identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2EE62F9EB3B757F29090E71BD64C8FA3.text	2EE62F9EB3B757F29090E71BD64C8FA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyacmaea levinae Betters & Cortés & Cordes 2024	<div><p>Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Costa Rica • whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Bathyacmaea levinae holotype, 1, whole organism, AD 4971, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407, 1800 m, from tubeworms. ”; SIO-BIC M 22535 . Paratypes: • Same data as for holotype. Original label: “ Bathyacmaea levinae paratype, 1, whole organism, AD 4971, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407, 1800 m, from tubeworms. ”. SIO-BIC M 22536 . Costa Rica • 2 specimens; same data as for holotype; Original label: “ Bathyacmaea levinae paratype, 2, whole organisms, AD 4971, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407, 1720–1820 m, from tubeworms. ”; MZUCR 10674-01 - 02 . Costa Rica • 2 specimens; Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158; hydrocarbon seep; mussels; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg .; Paratype; whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Bathyacmaea levinae paratype, 2, whole organisms, AD 4924, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158, 1409 m, from mussels. ”; SIO-BIC M 22532 . Costa Rica • 2 specimens; Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158; hydrocarbon seep; mussels; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg .; Paratype, whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Bathyacmaea levinae paratype, 2, whole organisms, AD 4924, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158, 1409 m, from mussels. ”; MZUCR 10672-02 - 03 .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Costa Rica • Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407; hydrocarbon seep; tubeworms; 1,720–1,820 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117375, - 84.8397; 1,811 m; 26 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4911 leg.; Tubeworm, Erik Cordes Personal Collection (EC) 5739 • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117375, - 84.8397; 1,794 m; 29 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4914 leg.; Mussel, EC 5760 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11753, - 84.83953; 1,886 m; 29 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4914 leg.; Mussel, Scripps Benthic Invertebrate Collection (SIO-BIC) M 16154 • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117368, - 84.839661; 1,796 m; 30 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4915 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5815 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03048, - 84.6202; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16201 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03048, - 84.6202; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16179 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7745 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7420 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7419 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117433333, - 84.83961667; 1,796 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, SIO-BIC M 16731 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97071, - 84.8372817; 1,785 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7336 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97071, - 84.8372817; 1,785 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7320 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11735, - 84.83958333; 1,795 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, SIO-BIC M 16795 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11785, - 84.83952833; 1,784 m; 19 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4973 leg.; Tubeworm, SIO-BIC M 16748 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97067, - 84.839533; 1,783 m; 23 10 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4977 leg.; Mussel, EC 7548 • 11 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117567, - 84.840718; 1,760 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 8894 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117783333, - 84.83945; 1,783 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg.; Rock, SIO-BIC M 16943 • 8 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62048333; 1,400 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Mussel, SIO-BIC M 17001 • 4 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62048333; 1,400 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Mussel, SIO-BIC M 16988 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62055; 1,401 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Combined Slurp, SIO-BIC M 16920 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.83985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.1174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.83985/lat 9.1174)">Jaco Scar</a>; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,803.1 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Rock, EC 9345 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117775, - 84.839525; 1,803 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Rock, EC 9338 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,803 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Rock, EC 9337 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.83985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.1174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.83985/lat 9.1174)">Jaco Scar</a>; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,812.41 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Mussel, EC 9323 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>From tubeworms, Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. may be diagnosed by their flat, serrated radular teeth and high, conical shells lacking any obvious axial sculpturing. On mussels, Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. may be diagnosed through the combination of their ovate, evenly sloped, flattened shells lacking any obvious axial sculpturing with their radular characteristics. At the time of publication, these are the only Bathyacmaea species known from the Eastern Pacific Ocean.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Figs 3 A, B, 5): Specimens exhibit uncoiled, patelliform shells. Holotype measures 8.1 mm in length, 5.2 mm in width, and 4.7 mm in maximum height. Shell roundness (width ÷ length) is 0.65. Shell sculpturing and ornamentation lacking but fine radial growth lines are present. Very fine axial striations present but not raised. Aperture opening is ovate and aperture lip is thick and unornamented. Shell slope is flattened to mildly convex. Shell apex is degraded and centrally located. Protoconch is unknown. Shell is thick, white, and semi-translucent. Shell microstructures are (in order from the outermost shell layer to the innermost): irregular spherulitic prismatic type-A, semi-foliated, concentric crossed lamellar structures, and radial crossed lamellar structures (Fig. 5).</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 3 C): Soft tissue is white-to-yellowish in color. Mantle is thick with a flat margin. Foot follows the shape of the shell aperture in terms of its roundness. Margin of the foot sole is flat. Pallial tentacles are lacking. Operculum is absent. Two cephalic tentacles are present which are short, thick, and placed low on the head. Bipectinate gill extends from behind animal’s right cephalic tentacle. Eyes are absent. Oral lappets are absent but the oral opening is lined with thickened tissue ornamented with very fine frilling.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 3 P – R): Radula was obtained from the sequenced specimen (Fig. 3 G – I), whose shell measured 10 mm in length, 7.0 mm in width, and 6.8 mm in height. Docoglossate radula with formula 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 0. Radular ribbon measures ~ 240 µm across. Rachidian teeth highly diminished and obscured by laterals. Lateral teeth are long, robust, and consisting of three distinct cusps that appear to be fused together. Lateral teeth may measure up to 400 µm in length. The first, most anterior, cusp forms a single sharp hook lacking denticle. The second cusp is longer than the first and falls in line with the third cusp such that it creates one continuous ridge. Eight or nine short, sharp denticles are present on this second cusp. The third, most posterior, cusp is the longest (~ 3 × the length of the second cusp) and forms a robust, serrated ridge with 25 or more short, sharp denticles that are indistinguishable from those on the second cusp. The third cusp’s posterior end curves inward towards the radular ribbon. The connecting point of the lateral teeth to the radular ribbon is located near the posterior end of the third cusp. Marginal teeth lacking.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Two distinct morphotypes of Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. are herein identified: One inhabiting tubeworms (Fig. 3 A – I), and one inhabiting mussel shells (Fig. 3 J – O). Holotype description applies to specimens found on tubeworms. Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. found on mussel shells differ in that they exhibit rounder apertures, flatter shell margins, lower shell profiles, and greater apex erosion (Fig. 3 J – N). Paratype specimens from mussel shells measure between 7.9–11.0 mm in length, 6.4–9.0 mm in width, and 3.0– 4.5 mm in height. Measures of shell roundness (width ÷ length) for these paratypes are all between 0.81–0.85, distinguishing them from the roundness of the holotype (0.65).</p><p>Radulae of specimens found on mussels also differ (Fig. 3 S – U). Formula remains 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 with tricuspid laterals, reduced rachidian teeth, and no marginals. All cusps of the lateral teeth are located at the very anterior end of a long, thin tooth shaft which connects to the radular ribbon at its far posterior end (Fig. 3 S). The first, most anterior cusp of the lateral teeth is similar between morphotypes, being sharp, hooked, and lacking denticles. The second cusp of specimens found on mussels resembles the first cusp in terms of thickness, but with a blunt outer edge that lacks denticles and points forward (perpendicular to the radular ribbon). The third, most posterior cusp is short, thick, lacking denticles, and is fused with the second cusp. This third cusp is truncated and forms a sharp barb which faces outwards when situated on the radular ribbon. Under-developed teeth of this species (Fig. 3 V) further differ. Rachidian and minor lateral teeth are highly reduced; Reduced minor lateral teeth present as thin and strand-like with pointed anterior ends. Major laterals exhibit broad, un-serrated cusps whose outermost end is twisted backwards, forming a lemniscate shape. The first tooth cusp forms a sharp barb, similar to the mature radular tooth (Fig. 3 S).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. has been collected from the hydrocarbon seep sites “ Jaco Scar ” (9.12, - 84.84) and “ Quepos Seep ” (9.03, - 84.62) at the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from both mussels and tubeworms between 1,400 –1,890 m depth.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Measurements of Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. across the entire, sampled size range at the CRM found divergent trends in growth between substrates culminating in the morphological differences observed (Fig. 4). These substrate-determined differences support previous studies that demonstrate radula and shell variability in Bathyacmaea (Chen et al. 2019) . Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. found on mussels at the CRM most closely resemble the species Bathyacmaea nipponica Okutani, Tsuchida &amp; Fujikura, 1992 . However, Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. are genetically distinct from this species for both the mitochondrial CO 1 gene and the nuclear histone- 3 gene. Furthermore, the inner shell layers of Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. are comprised of concentric and radial crossed lamellar microstructures only, distinguishing them from Bathyacmaea nipponica, whose inner shell layers display an interspersion of semi-foliated microstructures and crossed lamellar structures (Sato et al. 2020). Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. from mussel shells also closely resemble Bathyacmaea subnipponica Sasaki, 2003, but lack its cancellated shell sculpture. Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. found on tubeworms most closely resemble Bathyacmaea kanesunosensis Sasaki, 2003, though its distribution is highly distinct from our specimens. Due to a lack of sequences published for B. kanesunosensis, their genetic distinction remains unknown. At the time of publication, Bathyacmaea levinae sp. nov. is the only Bathyacmaea species found in the Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species is named for Dr. Lisa A. Levin from Scripps Institute of Oceanography for her significant contribution to deep-sea knowledge, especially in regard to hydrocarbon seeps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2EE62F9EB3B757F29090E71BD64C8FA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
730EE71893585CC38B42BA10C7AE124D.text	730EE71893585CC38B42BA10C7AE124D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cocculina methana Betters & Cortés & Cordes 2024	<div><p>Cocculina methana sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype: Costa Rica • whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Cocculina methana holotype, 1, whole organism, AD 4924, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158, 1408 m, from clams. ”; SIO-BIC M 22533 . Paratypes: Costa Rica • 1 specimen; same data as for holotype; Original label: “ Cocculina methana paratype, 1, whole organism, AD 4924, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158, 1408 m, from clams. ”; MZCR 10672-01 .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Costa Rica • Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.62158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.03174" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.62158/lat 9.03174)">Quepos Seep</a>, 9.03174, - 84.62158; hydrocarbon seep; clams; 1,408 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • 4 specimens; Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03174, - 84.62158; 1,408 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; Clams; Erik Cordes Personal Collection (EC) 5752 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.311676&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.929983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.311676/lat 8.929983)">Mound 12</a>; 8.929983333, - 84.31167667; 992 m; 20 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4974 leg.; Bone, SIO-BIC M 16788 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11562, - 84.84005; 1,908 m; 28 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4913 leg.; Wood, SIO-BIC M 16149 • 15 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1193, - 84.84277; 1,854 m; 31 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4916 leg.; Tubeworm, SIO-BIC M 16171 • 30 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.0303, - 84.623; 1,433 m; 1 March 2009; AT 15-44 ALVIN Dive 4508 leg.; SIO-BIC M 12024 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1172, - 84.8417; 1,866 m; 3 March 2009; AT 15-44 ALVIN Dive 4509 leg.; SIO-BIC M 12037 • 6 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Mound Jaguar; 9.651755802, - 85.88211866; 2,000 m; 25 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 230 leg.; Wood, SIO-BIC M 17106 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Mound Jaguar; 9.65876081, - 85.88259157; 1,896 m; 25 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 230 leg.; Wood, SIO-BIC M 17105 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Cocculina methana sp. nov. may be diagnosed by its distinct golden-brown periostracum. It may be most reliably distinguished from its sister species, Cocculina japonica, through mitochondrial CO 1 barcoding.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Fig. 10 A – C): Specimens exhibit uncoiled, patelliform shells. Holotype measures 3.4 mm in length, 2.3 mm in width, and 1.7 mm in maximum height. Shell roundness (width ÷ length) is ~ 0.66. Fine, concentric, radial sculpturing present on shell. The aperture opening is ovate and unornamented. The aperture lip is thin, fragile, and unornamented. The shell margin is flat. Posterior shell slope is flattened while the anterior shell slope is rounded. Shell apex is posteriorly shifted. Protoconch is unknown. Shell is robust with a thick, greenish brown periostracum covering the outer shell and wrapping over the aperture lip.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 10 C): Soft tissue is light yellow to white in color. Mantle margin is thin and irregular. One pair of posterior epipodial tentacles present. Posterior tentacles are thin, elongated, and do not taper in width towards their distal ends. Two, short, blunt cephalic tentacles are present that are slightly thicker than the epipodial tentacles. The mouth has well-developed oral lappets surrounding a starburst-shaped oral opening. External reproductive structures were not observed. Foot margin is ovate and slightly irregular. Operculum is absent.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 10 I – K): Radula is rhipidoglossate. Rachidian teeth are highly diminished, lacking cusps; The rachidian teeth form a continuous, raised ridge down the center of the radula. Rachidian are flanked by three major lateral teeth on each side. Lateral teeth have spatulate cusps that decrease in size from the first to third tooth. First major lateral teeth are the broadest, having 6–8 rounded denticles on their cusps. Second major lateral teeth are slightly thinner, having 3–5 denticles on their cusps. Finally, the third major laterals are thinner than the other two, and have two or fewer denticles on their cusps. These three major laterals are followed by one minor lateral tooth, which is broader than any of the other teeth preceding it. This minor lateral tooth has a short cusp that is angled outwards with four or five blunt, rounded denticles. Each minor lateral tooth has one or two short denticles on their innermost side (raised the highest), followed by one broad, elongated denticle, and finally followed by another short denticle on its outermost, lowest side. Two sets of numerous, marginal teeth follow, set at different angles. Sets of inner marginal teeth are more or less parallel to the radular ribbon, and number 10–12 teeth. Each tooth has a very thin and long tooth shaft (thinner than any of the preceding teeth) and a spatulate cusp with 5–7 short, rounded denticles. Sets of outer marginals are set at ~ 45 ° angle to the radular ribbon, and number between 15–20 teeth. These outer marginals also have a thin and long tooth shaft with spatulate cusps. These cusps, however, are decorated with ~ 24 thin, bristle-like denticles (~ 12 on each side of the cusp).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Cocculina methana sp. nov. is confirmed from the hydrocarbon seep sites Quepos Seep (9.03, - 84.62), Mound 12 (8.93, - 84.31), Jaco Scar (9.12, - 84.84), and Mound Jaguar (9.66, - 85.88) at the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from clam shells, wood, tubeworms, and bone between 1,408 –2,000 m depth. These are among the deepest-known Cocculina .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shells of Cocculina methana sp. nov. most closely resemble those of C. japonica (Dall 1907) . Radulae of these specimens most closely resembled that of C. cowani (McLean 1987) but with distinct central teeth that form a narrow, defined ridge down the center of the radula (Fig. 9 J). The shell apex of this species notably lacks the hooked “ sail fin ” appearance of other Cocculina species. The periostracum of these specimens was observed to significantly corrode with prolonged ethanol preservation (Fig. 10 G, H). This should be considered when examining museum specimens.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name methana refers to the occurrence of this species at a hydrocarbon seep site. This habitat type is notable, as all other known species of Cocculina occur at either inactive hydrothermal vents or organic falls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730EE71893585CC38B42BA10C7AE124D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
382DF24A71EA5C3482B65CBD31C5BA5D.text	382DF24A71EA5C3482B65CBD31C5BA5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepetodrilus guaymasensis McLean 1988	<div><p>Lepetodrilus guaymasensis McLean, 1988</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>New records.</p><p>Costa Rica • 13 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117323, - 84.839671; 1,795 m; 27 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4912 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5737 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117368, - 84.839662; 1,796 m; 30 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4915 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5811 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31242/lat 8.930395)">Mound 12</a>; 8.930395, - 84.3124245; 995 m; 1 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4917 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5798 • 48 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.31245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930468" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.31245/lat 8.930468)">Mound 12</a>; 8.93046775, 84.31244503; 998 m; 5 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4922 leg.; Mussel, EC 5746 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97067, - 84.839533; 1,783 m; 23 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4977 leg.; Mussel, EC 7553 • 247 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31282&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31282/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128183; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Mussel, EC 8313 • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3131&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.92983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3131/lat 8.92983)">Mound 12</a>; 8.92983, - 84.3131; 995 m; 2 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4987 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 8562 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117775, - 84.839525; 1,803 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Rock, EC 9336 • 319 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.83963&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11741" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.83963/lat 9.11741)">Jaco Scar</a>; 9.11741, - 84.839632; 1,812.41 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Mussel, EC 9330 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.39384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.048849" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.39384/lat 9.048849)">The Thumb</a>; 9.048849447, - 84.39383397; 1,071.5 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9500 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.048835323, - 84.39417277; 1,075 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9488 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.048821, - 84.394156; 1,074 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 9480 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.048871, - 84.393744; 1,073 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9468 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.048836, - 84.393773; 1,072 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9451 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.048866, - 84.394112; 1,073 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9434 .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens of Lepetodrilus guaymasensis are herein confirmed from the hydrocarbon seep sites “ Jaco Scar ” (9.12, - 84.84), “ Quepos Seep ” (9.03, - 84.62), “ Mound 12 ” (8.93, - 84.31), and “ The Thumb ” (9.05, - 84.39) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from mussels, tubeworms, and rocks between 995–1,800 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/382DF24A71EA5C3482B65CBD31C5BA5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
6A7CCB6C9F96562592209EAB3AA0D7C8.text	6A7CCB6C9F96562592209EAB3AA0D7C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralepetopsis variabilis Betters & Cortés & Cordes 2024	<div><p>Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype. Costa Rica • whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Paralepetopsis variabilis holotype, 1, whole organism, AD 4987, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.92982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31167/lat 8.92982)">Mound 12</a>, 8.92982, - 84.31167, 996 m, from tubeworms. ”; SIO-BIC M 22537 . Paratypes: Costa Rica • 9 specimens; same data as for holotype; Original label: “ Paralepetopsis variabilis paratype, 9, whole organisms, AD 4987, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.92982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31167/lat 8.92982)">Mound 12</a>, 8.92982, - 84.31167, 996 m, from tubeworms. ”; SIO-BIC M 22538 . Costa Rica • 10 specimens; same data as for holotype; Original label: “ Paralepetopsis variabilis paratype, 10, whole organisms, AD 4987, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9298" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31167/lat 8.9298)">Mound 12</a>, 8.9298, - 84.31167, 996 m, from tubeworms. ”; MZCR 10675-01 - 10 .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Costa Rica • Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.92982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31167/lat 8.92982)">Mound 12</a>, 8.92982, - 84.31167; hydrocarbon seep; tubeworms; 996 m; 2 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4987 leg .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • 11 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Mound 11; 8.9208, - 84.3054; 1,040 m; 25 February 2009; AT 15-44 ALVIN Dive 4504 leg.; Tubeworm, SIO-BIC M 11995 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1172, - 84.8417; 1,866 m; 3 March 2009; AT 15-44 ALVIN Dive 4509 leg.; SIO-BIC M 12037 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Mound 12; 8.9305, - 84.3123; 1,001 m; 5 March 2009; AT 15-44 ALVIN Dive 4511 leg.; SIO-BIC M 12058 • 25 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.93042" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31278/lat 8.93042)">Mound 12</a>; 8.93042, - 84.31278; 999 m; 22 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4907 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16114 • 9 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11538, - 84.83618; 1,859 m; 27 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4912 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16126 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11538, - 84.83618; 1,859 m; 27 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4912 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16122 • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117368, - 84.839661; 1,796 m; 30 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4915 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5815 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117368, - 84.839661; 1,796 m; 30 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4915 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5769 • 7 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117368, - 84.839661; 1,796 m; 30 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4915 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5731 • 49 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.118023533, - 84.84095552; 1,741 m; 31 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4916 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5783 • 11 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1193, - 84.84277; 1,854 m; 31 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4916 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16170 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31242/lat 8.930395)">Mound 12</a>; 8.930395, - 84.3124245; 995 m; 1 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4917 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 5794 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Mound 12; 8.9293, - 84.315; 1,000 m; 1 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4917 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16161 • 81 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930468" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31245/lat 8.930468)">Mound 12</a>; 8.93046775, - 84.31244503; 998 m; 5 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4922 leg.; Mussel, EC 5743 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03048, - 84.6202; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16200 • 8 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03048, - 84.6202; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16182 • 15 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.03048, - 84.6202; 1,409 m; 7 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4924 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16181 • 5 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7751 • 156 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7750 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7745 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7744 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 10486 • 16 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97043, - 84.8429167; 1,724 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 10471 • 63 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117433333, - 84.83961667; 1,796 m; 17 10 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16752 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117433333, - 84.83961667; 1,796 m; 17 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4971 leg.; Rock, SIO-BIC M 16733 • 123 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97071, - 84.8373; 1,785 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7346 • 6 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 8.97071, - 84.8373; 1,785 m; 18 10 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7343 • 25 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11785, - 84.83728; 1,785 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 7340 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11735, - 84.83958333; 1,795 m; 18 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4972 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16796 • 37 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.1178, - 88.839533; 1,783 m; 23 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4977 leg.; Mussel, EC 7556 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11775, - 84.83953333; 1,783 m; 23 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4977 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16805 • 64 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31263&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31263/lat 8.9308)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9308, - 84.31263; 997 m; 24 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4978 leg.; Mussel, EC 10473 • 37 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31263&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31263/lat 8.9308)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9308, - 84.31263; 997 m; 24 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4978 leg.; Mussel, EC 10472 • 425 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3128/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Mussel, EC 8314 • 30 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3128/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Mussel, EC 10477 • 20 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3128/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Mussel, EC 10476 • 6 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31299&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31299/lat 8.9299)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9299, - 84.31299; 995 m; 31 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4985 leg.; Mussel, EC 10478 • 100 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.92983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31167/lat 8.92983)">Mound 12</a>; 8.92983, - 84.31167; 995 m; 2 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4987 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 8615 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117783333, - 84.83944667; 1,785 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16974 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.117783333, - 84.83944667; 1,785 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg.; SIO-BIC M 16973 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62048333; 1,400 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Mussel, SIO-BIC M 16995 • 2 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62048333; 1,400 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Mussel, SIO-BIC M 16994 • 3 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Quepos Seep; 9.031816667, - 84.62048333; 1,400 m; 5 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4990 leg.; Mussel, SIO-BIC M 16991 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,074 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Mussel, EC 9348 • 10 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,074 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Mussel, EC 9328 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.1174, - 84.839855; 1,074 m; 7 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 214 leg.; Mussel, EC 9327 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,074 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 9480 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,074 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9468 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,074 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9451 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,074 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9434 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. may be diagnosed by their ovate, white, semi-translucent shells showing fine, radial growth rings. This species also exhibits two cephalic tentacles which are short (they do not extend past the outer shell margin) and placed low on the head. Soft tissue is whiteish-yellow in color. However, the most reliable way to diagnose Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. is through DNA characterization, as morphology is highly variable within this species and intersects with other known species in the genus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Fig. 6 A, B): Specimen exhibits uncoiled, patelliform shell. Holotype measures 6.8 mm in length, 4.1 mm in width, and 2.9 mm in maximum height. Shell roundness (width ÷ length) is ~ 0.61. Shell sculpturing and ornamentation lacking but fine radial growth lines are present. Aperture opening is ovate and aperture lip is thin and unornamented. Shell apex is degraded and anteriorly shifted. Anterior and posterior shell slopes are flattened to mildly convex. Shell is very thin, white, and semi-translucent.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 6 C): Soft tissue is white to yellowish in color. Mantle is thick with a mildly crumpled margin. Foot follows the shape of the shell aperture in terms of its roundness. Margin of the foot sole is flat. Pallial tentacles are lacking. Operculum is absent. Two cephalic tentacles are present which are short, thick, and placed low on the head. Eyes are absent. Very reduced oral lappets are present, as well as thickened tissue around the mouth ornamented with very fine frilling. The animal’s head has a slight brownish coloration and a high profile.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 6 S): Docoglossate radula with formula 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2. Rachidian teeth have long shapes, with large triangular cusps at their anterior ends lacking serration. Rachidian teeth are flanked on either side by a pair of minor lateral teeth that are similar in shape to the rachidian. These two minor laterals also have triangular cusps lacking serrations and are slightly rotated inwards. The third (major) lateral tooth is distinct from the other two laterals, in that its cusp is very broad, flat, and perpendicular to the radular ribbon with 9–13 small serrations along its edge. These serrations become less pronounced near the tooth’s outer end. These major laterals are not in line with the others, being set slightly lower, approximately midway between the rows of rachidian and minor lateral teeth. There are two marginal teeth set on the outer edge and just below the major laterals. Marginals have very short, semi-lunate cusps that lack serrations. First outer marginals are ~ 2 × the size of the second outer marginals.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. exhibits significant shell variation across specimens which makes distinguishing species based on morphology alone difficult. Shells may measure 5–10 mm with shell roundness varying between 0.6 and 0.8. While all specimens exhibit uncoiled, patelliform shells, specimens may exhibit axial sculpturing, radial sculpturing, both, or neither. Shell margins may vary in that they may be flat, convex, or rounded. Shell apexes were unanimously degraded and anteriorly shifted, but the degree of this erosion varies; Some shells have only the protoconch degraded, while others have the majority of their outer shell degraded. Anterior and posterior shell slopes may be flat or mildly rounded. Shells may be thickened, very thin, yellowish, white, or semi-translucent.</p><p>Radulae of this species are somewhat variable, with the third major lateral teeth being at noticeably different angles depending on the individual and, potentially, the substrate (Fig. 6 S – V). The first major lateral teeth imaged from a specimen collected from tubeworms were perpendicular to the radular ribbon (Fig. 6 S), those collected from plastic were comparatively rotated outwards (Fig. 6 U), and those collected from mussels were comparatively rotated inwards (Fig. 6 V). The presence or absence of marginal teeth also varies (Fig. 6 T), which may be dependent on the amount of wear on the radula or the stage of radular tooth development. This hypothesis, however, requires further testing to validate.</p><p>The mantle and foot margins of specimens may vary from flat to crumpled. Coloration of soft tissues varies between specimens, with some exhibiting a distinct blue-to-purple pigmentation around the oral lappets, while others do not.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. has been collected from the hydrocarbon seep sites “ Jaco Scar ” (9.12, - 84.84), “ Quepos Seep ” (9.03, - 84.62), “ Mound 11 ” (8.92, - 84.31), and “ Mound 12 ” (8.93, - 84.31) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from mussels, tubeworms, and rocks between 995–1,860 m depth. Specimens have also been found and genetically characterized from a Pescadero Basin hydrocarbon seep site (23.64, - 108.39), collected by the ROV Tiburon during dive # 756 from below 2000 meters depth.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. clade 1 shells resemble most closely those of P. clementensis (McLean 2008) but could be distinguished from them by having flat, rather than rounded, shell margins and flat, rather than convex, shell slopes. At least one specimen of clade 1 exhibited shell structuring that fits the description of the closely related genus Neolepetopsis (Fig. 6 J, K; McLean 1990). However, such specimens occurring within the genus Paralepetopsis indicates that shell sculpturing may not be as taxonomically informative as previously thought. Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. clade 2 specimens most closely resembled P. clementensis (McLean 2008); however, the axial striations exhibited by these individuals are distinct and are instead most like P. tunnicliffae (McLean 2008) . Clade 2 specimens may be distinguished from P. tunnicliffae in that their shell margins are rounded, rather than flat. Radulae obtained from Paralepetopsis clade 2 appears most like P. tunnicliffae in their reduced lateral marginal teeth. Paralepetopsis variabilis sp. nov. clade 3 specimens most closely resembled P. clementensis (McLean 2008); however, they lack the convex shell slopes typical of this species. Radulae of this species, overall, resembled those of P. ferrugivora, but have a distinct major lateral tooth shape (Warén and Bouchet 2001).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name variabilis is Latin for variable, referring to the notable and confounding shell variation observed in this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A7CCB6C9F96562592209EAB3AA0D7C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
A2E73FCAACEB5D098EE72537F43F187D.text	A2E73FCAACEB5D098EE72537F43F187D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudolepetodrilus Betters & Cortés & Cordes 2024	<div><p>Pseudolepetodrilus gen. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudolepetodrilus gen. nov. have a complete shell with fine radial and concentric sculptures, penis originating at the right side of the head, and three pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Fig. 9 G, H): Specimens exhibit patelliform shells with moderate elevation. Apex of shell is located at the posterior end of the shell. Fine concentric radial sculpturing and axial sculpturing present. The aperture and shell margin are ovate and unornamented. Shell is robust with a thick, greenish brown periostracum covering the outer shell and wrapping over the aperture lip.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 9 I, M): One pair of short cephalic tentacles are located on the head. One pair of epipodial tentacles are located approximately midway down the foot, with one tentacle present on either side of the organism. Three pairs of epipodial tentacles are present at the posterior end of the organism. These posterior tentacles are short and thin; They do not extend past the shell margin. A thick, triangular penis extends from beneath the right cephalic tentacle. Mouth is V-shaped. Oral lappets are lacking.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 9 N, O): Radula is rhipidoglossate in configuration and is symmetrical. Rachidian tooth is sharp and triangular, lacking denticles. One broad, major lateral tooth on either side of the rachidian flanked by four minor lateral teeth all with triangular cusps: Numerous (15 +) marginal teeth flank the minor lateral teeth on either side, each exhibiting spatulate cusps with short denticles.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Pseudolepetodrilus gen. nov. have a complete shell, penis originating at the right side of the head, and three pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles. Lepetodrilus have a complete shell, penis originating at the right side of the head, and two pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles. Gorgoleptis have a complete shell, penis originating from the left side of the head, and two pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles. Clypeosectus McLean, 1989 has a slit shell and three pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles. Pseudorimula McLean, 1989 has a slit shell and four pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles.</p><p>The radulae of this new genus most closely resembles that of Lepetodrilus in that they both have a broad, oblique, first major lateral followed by laterals that rise to a peak at the third tooth and then descend away from the short, triangular rachidian. However, while the major laterals of Lepetodrilus have variable, irregular edges, the major lateral teeth of Pseudolepetodrilus gen. nov. have an even, outer slope without any notches or grooves.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The generic name means false (pseudo) Lepetodrilus, given its close physical resemblance to species of the genus Lepetodrilus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2E73FCAACEB5D098EE72537F43F187D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
61CB524EBC045225BD2836E00EC5EC20.text	61CB524EBC045225BD2836E00EC5EC20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis Betters & Cortés & Cordes 2024	<div><p>Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype: Costa Rica • whole organism; ethanol-fixed; Original label: “ Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis holotype, 1, whole organism, AD 4989, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407, 1760 m, from tubeworms. ”; SIO-BIC M 22534 . Paratypes: Costa Rica • 1 specimen; same data as for holotype; Original label: “ Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis paratype, 1, whole organism, AD 4989, Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407, 1760 m, from tubeworms. ”; MZCR 10673-01 .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Costa Rica • Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.8407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.11785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.8407/lat 9.11785)">Jaco Scar</a>, 9.11785, - 84.8407; hydrocarbon seep; tubeworms; 1,760 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Costa Rica • 4 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, Jaco Scar; 9.11785, - 84.8407; 1,760 m; 4 November 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4989 leg.; Tubeworm; EC 10483 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis sp. nov. can be diagnosed by their unique “ wing-shaped ” first major lateral tooth on their radula and through genetic characterization of the mitochondrial CO 1 gene.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell (Fig. 9 G, H): Specimens exhibit patelliform shells with very small, truncated whorl at the posterior end of the shell. Holotype measures 3.7 mm in length, 2.8 mm in width, and 1.3 mm in maximum height. Shell roundness (width ÷ length) is ~ 0.75. Sinuous, concentric radial sculpturing present on shell with fine axial striations which intersect the radial sculpture to form very small, raised bumps. The aperture opening is ovate and unornamented. The aperture lip is thick and unornamented. The shell margin is flat. Posterior shell slope is flattened while the anterior shell slope is rounded. Shell apex is posteriorly shifted. Shell is robust with a thick, greenish brown periostracum covering the outer shell and wrapping over the aperture lip.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 9 I, M): Soft tissue is light greenish-to-yellowish in color. Mantle margin is thick and irregular and envelopes the body tissue. Three pairs of posterior epipodial tentacles are present. These tentacles descend in length, with the most anterior one being the longest and the most posterior one being the shortest. Posterior tentacles do not extend past the mantle margin. Two broad, fleshy, anterior tentacles are located approximately midway up and on either side of the foot margin. Two cephalic tentacles are present that are fleshy and triangular in shape and thicker than the epipodial tentacles. The mouth has a distinctive Y-shaped opening lacking thickened tissue. Elongated oral lappets are present. The penis originates from below the right cephalic tentacle. Operculum is absent.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 9 N, O): Rhipidoglossate radula. Rachidian teeth have very short shafts and sharp, triangular cusps. The anterior end of each cusp is flat while the pointed ends lack denticles. Rachidian teeth are flanked by one major lateral tooth on each side. Major laterals have broad, wing-shaped cusps that extend higher than the rachidian teeth. The outer edges of these cusps are serrated with ~ 16 short denticles. Three minor laterals follow which have long, sharp, triangular cusps whose outer edge is serrated with short denticles, but whose inner edges are not. The anterior edge of these minor laterals is slightly convex. The fourth, minor lateral teeth also have long, sharp, triangular cusps like the preceding three, but with serrations along both their inner and outer edges. Marginal teeth number ≥ 15 and exhibit rounded, spatulate cusps that are lined with ~ 40 denticles each. Denticles on each marginal tooth are elongated posteriorly and shorten as one moves anteriorly. Marginal cusps are located at the anterior end of a long, thin tooth shaft which connects to the radular ribbon at its base. Morphological transitions between major laterals, minor laterals, and marginal teeth are continuous.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Pseudolepetodrilus costaricensis sp. nov. is confirmed from the hydrocarbon seep sites “ Jaco Scar ” (9.12, - 84.84) at the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from tubeworms at 1,760 m depth.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Shells of this species notably do not narrow at their anterior ends, similar to L. shannonae (Warén and Bouchet 2009) . Radulae most closely resembled those of L. guaymasensis . However, unlike this species, the central teeth of P. costaricensis are larger and lack denticles on their cusps. Further, their first lateral teeth have a shape that is distinct from L. guaymasensis, exhibiting an even, sloping outer ridge.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name costaricensis refers to the Pacific Costa Rica Margin, the geographic location where this species, and its genus, was first discovered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/61CB524EBC045225BD2836E00EC5EC20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
7269015F784A59C0BEA97186D71ECFBF.text	7269015F784A59C0BEA97186D71ECFBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyropelta corymba McLean & Haszprunar 1987	<div><p>Pyropelta corymba McLean &amp; Haszprunar, 1987</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>New records.</p><p>Costa Rica • 13 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31252&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.93075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31252/lat 8.93075)">Mound 12</a>; 8.93075, - 84.31252; 998 m; 23 May 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4908 leg.; Mussel, 4908_MP_12 • 4 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31242/lat 8.930395)">Mound 12</a>; 8.930395, - 84.3124245; 995 m; 1 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4917 leg.; Rock, EC 5803 • 213 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.930468" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31245/lat 8.930468)">Mound 12</a>; 8.93046775, - 84.31244503; 998 m; 5 June 2017; AT 37-13 ALVIN Dive 4922 leg.; Mussel, EC 5741 • 973 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.31263&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.31263/lat 8.9308)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9308, - 84.31263; 997 m; 24 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4978 leg.; Mussel, EC 7743 • 425 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3128/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Mussel, EC 8314 • 7 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.3128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.9307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.3128/lat 8.9307)">Mound 12</a>; 8.9307, - 84.3128; 997 m; 30 October 2018; AT 42-03 ALVIN Dive 4984 leg.; Tubeworm, EC 10475 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,072 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9480 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,072 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9451 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,072 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9468 • 1 specimen (s); Costa Rica Margin, The Thumb; 9.05, - 84.4; 1,072 m; 10 January 2019; FK 19-0106 SUBASTIAN Dive 217 leg.; Mussel, EC 9434 .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens of Pyropelta corymba are herein confirmed from the hydrocarbon seep sites “ Jaco Scar ” (9.12, - 84.84), “ Mound 12 ” (8.93, - 84.31), and “ The Thumb ” (9.05, - 84.39) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. This species was sampled from mussels, tubeworms, rocks, and wood between 995–1,887 m depth. This extends the known range of this species southward from the Californian coast and Gulf of California.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7269015F784A59C0BEA97186D71ECFBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Betters, Melissa J.;Cortés, Jorge;Cordes, Erik E.	Betters, Melissa J., Cortés, Jorge, Cordes, Erik E. (2024): New species and records of limpets (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pacific Costa Rica Margin. ZooKeys 1214: 281-324, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.128594
