identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
501FC3220377FF9EFF47FA19FC69FF60.text	501FC3220377FF9EFF47FA19FC69FF60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aenigmarachne Schmidt 2005	<div><p>Genus Aenigmarachne Schmidt, 2005</p><p>Aenigmarachne sinapophysis Schmidt, 2005: 3 .</p><p>Aenigmarachne sinapophysis: Sherwood &amp; Gabriel, 2020: 440.</p><p>Type species. Aenigmarachne sinapophysis Schmidt, 2005 . Holotype male (SFM 57342–84): examined by photos provided by Radan Kaderka.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males and females of Aenigmarachne resemble those of Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901; Clavopelma Chamberlin, 1940; Cubanana Ortíz, 2008; Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871; Cyrtopholis Simon, 1892; Nesipelma Schmidt &amp; Kovarik, 1996; Reversopelma Schmidt, 2001 and Stichoplastoris Rudloff, 1997 in the general morphology of the bulb (palpal bulb with embolus narrower and acuminate) and the spermathecae (twin spermathecae with wide basis, narrow neck, and subspherical fundus), but differ from these and other genera of Theraphosini by the combination of the following characteristics: males with a palpal bulb with an elongated embolus that tapers towards the apex, longer in proportion to the combined length of the tegulum and subtegulum. The PS, PI and A keels are very poorly developed, only visible at the apex or along the apical third of the embolus (Figs 2–4). Absence of tibial apophyses on leg I and presence of a retrolateral palpal nodule (Fig. 5). Males and females with the retrolateral face of femora IV lacking a pad of plumose setae. The trochanters of all legs and femur IV lack a stridulatory organ. Presence of type I setae, subtype I b in males and subtype I e in females and juveniles.</p><p>Distribution: Costa Rica, Colombia, new record (Fig. 10).</p><p>Composition: A. sinapophysis Schmidt, 2005; A. colombiana sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/501FC3220377FF9EFF47FA19FC69FF60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Osorio, Luis M.;Ávila-Polo, Joan S.;Sabbatino, Andres F.;Suárez- Martínez, Leiner A.	Osorio, Luis M., Ávila-Polo, Joan S., Sabbatino, Andres F., Suárez- Martínez, Leiner A. (2025): First record of Aenigmarachne Schmidt, 2005 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Colombia, with the description of a new species and the first described female. Zootaxa 5723 (4): 550-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.4.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.4.5
501FC3220375FF97FF47FA9BFF56FF4C.text	501FC3220375FF97FF47FA9BFF56FF4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aenigmarachne colombiana Osorio & Ávila-Polo & Sabbatino & Suárez- Martínez 2025	<div><p>Aenigmarachne colombiana sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–8, 9B)</p><p>Type material: Holotype male (ICN-Ar 13744), from COLOMBIA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.32166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.488889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.32166/lat 8.488889)">Bolívar</a>: Tiquisio, vda. Puerto Coca, hand collected, 8°29'20"N 74°19'18"W, 30 m. a.s.l., 20–23 December 2020, coll. L. Osorio. Paratype (s): 2 females (1 female dissected) (ICN-Ar 13745), [same data as holotype]; 1 male (ICN-Ar 13746) [same data as holotype] December 2017, coll. L. Osorio; 1 female (ICN-Ar 13749) [same data as holotype] 21–25 June 2025, coll. L. Osorio; 1 male, 5 females (ICN-Ar 13750) [same data as holotype] 21–25 June 2025, coll. L. Osorio.</p><p>Other material examined: 1 immature female (ICN-Ar 13747), 7 juvenile specimens (ICN-Ar 13748) from COLOMBIA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.32166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.488889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.32166/lat 8.488889)">Bolívar</a>: Tiquisio, vda. Puerto Coca, hand collected, 8°29'20"N 74°19'18"W, 30 m .a.s.l., 20–23 December 2020, coll. L. Osorio.</p><p>Diagnosis: Males differ from those of A. sinapophysis by their shorter embolus and the more pronounced extension of the PS keel (Figs 2–4), PS keel restricted to the apical region in A. sinapophysis (Sherwood &amp; Gabriel, 2020: figs 5–8). Additionally, the male palps differ by the presence of a PI and a PAc keels (Figs 2–4), which are absent in A. sinapophysis (see Sherwood &amp; Gabriel, 2020: figs 5–8).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet colombiana is an adjective that refers to the country where the type specimen was collected.</p><p>Description. Male holotype (ICN-Ar 13744). Total length including chelicerae 15.9; carapace length 6.4, width 5.4; caput slightly raised (Fig. 1A); ocular tubercle raised, length 0.8, width 1.3. Eyes: ALE&gt; PLE, PLE&gt; AME, AME&gt; PME, anterior row slightly procurved, posterior row recurved (Fig. 1C); clypeus narrow; fovea deep, transverse, straight; chelicera length 3.5, width 1.7; opisthosoma length 6.0, width 4.0 (Fig. 1B); maxilla with ca. 176 cuspules, covering ca. 36% of proximal edge (Fig. 1D); labium length 1.1, width 1.3, with 34 labial cuspules (Fig. 1D); labio-sternal mounds joined along entire base of labium; sternum length 3.1, width 2.8, with three pairs of sigilla (Fig. 1D); tarsi I densely scopulate, tarsi II–IV divided by band of stout setae; metatarsal scopula: I 100%; II 50%; III 41%; IV ascopulate; lengths of leg and palpal segments see Table 1. Leg formula 4,1,2,3; spination: tibia I d 0–1–0, v 0–1–4 (3 apical) II d 1–0–1, v 0–1–1 (apical) III d 1–2–1, v 1–2–3 (apical) IV d 1–0–2, v 2–2–4 (3 apical), palp p 0–0–3, metatarsus I v 1–0–2 (apical), II v 1–0–3 (apical), III d 1–2–3 (1 apical), v 1–4–7 (5 apical), IV d 2–1–2, v 6–4–8 (4 apical); palpal tibia slightly incrassate with a low retrolateral nodule (Fig. 5A–C); leg I without tibial apophyses; metatarsus I straight, basal or median nodule absent; femur III slightly incrassate, femur IV without a pad of plumose setae on retrolateral face, stridulation organ absent in all legs; posterior lateral spinnerets with three segments (Fig. 1E): basal 1.4, medial 0.9, digitiform apical 1.3; posterior median spinnerets with one segment; palpal bulb with an elongate and thin embolus, tapering to its tip, with slight curvature at its basal third, small extent of separation between base of bulb and tegulum, PS and PI keels weakly developed, A keel present (Figs 2–4). Urticating setae: only subtype I b present. Colour alive: body completely dark brown, with yellowish setae surrounding the carapace (As in Fig. 8B).</p><p>Description. Female paratype (ICN-Ar 13749). Total length including chelicerae: 32.4; carapace length 12.0, width 10.6; caput highly raised (Fig. 6A); ocular tubercle raised, length 1.4, width 1.9. Eyes: ALE&gt; PLE, PLE&gt; AME, AME&gt; PME, anterior row procurved, posterior row recurved (Fig. 6C); clypeus wide; clypeal fringe long; fovea deep, transverse, procurved; chelicera length 4.7, width 3.7; opisthosoma length 15.7, width 10.1 (Fig. 6B); maxilla with ca.179 cuspules, covering ca. 30% of proximal edge (Fig. 6D); labium length 1.6, width 2.1, with 43 labial cuspules (Fig. 6D); labio-sternal mounds joined along entire base of labium; sternum length 5.5, width 5.2, with three pairs of sigilla (Fig. 6D); tarsi I–IV divided by band of stout setae which is wider on the posterior tarsi; metatarsal scopula: I 100%; II 50%; III 25%; IV ascopulate; lengths of leg and palpal segments see Table 2. Leg formula 4,1,2,3; spination: femur I d 0–0–1, II d 0–0–1, III d 0–0–1, IV d 0–0–1, patella III p 0–0–2, r 0–1–0, IV p 0–0–1, r 0–1–0, tibia II d 0–0–1, v 0–1–2 (apical) III p 1–1–1, r 1–1–1, v 1–2–3 (apical), IV p 1–1–0, r 1–2–1, v 3–2–4 (3 apical), palp v 0–0–4 (3 apical), metatarsus I v 0–0–2 (apical), II p 0–1–1, v 1–0–3 (apical), III d 0–0–2, p 1–2–0, v 0–1–2, v 2–3–5 (4 apical), IV p 1–1–1, r 1–2–1, v 9–6–9 (5 apical); femur III not incrassate, femur IV without pad of plumose setae on retrolateral face, stridulation organ absent from all legs; posterior lateral spinnerets with three segments: basal 2.2, medial 1.5, digitiform apical 1.8; posterior median spinnerets with one segment. Urticating setae: only subtype I e present. Spermathecae: consisting of two separate seminal receptacles with a wide base, narrow neck and extended apical lobes. Each seminal receptacle emerges from ovate guard plate (Fig. 7). Colour alive: prosoma and opisthosoma reddish brown with a dark grey pad of urticating setae (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Puerto Coca, Tiquisio, Bolívar, Colombia (Fig. 10).</p><p>Natural History. Individuals of A. colombiana sp. nov. were found near residential areas, closely associated with human-built structures (Fig. 9A). Juveniles of this species typically build shallow burrows under structures such as plastic, logs, or rocks. In contrast, females and some young males occupy burrows dug into the ground, with a variable depth ranging from 10 to 30 centimeters. The latter may have widened areas that form small chambers (Fig. 9E). In none of the cases was silk observed covering the entrances or internal walls of the burrows (Fig. 9C–D).</p><p>Although on several occasions, multiple individuals were found under the same structure, in captivity, they show cannibalistic tendencies when housed together. Juveniles and males tend to be “shy” and, when disturbed, quickly release a significant amount of urticating setae. In contrast, adult females are remarkably defensive, combining this defensive behaviour with displays of their chelicerae and, on occasion, exuding a drop of venom (Fig. 9B).</p><p>Morphologically, juveniles of both sexes closely resemble adult females in terms of colour, while adult males acquire a dark brown colour (Fig. 8).</p><p>Ontogeny. Observations made on the individuals of A. colombiana sp. nov. revealed that the urticating setae (UrS) are distributed in the dorsal-posterior region of the opisthosoma following a uniform pattern. This pattern has also been reported by Bertani &amp; Guadanucci (2013) in other Theraphosinae with type I UrS, which may exhibit one or two distribution patterns, in contrast to the genera with UrS of the type III, IV, or combinations of III+IV UrS, which show a greater variability in their distribution.</p><p>Throughout the different points in the ontogenetic development of A. colombiana sp. nov., changes in the length or angle of the UrS are negligible. Juveniles (both males and females) and adult females exclusively present</p><p>UrS of the I e subtype (Fig. 6F), with no evidence of co-occurrence of other described types or subtypes. The only significant ontogenetic change related to the UrS in this species occurs during the transition from juvenile males to adults, where the setae subtype changes from I e to I b (Table 3).</p><p>* The classification of the areas in the opisthosoma follows the proposal of Bertani &amp; Guadanucci 2013. Medians: anterior (MA), median (MM), and posterior (MP); laterals: anterior (LA), median (LM), and posterior (LP). Missing data (–).</p><p>In other genera of the tribe Theraphosini, sensu Turner et al. (2018), basic type I urticating setae are present from the earliest nymphal stages, while subtypes I a, I b, and/or I c only co-occur in advanced developmental stages (see Kaderka et al. 2019). However, exceptions to this pattern have been documented in two juveniles of Phormictopus spp. from the Dominican Republic, where the co-occurrence of basic type I with subtypes I a and I b was recorded (Kaderka et al. 2019). In contrast, A. colombiana sp. nov. completely lacks basic type I setae in all its developmental stages.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/501FC3220375FF97FF47FA9BFF56FF4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Osorio, Luis M.;Ávila-Polo, Joan S.;Sabbatino, Andres F.;Suárez- Martínez, Leiner A.	Osorio, Luis M., Ávila-Polo, Joan S., Sabbatino, Andres F., Suárez- Martínez, Leiner A. (2025): First record of Aenigmarachne Schmidt, 2005 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Colombia, with the description of a new species and the first described female. Zootaxa 5723 (4): 550-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.4.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.4.5
