identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4E35792AFFB55D02FF149D0B2D3BFD21.text	4E35792AFFB55D02FF149D0B2D3BFD21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevistrombus Kira ex Abbott 1960	<div><p>Laevistrombus Abbott, 1960</p><p>Synonymy</p><p>1753 Gallinula Klein, genus XIII, p. 56, partly. Adams &amp; Adams 1858, p. 259, partly. Chenu 1859, p. 256, partly. Mörch 1852, p. 61. Zittel 1885, p. 258. Issel &amp; Tapparone Canefri 1876, p. 343. Non-binominal pre Linnaeus 1758.</p><p>1955 Laevistrombus Kira, p. 31. Kira 1959, p. 36. Bandel 2007, p. 153. nomen nudum.</p><p>1960 Laevistrombus Kira ex Abbott, p. 47. Type species: Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 .</p><p>Diagnosis. The shells of this genus are smooth, rotund and solid. The outer lip is thickened, smooth and anteriorly calloused. The columella is smooth, thickened in the middle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFB55D02FF149D0B2D3BFD21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
4E35792AFFB55D02FF149CF42C68FF7E.text	4E35792AFFB55D02FF149CF42C68FF7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Linberg 1997	<div><p>Sorbeoconcha Ponder &amp; Linberg, 1997</p><p>Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFB55D02FF149CF42C68FF7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
4E35792AFFB35D07FF149A0C2FCCF9B8.text	4E35792AFFB35D07FF149A0C2FCCF9B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Figures 4 &amp; 5 A–D</p><p>Synonymy 1758 Strombus (Ampliati) canariu Linnaeus, 10 th edn., p. 745, no. 438. = Strombus (Ampliati) canarium Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1211, no. 507, partly. Gmelin 1791, p. 3517, no. 24, partly. = Lambis canarium Gmelin—Röding 1798, p. 65, nos. 828 and 829. = Strombus canarium Born, 1778, p. 279 . Dillwyn 1817, p. 670. Gould 1833, p. 85. Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834, p. 73, no. 9, pl. 51,</p><p>fig. 10. Anton 1839, p. 85, no. 2807. Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1. Hanley 1856, p. 124, pl. 25, fig. 27. Martens 1889,</p><p>p. 189, in part. Mohanraj et al. 2010, p. 205, pl. 1. = Gallinula canarium Linnaeus—Mörch 1852, p. 61 . = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus — Adams &amp; Adams 1858, p. 259. = Harpago canarium Linnaeus—Hanley 1860, p. 74 . = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 19. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus — Abbott 1960, p. 48. Wagner &amp; Abbott 1978, p. 09–653. Walls 1980, pp. 75</p><p>and 76. 1777 Alata gallinula gibba Martini, p. 107, pl. 79, fig. 818. = Strombus ( Gallinula) gibbus Martini—Adams &amp; Adams 1858, p. 259. = Strombus gibbus Martini—Abbott 1960, p. 49. = Epidromis gibba Seba—Adam &amp; Leloup 1938, p. 109. = Strombus gibbus Tapparone-Canefri—Dodge 1956, p. 275. = Strombus gibbus Issel &amp; Tapparone-Canefri—Wagner and Abbott 1978, p. 09–654. Walls 1980, p. 189. Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de</p><p>Turck 1998, p. 95. 1777 Alata tenuis Martini, p. 168, pl. 89, fig. 876. 1791 Strombus (Ampliati) latissimus Gmelin, 13 th edn., p. 3516, no. 21β, partly.</p><p>Linnaeus (1758) provided six literary illustrations, some of which support the hypothesis that the species intended was the Indian and Sri Lankan L. canarium (Figure 4). The reference to “Argenv. Conch t. 17, f. Q” is interpreted as coming from d'Argenville (1742) L’ Histoire Naturelle Eclaircie dans deux de ses Parties Principales La Lithologie et la Conchyliologie dont l’une Traite des Pierres et l’autre des Conquillages shows an illustration of L. canarium (Figure 4A). The final reference provided by Linnaeus is to “Klein. Ostr t. 4, f. 73” refers to Klein (1753) Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae. This illustration differs from L. vanikorensis in having a blunter spire and a greatly inflated body whorl, with rounded lip and no pattern, which is more indicative of L. turturella (Figure 4B). The Petiver (1709–1711) Catalogus Classicus and Topicus, t. 98, f. 11 reference by Linnaeus can be attributed to L. canarium, determined by the overall shape, the shift in pattern on the presutural ramp, and the shortened spire (Figure 4C). The reference to “Gualt. Test. t. 32, f. N” points to an image from Gualtieri (1742) Index Testarum Conchyliorum, which shows both dorsal and ventral sides of the shell (Figure 4D). The outer lip of this specimen is not fully calloused, but the short spire and broad and inflated body whorl indicates the Gualtieri (1742) images are illustrations of L. canarium . Two images from Rumphius (1705, 1741) D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer cited as “Rumph. Mus. t. 36, f. X” and “ t. 36, f. N” deal with two different species. The plate 36 figure N is probably L. vanikorensis, given the locality of Amboina (Ambon) (Figure 4E). While plate 36 figure X illustrates Dolomena septimus Duclos, 1844 which is the only non - Laevistrombus cited by Linnaeus (1758) (Figure 4F).</p><p>Type material. To stabilise the nomenclature we hereby select a syntype from the Linnaean Collection (London) {A–F 0 0 20064 specimen 1} lot LSL. 435, as lectotype of L. canarium Linnaeus, 1758 .</p><p>Type locality. Abbott (1960) designated for L. canarium Ambon as the type location based on “O. Asiae” in the Linnaeus (1758) text. However, images from the Linnaean Society Collection clearly conform to the Indian examples of L. canarium (http://linnean-online.org/17229/ accessed 12/02/2017). Furthermore, the Ambon specimens at hand are Strombus taeniatus Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834 . Therefore, we redesignate the type locality of L. canarium to Keelamlarai, India, and base our comparisons on specimens from there.</p><p>Description. “488. S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi ” (Linnaeus 1758, p. 745). The Strombus shell lip is round, short and blunted; the spire is smooth (Translation SM).</p><p>Distribution. Laevistrombus canarium is restricted to India and Sri Lanka. Records: India —Keelarkarai (AMD x 4; SM x 2; TM x2); Kottaipattinam (AMD x 2); Rameswaren (AMD x 5; SM x 4). Sri Lanka — Trimcomalee (AMD x 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFB35D07FF149A0C2FCCF9B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
4E35792AFFB05D09FF149AE82BE6FE24.text	4E35792AFFB05D09FF149AE82BE6FE24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevistrombus guidoi Man	<div><p>Laevistrombus guidoi Man in’T Veld &amp; de Turck, 1998</p><p>Figures 5 E–F</p><p>Synonymy</p><p>1998 Strombus (Laevistrombus) guidoi Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de Turck, p. 95. Kreipl et al. 1999, pp. 11 and 26, pl. 41, figs. 1 and 2. = Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de Turck—Liverani 2014, p. 24, pl. 143, figs. 1 and 3.</p><p>Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus—Cernohorsky 1972, p. 72, pl. 18, fig. 8a.</p><p>Type material. The Holotype is held in the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, lot 15975.</p><p>Type locality. The type locality for L. guidoi is Port Vila, Vanuatu (Man in’T Veld &amp; de Turck 1998) .</p><p>Original description. “Shell shape: A smooth, solid shell, heavy in comparison to its size, with up to nine whorls. A slender, relatively low to high spire. The first whorls with a radial structure. Aperture wide posteriorly, narrower anteriorly. Outer lip pointed posteriorly and much thickened. Columella much thickened from its centre to its anterior; with a thin glaze on its posterior, which covers the ventral part of the body whorl. A coloured line marks the outline of this glazed area. The columella is thickened at its extreme posterior end, forming a lip that protrudes above the suture. From this lip, the margin curves concavely upward and bends back in some specimens, into the direction of the spire. Also due to the thickened outer lip, a narrow and deep posterior canal arises. The siphonal canal is fairly long, the stromboid notch weak. Sculpture: The first seven whorls with a radial structure, subsequently becoming smoother. In a few specimens with some narrow varices on the whorl. With up to 18 radial lines on the anterior portion of the body whorl. Columella and aperture smooth. Colour: Solid white, in some specimens with a pattern of obscure yellow lines. All adult specimens, without exception with a golden-yellow, metal like gloss on the columella as well as the outer lip. The inside of columella and aperture is white. Periostracum: Unknown but probably light brown judging from faint traces” (Man in’T Veld &amp; de Turck 1998, p. 103).</p><p>Distribution. Laevistrombus guidoi is restricted to Vanuatu (Figure 6). Records: Vanuatu— Vila Bay (Cernohorsky 1972); Port Vila (Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Vanuatu — No data (AMD x 6); Esprito Santo (SM x1); Efate (VC x 3); Malekula (TM x1).</p><p>Discussion. Laevistrombus guidoi is consistently white in colour, with only rare examples showing a pattern similar to the typical L. vanikorensis . The extension of the outer lip callosity and level of “metal like gloss” is highly variable and dependent on the age of the animal’s shell: older animals have greater callosity and more gloss.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFB05D09FF149AE82BE6FE24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
4E35792AFFBE5D08FF149AD42DAFF84C.text	4E35792AFFBE5D08FF149AD42DAFF84C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevistrombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard 1834	<div><p>Laevistrombus taeniatus Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834</p><p>Figure 7</p><p>Synonymy</p><p>1834 Strombus taeniatus Quoy &amp; Gaimard, p. 75, no. 10, pl. 51, figs. 14 and 15.</p><p>= Strombus taeniata Quoy—Reeve 1851, spc. 51.</p><p>= Strombus canarium var. taeniatus Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, fig. 6.</p><p>= Strombus (Strombus) isabella taeniatus Horst &amp; Schepman, 1908, p. 213 .</p><p>Strombus (Strombus) canarium var isabella Lamarck — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 3, fig. 21. Strombus ( Gallinula) isabella Lamarck — Melvill &amp; Standen 1899, p. 165. Strombus canarium Linnaeus—Hinton 1972, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 18. Hinton 1977a, p. 13, no. 5a. Hinton 1977b, p. 10, nos. 6b and c. Strombus (Laevistrombus) turturella Röding—Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de Turck 1998, p. 98.</p><p>Type material. We hereby select the only surviving syntype in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32460 as lectotype of L. taeniatus Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834 .</p><p>Type locality. The type locality for L. taeniatus is Ambon, Indonesia .</p><p>Original description. “ Strombus, testa obovata, laeve, basi striata, tribus vittis violaceo-fuscis cincta; spira brevi, mucronata; labro crasso, dilatato, antice marginato ” (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834, p. 75). Translation: Strombus, shell ovate, smooth, with striate base, surrounded by three violet bands, spire short, mucronate, lip callused, dilated, anteriorly margined (Translation SM).</p><p>“This small stromb has the form and the size of Canarium. Only its back is a little more abruptly bulging, and the anterior part is deeply indented. It differs from the known species by the three transverse bands of violet brown that run over the body whorl and that are divided by a background of a pretty white. The band in the middle is largest, and the posterior one is smallest. It is the one that traverses all turns of the spire by decreasing width, so as to become not more than a reddish line at the top. These three kinds of ribbons do not reach right up to the right edge, which is thick, rounded and white, of the same (colour) as the rest of the aperture and the columella. The anterior part of the canal is striated at the bottom” (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834, p. 75, Translated AMD).</p><p>Distribution. Laevistrombus taeniatus has a restricted range within the southwest Pacific, ranging from southern Papua to the Solomon Islands (Figure 6). There is evidence of a distributional gap between the Indonesian type population and distribution of the rarer members of the southwest Pacific populations. At the time of the Quoy and Gaimard expedition, Ambon was a significant regional trading centre (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833). Records: Australia —Murray Island (Melvill &amp; Standen 1899). Papua New Guinea —Porebada (Hinton 1972); Hula (Hinton 1972); Manus Island, Admiralty group (Hinton 1972); Loyalty Islands (Man in‘T Veld &amp; De Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Papua New Guinea —No data (VC x2); Hula Village (SM x 1). Solomon Islands —No data (SM x 1); Boli Passage (SM x1). Images Published online from dealer specimen traders: Ambon, Indonesia.</p><p>Discussion. Laevistrombus taeniatus possesses a high degree of variability in colouration and is constantly paler in the western side of its range. The Indonesian examples range in colour from tan to white, with a highly variable number and colouration of banding on the body whorl. The southwest Pacific representatives of this species are consistently coloured, with a large central band on the main tanned body whorl, while the two bands alluded to in the original description vary in intensity from dark to absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFBE5D08FF149AD42DAFF84C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
4E35792AFFBC5D0DFF149A6F2F9FFE24.text	4E35792AFFBC5D0DFF149A6F2F9FFE24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laevistrombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard 1834	<div><p>Laevistrombus vanikorensis Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834</p><p>Figure 8</p><p>Synonymy</p><p>1834, Strombus vanikorensis Quoy &amp; Gaimard, p. 73, no. 8, pl. 51, figs. 7 to 9.</p><p>= Strombus canarium var. vanikorensis Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, figs. 4 and 5.</p><p>= Strombus vanikorensis Quoy—Reeve 1851, spc. 46.</p><p>= Strombus (Strombus) canarium vanikorensis Horst &amp; Schepman—Adam &amp; Leloup 1938, p. 110 .</p><p>= Strombus vanicorensis Quoy—Tryon 1885, p. 146.</p><p>= Strombus vanicorensis Tryon—Wagner &amp; Abbott 1978, p. 09–658.</p><p>Strombus canarium Linnaeus—Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1a. Allan 1950, p. 99, pl. 17, fig. 2. Rippingale &amp; McMichael 1961, p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 15. Wilson &amp; Gillett 1971, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 1. Deas 1971, unnumbered page/plate, fig. 5. Jansen 1996, p. 17, figs. 53b and c.</p><p>= Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 18.</p><p>= Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus — Chenu 1859, p. 256, figs. 1590 and 1591. Melvill &amp; Standen 1899, p. 165.</p><p>= Canarium (Labiostrombus) canarium Linnaeus—Solem 1958, p. 220 . = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus — Abbott 1960, p. 36, pl. 17, fig. 15. Wilson &amp; Gillett 1979, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 1. = Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus—Maxwell et al. 2017, p. 133 . Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ‘T Veld &amp; de Turck—Liverani 2013, p. 24, pl. 143, fig. 2.</p><p>Type material. We hereby select the first syntype in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32459 (two syntypes), size 55.3 mm as lectotype of L. vanikorensis Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1834 . The other syntype, with the writing “Vanikoro” in the mouth, becomes the paralectotype.</p><p>Type locality. The type locality for L. vanikorensis is Vanikoro Island, Solomon Islands .</p><p>Original description. “Strombus, testa obovata, laevi, alba, lineis castaneis confertissimis longitudinalibus maxime flexuosis picta; spira conic-elongata, mucronata; apertura alba; labro crasso dilatato” (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834, p. 73) Strombus, shell ovate with a narrow basal end, smooth, white, with many longitudinal winding chestnut lines, spire elongated and conical, mucronate, aperture white, lip thickened and calloused (Translation SM).</p><p>“On the first impression, one mistakes this species for Strombus canarium; but that species differs by its consistently larger measurements of all examples, by the longer spire that is more conical and pointed, and by the longer canal. Furthermore, its aperture is nicely white, in places yellow as with the Str. canarium, and the axial lines of which it is covered with are violet brown, which forms very sharp zigzags, and in some places are simply wavy. The part of the body whorl, close to the columella, is a little yellow. Its straight edge is dilated and thick to the perfect state, slim and membranous at a young stage, with brown crosslinks, sometimes colourless; the kind that makes the shell look dark. The periostracum is thin and yellow. The body of the animal is generally greygreenish, stitched with brown. The filaments of the eye stalks are very long. The operculum is long, reddish and regularly toothed on the sides. The eyes are pale yellow, with a black circle exteriorly, and a brown one near the pupil” (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1834, p. 73, translated AMD).</p><p>Distribution. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is commonly collected in Queensland from the Cape York Peninsula down to Dingo Beach (Figure 6). To the east, it ranges from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea along the island chains to the Wallis and Futuna Islands. In the northwest, it may range from Myanmar (Burma) to south Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia, although these populations are not linked to the southwest Pacific populations. There are three historical institutional records for the Keppel Bay region. However, recent examples of white specimens sold by dealers purporting to come from Keppel Bay (VC, TM) are considered unverified. One further institutional record indicating a more southerly distribution is also considered dubious: New South Wales, Long Bay, Sydney, with the single specimen taxonomically problematic as it resembles specimens more typical of L. turturella from the northwestern Pacific. Records: Australia —Bedford Beach, Cooktown (Abbott 1960); Hayman Island (Abbott 1960); Mossman (Rippingale &amp; McMichael 1961; Cernohorsky 1972); Murray Island, Torres Straits (Melvill &amp; Standen 1899); Port Douglas (Abbott 1960). Solomon Islands— Florida Island (Solem 1958). New Caledonia — Touho Bay (Abbott 1960); Baie de l’Orphelinat (Abbott 1960). Material examined from private collections: Australia Alexandra Reef (SM x 134); Archer Point (SM x 1); Bowen Sand Flats (SM x 1); Cape York Peninsula (SM x 7); Cockle Bay, Magnetic Island (SM x 1); Cooya Beach (SM x 7); Dingo Beach (AMD x 1, SM x 16); Double Island Cairns (SM x 4); Four Mile Beach (AMD x1,SM x 114); Garners Beach (SM x 1); Gloucester Passage (AMD x 1); Kurrimine Beach (SM x 7); Machans Beach (SM x 2); Oak Beach (SM x 3); Pallarenda (AMD x1, SM x 6); Saunders Beach (SM x 1); Shelly Beach, Townsville (SM x 1); Wonga Beach (SM x 11); Yorkeys Knob (SM x 2); Yule Point (SM x 187). Papua New Guinea— Bootless Bay (SM x 1); Porebalda (VC x1); Rabaul (SM x1); Rokui (SM x 2). Solomon Islands —Boli Passage (SM x 1; TM x2; VC x 1); Kolambangara Island (TM x1); Marau Sound (AMD x 1). New Caledonia —No data (AMD x1); Thio (AMD x 2); Ouvéa Island (AMD x 1). Wallis and Futuna —No data (AMD x 1).</p><p>Discussion. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is only associated with near-shore habitats, and is not known from the outer reef system. The benthic substrate that this species prefers is highly variable, and it has been observed living in muddy (Dingo Beach), rubbly (Wonga Beach), fine clean (Archer Point) and silty (Alexandra Reef) sand types. This species is highly gregarious, and adults appear to migrate only within a small home range. Within an adult colony, there are consistent, and significant, sexual dimorphism and sex imbalance, with females being both larger and more numerous than males (Maxwell et al. 2017).</p><p>Laevistrombus vanikorensis possesses a high degree of consistency in the patterning of dark zigzag lines on a white to cream background. However, the frequency and distribution of these lines can be quite variable. In the eastern parts of the range, pale and white shells are known. Specimens from the western part of the range, particularly Queensland, have a distinctive bluish band below the suture, which is often missing in eastern specimens. A rare golden form is also known from Queensland .</p><p>Limitations. The determination of the range of L. vanikorensis from literary sources without illustration is problematic; particularly with the locality records of the three sympatric species encapsulated within those of L. canarium (see Abbott 1960). Therefore, a greater emphasis on actual distribution has been given to collection material over literary records.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E35792AFFBC5D0DFF149A6F2F9FFE24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Maxwell, Stephen J.;Dekkers, Aart M.;Rymer, Tasmin L.;Congdon, Bradley C.	Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L., Congdon, Bradley C. (2019): Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species. Zootaxa 4555 (4): 491-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2
