taxonID	type	description	language	source
574387CD06418C21FEC8FCA8FD4DFA90.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pakistatyrus ater Hlaváč, 2006 (Figs 2 B, C) (by original designation).	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06418C21FEC8FCA8FD4DFA90.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In the original description (H අൺඏගඹ 2006), Pakistatyrus was suggested to be most closely related to the Australian Hamotulus Schaufuss, 1887, and was compared with and separated from the latter genus. However, a list of characters that are diagnostic for Pakistatyrus was not given. The diagnosis is provided here based on the examination of the holotype of P. ater and two Tibetan species: Tyrine of medium to large size, body length ranging from 3.0 – 3.8 mm. Head elongate-trapezoidal, with apex truncate; with small asetose vertexal (dorsal tentorial pits) and large setose frontal fovea; area between antennal tubercles longitudinally sulcate; frontal rostrum broad and prominent; antennal insertions on ventral side of rostrum; with setose postantennal foveae and large ocular canthi; gula with foveae (posterior tentorial pits) widely separated, lacking median carina; eyes in both sexes small; maxillary palpi with palpomere 1 small, 2 elongate and curved, 3 and 4 pedunculate at base and broadening apically, 4 with distinct apical cone. Pronotum with well-marked median and lateral antebasal foveae connected by shallow transverse antebasal impression / sulcus, areas anterior to foveae impressed, medial impression may extend anteriorly to form shallow longitudinal sulcus. Prosternum with widely separated lateral procoxal foveae. Elytra strongly shortened and fused, trapezoidal, truncate at bases, each elytron with two large, setose basal foveae; discal stria represented by broad, shallow impression. Metathoracic (hind) wings lacking. Mesoventrite with moderately separated median foveae in transverse setose impression, large, setose lateral foveae forked internally. Metaventrite with large, setose lateral mesocoxal foveae and single setose median metaventral fovea, with postero-admedial areas conspicuously projecting / ridged. Legs elongate; pro- and mesofemur broadened, profemur with two large, widely separated ventral spines strongly divergent from shared base, protibia with two rows of spinose setae along mesal margin; mesotrochanter with distinct spine on ventral margin; tarsi with short tarsomere 1 and elongate tarsomeres 2 and 3, 2 slightly longer than 3, each tarsus with two subequal pretarsal claws. Abdomen with tergites 1 – 3 (IV – VI) subequal in length in middle and broadly sulcate at bases; corresponding paratergites of tergites 1 – 3 complete, protruding laterally, paratergite of tergite 4 (VII) triangular. Male sexual characters present on antennae and legs, or inconspicuous; aedeagus elongate, dorso-ventrally slightly asymmetric, with elongate parameres and weakly developed endophallus. Comparative notes. Members of Pakistatyrus are usually large in size (3.0 – 3.8 mm) and possess characters that may be related to their high-altitude lifestyles, e. g., shining surface of the body, small eyes, greatly reduced elytra, and well-developed spines of the legs. Using H අൺඏගඹ & CH ൺඇൽඅൾඋ (2005) Pakistatyrus is keyed out at couplet 13 with Palimbolus Raffray, 1890, a fairly large group comprising 23 described species and some 50 undescribed ones in Australia (CH ൺඇൽඅൾඋ 2001). Pakistatyrus shares with Palimbolus the presence of frontal and vertexal foveae of the head, distinct median and lateral antebasal foveae of the pronotum, ovoidal fourth segments of the maxillary palpi, and relatively short first visible tergites. Aside from the aforementioned characters, Pakistatyrus clearly differs from Palimbolus in more elongate antennomeres, lack of anteroprosternal foveae (foveae present and large in Palimbolus), tergite 1 (IV) approximately as long as 2 (V) (tergite 1 distinctly shorter than 2 in Palimbolus), and the presence of well-developed parameres of the aedeagus (parameres lacking in Palimbolus). Among the Asian genera of Tyrina Pakistatyrus appears to be most similar to the genus Tyrinasius Kurbatov, 1993 with seven species found in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan) and China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Sichuan). Tyrinasius likewise has all members with small eyes and reduced elytra, and the male sternite 7 (IX) is composed of three plates (N ඈආඎඋൺ 1999). Tyrinasius can be readily separated from Pakistatyrus by small body size (1.6 – 2.5 mm), suboval head, sub-globose pronotum that lacks foveae, the absence of spines on the profemora, and by short parameres of the aedeagus. Pakistatyrus is also similar to Tibetyrus from Tibet in general appearance, but the latter genus has tufted setae on temporal angles, the apical cone of the maxillary palpomere 4 and the femoral spines are lacking, parameres of the aedeagus are short, and ecologically, the adults were found in association with Formica ants.	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06418C21FEC8FCA8FD4DFA90.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. According to H අൺඏගඹ (2006) the two males of P. ater were collected from Malam Jabba (Fig. 2 C) in May at an altitude between 2300 to 2600 m, where the area is dominated by temperate coniferous forests and with temperature varying from − 4.7 ° C in January to 21.9 ° C in June (A ඍඍൺ- ඎඋ- R ൺHආൺඇ & D ൺඐඈඈൽ 2017). Similarly, the two Tibetan species were collected from rather high-altitude areas, where the other pselaphine groups, except for a few Brachyglutina, are poorly represented. Three males of P. inconspicuus sp. nov. were found, one was collected by sifting a mixed litter sample of fern leaf and wood debris at an altitude of 3750 m (Figs 3 A, B), and the other two males were taken by sifting fern leaves lying on the ground on a steep, rocky slope at a slightly lower area of approximately 3600 m. The single female of Pakistatyrus sp. (Fig. 3 E) was collected by sifting leaf litter and debris on the ground in a Rhododendron dominant forest (Figs 3 C, D), at an altitude of 4100 m with rather low temperature (<15 ℃). An examination of the Tibetan species revealed that the elytra of all four individuals are fused (cannot be open separately), and the hind wings in both sexes are lacking, which suggests that these species are probably locally endemic and have limited abilities of dispersal. This was further reinforced by the small, reduced eyes of the male, which is often corelated to wing development, indicating trade-offs related to flight capability, reproductive output, and longevity of life span (G ඎൾඋඋൺ 2011) may exist for the male sex. The presence of two rows of spinose setae along the inner margin of the protibia of Pakistatyrus appears to be a highly distinctive character that is rarely found among the other tyrine genera. These spinal structures and the projecting ocular canthi may be involved in a specialized, previously unknown prey mechanism in pselaphine beetles, and future behavioral observation is desired to confirm such a hypothesis. It is interesting to note that all three specimens of P. inconspicuus sp. nov. were thought to be female during initial checks using a magnifier in the field, because it was assumed that the male antennae of these beetles may present modifications as in P. ater. The members of Pakistatyrus are difficult to collect due to their high-altitude habitats which are hard to access, as well as the minimum dispersal capabilities of the beetles. It is clear that additional collecting efforts are needed to further determine the diversity of the genus along the Himalayan range.	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	description	(Figs 1; 2 C; 3 A, B) Chinese common name: NJ 征 Ẳ 山 ẅḎƤ	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. H ඈඅඈඍඒඉൾ: CHINA: ♂, ‘ China: Xizang, Nyingchi City, valley nr. Jiare Vill., Chongge, 30 ° 03 ’ 19 ” N, 93 ° 46 ’ 46 ” E, 3600 - 3750 m, 08. vii. 2021, Peng, Yin, Zhang, MBHŻDZ 热村 ṗǩ ’ (SNUC). P ൺඋൺඍඒඉൾ: CHINA: 2 ♂♂, same collection data as holotype (SNUC).	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male. Body length 3.6 – 3.8 mm, color reddish- - brown. Maxillary palpomere 3 2.1 times as long as broad. Antenna approximately 1.8 mm; antennomere 1 2.7 times as long as wide, 2 – 7 each slightly elongate, 8 smallest, as long as wide, 9 – 11 moderately enlarged to form indistinct club, lacking modifications. Protrochanter with tiny spine on ventral margin; mesocoxa with short, blunt ventral tubercle; hind leg simple. Aedeagus with broad median lobe shortly protruding on right side of apex; parameres elongate, ventrally curved before apices, each paramere with four apical setae; endophallus composed of two triangular and two elongate weakly sclerotized structures. Female. Unknown.	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	description	Description. Male. Body (Fig. 1 A) length 3.66 – 3.79 mm; color reddish-brown, tarsi and mouthparts lighter. Dorsal surface of body shining, covered with short pubescence. Head (Fig. 1 B) elongate-trapezoidal, truncate at apex, slightly broader than long, length from anterior margin of clypeus to posterior margin (excluding ‘ neck’ region) 0.73 – 0.75 mm, width across ocular canthi 0.69 – 0.76 mm; vertex finely punctate, small asetose vertexal foveae (dorsal tentorial pits) at level of middle of eyes; frons strongly impressed around frontal fovea, antennal tubercle weakly convex, area between tubercles broadly sulcate; ocular canthus greatly developed, broadly triangular, with 7 – 8 short apical spines. Gula deeply impressed in middle to form transversely oval depression, where widely separated foveae (posterior tentorial pits) are located. Compound eyes small, each composed of approximately 16 facets. Antenna moderately elongate, length 1.77 – 1.79 mm, indistinct club formed by three apical moderately enlarged antennomeres, lacking modifications; antennomere 1 longer than 2 and 3 combined, 2.7 times as long as wide, 2 slightly wider than 3 – 8, 5 slightly longer than 4 and 6, 11 suboval, truncate at base, slightly longer than 9 and 10 combined. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 1 C) with small palpomere 1, long and strongly curved palpomere 2, and basally pedunculate and apically broadened palpomeres 3 and 4, 4 with short, translucent palpal cone at apex. Pronotum (Fig. 1 B) longer than wide, length along middle 0.81 – 0.89 mm, maximum width 0.71 – 0.75 mm, widest in anterior 1 / 3; lateral margins rounded at widest point, convergent anteriorly and posteriorly, moderately incised at level of lateral antebasal foveae; disc slightly convex, finely punctate, with shallow median and lateral longitudinal impressions; shallow transverse antebasal impression connecting large, setose median and lateral antebasal foveae, with short mediobasal carina posterior to median fovea. Prosternum with anterior part much shorter than coxal part, with distinct lateral procoxal foveae; margin of coxal cavity weakly carinate. Elytra markedly shortened, trapezoidal, truncate at bases, much wider than long, length along suture 0.79 – 0.84 mm, maximum width 1.26 – 1.34 mm, broadest shortly before posterior margin; each elytron with two large, setose basal foveae and broad, shallow discal stria; lacking humeral angle; subhumeral fovea and marginal stria absent. Mesoventrite short, fused with metaventrite, with relatively long and carinate mesoventral process. Metaventrite distinctly ridged admesally, broadly impressed in middle, anterior metaventral process short, with truncate anterior margin, posterior process with short slit in middle. Legs elongate; protibia with two rows of spinose setae along mesal margin, protrochanter (Fig. 1 D) with tiny ventral spine, profemur (Fig. 1 D) swollen, with two large spines on ventral surface; mesocoxa (Fig. 1 E) with short, blunt ventral tubercle, mesotrochanter (Fig. 1 E) with acute long ventral spine, mesofemur swollen; hind leg lacking spines or projections. Abdomen much broader than elytra, as long as wide, widest at lateral margins of tergite 1 (IV), length 1.42 – 1.51 mm, width 1.42 – 1.50 mm. Tergites 1 – 3 (IV – VI) subequal in length along middle, each with broad paratergites protruding laterally, setose basal sulcus and two basolateral foveae, 4 (VII) slightly longer than 3 (VI) along middle, with triangular paratergites and pair of basolateral foveae in setose lateral impressions, 5 (VIII) transverse, posterior margin broadly truncate, two small basolateral foveae. Sternite 2 – 5 (IV – VII) subequal in length along middle, each with setose basal sulcus and two basolateral foveae on lateral margins of sulcus, 6 (VIII) transverse, posterior margin roundly emarginate in middle, 7 (IX) (Fig. 1 F) moderately sclerotized, composed of one middle and two lateral plates, middle sclerite with many setae along apical margin. Aedeagus (Figs 1 G, H) 0.57 mm long, dorso-ventrally slightly asymmetric; median lobe broad, with bulbous basal capsule and small foramen, dorsal diaphragm distinct, apical margin protruding on right side (position as in figure); parameres evenly curved in lateral view, moderately curved near apex in ventral view, apical margin of each paramere with four thick setae; endophallus weakly developed and sclerotized, composed of two subtriangular and two elongate sclerites. Female. Unknown. Comparative notes. This species differs from its only congener P. ater (Fig. 2 B) from northern Pakistan in reddish- - brown coloration of the body, simple male antennomeres 10 and 11 and metatibiae, as well as in dorsoventrally much broader median lobe of the aedeagus.	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ incōnspicuus ’ (inconspicuous, unremarkable) is a Latin adjective indicating lack of obvious male sexual characters of this species.	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
574387CD06448C23FECFFABBFDD3FE50.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. SW China: Tibet (Fig. 2 C). All three individuals were collected by sifting fern leaf or fern leaf / shrub debris samples in a coniferous forest at an altitude of 3600 – 3750 m (Figs 3 A, B).	en	Yin, Zi-Wei (2022): Discovery of mysterious Pakistatyrus in Tibet (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 129-135, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.009, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.009
