Himalayas).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
68B886D9510C8F29871E46BB2F252D18.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E and SE Bangladesh, Himalayas (Bhutan, N India including Sikkim, and Nepal), and NE India (provinces E of Bangladesh). Probably W Burma.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
68B886D9510C8F29871E46BB2F252D18.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as C. sumatraensis thar.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
68B886D9510C8F29871E46BB2F252D18.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reddish specimens from Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Bangladesh, and Meghalaya are not attributable to C. rubidus and may represent a distinct subspecies of C. thar.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F951FA5AE161DF244D99884E636200E.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra jharal Hodgson 1833	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4F951FA5AE161DF244D99884E636200E.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species: Species Hemitragus hylocrius (Ogilby 1837) Species Hemitragus jayakari Thomas 1894 Species Hemitragus jemlahicus (C. H. Smith 1826)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
947999B228DDAB3F9CF01AC51D2D6B58.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: India, " Neilgherry Hills " (Nilgiri Hills).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
947999B228DDAB3F9CF01AC51D2D6B58.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S India (Western Ghats along border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
947999B228DDAB3F9CF01AC51D2D6B58.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
947999B228DDAB3F9CF01AC51D2D6B58.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in jemlahicus by Haltenorth (1963: 125) but generally regarded as a full species, for example by Corbet and Hill (1991).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9AF75A551BF5A5561D01D4B0A2B2C47B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Oman, " Jebel Taw, Jebel Akhdar Range ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9AF75A551BF5A5561D01D4B0A2B2C47B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Oman; United Arab Emirates (extinct).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9AF75A551BF5A5561D01D4B0A2B2C47B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9AF75A551BF5A5561D01D4B0A2B2C47B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in jemlahicus by Haltenorth (1963: 125) but see Harrison (1968: 324).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FE5F735A796B8957C658E43CA4460AE5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Nepal, " the district of Jemlah, between the sources of the Sargew and Sampoo " (Jemla Hills).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FE5F735A796B8957C658E43CA4460AE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Himalayas including China (S Tibet), N India (Jammu and Kashmir; Sikkim), and Nepal. Introduced in New Zealand and Western Cape Prov. (South Africa).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FE5F735A796B8957C658E43CA4460AE5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FE5F735A796B8957C658E43CA4460AE5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Specific name is spelt " jemlanica " on p. 308 in the original description which was published in 1827 and " jemlahica " in legend to the plate on the opposite unnumbered page, dated 1826.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
800173D061382FD35F9C1A26549EDFA4.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope goral Hardwicke 1825	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
800173D061382FD35F9C1A26549EDFA4.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 4 subspecies: Species Naemorhedus baileyi Pocock 1914 Species Naemorhedus caudatus Milne-Edwards 1867 Species Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke 1825) Subspecies Naemorhedus goral subsp. goral Hardwicke 1825 Subspecies Naemorhedus goral subsp. bedfordi Lydekker 1905 Species Naemorhedus griseus Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Naemorhedus griseus subsp. griseus Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Naemorhedus griseus subsp. evansi Lydekker 1902	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
800173D061382FD35F9C1A26549EDFA4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The original spelling is " Naemorhedus ". Naemorhaedus, Nemorhaedus, Nemorhedus, Nemorrhaedus, and Nemorrhedus are later spellings. If one of these is in prevailing usage (Article 33.2.3.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), it can be deemed to be a justified emendation, but this has yet to be demonstrated. Reviewed by Dolan (1963) and Groves and Grubb (1985) who included Capricornis in this genus; revised by Groves and Grubb (in prep.), who once again confined Naemorhedus to gorals and separated griseus from caudatus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6174D43A9F9BA545B7732B02902BEB01.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Tibet, " Dre on banks of Yigrong Tso (Lake) in Po Me [Bomi]. 9,000 ft [2743 m] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6174D43A9F9BA545B7732B02902BEB01.taxon	distribution	Distribution: N Burma, China (SE Tibet and Yunnan), and NE India (Arunachal Pradesh).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6174D43A9F9BA545B7732B02902BEB01.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable as N. b. baileyi and N. b. cranbrooki.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6174D43A9F9BA545B7732B02902BEB01.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Regarded as a valid species by Groves and Grubb (1985); and by Zhang (1987), under the name cranbrooki.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAACE24268B35E3FC84F39A3D88C8FD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Russia, " Sibérie " (Amurland, Bureja Mtns).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAACE24268B35E3FC84F39A3D88C8FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Russia (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories), NE China (Heilonjiang, Jilin), and Korea.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAACE24268B35E3FC84F39A3D88C8FD.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Vulnerable as N. c. caudatus and N. c. raddeanus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2EAACE24268B35E3FC84F39A3D88C8FD.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Chine, p., pl. 23, 23 a, 23 b [1868]. Regarded as a species distinct from N. goral by Groves and Grubb (1985). Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as Nemorhaedus goral).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2AE39B037F9C13D500D3D6A2EE63ABD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " a native of the Himalayah range and the mountains of the Nepaul frontier " (Nepal, Himalayas).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2AE39B037F9C13D500D3D6A2EE63ABD7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Naemorhedus goral subsp. goral Hardwicke 1825 Subspecies Naemorhedus goral subsp. bedfordi Lydekker 1905	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2AE39B037F9C13D500D3D6A2EE63ABD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Himalayas in Bhutan, China (S Tibet), N India (including Sikkim), Nepal, and N Pakistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2AE39B037F9C13D500D3D6A2EE63ABD7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as N. g. bedfordi and N. g. goral.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2AE39B037F9C13D500D3D6A2EE63ABD7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as Nemorhaedus goral).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E38DEFCF428211F8728ECC192723237A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " a native of the Himalayah range and the mountains of the Nepaul frontier " (Nepal, Himalayas).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA351E97ED4B00476DA5E6A12657AC10.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " du nord de la Chine "; China, Sichuan, Moupin (Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA351E97ED4B00476DA5E6A12657AC10.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Naemorhedus griseus subsp. griseus Milne-Edwards 1871 Subspecies Naemorhedus griseus subsp. evansi Lydekker 1902	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA351E97ED4B00476DA5E6A12657AC10.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Burma, E China (SW Inner Mongolia to Yunnan), NE India (Provinces E of Bangladesh), and NW Thailand. Also SE Burma and N Vietnam (Tonkin) (Groves and Grubb, in prep.). Occurrence in Laos as yet unconfirmed (Duckworth et al., 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA351E97ED4B00476DA5E6A12657AC10.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as N. caudatus evansi and N. c. griseus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BA351E97ED4B00476DA5E6A12657AC10.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Fully described by Milne-Edwards, Rech. Hist. Nat. Mamm., Faune Tibet-Oriental, p. 361, pl. 70, 71, 71 a [1874]. Reviewed by J. I. Mead (1989, Mammalian Species, 335, as Nemorhaedus goral).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C3F14197E6F925511AA596AD16EEA552.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " du nord de la Chine "; China, Sichuan, Moupin (Baoxing).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F66C77AA8319FB94C8B5ECCE493D435F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " d'Amerique "; restricted to the type locality of Ovis montanus Ord, 1815, the Columbia River area, where observed by Lewis and Clark, in " the Cascade Mountains, and the nearby range " (Hollister, 1912: 185) " near Mt Adams, Washington " (Dalquest, 1948: 409) (USA, Washington, Cascade Mountains, Mt. Adams).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F66C77AA8319FB94C8B5ECCE493D435F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE Alaska (USA), S Yukon and SW Mackenzie (Canada) to NC Oregon, C Idaho, and Montana (USA). Introduced to Kodiak, Chichagof, and Baranof Isls (Alaska), Olympic Peninsula (Washington), C Montana, Black Hills (South Dakota), and Colorado (USA).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F66C77AA8319FB94C8B5ECCE493D435F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F66C77AA8319FB94C8B5ECCE493D435F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Cowan and McCrory (1970). Reviewed by Rideout and Hoffmann (1975, Mammalian Species, 63).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B286A6A6CA1B7A9E917B61764E2A045A.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Mazama dorsata Rafinesque 1817	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B286A6A6CA1B7A9E917B61764E2A045A.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Oreamnos americanus (de Blainville 1816)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7972782CBE51CAC0E8DB979A21D831BF.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Bos moschatus Zimmermann 1780	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7972782CBE51CAC0E8DB979A21D831BF.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann 1780)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C46D0B974D24B3CABDD0320C3AEA0382.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Canada, Manitoba, " Bewohnt anjezt hauptsachlich Neuwallis an der Hudsonsbay ban zwischen Seefalber- (Seals) und Churchill-Fluss zwischen dem 59 bis 61. Grad Breite " (between Seal and Churchill Rivers).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C46D0B974D24B3CABDD0320C3AEA0382.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Formerly Point Barrow, Alaska (USA) east to NE Greenland, south to NE Manitoba (Canada). Range now much reduced. Introduced to Seward Peninsula and Nunivak Isl, Alaska (USA); Taimyr Peninsula and Wrangel Isl (Russia); and Svalbard (Norway), where it has since died out.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C46D0B974D24B3CABDD0320C3AEA0382.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C46D0B974D24B3CABDD0320C3AEA0382.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Tener (1965). Reviewed by Lent (1988, Mammalian Species, 302).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A259DB12F0A18A5F38488E75A700B87F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Siberia "; since identified as Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Altai Mtns, Bukhtarma; near Ust-Kamenogorsk.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A259DB12F0A18A5F38488E75A700B87F.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. ammon Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. collium Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. comosa Hollister 1919 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. darwini Przewalski 1883 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. hodgsonii Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. karelini Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. nigrimontana Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. polii Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. severtzovi Nasonov 1914	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A259DB12F0A18A5F38488E75A700B87F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, N and S Sinkiang, W Sichuan, Tibet including Qinghai), N India (Ladak, Sikkim, Spiti), E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal (Tibetan border), Pamir Range (NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan), SC Siberia (Altai Mntns), and Tajikistan.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A259DB12F0A18A5F38488E75A700B87F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as O. a. hodgsoni and O. a. nigrimontana, otherwise Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Endangered, except in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Tajikistan, where status is Threatened; IUCN – Critically Endangered as O. a. nigrimontana and O. a. jubata [= comosa], Endangered as O. a. severtsovi and O. a. darwini, Vulnerable as O. a. hodgsonii, O. a. ammon, O. a. collium, O. a. karelini, and O. a. polii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A259DB12F0A18A5F38488E75A700B87F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Haltenorth (1963: 121) and Corbet (1978 c: 218) included orientalis (= aries), musimon and vignei, but Nadler et al. (1973) and Corbet and Hill (1991: 136) excluded them. The names daurica, jubata and mongolica are preoccupied by names of domestic sheep. Subspecies reviewed by Sopin (1982) and revised by Geist (1990 and in Shackleton, 1997). Diploid chromosome complement (2 n = 56) and examination of mitochondrial region sequences indicate that severtzovi is not part of vignei division of O. aries, but a primitive argali, sister taxon to the rest of the species (Bunch et al, 1998; Wu et al., 2003). Wu et al. (2003) transferred severtzovi to O. ammon.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E30257B9D506D45060B2374DB5CEE757.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Siberia "; since identified as Kazakhstan, Vostochno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Altai Mtns, Bukhtarma; near Ust-Kamenogorsk.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C77F9AF5D214772B31A0E7501F82FA3.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Ovis aries Linnaeus 1758	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C77F9AF5D214772B31A0E7501F82FA3.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 5 species with 30 subspecies: Species Ovis ammon Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. ammon Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. collium Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. comosa Hollister 1919 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. darwini Przewalski 1883 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. hodgsonii Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. karelini Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. nigrimontana Severtzov 1873 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. polii Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis ammon subsp. severtzovi Nasonov 1914 Species Ovis aries Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. aries Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. arkal Eversmann 1850 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. cycloceros Hutton 1842 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. isphahanica Nasonov 1910 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. laristanica Nasonov 1909 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. musimon Pallas 1811 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. ophion Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. orientalis Gmelin 1774 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. vignei Blyth 1841 Species Ovis canadensis Shaw 1804 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. canadensis Shaw 1804 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. californiana Douglas 1829 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. cremnobates Elliot 1904 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana Merriam 1901 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. nelsoni Merriam 1897 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. weemsi Goldman 1937 Species Ovis dalli Nelson 1884 Subspecies Ovis dalli subsp. dalli Nelson 1884 Subspecies Ovis dalli subsp. stonei J. A. Allen 1897 Species Ovis nivicola Eschscholtz 1829 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. nivicola Eschscholtz 1829 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. borealis Severtzov 1872 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. kodarensis Medvedev 1994 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. koriakorum Chernyavskii 1962	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C77F9AF5D214772B31A0E7501F82FA3.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Placed in Capra by Van Gelder (1977 b); see comments under Capra. There is no consensus concerning the number of species to be recognized in this genus; some would recognize only one (ammon; see Haltenorth, 1963: 126 - 128); others two (ammon, canadensis; see Corbet, 1978 c: 218); while others recognize up to seven, as do the most recent reviews (Korobitsyna et al., 1974; Nadler et al., 1973). Five species are listed here. Species-groups are nominate Ovis or aries group (includes also ammon) and Pachyceros or canadensis group (includes also dalli and nivicola).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84E54D384249729E72999C499286A2F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in siccis apricis calidis "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 153); domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84E54D384249729E72999C499286A2F8.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. aries Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. arkal Eversmann 1850 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. cycloceros Hutton 1842 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. isphahanica Nasonov 1910 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. laristanica Nasonov 1909 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. musimon Pallas 1811 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. ophion Blyth 1841 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. orientalis Gmelin 1774 Subspecies Ovis aries subsp. vignei Blyth 1841	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84E54D384249729E72999C499286A2F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Urial or Arkar in Afghanistan, NW India (Kashmir), NE and SE Iran, SW Kazakhstan, Oman (introduced?), Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Intermediate Laristan sheep in S Iran. Red Sheep or Mouflon in Armenia, S Azerbaijan, N Iraq, W Iran, and S and E Turkey; transported populations (Mouflon) on Corsica and Sardinia, introduced from there to Europe, Ukraine (Crimea), USA (incl. Hawaiian Isls), Chile, Kerguelen Isls, and Tenerife (Canary Isls); and on Cyprus. Domesticated worldwide; feral populations on St. Kilda and other small islands off the British Isles; improved domestic stock feral in Norway, Sweden, USA, islands off coasts of United Kingdom and New Zealand, Kerguelen Isls, and probably other oceanic islands.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84E54D384249729E72999C499286A2F8.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as O. orientalis ophion and O. vignei vignei, Appendix II as O. vignei; U. S. ESA – Endangered as O. musimon ophion and O. vignei vignei; IUCN – Endangered as O. orientalis ophion, O. o. bochariensis, O. o. punjabiensis, and O. o. vignei, Vulnerable as O. o. isphahanica, O. o. laristanica, O. o. arkal, O. o. gmelini, O. o. musimon, and O. o. cycloceros.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84E54D384249729E72999C499286A2F8.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes orientalis; see Nadler et al. (1973). Also includes musimon and ophion, introduced in Neolithic to Corsica, Sardinia and Cyprus; see Payne (1968), Vigne (1988), and Hemmer (1990). For correct authorship of musimon, see Uerpmann (1980); Pallas (1811) included the Mouflon of Sardinia and Corsica described by Cetti with the Arkar of Turkmenistan and Iran as syntypes of musimon (Heptner et al., 1961). To avoid musimon being a senior synonym of arkal, the lectotype of musimon must be designated as a Corsican or Sardinian Mouflon. Gentry et al. (1996) proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of Ovis orientalis as the name for the wild taxon of Red Sheep and asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for this wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 a). It might still be valid for those who consider O. aries and O. orientalis to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see Bock, 1997), though authors have not referred to this species as O. aries when discussing wild populations; they have used the names O. ammon, O. gmelinii, or O. orientalis instead. Status of orientalis disputed; reputed type skull said to combine characters of Red Sheep, O. a. cf. armeniana and Arkar, O. a. arkal (Nadler et al. 1973; Valdez et al. 1978); type locality lies between habitat of Armenian Sheep and hybrid zone (see below); here treated as a senior synonym of armeniana, but provisionally listed as a subspecies of O. aries. Populations of the species can be partitioned into Red Sheep or Mouflon sensu stricto, the aries / orientalis division (includes also isphahanica, musimon, and ophion); and Urial or Arkar, the vignei division (includes also arkal, cycloceros, and formerly severtsovi, now transferred to O. ammon by Wu et al, 2003); Laristan Sheep, laristanica, combine Urial-type morphology and Red Sheep karyotype. Hence vignei and aries / orientalis divisions treated as conspecific following Valdez (1982); multivariate morphometrics (Ludwig and Knoll, 1998) did not discriminate between the two. Hybrid zone between O. a. orientalis (2 N = 54) and O. a. arkal (2 N = 58) in Elburz Mtns, N Iran and apparent hybrids between O. a. laristanica and O. a. cycloceros recorded in SE Iran (Nadler et al., 1971 b; Valdez et al., 1978). Subspecies modified from Valdez (1982).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A3F9DE942B7FDF0AD342B09F485D2487.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in siccis apricis calidis "; identified as Sweden by Thomas (1911 a: 153); domesticated stock.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1F899278C9D696920A4CA8258618ABE4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " the interior parts of Canada "; identified as Canada, Alberta, Mountains on Bow River, near Exshaw (Anderson, 1947: 184).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1F899278C9D696920A4CA8258618ABE4.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. canadensis Shaw 1804 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. californiana Douglas 1829 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. cremnobates Elliot 1904 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. mexicana Merriam 1901 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. nelsoni Merriam 1897 Subspecies Ovis canadensis subsp. weemsi Goldman 1937	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1F899278C9D696920A4CA8258618ABE4.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S British Columbia and SW Alberta (Canada) to Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora and Baja California (Mexico).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1F899278C9D696920A4CA8258618ABE4.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II (Mexican population); U. S. ESA – Endangered as O. c. californiana in Sierra Nevada, California; Endangered as O. canadensis in peninsular ranges of Calfornia; IUCN – Critically Endangered as O. c. weemsi; Endangered as O. c. cremnobates; Vulnerable as O. c. mexicana; Lower Risk (cd) as O. c. californiana and O. c. nelsoni; otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
1F899278C9D696920A4CA8258618ABE4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For locality where Duncan McGillivray shot the type, see J. A. Allen (1912). Corbet (1978 c: 218) included nivicola; but see also Korobitsyna et al. (1974) and Corbet and Hill (1991: 135). Revised by Cowan (1940) and Wehausen and Ramey (2000). Reviewed by Shackleton (1985, Mammalian Species, 230).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
97A28BEACC6C723499ED87C711E5D7AF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " the interior parts of Canada "; identified as Canada, Alberta, Mountains on Bow River, near Exshaw (Anderson, 1947: 184).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C15E79EEF3FB96EE78B8BD6788D43C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, Alaska, " killed by the Indians on some mountains south of Fort Yukon, and on the west bank of the river "; interpreted as " Mountains west of Fort Reliance, Alaska, on divide between Tanana and Yukon Rivers " (Miller, 1924: 497), or " Mountains south of Fort Yukon on west bank of Yukon River, Alaska; probably Tanana Hills " (Miller and Kellog, 1955: 823).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C15E79EEF3FB96EE78B8BD6788D43C3.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ovis dalli subsp. dalli Nelson 1884 Subspecies Ovis dalli subsp. stonei J. A. Allen 1897	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C15E79EEF3FB96EE78B8BD6788D43C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Alaska to N British Columbia and W Mackenzie (Canada).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C15E79EEF3FB96EE78B8BD6788D43C3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6C15E79EEF3FB96EE78B8BD6788D43C3.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Hybrid zone between Dall's Sheep sensu stricto (dalli) and Stone's Sheep (stonei) (Sheldon, 1919). Revised by Cowan (1940). Reviewed by Bowyer and Leslie (1992, Mammalian Species, 393).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
F2B856C88FF982762A1C3F1EB95BA379.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: USA, Alaska, " killed by the Indians on some mountains south of Fort Yukon, and on the west bank of the river "; interpreted as " Mountains west of Fort Reliance, Alaska, on divide between Tanana and Yukon Rivers " (Miller, 1924: 497), or " Mountains south of Fort Yukon on west bank of Yukon River, Alaska; probably Tanana Hills " (Miller and Kellog, 1955: 823).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D757BDE2C79A139F29BC980BDBEAA22A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " den Bergen der Halbinsel Kamtschatka " (Russia, E Kamchatka).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D757BDE2C79A139F29BC980BDBEAA22A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. nivicola Eschscholtz 1829 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. borealis Severtzov 1872 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. kodarensis Medvedev 1994 Subspecies Ovis nivicola subsp. koriakorum Chernyavskii 1962	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D757BDE2C79A139F29BC980BDBEAA22A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Russia (Putorana Mtns, NC Siberia; NE Siberia from Lena River east to Chukotka and Kamchatka).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D757BDE2C79A139F29BC980BDBEAA22A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as O. n. borealis, Lower Risk (nt) as O. n. nivicola; Lower Risk (lc) as O. n. alleni and O. n. lydekkeri.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D757BDE2C79A139F29BC980BDBEAA22A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Corbet (1978 c: 218) and others included nivicola in canadensis; but see Korobitsyna et al. (1974) and Gromov and Baranova (1981: 407). Subspecies reviewed by Heptner et al. (1961) and Valdez (1982) whose synonymy is followed here.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
ED1ACC598D612B0DFC551BAD97F8009E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " den Bergen der Halbinsel Kamtschatka " (Russia, E Kamchatka).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB9362E5FCEA6DA3AD3C1538976C02FD.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope hodgsonii Abel 1826	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB9362E5FCEA6DA3AD3C1538976C02FD.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Pantholops hodgsonii (Abel 1826)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
585CFEF067AAC6BDC37423F924CEE347.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, Tibet, Kooti Pass in Arrun Valley, Tingri Maiden.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
585CFEF067AAC6BDC37423F924CEE347.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (S Sinkiang, Sichuan, Tibet including Qinghai, Szechwan) and N India (Ladak).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
585CFEF067AAC6BDC37423F924CEE347.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; IUCN – Endangered. Under severe pressure from hunting.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2F8F4D445E3995E2C790390F60C8FC47.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Ovis nayaur Hodgson 1833	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2F8F4D445E3995E2C790390F60C8FC47.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species: Species Pseudois nayaur (Hodgson 1833) Species Pseudois schaeferi Haltenorth 1963	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2F8F4D445E3995E2C790390F60C8FC47.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Groves (1978 c). Reviewed by Wang and Hoffmann (1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22CF3F084C06FC0F001A56D08012ADB4.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " The Himálaya "; restricted to " the Tibetan frontier of Nepal " (Lydekker, 1913: 127).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22CF3F084C06FC0F001A56D08012ADB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Bhutan, N Burma (Rabinowitz, 1996), China (Gansu, S Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, S Sinkiang, Tibet including Qinghai, and N Yunnan), Himalayas (N India, Nepal, N Pakistan), and SE Tajikistan (Pamir Range).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22CF3F084C06FC0F001A56D08012ADB4.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as P. n. nayaur and P. n. szechuanensis, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22CF3F084C06FC0F001A56D08012ADB4.taxon	discussion	Discussion: See Wang and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 278).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39D1C90BFF74D315117132FFAAA5A05D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: China, " Obere Jangtse-Talschlucht bei Batang " (upper Yangtze Gorge, Drupalong, south of Batang).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39D1C90BFF74D315117132FFAAA5A05D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: China (Upper Yangtze Gorge in W Sichuan and adjacent parts of Tibet and N Yunnan).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39D1C90BFF74D315117132FFAAA5A05D.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
39D1C90BFF74D315117132FFAAA5A05D.taxon	discussion	Discussion: A separate species according to Groves (1978 c: 183). See Wang and Hoffmann (1987, Mammalian Species, 278).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
78DF0950F1E073F8E29D0834BC0D1985.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Capra rupicapra Linnaeus 1768	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
78DF0950F1E073F8E29D0834BC0D1985.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 7 subspecies: Species Rupicapra pyrenaica Bonaparte 1845 Subspecies Rupicapra pyrenaica subsp. pyrenaica Bonaparte 1845 Subspecies Rupicapra pyrenaica subsp. ornata Neumann 1899 Species Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. rupicapra Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. asiatica Lydekker 1908 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. balcanica Bolkay 1925 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. carpatica Coutourier 1938 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. tatrica Blahout 1971	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
78DF0950F1E073F8E29D0834BC0D1985.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Lovari and Scala (1980, 1984), Scala and Lovari (1984), and Nascetti et al. (1985).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E1DE0BE386A6C3E84826665168FA0FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Spain, " Mont. Pyren. " (Pyrenees).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E1DE0BE386A6C3E84826665168FA0FC.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rupicapra pyrenaica subsp. pyrenaica Bonaparte 1845 Subspecies Rupicapra pyrenaica subsp. ornata Neumann 1899	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E1DE0BE386A6C3E84826665168FA0FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Appenine Mtns (Italy), Cantabrian Mtns (Spain), and Pyrenees (France and N Spain).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E1DE0BE386A6C3E84826665168FA0FC.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as R. pyrenaica ornata; U. S. ESA – Endangered as R. rupicapra ornata; IUCN – Endangered as R. p. ornata, Lower Risk (lc) as R. pyrenaica.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
6E1DE0BE386A6C3E84826665168FA0FC.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Lovari and Scala (1980) and Scala and Lovari (1984). Regarded as a species distinct from R. rupicapra by Lovari (1985, 1987).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
72788632E49948F88AB0122C0D790B88.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Spain, " Mont. Pyren. " (Pyrenees).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE5E866EBDA7A685CE0331CD3F418826.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in alpibus Helveticis summis inaccessis " (Switzerland).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE5E866EBDA7A685CE0331CD3F418826.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. rupicapra Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. asiatica Lydekker 1908 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. balcanica Bolkay 1925 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. carpatica Coutourier 1938 Subspecies Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. tatrica Blahout 1971	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE5E866EBDA7A685CE0331CD3F418826.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Albania, Alps (of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Caucasus Mtns (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia), Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania (Carpathians), Slovakia (Tatra Mtns), Slovenia, Turkey, and Serbia and Montenegro; introduced to New Zealand.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE5E866EBDA7A685CE0331CD3F418826.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Critically Endangered as R. r. cartusiana and R. r. tatrica, Vulnerable as R. r. caucasica, Data Deficient as R. r. asiatica, Lower Risk (lc) as R. r. balcanica, R. r. carpatica, R. r. rupicapra.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AE5E866EBDA7A685CE0331CD3F418826.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Hrabe and Koubek (1985), Lovari and Scala (1980, 1984), and Pemberton et al (1989).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A8C677C04BAB4617E6B8C301743037FB.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in alpibus Helveticis summis inaccessis " (Switzerland).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A1B7DC9A963E59AC8AE4FC99609F74C.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 18 species: Genus Cephalophus C. H. Smith 1827 (15 species with 21 subspecies) Genus Philantomba Blyth 1840 (2 species with 14 subspecies) Genus Sylvicapra Ogilby 1836 (1 species with 13 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A1B7DC9A963E59AC8AE4FC99609F74C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed extensively by Wilson (2002), with systematics revised by Grubb and Groves (2002). Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) studied phylogeny, using evidence from mtDNA. Sylvicaprina as Sylvicaprinae has only been used since 1899 as junior to Cephalophinae so should not replace it (Article 35.5, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A30944AB196E36D1FCB90E3287933FA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Tanzania, " Zanzibar ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A30944AB196E36D1FCB90E3287933FA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Tanzania (Zanzibar) and Kenya (Sokoke Forest).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A30944AB196E36D1FCB90E3287933FA.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
8A30944AB196E36D1FCB90E3287933FA.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Thought possibly to be conspecific with natalensis and / or callipygus; see Ansell (1972: 33) but these presumed affinities were not supported by Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0226DE30E0DF09E85228370D6BDC890E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Fanti [land] ", now identified as Ghana, inland from Cape Coast, probably in Denkara (Grubb et al., 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0226DE30E0DF09E85228370D6BDC890E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, W Côte d’Ivoire, W Ghana.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0226DE30E0DF09E85228370D6BDC890E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Formerly included in C. ogilbyi; restored to species status by Grubb et al. (1998) and Grubb and Groves (2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B6228E8271C4AF7F24886A321680457.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope silvicultrix Afzelius 1815	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B6228E8271C4AF7F24886A321680457.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 15 species with 21 subspecies: Species Cephalophus adersi Thomas 1918 Species Cephalophus brookei Thomas 1903 Species Cephalophus callipygus Peters 1876 Species Cephalophus dorsalis Gray 1846 Subspecies Cephalophus dorsalis subsp. dorsalis Gray 1846 Subspecies Cephalophus dorsalis subsp. castaneus Thomas 1892 Species Cephalophus jentinki Thomas 1892 Species Cephalophus leucogaster Gray 1873 Subspecies Cephalophus leucogaster subsp. leucogaster Gray 1873 Subspecies Cephalophus leucogaster subsp. arrhenii (Lönnberg 1917) Species Cephalophus natalensis A. Smith 1834 Subspecies Cephalophus natalensis subsp. natalensis A. Smith 1834 Subspecies Cephalophus natalensis subsp. harveyi Thomas 1893 Species Cephalophus niger Gray 1846 Species Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray 1871 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. nigrifrons Gray 1871 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. fosteri St. Leger 1934 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. hooki St. Leger 1934 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. hypoxanthus Grubb and Groves 2002 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. kivuensis Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. rubidus Thomas 1901 Species Cephalophus ogilbyi Waterhouse 1838 Subspecies Cephalophus ogilbyi subsp. ogilbyi Waterhouse 1838 Subspecies Cephalophus ogilbyi subsp. crusalbum Grubb 1978 Species Cephalophus rufilatus Gray 1846 Species Cephalophus silvicultor (Afzelius 1815) Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. silvicultor Afzelius 1815 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. curticeps Grubb and Groves 2002 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. longiceps Gray 1865 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. ruficrista Bocage 1869 Species Cephalophus spadix True 1890 Species Cephalophus weynsi Thomas 1901 Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. weynsi Thomas 1901 Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. johnstoni Thomas 1901 Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. lestradei Groves and Grubb 1974 Species Cephalophus zebra Gray 1838	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3B6228E8271C4AF7F24886A321680457.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Van Gelder (1977 b) included Sylvicapra but recent authors have not followed this arrangement (Meester et al. 1986; Swanepoel et al. 1980: 188). Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) together with Grubb and Groves (2002) categorized species groups as follows: C. ogilbyi or Cephalophorus group (includes three subgroups: [i] adersi, [ii] leucogaster, natalensis, nigrifrons, rufilatus, [iii] brookei, callipygus, niger, ogilbyi, weynsi); C. silvicultor or nominate Cephalophus group (includes also badius, jentinki, and spadix); and C. zebra or Cephalophula group (monotypic).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
34A5385ACAF1702599B2E0C3A2847934.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Africa occidentalis (Gabun) " (Gabon, Gabon River).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
34A5385ACAF1702599B2E0C3A2847934.taxon	distribution	Distribution: West of Congo and Ubangi Rivers in S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, and Gabon.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
34A5385ACAF1702599B2E0C3A2847934.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
34A5385ACAF1702599B2E0C3A2847934.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Thought possibly to be conspecific with natalensis and / or adersi (Ansell 1972: 33) but callipygus is not closely related to natalensis (Groves and Grubb, 1974).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD9146878981A0F70365CB02A858AD0A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD9146878981A0F70365CB02A858AD0A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus dorsalis subsp. dorsalis Gray 1846 Subspecies Cephalophus dorsalis subsp. castaneus Thomas 1892	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD9146878981A0F70365CB02A858AD0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Disjunct; in rainforest zone; W Africa in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo; C Africa in NE Angola, Cameroon, Dem. Rep. Congo, S Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, SE Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Uganda (one record; extinct).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD9146878981A0F70365CB02A858AD0A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CD9146878981A0F70365CB02A858AD0A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as two evolutionary species, C. dorsalis and C. castaneus by Cotterill (2003 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B03AEECD3B87D0B40C949C634984C9E3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EB4FD75E92EEFE391A9BD9C3FC0EDE09.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Liberia "; since identified as Junk River opposite Schieffelinsville, Sharp-Hill (Kühn, 1965).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EB4FD75E92EEFE391A9BD9C3FC0EDE09.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EB4FD75E92EEFE391A9BD9C3FC0EDE09.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Endangered; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EB4FD75E92EEFE391A9BD9C3FC0EDE09.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Kuhn (1968).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF909AC4D25E1B478EFA45245AE3D83B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " West Africa, Gaboon " (Gabon).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF909AC4D25E1B478EFA45245AE3D83B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus leucogaster subsp. leucogaster Gray 1873 Subspecies Cephalophus leucogaster subsp. arrhenii (Lönnberg 1917)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF909AC4D25E1B478EFA45245AE3D83B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rainforest zone in Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Republic of Congo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF909AC4D25E1B478EFA45245AE3D83B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF909AC4D25E1B478EFA45245AE3D83B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Cephalophus castaneus arrhenii Lönnberg, 1917 is based on a skull of C. leucogaster (the lectotype) and a skin of C. badius (Grubb and Groves, 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
9C35CED21C9FC90FAFF3D91E2811DCE9.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Cephalophus castaneus arrhenii Lönnberg, 1917 is based on a skull of C. leucogaster (the lectotype) and a skin of C. badius (Grubb and Groves, 2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A5E8FEE5E5D35B6CC09C62813DC891F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " West Africa, Gaboon " (Gabon).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC4602A9AB90FA18084AA097A2C1F524.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, " Port Natal " (Durban).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC4602A9AB90FA18084AA097A2C1F524.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus natalensis subsp. natalensis A. Smith 1834 Subspecies Cephalophus natalensis subsp. harveyi Thomas 1893	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC4602A9AB90FA18084AA097A2C1F524.taxon	distribution	Distribution: E Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, S Somalia, South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland, E and S Tanzania, and E Zambia; sight records from E Ethiopia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC4602A9AB90FA18084AA097A2C1F524.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as C. natalensis and C. harveyi.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC4602A9AB90FA18084AA097A2C1F524.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Ansell (1972: 34) included harveyi and weynsi, and placed the extended natalensis with adersi and callipygus in a superspecies; Grubb and Groves (2002) and Van Vuuren and Robinson (2001) regarded natalensis + harveyi as distinct from callipygus + weynsi (and adersi), and treated harveyi as a subspecies of natalensis, though it was regarded as a species separate from C. natalensis by East et al. (1999), Kingdon (1982: 297) and Cotterill (2003 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
91DDD779A5C08B7BBE0B7263764B69F7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, " Port Natal " (Durban).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C8914AC03E8F0C3E157D91833C260066.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Guinea " but apparently Ghana, Shama (see comments).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C8914AC03E8F0C3E157D91833C260066.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rainforest zone, in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria (west of lower Niger River), Sierra Leone, and Togo. No record from Benin.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C8914AC03E8F0C3E157D91833C260066.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C8914AC03E8F0C3E157D91833C260066.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The type of niger came from the Leiden Museum, one of a series from Chama (= Shama) and Dabocrom, Ghana, including the syntypes of pluto. Only the specimens from Dabocrom were retained in Leiden (Jentink, 1892) so presumably the type is from Shama.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BC9B67306883D016F4490BDBEC1CE081.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Gaboon " (Gabon).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BC9B67306883D016F4490BDBEC1CE081.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. nigrifrons Gray 1871 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. fosteri St. Leger 1934 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. hooki St. Leger 1934 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. hypoxanthus Grubb and Groves 2002 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. kivuensis Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Cephalophus nigrifrons subsp. rubidus Thomas 1901	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BC9B67306883D016F4490BDBEC1CE081.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rainforest zone in N Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, S Nigeria, and Republic of Congo; upland forest in Albertine Rift including Ruwenzori Mtns (Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Uganda), Mt. Elgon (Uganda-Kenya border), Aberdare Range (Kenya), and Mt. Kenya (Kenya).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BC9B67306883D016F4490BDBEC1CE081.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as C. n. rubidus, otherwise Lower Risk (nt) as C. nigrifrons.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BC9B67306883D016F4490BDBEC1CE081.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as at least four evolutionary species (C. nigrifrons, C. fosteri, C. hooki, and C. rubidus) by Cotterill (2003 b). Cephalophus rubidus also regarded as a species separate from C. nigrifrons by Kingdon (1982: 292) and Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson (2001), but status revised by Grubb and Groves (2002 and in prep.).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A71F0D179A917C7462176E638917741C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Gaboon " (Gabon).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DF140D2F1105875DB2C4CC52E849F8AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Equatorial Guinea, " Fernando Po " (= Bioko).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11B6BBA5ED775CA3EAC448C575EB36BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Equatorial Guinea, " Fernando Po " (= Bioko).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11B6BBA5ED775CA3EAC448C575EB36BE.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus ogilbyi subsp. ogilbyi Waterhouse 1838 Subspecies Cephalophus ogilbyi subsp. crusalbum Grubb 1978	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11B6BBA5ED775CA3EAC448C575EB36BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE Nigeria, S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11B6BBA5ED775CA3EAC448C575EB36BE.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as C. ogilbyi and C. o. crusalbum.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
11B6BBA5ED775CA3EAC448C575EB36BE.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Treated as two evolutionary species (C. ogilbyi, C. crusalbum) by Cotterill (2003 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
513CEF8A2E68418F0616E0DE1829812F.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone, Village of Waterloo ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
513CEF8A2E68418F0616E0DE1829812F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Savanna zone in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, S Mali, S Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, SW Sudan, Togo, and NW Uganda.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
513CEF8A2E68418F0616E0DE1829812F.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
513CEF8A2E68418F0616E0DE1829812F.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Known from a specimen collected by Adanson in Senegal as " la grimme " (Buffon, 1764: 307, 329), and described as " Antilope grimmia " by Desmarest (1816 c: 191) from Coast of Guinea, based on misidentifications of this species as Sylvicapra grimmia (Linnaeus, 1758).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3BBEDE35EC343EA5ADDE42414E2FD1C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in montibus Sierrae Leone & regionibus susuensium fluvios Pongas & Quia adjacentibus frequens "; since restricted to Sierra Leone, vicinity of Freetown (Grubb et al., 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3BBEDE35EC343EA5ADDE42414E2FD1C5.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. silvicultor Afzelius 1815 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. curticeps Grubb and Groves 2002 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. longiceps Gray 1865 Subspecies Cephalophus silvicultor subsp. ruficrista Bocage 1869	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3BBEDE35EC343EA5ADDE42414E2FD1C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Dense vegetation in N Angola, Benin, S Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, Gambia (former occurrence doubtful), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bisssau, W Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Rwanda (extinct?), S Senegal, Sierra Leone, SW Sudan, Togo, W Uganda, and Zambia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3BBEDE35EC343EA5ADDE42414E2FD1C5.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3BBEDE35EC343EA5ADDE42414E2FD1C5.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Lumpkin and Kranz (1984, Mammalian Species, 225, as Cephalophus sylvicultor, an incorrect subsequent spelling).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2DB0D42CBE22E09448B852A0F33DE64D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in montibus Sierrae Leone & regionibus susuensium fluvios Pongas & Quia adjacentibus frequens "; since restricted to Sierra Leone, vicinity of Freetown (Grubb et al., 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C2705BCF01EF5711F53E280807DE27A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " High altitudes on Mt. Kilima-njaro, frequenting the highest points " (Tanzania, Mt. Kilimanjaro; at 2400 m according to Grimshaw et al., 1995).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C2705BCF01EF5711F53E280807DE27A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Highlands of NE and C Tanzania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C2705BCF01EF5711F53E280807DE27A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
2C2705BCF01EF5711F53E280807DE27A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Possibly a subspecies of silvicultor (Haltenorth, 1963: 71).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
5C889CABB3F32A7B709D03F69A03693A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " district des Stanley-Falls " (Dem. Rep. Congo, near Stanley Falls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC29A26B83FCC774861EE89836F9EA2C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " district des Stanley-Falls " (Dem. Rep. Congo, near Stanley Falls).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC29A26B83FCC774861EE89836F9EA2C.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. weynsi Thomas 1901 Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. johnstoni Thomas 1901 Subspecies Cephalophus weynsi subsp. lestradei Groves and Grubb 1974	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC29A26B83FCC774861EE89836F9EA2C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, W Kenya, Rwanda, S Sudan, and Uganda. Possibly in Omo basin, Ethiopia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC29A26B83FCC774861EE89836F9EA2C.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC29A26B83FCC774861EE89836F9EA2C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Formerly included in callipygus, but separate according to Groves and Grubb (1974).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
77A4738110D62EE154482BB5A71EF7F3.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
77A4738110D62EE154482BB5A71EF7F3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, and W Sierra Leone.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
77A4738110D62EE154482BB5A71EF7F3.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Vulnerable.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
77A4738110D62EE154482BB5A71EF7F3.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For synonyms see Ansell (1980) and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985 a). Reviewed by Kuhn (1966).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
303DDDB671CE7098C55AD9531B5C1F95.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope philantomba C. H. Smith 1827	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
303DDDB671CE7098C55AD9531B5C1F95.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 2 species with 14 subspecies: Species Philantomba maxwellii (C. H. Smith 1827) Subspecies Philantomba maxwellii subsp. maxwellii C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Philantomba maxwellii subsp. danei Hinton 1920 Species Philantomba monticola (Thunberg 1789) Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. monticola Thunberg 1789 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. aequatorialis Matschie 1892 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. anchietae Bocage 1879 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. bicolor Gray 1863 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. congicus Lönnberg 1908 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. defriesi W. Rothschild 1904 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. hecki Matschie 1897 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. lugens Thomas 1898 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. melanorheus Gray 1846 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. musculoides Heller 1913 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. simpsoni Thomas 1910 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. sundevalli Fitzinger 1869	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
303DDDB671CE7098C55AD9531B5C1F95.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Restored to generic rank (Grubb and Groves, 2002; Grubb et al., 1998; supported by Jansen van Vuuren and Robinson, 2001). For parapatric distribution of species in Nigeria, see Wilson (2002).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF30FDB7B00A8929E5B98B0364DD6AC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF30FDB7B00A8929E5B98B0364DD6AC1.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Philantomba maxwellii subsp. maxwellii C. H. Smith 1827 Subspecies Philantomba maxwellii subsp. danei Hinton 1920	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF30FDB7B00A8929E5B98B0364DD6AC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Forested habitats in Benin, S Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria west of Cross River, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF30FDB7B00A8929E5B98B0364DD6AC1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt) as Cephalophus maxwellii.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BF30FDB7B00A8929E5B98B0364DD6AC1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in P. monticola by Haltenorth and Diller (1977: 43). Reviewed by Ralls (1973, Mammalian Species, 31).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AB2EFB9E582335D2D14C091C098CA760.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Sierra Leone ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84094985EA39B74FB916B2E9D9DAF223.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, " Lange Kloof "; since identified as borders of Western and Eastern Cape, Uniondale and Humansdorp Dist., Langkloof, 33 ° 48 ' S, 23 ° to 24 ° 30 ' E; see Grubb (1999: 21).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84094985EA39B74FB916B2E9D9DAF223.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. monticola Thunberg 1789 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. aequatorialis Matschie 1892 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. anchietae Bocage 1879 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. bicolor Gray 1863 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. congicus Lönnberg 1908 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. defriesi W. Rothschild 1904 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. hecki Matschie 1897 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. lugens Thomas 1898 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. melanorheus Gray 1846 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. musculoides Heller 1913 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. simpsoni Thomas 1910 Subspecies Philantomba monticola subsp. sundevalli Fitzinger 1869	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84094985EA39B74FB916B2E9D9DAF223.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Forested habitats in N Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko, Mbini), Gabon, W and E Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria east of Cross River, Republic of Congo, South Africa (East Cape Prov., KwaZulu-Natal), S Sudan, Tanzania including Pemba and Zanzibar Isls, Uganda, Zambia, E Zimbabwe. Former or present occurrence in Swaziland uncertain. No record from Lesotho (Lynch, 1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84094985EA39B74FB916B2E9D9DAF223.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II as Cephalophus monticola; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as Cepalophus monticola.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
84094985EA39B74FB916B2E9D9DAF223.taxon	discussion	Discussion: May include maxwellii; see Haltenorth and Diller (1977: 43). Can be partitioned between grey-legged melanorheus division (includes also aequatorialis, congicus, lugens, musculoides, and sundevalli) and red-legged nominate monticola division (includes also anchietae, bicolor, defriesi, hecki, and simpsoni). Cotterill (2003 b) recognised pembae and melanorheus as evolutionary species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
088FACD40530D5288DBDA58FB473A355.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: South Africa, " Lange Kloof "; since identified as borders of Western and Eastern Cape, Uniondale and Humansdorp Dist., Langkloof, 33 ° 48 ' S, 23 ° to 24 ° 30 ' E; see Grubb (1999: 21).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4EAA39B910D7654DCC989525C99A51C6.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 8 species: Genus Addax Laurillard 1841 (1 species) Genus Hippotragus Sundevall 1845 (3 species with 10 subspecies) Genus Oryx de Blainville 1816 (4 species with 2 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4EAA39B910D7654DCC989525C99A51C6.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Until the availability of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 was restored, the available name was Hippotraginae Sundevall, 1845 in Retzius and Lovén, Archiv. Skand. Bietr. Naturgesch., Greifswald, 1: 445. Cladistic relations of genera: (Hippotragus) (Oryx, Addax) (Hassanin and Douzery, 1999 a; Vrba and Gatesy, 1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
759ABF2252450A0AF217B1106DCB5736.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; based on a specimen seen by Grimm in the fort at Cape Town (Thomas, 1911 a: 153) so now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Town.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
759ABF2252450A0AF217B1106DCB5736.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. grimmia Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. altivallis Heller 1912 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. caffra Fitzinger 1869 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. campbelliae Gray 1843 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. coronata Gray 1842 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. hindei Wroughton 1910 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. lobeliarum Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. madoqua Rüppell 1836 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. nyansae Neumann 1905 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. orbicularis Peters 1852 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. pallidior Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. splendidula Gray 1891 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. steinhardti Zukowsky 1924	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
759ABF2252450A0AF217B1106DCB5736.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Non-forested habitats in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, S, E, and N Dem. Rep. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, S Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Republic of Congo, Senegal, N Sierra Leone, S Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
759ABF2252450A0AF217B1106DCB5736.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B8D7B32005C8AAAF117466792A654BFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat in Africa "; based on a specimen seen by Grimm in the fort at Cape Town (Thomas, 1911 a: 153) so now known to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Cape Town.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
02CE5F9A35C013A6D85FFC2CADB50B49.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope mergens Desmarest 1816	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
02CE5F9A35C013A6D85FFC2CADB50B49.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species with 13 subspecies: Species Sylvicapra grimmia (Linnaeus 1758) Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. grimmia Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. altivallis Heller 1912 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. caffra Fitzinger 1869 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. campbelliae Gray 1843 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. coronata Gray 1842 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. hindei Wroughton 1910 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. lobeliarum Lönnberg 1919 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. madoqua Rüppell 1836 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. nyansae Neumann 1905 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. orbicularis Peters 1852 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. pallidior Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. splendidula Gray 1891 Subspecies Sylvicapra grimmia subsp. steinhardti Zukowsky 1924	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
02CE5F9A35C013A6D85FFC2CADB50B49.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in Cephalophus by Haltenorth (1963: 71) and Van Gelder (1977 b: 18); but see Ansell (1978: 57), Swanepool et al. (1980: 188), and Meester et al. (1986).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A7A88F145045865F6A2690E663C713B.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antelope suturosa Otto 1825	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
0A7A88F145045865F6A2690E663C713B.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Addax nasomaculatus (de Blainville 1816)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C7BA8239239D4F982C1C248018296588.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality given. Here selected as the Tunisian Sahara.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C7BA8239239D4F982C1C248018296588.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and probably Sudan. Vagrants still enter Algeria and Sudan. Survives in Chad, N Mali, Mauritania, and Niger.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C7BA8239239D4F982C1C248018296588.taxon	conservation	Conservation: Nearly extinct in wild (East, 1990). CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Proposed Endangered; IUCN – Critically Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C7BA8239239D4F982C1C248018296588.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The syntypes were observed by de Blainville in Bullock's Pantherion or Museum and the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, both in London, UK. C. H. Smith (1827) suggested the specimens came from Guinea or Western Africa; Lydekker (1914 b: 148) stated that the type locality was probably Senegambia. These authors provided no evidence to support their conclusions and from the discussion in Sclater and Thomas (1898), it seems more probable that British hunters or collectors obtained Addax from the Tunisian Sahara, to which the type locality is here restricted.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C6221382AD81330521579B74FB40A7CF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Inconnue "; now thought to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C6221382AD81330521579B74FB40A7CF.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. equinus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. bakeri Heuglin 1863 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. cottoni Dollman and Burlace 1928 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. koba Gray 1872 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. langheldi Matschie 1898 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. scharicus Schwarz 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C6221382AD81330521579B74FB40A7CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Savanna woodland in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi (extinct), N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N and S Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea (extinct?), W Ethiopia, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, E South Africa, Swaziland (extinct, reintroduced), Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. No evidence of occurrence in Sierra Leone (Grubb et al., 1998).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C6221382AD81330521579B74FB40A7CF.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C6221382AD81330521579B74FB40A7CF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: For dating the name to É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 see Grubb (2001 a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002 b). The type locality was selected as South Africa, Northern Cape, Lataku (= Kuruman) by Harper (1940), but there is evidence to show that the holotype was collected much farther south where the species no longer occurs, at Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999). Subspecific systematics follows Ansell (1972: 46).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
393B6B31386951B185936134EC610135.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Inconnue "; now thought to be South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Plettenberg Bay (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC6D4BAF95863AE1EB0B8EC5FE39810E.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope equina É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC6D4BAF95863AE1EB0B8EC5FE39810E.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 10 subspecies: Species Hippotragus equinus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803) Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. equinus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. bakeri Heuglin 1863 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. cottoni Dollman and Burlace 1928 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. koba Gray 1872 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. langheldi Matschie 1898 Subspecies Hippotragus equinus subsp. scharicus Schwarz 1913 Species Hippotragus leucophaeus (Pallas 1766) Species Hippotragus niger (Harris 1838) Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. niger Harris 1838 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. anselli Groves 1983 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. roosevelti Heller 1910 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. variani Thomas 1916	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
EC6D4BAF95863AE1EB0B8EC5FE39810E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Hippotragus is usually quoted from Sundevall, 1846, K. Svenska Vet. - Akad. Handl. Stockholm, for 1844, p. 196. The earlier name, cited above, was declared to be unavailable, and while it remained unavailable, Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 (in Retzius and Lovén, Archiv. Skand. Beitr. Naturgesch., Griefswald, 1: 445) was the available name. Grubb (2001 c) applied to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845, and this action has now been taken (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003 c). Sister species in the genus are said to be leucophaeus and niger (Groves and Westwood, 1995), equinus and niger (Robinson et al., 1996), or equinus and leucophaeus (Vrba and Gatesy, 1994).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22E3F27574072CDBE8A827F5F5B50725.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Promontoriae bonae Spei missas "; since restricted to South Africa, Western Cape Prov., Swellendam Dist.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22E3F27574072CDBE8A827F5F5B50725.taxon	distribution	Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape); extirpated about 1799.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22E3F27574072CDBE8A827F5F5B50725.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Extinct.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
22E3F27574072CDBE8A827F5F5B50725.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Groves and Westwood (1995), Klein (1974), Mohr (1967), and Rookmaaker (1992).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7FEF245E86178C2C3DE4A9CF5006E1A1.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " The great mountain range in the county of Mataveld ", and " On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountiains, about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn ", since specified as South Africa, North West Prov., Krugersdorp and Rustenburg, Magaliesberg (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7FEF245E86178C2C3DE4A9CF5006E1A1.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. niger Harris 1838 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. anselli Groves 1983 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. roosevelti Heller 1910 Subspecies Hippotragus niger subsp. variani Thomas 1916	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7FEF245E86178C2C3DE4A9CF5006E1A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Savanna woodland in Africa; giant sable (variani) in C Angola (between Cuanza and Loando Rs.); other subspecies in E Angola, N Botswana, S Dem. Rep. Congo, SE Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), NE South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7FEF245E86178C2C3DE4A9CF5006E1A1.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as H. niger variani; U. S. ESA – Endangered as H. n. variani; IUCN – Critically Endangered as H. n. variani, otherwise Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7FEF245E86178C2C3DE4A9CF5006E1A1.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes variani; see Ansell (1972: 47). Original publication usually assumed to be Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838: 2 (publ. July, 1838), but McAllan and Bruce (1989) showed that an earlier publication is The Athenaeum (publ. 27 Jan., 1838). Subspecific synonymy follows Ansell (1972: 47). In phylogeographic studies, Matthee and Robinson (1999) distinguishsed niger, kirkii and variani from " roosevelti ", and Pitra et al. (2002) recognised clade I (" roosevelti " of Matthee and Robinson, in W Tanzania and merged with clade II), " pure " clade II (niger including kirkii) and clade III (roosevelti). Cotterill (2003 a) treated anselli (mtDNA not studied) as specifically distinct from niger.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
B6D2CB303F67D416C24CA38AC6001D80.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " The great mountain range in the county of Mataveld ", and " On the northern side of the Cashan range of mountiains, about a degree and a half south of the tropic of Capricorn ", since specified as South Africa, North West Prov., Krugersdorp and Rustenburg, Magaliesberg (Grubb, 1999).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D0424863E1C3AC83A25DCC6B6850739.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Eritrea, " in den Niederungen der Küstenlandschaft bei Massaua " (Red Sea coast west of Massawa).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D0424863E1C3AC83A25DCC6B6850739.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Oryx beisa subsp. beisa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Oryx beisa subsp. callotis Thomas 1892	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D0424863E1C3AC83A25DCC6B6850739.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, NE and SE Sudan, NE Uganda (extinct?), and NE Tanzania.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D0424863E1C3AC83A25DCC6B6850739.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as O. gazella beisa.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7D0424863E1C3AC83A25DCC6B6850739.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in gazella by Ansell (1972: 49), whose subspecific synonymy is otherwise followed here. Restored to species status by East et al. (1999), Grubb (2000 b), and Kingdon (1997).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
778D94CC2AD6A8A8871295B023B33B08.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Eritrea, " in den Niederungen der Küstenlandschaft bei Massaua " (Red Sea coast west of Massawa).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DEC66F9F50E8D25776C0CB160CDFD249.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Sudan, Northern Kordofan Prov., " bewohnen die grossen Steppen von Haraza [vicinity of Jebel Haraza] ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DEC66F9F50E8D25776C0CB160CDFD249.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Extinct in Algeria, N Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, N Nigeria, N Senegal, Sudan, and Tunisia. Probably last occurred in the wild in the 1980 s in Chad (East et al., 1999). Survives as captive populations.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DEC66F9F50E8D25776C0CB160CDFD249.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA – Proposed Endangered; IUCN – Extinct in the Wild.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
DEC66F9F50E8D25776C0CB160CDFD249.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Year of publication is 1827, not 1826, according to J. E. Hill (ms notes based on Anon., 1829: 1291 - 1292). Includes tao (Ansell, 1972: 48). The name algazel Oken, 1816, was declared invalid by Opinion 417 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1956 b).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D53D12A1F367BE6339F59073DE0D597F.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope oryx Pallas 1777	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D53D12A1F367BE6339F59073DE0D597F.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 4 species with 2 subspecies: Species Oryx beisa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Oryx beisa subsp. beisa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Oryx beisa subsp. callotis Thomas 1892 Species Oryx dammah Cretzschmar 1827 Species Oryx gazella (Linnaeus 1758) Species Oryx leucoryx (Pallas 1777)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E9537E7446BEE9A635F39B6F30D8E1F6.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " India "; understood to be South Africa (Thomas, 1911 a: 152).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E9537E7446BEE9A635F39B6F30D8E1F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SW Angola (extinct?), Botswana, Namibia, N South Africa, and W Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E9537E7446BEE9A635F39B6F30D8E1F6.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
807C1201493682E9F89ED1CA5ECAD41A.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
807C1201493682E9F89ED1CA5ECAD41A.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 5 species with 27 subspecies: Species Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby 1833) Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. adolfifriderici Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. annectens Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. crawshayi P. L. Sclater 1894 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. defassa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. harnieri Murie 1867 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. kondensis Matschie 1911 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. pallidus Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. penricei W. Rothschild 1895 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. thikae Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tjaederi Lönnberg 1907 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tschadensis Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. unctuosus Laurillard 1842 Species Kobus kob (Erxleben 1777) Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. kob Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. adolfi Lydekker and Blaine 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. bahrkeetae Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. leucotis Lichtenstein and Peters 1853 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. pousarguesi Neumann 1905 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. riparia Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. thomasi P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. ubangiensis Schwarz 1913 Species Kobus leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. kafuensis Haltenorth 1963 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. robertsi W. Rothschild 1907 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. smithemani Lydekker 1900 Species Kobus megaceros Fitzinger 1855 Species Kobus vardonii Livingstone 1857 Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. vardonii Livingstone 1857 Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. senganus P. L. Sclater and Thomas 1897	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
807C1201493682E9F89ED1CA5ECAD41A.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Includes Adenota and Onotragus; see Ansell (1972: 40). Species groups are K. kob or Adenota group (includes also K. vardonii, forming a superspecies), K. leche or Hydrotragus group (includes also K. megaceros), and K. ellipsiprymnus or nominate Kobus group (Ansell, 1972). The most parsimonious tree based on morphological characters is (K. vardonii) (( K. kob) (( K. leche, K. megaceros) (K. ellipsprymnus ))) with kob group paraphyletic (Vrba et al., 1994). Phylogeny inferred from mtDNA is (K. leche, K. megaceros) (( K. kob, K. vardonii) (K. ellipsprymnus )) (Birungi and Arctander, 2001), with species groups monophyletic.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C01B9440C70177B1F15BB7F00BDEC903.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " about twenty-five days' journey north of the Orange River between Latakoo and the western coast of Africa ". Since restricted to Botswana, Gaborone, the top reaches of the Notwani River; see Smithers (1971: 233) and Grubb (1999: 25 - 26).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C01B9440C70177B1F15BB7F00BDEC903.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. adolfifriderici Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. annectens Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. crawshayi P. L. Sclater 1894 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. defassa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. harnieri Murie 1867 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. kondensis Matschie 1911 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. pallidus Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. penricei W. Rothschild 1895 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. thikae Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tjaederi Lönnberg 1907 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tschadensis Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. unctuosus Laurillard 1842	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C01B9440C70177B1F15BB7F00BDEC903.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Mesic non-forested habitats in Angola, Benin, N and EC Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, N Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N and S Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, S Gabon, Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, S Mali, S Mauritania, Mozambique, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), S Niger, Nigeria, S Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, E South Africa, Swaziland, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C01B9440C70177B1F15BB7F00BDEC903.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as K. ellipsiprymnus and subspecifically as K. e. defassa and K. e. ellipsiprymnus.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
C01B9440C70177B1F15BB7F00BDEC903.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Reviewed by Ansell (1972: 42); ellipsiprymnus division (includes also kondensis, pallidus and thikae) and defassa division (includes all other nominal subspecies) formerly regarded as species; they hybridize along a zone of contact (G. Peters, 1986) and differ in their centric fusion polymorphisms and structure of the Y chromosome (Kingswood et al, 1998 b). Cotterill (2003 a) treated crawshayi as a species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D9F048997BFF0BDD4D866E3378B62B0B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " about twenty-five days' journey north of the Orange River between Latakoo and the western coast of Africa ". Since restricted to Botswana, Gaborone, the top reaches of the Notwani River; see Smithers (1971: 233) and Grubb (1999: 25 - 26).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3202A989F6EAF5089B5CE734838C651B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Arabiae et forte Lybiae proprium animal "; restricted to Arabia (Lydekker, 1914 b: 130).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3202A989F6EAF5089B5CE734838C651B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Extinct in Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Maintained in captivity; Middle Eastern breeding stock in Bahrain, Israel, Leban, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and United Arab Emirates. Recently reintroduced to the wild in Oman and Saudi Arabia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3202A989F6EAF5089B5CE734838C651B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix I; U. S. ESA and IUCN – Endangered.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3202A989F6EAF5089B5CE734838C651B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in O. gazella by Haltenorth (1963: 88). Status reviewed in Mallon and Kingswood (2001).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FDD99480A0CD3142DC64F5C90D8E43.taxon	child_taxa	Genera: 3 genera with 9 species: Genus Kobus A. Smith 1840 (5 species with 27 subspecies) Genus Pelea Gray 1850 (1 species) Genus Redunca C. H. Smith 1827 (3 species with 10 subspecies)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
D8FDD99480A0CD3142DC64F5C90D8E43.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Recent work has suggested that Pelea should be included in the Reduncinae (Gatesy et al., 1997; Hassanin and Douzery, 1999 a; Vrba and Schaller, 2000) although Pelea is strongly differentiated from Kobus and Redunca in morphology. Peleinae has priority over Reduncinae but its seniority is not recognised here: inclusion of Pelea in Reduncinae is provisional, Reduncinae is a much more familiar and widely used name, and a proposal will be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the conservation of Reduncinae. Reduncini includes Kobus and Redunca; Peleini includes Pelea.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CC66D3C9AD8E596D7B347B723AFFFA6A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Senegal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CC66D3C9AD8E596D7B347B723AFFFA6A.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. kob Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. adolfi Lydekker and Blaine 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. bahrkeetae Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. leucotis Lichtenstein and Peters 1853 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. pousarguesi Neumann 1905 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. riparia Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. thomasi P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. ubangiensis Schwarz 1913	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CC66D3C9AD8E596D7B347B723AFFFA6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, Ethiopia (Gambela Salient only), Gambia (extinct), Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, W Kenya (extinct), S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone (extinct), Sudan, NW Tanzania (extinct), Togo, and Uganda.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
CC66D3C9AD8E596D7B347B723AFFFA6A.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd) as K. kob and subspecifically as K. k. kob and K. k. thomasi, Lower Risk (nt) as K. k. leucotis.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
4646B1135A73C27117FBAD42A2D48826.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Senegal ".	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560864F804C3720E982E886402E5162E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Banks of the river Zoaga, lat. 21 ° "; since identified as Botswana, Botletle River, near Lake Ngami (Smithers, 1971: 233).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560864F804C3720E982E886402E5162E.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. kafuensis Haltenorth 1963 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. robertsi W. Rothschild 1907 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. smithemani Lydekker 1900	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560864F804C3720E982E886402E5162E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: SE Angola, N Botswana, SE Dem. Rep. Congo, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), and Zambia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560864F804C3720E982E886402E5162E.taxon	conservation	Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; U. S. ESA – Threatened; IUCN – Extinct as K. l. robertsi, Vulnerable as K. l. kafuensis and K. l. smithemani, Lower Risk (cd) as K. l. leche.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
560864F804C3720E982E886402E5162E.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Revised by Ansell and Banfield (1979). Consists of four evolutionary species according to Cotterill (2003 a), namely K. leche, K. kafuensis, K. robertsi, and K. smithemani.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
A36AA6EC0666AE7F9FEAA6B43E543BCE.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Banks of the river Zoaga, lat. 21 ° "; since identified as Botswana, Botletle River, near Lake Ngami (Smithers, 1971: 233).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BABF6D604084F2A178D90BCCBA01D226.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: Sudan, Upper Nile Prov., " Bahr el abiad " or according to the collector, von Heuglin (Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Germ. Nat. Curios., Abhand. 30, part 2, p. 14 [1863]), " am Sobat, Bhar ghasál und untern Kir " (Bahr el Abiad or White Nile, Bahr el Ghazal, Kir River or lower Bahr el Jebel, and Sobat River); restricted to " Mouth of the Bahr el Ghazal at its junction with the White Nile " (Roosevelt and Heller, 1914: 519).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BABF6D604084F2A178D90BCCBA01D226.taxon	distribution	Distribution: S Sudan, W Ethiopia.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
BABF6D604084F2A178D90BCCBA01D226.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
819D3CAB60290C319A6A6E259E3DABBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Thirty or forty miles above Libonta "; since identified as Zambia, Barotseland, Chobe Valley, near Libonda at 40 ° 0 ' S, 23 ° 15 ' E.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
819D3CAB60290C319A6A6E259E3DABBF.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. vardonii Livingstone 1857 Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. senganus P. L. Sclater and Thomas 1897	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
819D3CAB60290C319A6A6E259E3DABBF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: NE Angola, N Botswana, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Malawi, NE Namibia (Caprivi Strip), S Tanzania, Zambia, and N Zimbabwe (vagrant).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
819D3CAB60290C319A6A6E259E3DABBF.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
819D3CAB60290C319A6A6E259E3DABBF.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Included in kob by Haltenorth (1963: 92) but Ansell (1972: 40), whose subspecies are followed here, treated kob and vardoni as separate species in a superspecies. Cotterill (2003 a) treated senganus as an evolutionary species.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
E9C0F8FBA1D6BEDA6309FA6E11B11660.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Thirty or forty miles above Libonta "; since identified as Zambia, Barotseland, Chobe Valley, near Libonda at 40 ° 0 ' S, 23 ° 15 ' E.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7983F1BD9A8ED56A729F0CD0C8AB5374.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Ouwe-hoeck ", now specified as South Africa, Western Cape, Caledon, Houhoek Pass; see Skead (1973: 79).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7983F1BD9A8ED56A729F0CD0C8AB5374.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7983F1BD9A8ED56A729F0CD0C8AB5374.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
19AEEA7CDBD6FADC7F8A82B48337EE66.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilopa (sic) capreolus Forster 1790	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
19AEEA7CDBD6FADC7F8A82B48337EE66.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 1 species: Species Pelea capreolus (Forster 1790)	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FC524D322381FA176A7EC308E3624B96.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: " Habitat ad Cap. Bn. Sp. " (Cape of Good Hope); since selected as South Africa, Free State, Bethulie, based on known collecting localities of syntypes (Grubb, 1999: 25).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FC524D322381FA176A7EC308E3624B96.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Angola, N and E Botswana, S Gabon, S Dem. Rep. Congo, Lesotho (vagrant), Malawi, Mozambique, N Namibia, S Republic of Congo, E South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FC524D322381FA176A7EC308E3624B96.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
FC524D322381FA176A7EC308E3624B96.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Roberts' (1951: 292) restriction of the type locality to Bathurst Dist. was not based on a syntype locality; see Grubb (1999: 25).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AB5D77DA578CD8E7A55719565BD1C46.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Antilope redunca Pallas 1767	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AB5D77DA578CD8E7A55719565BD1C46.taxon	child_taxa	Species and subspecies: 3 species with 10 subspecies: Species Redunca arundinum (Boddaert 1785) Species Redunca fulvorufula (Afzelius 1815) Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. fulvorufula Afzelius 1815 Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. adamauae Pfeffer 1962 Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. chanleri W. Rothschild 1895 Species Redunca redunca (Pallas 1767) Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. redunca Pallas 1767 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. bohor Rüppell 1842 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. cottoni W. Rothschild 1902 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. dianae Schwarz 1929 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. nigeriensis Blaine 1913 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. tohi Heller 1913 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. wardi Thomas 1900	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
3AB5D77DA578CD8E7A55719565BD1C46.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Phylogeny inferred from morphology (Vrba et al., 1994) or mtDNA (Birungi and Arctander, 2001) is (R. fulvorufula) (R. redunca, R. arundinum).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31261EAC3D48A5E6A2724F9D5370F71B.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No type locality originally identified; restricted to eastern Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914 a: 221) (South Africa, Eastern Cape).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31261EAC3D48A5E6A2724F9D5370F71B.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. fulvorufula Afzelius 1815 Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. adamauae Pfeffer 1962 Subspecies Redunca fulvorufula subsp. chanleri W. Rothschild 1895	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31261EAC3D48A5E6A2724F9D5370F71B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: W Africa in E Nigeria and W Cameroon; E Africa in C Ethiopia, Kenya, SE Sudan, N Tanzania, and NE Uganda; S Africa in SE Botswana, Lesotho, S Mozambique, E South Africa, and Swaziland.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31261EAC3D48A5E6A2724F9D5370F71B.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Endangered as R. f. adamauae, Lower Risk (cd) as R. f. fulvorufula, Lower Risk (nt) as R. f. chanleri, otherwise Least Concern.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
31261EAC3D48A5E6A2724F9D5370F71B.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies from Ansell (1972: 40).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
7A2BB4A8472678450E176D8BF4597963.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No type locality originally identified; restricted to eastern Cape Colony (Lydekker, 1914 a: 221) (South Africa, Eastern Cape).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
769FC428FF21A92ED39C676789A5FAE7.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " Le Nagor " of Buffon from Senegal, " dans les terres voisines de l'île de Gorée " (mainland opposite Gori Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
769FC428FF21A92ED39C676789A5FAE7.taxon	child_taxa	Subspecies:: Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. redunca Pallas 1767 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. bohor Rüppell 1842 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. cottoni W. Rothschild 1902 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. dianae Schwarz 1929 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. nigeriensis Blaine 1913 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. tohi Heller 1913 Subspecies Redunca redunca subsp. wardi Thomas 1900	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
769FC428FF21A92ED39C676789A5FAE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, N Dem. Rep. Congo, N Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, S Mali, S Mauritania, S Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
769FC428FF21A92ED39C676789A5FAE7.taxon	conservation	Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (cd).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
769FC428FF21A92ED39C676789A5FAE7.taxon	discussion	Discussion: Subspecies from Ansell (1972: 39).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
AD24A18903A679C81A00389739082935.taxon	materials_examined	Type Locality: No locality cited; based on " Le Nagor " of Buffon from Senegal, " dans les terres voisines de l'île de Gorée " (mainland opposite Gori Isl).	en	Wilson, Don E., Reeder, DeeAnn (2005): Order Artiodactyla. In: Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 637-722, ISBN: 0-8018-8221-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
