taxonID	type	description	language	source
53135249091C5B2454C2E0EEE1F3FEC2.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer trapezoidal, with rounded caudo-dorsal margin and obliquely truncate caudal margin (Fig. 12). Style with apex slender, smoothly curved laterally in dorsal view (Fig. 15), in lateral view bifid (Fig. 16). Aedeagus with pair of short anteapical processes, in lateral view dorsal apodeme 0.75 X as long as shaft (Fig. 10); in caudal view shaft broad, abruptly narrowed subapically with round apex (Fig. 11). Abdominal apodemes slender, extending to mid length of fourth segment (Fig. 14). Female genitalia. Hind margin of female seventh sternite broadly convex (Fig. 17). Etymology: The species epithet, bidentata, refers to the dentate processes on the aedeagal shaft. Material examined. Holotype male, India: Karnataka: 35 km W Jog Falls, 17. xi. 1976 (C. A. Viraktamath) [UAS]. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as for holotype; 1 male, 2 females, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 7. iv. 1975, 700 m (K. D. Ghorpade); 4 females, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 21. v. 1976 (B. Mallik); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Hassan, 6. iv. 1975 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, India: Kerala: Meppadi, 18. x. 1975, 690 m (C. A. Viraktamath) [BMNH, INHS, IARI, UAS, ZSI]. Distribution. India (Karnataka, Kerala). Remarks. C. bidentata resembles C. yasumatsui Young, but differs in the position of the dentate processes on the aedeagal shaft; C. yasumatsui has the processes apically whereas in C. bidentata they are anteapical. Females of this species resemble C. spectra in the shape of the seventh sternite, but can be differentiated by both the external markings on the crown and the more narrowly rounded anterior margin.	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
5313524909185B2454C2E7A1E11FFA57.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer trapezoidal with rounded caudo-dorsal margin and obliquely truncate caudal margin (Fig. 21). Style with apex slender, smoothly curved laterally in dorsal view (Fig. 24), truncate in lateral view (Fig. 25). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view bulbous, apex slightly narrowed, dorsal apodeme longer than shaft (Fig. 19); in caudal view shaft with broad base, gradually narrowed towards apex (Fig. 20); Abdominal apodemes slender, extending to mid length of fourth segment (Fig. 23). Female genitalia. Hind margin of female seventh sternite convex and slightly bilobed (Fig. 26). Material examined. 3 females, India: Karnataka, Jog Falls, 9. v. 1976, 35 km (B. Mallik); 1 male, 1 female, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 3. v. 1978 (C. A. Viraktamath); 2 males, 1 female, 21. v. 1976 (B. Mallik); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Halebid – Belur, 11. xi. 1978 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, 2 females, India: Karnataka, Dharwar, ex. Wheat, 24. x. 1972 (C. A. Viraktamath); 3 females, India: Karnataka, Kemmannagundi, 8. iv. 1975 (K. D. Ghorpade); 1 male, 1 female, India: Tamil Nadu, Yercaud, 5. iv. 1976 (B. Mallik); 1 female, India: Maharashtra, Matheran, 24. xi. 1977 (C. A. Viraktamath); 3 females, India: Uttar Pradesh, Dehradun, 25. vi. 1975 (C. A. Viraktamath) [UAS, INHS]. Distribution. India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java) (Young, 1979). Remarks. Cofana lineata can be distinguished by the presence of small brown spots on the anterior portion of the pronotum, narrowly pointed anterior margin of the crown and bulbous aedeagus. Females resemble those of C. nigrilinea in the shape of the seventh sternite and external markings.	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
5313524909185B2654C2E03EE471FD82.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer trapezoidal with rounded caudo-dorsal margin and obliquely truncate caudal margin (Fig. 30). Style in dorsal view with apex slender, smoothly curved laterally, truncate in lateral view (Fig. 32). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view, bulbous at base, narrowed towards apex, with serrated dorsal and ventral margin, caudal region denticulate near base; dorsal apodeme as long as shaft, separated from shaft by less than maximum width of shaft; in caudal view shaft broad at base, gradually narrowed towards apex (Figs. 28, 29). Abdominal apodemes long, slender, reaching mid length of fourth segment (Fig. 33). Female genitalia. Hind margin of female seventh sternite convex and undulate (Fig. 34). Material examined. 2 males, India: Karnataka, Kemmannagundi, 11. iv. 1975, 1430 m; 2 males, 1 female, India: Karnataka, Kemmannagundi, 10. iv. 1975; 1 male, Kemmannagundi, 9. iv. 1975 (all collected by C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 21. v. 1976 (B. Mallik); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Jog falls, 9. v. 1976, 534 m (B. Mallik); 1 male, India: Kerala, Meppadi, 18. x. 1975 (B. Mallik) [UAS, INHS]. Distribution. New Guinea, Oriental region (Young, 1979). Remarks. Males of this species can be easily distinguished by the serrated ventral margin of the aedeagal shaft. Females of this species cannot be distinguished from those of C. lineata based on the shape of the seventh sternite.	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
53135249091A5B2854C2E4E4E1E9FECC.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer moderately produced with rounded caudo-dorsal margin and obliquely truncate caudal margin (Fig. 38). Style in dorsal view with apex acutely pointed, in lateral view truncate, with angle at ventral margin before apex (Figs. 41, 42). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view, narrowly V-shaped with dorsal apodeme shorter than shaft, shaft slightly curved anterad, with even dorsal and ventral margin (Fig. 36); in caudal view broad at base, slightly narrowed distally with broadly rounded apex (Fig. 37). Abdominal apodemes long, slender reaching mid length of fourth segment (Fig. 40). Female genitalia. Hind margin of female seventh sternite broadly convex (Fig. 43). Material examined. 2 males, 2 females, India: Karnataka, Bangalore, 8. iv. 1976 (B. Mallik); 1 female, 19. x. 1977, 916 m (A. R. V. Kumar); 1 female, 11. i. 1979 (K. D. Ghorpade); Nandi hills, 19. xii. 1974 (C. A. Viraktamath); 3 females, 16. vi. 1982, (Ananthamurthy); 1 female, Hebbal, 5. v. 1982, 1 male, 3 females, 17. v. 1982 (Ananthamurthy); 1 male, Nandi hills, ex. grasses, 8. ix. 1991 (P. C. Dash); 2 males, 7 females, ex. rice, 8. ix. 1991; 3 males, 10 females (P. C. Dash); 2 females, Hebbal, 11. x. 1991 (P. C. Dash); 1 female, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 22. v. 1976, 700 m (K. D. Ghorpade); 2 males, 2 females, India: Karnataka, Chikballapur, 3. vi. 1978 (S. Viraktamath); 1 female, (B. Ananthamurthy); 1 female, India: Karnataka, Halebid – Belur, 11. xi. 1978 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Raichur, 15. x. 1982 (Shashidhar); 2 males, India: Karnataka, Hebbal, 3. xii. 2002 (M. K. Sindhu); 4 males, India: Karnataka, Dharwar, ex. wheat, 25. ix. 1977 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 female, India: Karnataka, Jog falls, 16. xi. 1976 (K. D. Ghorpade); 4 females, 24. xi. 1982, 534 m (Ananthamurthy); 1 female, India: Karnataka, Mysore, ix. 1967 (H. M. Harris); 1 female, India: Kerala: Thekkady, 26. iii. 1977 (C. A. Viraktamath) [UAS, INHS]. Distribution. Australia, New Guinea, Oriental region, Tropical Africa (Young, 1979), Madagascar. Remarks. This is a large sized white species with broadly rounded anterior margin of the crown. It can be separated from the otherwise similar C. subvirescens by its smaller size, whitish coloration and differences in the male genitalia as noted in the key. Females also resemble those of C. bidentata in the shape of the seventh sternite, but can be differentiated by the pronotum which has a median longitudinal fuscous line not extending to scutellum. This common species was reported on rice, barley, wheat, sugarcane, sorghum, mulberry and grasses (Young, 1979). This species is reported as a minor pest of rice (Wilson & Claridge, 1991).	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
5313524909145B2854C2E7A1E74AFAC7.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer with caudo-dorsal angle slightly produced dorsally, caudal margin almost straight (Fig. 47). Style in dorsal view stouter than in C. lineata, apex pigmented, in lateral view bluntly pointed (Fig. 50, 51). Aedeagal shaft in lateral view broadly flattened, triangular, longer than dorsal apodeme, dorsal margin of shaft straight and smooth, ventral margin denticulate towards base; dorsal apodeme not well developed near apex, close to shaft along its length (Fig. 45); in caudal view shaft broad near base, abruptly narrowed beyond mid length (Fig. 46). Abdominal apodemes long, slender reaching mid length of fourth segment (Fig. 49). Female unknown. Etymology. The species epithet, spiculata, refers to spiny projections along the posterior margin of aedeagal shaft. Material examined. Holotype male, India: Kerala, Meppadi, 18. x. 1975, 690 m (C. A. Viraktamath) [UAS]. Paratypes: 2 males, data as for holotype [BMNH, INHS]. Distribution. India (Kerala). Remarks. This species can be easily distinguished from the other species of Cofana by its external dark brown coloration and the shape of the aedeagal shaft that is broadly flattened, triangular, with spiny projections along the posterior margin.	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
5313524909145B2D54C2E3AEE738FE91.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer strongly produced, with rounded caudal margin (Fig. 55). Style in dorsal view with apex truncate (Figs. 57, 58). Aedeagus in lateral view broad, crescent-shaped; in caudal view, uniformly broad throughout its length with round apex (Fig. 53). Abdominal apodemes short and broad near apex, not exceeding third segment (Fig. 56). Female genitalia. Hind margin of female seventh sternite convex with caudal projection trilobed (Fig. 59). Material examined. 2 males, 4 females, India: Maharashtra: Manjeri, x. 1996, ex. Sugarcane; 2 females, India, Karnataka, Mysore, ix. 1967 (H. M. Harris) [UAS, INHS]. Distribution. New Guinea, Oriental region (Young, 1979). Remarks. C. subvirescens differs from all other species of Cofana in having greenish forewings. It externally resembles Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus), a Palaearctic species, but differs in the male genitalia. It is also the largest species in the genus Cofana.	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
5313524909115B2D54C2E7EEE137F80A.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Pygofer moderately produced with rounded caudo-dorsal margin and obliquely truncate caudal margin (Fig. 63). Style in dorsal view short with distinct lateral lobe on shank, apical apophysis with denticles (Fig. 67). Aedeagal shaft slender, elongate with smooth dorsal and ventral margin; in caudal view uniformly broad throughout its length with round apex (Figs 61, 62). Abdominal apodeme long, slender, extending beyond fourth segment (Fig. 65). Female genitalia. Hind margin of seventh sternite convex medially produced with caudal margin truncate (Fig. 68). Material examined. India: Karnataka: 5 females, Dharwar, ex. wheat, 25. ix. 1977 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 female, Halebid – Belur, 11. xi. 1978 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, India: Karnataka, Jog falls, 35 km, 18. xi. 1976 (B. Mallik); 3 females, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 22. v. 1976 (K. D. Ghorpade); 2 males, 1 female, Bangalore, Hebbal, 16. vii. 1982 (Ananthamurthy); 1 female, India: Karnataka, Mudigere, 971 m, 2. vi. 1978 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 female, India: West Bengal, Calcutta, 17. iv. 1975 (C. A. Viraktamath); 1 male, West Bengal, Kalyani, 4. vi. 2005 (C. A. Viraktamath) [UAS, INHS]. Holotype male of C. karjatensis, India: Maharashtra, Karjat, xi. 1981, paddy field, light trap (IARI); Paratypes of C. karjatensis: 9 males, 9 females, same data as in holotype [IARI]. Distribution. Australia, Madagascar, New Guinea, Oriental region and Tropical Africa (Young, 1979). Remarks. The type of C. unimaculata (in NMW) is a female, in relatively poor condition and therefore it is difficult to see characters properly (M. R. Wilson personal communication). Our interpretation of this species is based on the female and male specimens collected from West Bengal (Calcutta and Kalyani respectively), place from which the type specimen comes. The absence of a median apical spot on the crown is the most distinguishing character that separates C. unimaculata from other species of the genus Cofana Melichar. Key features such as shape of female seventh sternite and male abdominal apodemes described by Ramakrishnan (1985) to differentiate C. karjatensis from C. unimaculata are found not to be discrete. In the absence of more convincing evidence, we treat this species as synonym of C. unimaculata. C. unimaculata is a common species on rice in Asia (Wilson & Claridge 1991).	en	Krishnankutty, Hu. M., Viraktamath, Ra. A. (2008): Notes on the leafhopper genus Cofana Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from India with description of two new species. Zootaxa 1874 (1): 35-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1874.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1874.1.3
