identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8BDACA5D433458B3A37DFEEF2B50885F.text	8BDACA5D433458B3A37DFEEF2B50885F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycarenus bicolor subsp. heraldus Distant 1904	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus Distant, 1904</p>
            <p>Figs 1 B, C, 2 D – F</p>
            <p> Oxycarenus heraldus : Distant 1904: 44. </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus bicolor variety heraldus : Bergroth 1918: 73. </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus : Slater 1964: 670. </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus lugubris : Zheng and Zou 1981: 97. Misidentification. </p>
            <p>Type material examined</p>
            <p> (digital photograph).   Lectotype: Burma • ♀;  Carin Chebà [pr] / 900–1100 m [pr] / L. Fea V XII- 88 [pr] //  heraldus [hw] / Dist. [hw] // Distant Coll. / 1911–383 // Type [pr, red] // SYN / TYPE [pr, blue] //  Oxycarenus /  heraldus / Distant, 1904: 44 [pr] / BMNH (E) / 1340705 [pr] (BMNH)  . </p>
            <p>Paralectotype: same information except: BMNH (E) / 1340706 [pr].</p>
            <p>Other material examined.</p>
            <p>  China • 2 ♀♀; Gansu, Wen county,  Fanba ; 30 Jul. 1988; collected from capsule of  Abutilon theophrasti (NKUM)  •   20 ♂♂ 15 ♀♀; Jiangsu, Nanjing,  Laoshan ; 20 Jun. 2021; collected from capsule of  Hibiscus mutabilis (NJFU)  •   6 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀; Sichuan,  Qingchengshan ; 16 Aug. 1956; Leyi Zheng leg. (NKUM)  •   20 ♂♂ 25 ♀♀; Yunnan, Dali,  Cangshan ; 19 Aug. 2006; Zhonghua Fan leg. (NKUM)  •   300 ♂♂ 242 ♀♀; Yunnan, Menglong, Banna,  Mengsong , alt. 1600 m; 23 Apr. 1958; Xvwu Meng leg. (IZAS)  •   40 ♂♂ 32 ♀♀; Yunnan,  Pingbian ; alt. 1300 m; 22 Jun. 1956; Keren Huang leg. (MSIE)  . </p>
            <p>Redescription.</p>
            <p>Head dark, blackish brown or black, densely coarsely punctate, with white, flat, decumbent setae and sparser erect, apically enlarged, long setae. Antennae dark, blackish brown or black, with segment I extending to tip of clypeus. Head ventrally densely covered with silvery-white, flat setae. Rostrum extends to hind coxae or middle of abdominal sternite III. Bucculae dark. Pronotum brown with a black transverse stripe at callus area. Covered with coarse punctures and sparsely erect and apically enlarged long setae, with slightly sinuate lateral margins. Scutellum dark blackish brown or black, similar setae to pronutum, punctuated, with a sunken base and a slightly elevated middle. Clavus dark brown to blackish brown, possessing three lines of punctures, with middle row incomplete. Corium with exocorium, basal 1 / 3 of inner corium, and distal angle yellowish white, about middle 1 / 3 of inner corium blackish brown, not reaching exocorium; sometimes, extreme distal angles of corium slightly darkened, but not with obvious small black spots; distal margin of corium straight; clavus and corium with sparse pale erect setae. Membrane dark blackish brown, with basal margin adjoining distal margin of corium narrowly white. Head and prothorax ventrally densely covered with silvery-white, decumbent setae; thoracic sternites and pleurae black or dark blackish brown, glossy, except supracoxal lobe and posterior margin of metapleura pale; ostiolar peritreme of metathoracic scent gland strongly protruding, basally brown and distally yellow. Femora blackish brown, slightly thickened; fore femora with four spines; tibiae yellow with both ends dark blackish brown, and fore tibiae darker. Abdomen reddish brown to blackish brown. Posterior margin of sternites VI and VII in males with two conspicuous transverse combs of glandular setae on either side of median line. Female abdominal sterna III – IV fused; ovipositor reaching abdominal sternites V – VII, with sternites V – VII medially strongly narrowed and pushed forward towards abdominal sternites V.</p>
            <p>Pygophore: dorsal opening broadly rounded; lateral projections finger-like, slightly inclined posteriorly and internally; distal margin of cup-like sclerite bifurcate (Fig. 2 D). Parameres with blade falcate and curved; outer projection rounded; inner projection projecting dorsoventrally, more square (Fig. 2 E, F).</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm, n = 8). Body length 3.80–4.30, width 1.10–1.40. Head length 0.71–0.73, width across eyes 0.72–0.73; antennal segments I – IV length: 0.28–0.30: 0.61–0.63: 0.47–0.49: 0.58–0.60. Pronotum length 0.83–0.85, width of anterior margin 0.58–0.60, width of posterior margin 1.10–1.11; scutellum length 0.41–0.43, width 0.54–0.55. Distance of apex clavus – apex corium 0.89–0.90; distance of apex corium – apex membrane 0.67–0.69.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>China (Gansu, Jiangsu, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); Burma.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> The specific status of  Oxycarenus heraldus Distant, 1904 was previously reduced to  Oxycarenus bicolor var. heraldus by Bergroth (1918), and later treated as subspecies  Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus by Slater (1964). </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus shares similar coloration with  Oxycarenus bicolor bicolor , but there are notable differences. Unlike  Oxycarenus bicolor bicolor , the brown spots on the hemelytra of  Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus do not reach the exocorium (the brown spots on the hemelytra extend to the lateral margin of the corium in  O. bicolor bicolor ). Furthermore, the body size of  O. bicolor heraldus is larger (3.80–4.30 mm) compared to  O. bicolor (which is smaller, approximately 3.0– 3.4 mm), and while the postero-lateral angles of the corium in  O. bicolor heraldus may be slightly darkened, but they lack the distinct small black spots that are present in  O. bicolor bicolor . </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus bicolor heraldus is a common species in China, but it has long been misidentified as  Oxycarenus lugubris (Motschulsky, 1859) (Zheng and Zou 1981) . In comparison with  O. lugubris , the pronotum of  O. bicolor heraldus is brown with a black transverse stripe, whereas in  O. lugubris , it is entirely black. Furthermore, only the middle 1 / 3 of the inner corium is blackish brown in  O. bicolor heraldus , with the basal membrane narrowly white, while the distal 2 / 3 of the inner corium is entirely black, and the base of the membrane is also black in  O. lugubris . Although both the species are distributed in China,  O. lugubris has only been recorded from Taiwan and Hong Kong according to the data available on the iNaturalist website. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8BDACA5D433458B3A37DFEEF2B50885F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Meng, Changjun;Cao, Suyan;Dong, Wen;Gao, Cuiqing	Meng, Changjun, Cao, Suyan, Dong, Wen, Gao, Cuiqing (2024): The redescription and complete mitogenomes of two Oxycarenus species (Hemiptera, Oxycarenidae) and phylogenetic implications. ZooKeys 1211: 231-250, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1211.126013
7CE1A31774E05474BBF95053F24D28B7.text	7CE1A31774E05474BBF95053F24D28B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxycarenus gossypii Horvath 1926	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Oxycarenus gossypii Horváth, 1926</p>
            <p>Figs 1 A, 2 A – C</p>
            <p> Oxycarenus gossypii : Horváth 1926: 136; Esaki 1926: 161; Slater 1964: 673; Péricart 2001: 115. </p>
            <p> Oxycarenus laetus : Zheng and Zou 1981: 96. Misidentification. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>  China • 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀; Yunnan,  Yuanjiang ; alt. 400 m; 25 Jul. 2006; Weibing Zhu leg. (NKUM)  •   1 ♂ 2 ♀♀; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong ; alt. 1600 m; 23 Apr. 1958; Xvwu Meng leg. (IZAS)  •   1 ♂; Yunnan, Xishuangbanna,  Damenglong ; alt. 650 m; 8 Apr. 1958; Leyi Zheng leg. (IZAS)  •   5 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀; Hainan, Sanya,  Fenghuang airport ; 26 Mar. 2020; Bo Cai leg. (NJFU)  •   16 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; Hainan,  Jianfengling thermal forestry institute ; 21 Apr. 1985; Leyi Zheng leg.; from capsule of  Abutilon indicum (NKUM)  •   192 ♂♂ 183 ♀♀; Hainan,  Sanya ; alt. 10 m; 5–6 Apr. 1960; Suofu Li leg. (IZAS)  •   26 ♂♂ 26 ♀♀; Hainan,  Ledong ; 11 Jun. 1960; Xuezhong Zhang leg. (IZAS)  •   1 ♂; Hainan  Nada ; 27 Apr. 1954; Keren Huang leg. (IZAS)  . </p>
            <p>Redescription.</p>
            <p>Body brown, densely punctate, with white decumbent, erect, and apically enlarged setae. Antennae dark brown. Rostrum extends past anterior margin of abdominal sternite III, up to abdominal sternite V in females. Bucculae yellowish white. Pronotum brown, often lighter at anterior margin and posterior half, densely covered with deep, large punctures, white erect, and apically enlarged setae mixed with decumbent setae; callus area slightly elevated, densely covered with large, dark brown setae. Lateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate. Scutellum brown, evenly punctate, flattened except basal margin concave, peripherally covered with both decumbent and erect, apically enlarged setae. Clavus brown, with both types of setae mentioned above. Corium yellowish brown, with a conspicuous black spot at distal angle; sparse erect setae, apical margin straight. Membrane smoky brown. Thoracic sternum brown, posterior margins of metapleura pale. Ostiolar peritreme of metathoracic scent gland yellow. Supracoxal lobewhite. Femora dark brown; fore femora beneath with four spines; fore tibiae yellowish brown; mid and hind tibiae pale, both ends brown. Abdominal sterna reddish brown, smooth, impunctate, without erect setae. Male sternites VI and VII with posterior margin with two transverse combs of glandular setae on either side of median line. Female abdominal sterna III to IV fused; ovipositor reaching abdominal sternites V – VII, with sternites V – VII medially strongly narrowed, pushed forward towards base of abdomen.</p>
            <p>Pygophore: dorsal opening narrowly triangular (Fig. 2 A); lateral projections in basal one third of pygophore openings, projecting obliquely posteriorly, tips truncate; distal margin of cup-like sclerite with a narrow, deep incision (Fig. 2 A). Parameres (Fig. 2 B, C) with basal shank relatively broad, about twice as wide as blade; outer projection rounded, inner projection more pointed from dorsal view; another finger-like inner projection present on inner side from ventral view.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm, n = 8). Body length 3.40–4.00, width 1.1–1.30. Head length 0.70–0.72, width across eyes 0.65–0.67; antennal segments I – IV length: 0.27–0.29: 0.56–0.58: 0.45–0.47: 0.52–0.54. Pronotum length 0.78–0.80, width of anterior margin 0.52–0.54, width of posterior margin 1.00–1.02; scutellum length 0.34–0.36, width 0.52–0.54. Distance of apex clavus – apex corium 0.60–0.62; distance of apex corium – apex membrane 0.72–0.74.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>China (Hainan, Yunnan, Taiwan); Vietnam.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> On review of descriptions and figures, we discovered that  Oxycarenus gossypii was erroneously identified as  Oxycarenus laetus (Kirby, 1891) in the study by Zheng and Zou (1981). However, distinct differences exist between these species: the clavus appears brown in  O. gossypii , whereas it is pale in  O. laetus ; the membrane presents a smoky golden-brown hue in  O. gossypii (in contrast to the colorless and hyaline membrane of  O. laetus ); and, while the corium of  O. gossypii is pale or slightly smoky except at the base, it consistently remains pale in  O. laetus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7CE1A31774E05474BBF95053F24D28B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Meng, Changjun;Cao, Suyan;Dong, Wen;Gao, Cuiqing	Meng, Changjun, Cao, Suyan, Dong, Wen, Gao, Cuiqing (2024): The redescription and complete mitogenomes of two Oxycarenus species (Hemiptera, Oxycarenidae) and phylogenetic implications. ZooKeys 1211: 231-250, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1211.126013
