identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
493F87AAFF9462236B43FA00FD29FD3F.text	493F87AAFF9462236B43FA00FD29FD3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poraspididae Kiaer 1932	<div><p>Poraspididae gen. et sp. indet.</p> <p>(Fig. 6G, H)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimens GIT 580-4, 6 and 7 of the Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia: fragments of a flank scale (GIT 580-4) and of undetermined plates (GIT 580-6 and 7).</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħis material is represented by three small fragmentary remains of dermal bony elements. ħe specimen GIT 580-4 (Fig. 6G) is from a flank scale of a poraspidid heterostracan similar to the scales figured, for example, by Blieck (1982: pl. VIII: 2, 4: Poraspis rostrata Kiaer &amp;Heintz, 1935). It bears six flat dentine ridges per mm as in various Poraspis Kiaer,1930 species from the Lochkovian of Spitsbergen (Blieck&amp; Heintz 1983: table 1). ħe specimen GIT 580-7 (Fig. 6H) has more vaulted (convex) and wider(2/mm) dentine ridges.It probably also comes from a poraspidid plate.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9462236B43FA00FD29FD3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9562246A88FA00FDD4FDDD.text	493F87AAFF9562246A88FA00FDD4FDDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidaspis Dineley & Loeffler 1976	<div><p>Genus Lepidaspis Dineley &amp; Loeffler, 1976</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Dineley &amp; Loeffler (1976) have not precisely classified Lepidaspis among vertebrates, keeping this genus as incertae sedis. ħey, however, noticed affinities with Pteraspidomorphi, that is, ħelodonti and Heterostraci (Dineley &amp; Loeffler 1976: 190). Based upon detailed superficial ornament pattern, Blieck (1982: 47) classified Lepidaspis as “ Heterostraci incerti ordinis et incertae familiae”, an opinion which has not been retained in the Paleobiology Database (Hendy 2012) where Lepidaspis is classified among the family Corvaspididae “according to Blieck et al. 2002 ”. ħe latter assertion is wrong: Blieck et al. (2002) did not include Lepidaspis among Corvaspididae, and we keep here Lepidaspis as an undetermined heterostracan (following Blieck 1982).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9562246A88FA00FDD4FDDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9562236965FC7BFBA5FA54.text	493F87AAFF9562236965FC7BFBA5FA54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oniscolepis Pander 1856	<div><p>Oniscolepis ? sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 6E, F)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimens GIT 580-1 and 580-3: isolated tesserae with a central tubercle.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħese are two small bony elements, partly fractured, but corresponding to isolated tesserae. Specimen GIT580-1 (Fig. 6E) is c. 1.8 mm long, with a single central, denticulated tubercle which shows a thin longitudinal crest. Specimen GIT 580-3 (Fig. 6F) is c. 1.5 mm long with a single central, bigger, denticulated tubercle.Both tesserae have a very thin base which corresponds to the cancellous layer with rather wide chambers. ħey may be compared to “juvenile scales” of Strosipherus Pander, 1856 (sensu Karatajūtė- Talimaa &amp; Märss 2008), recently synonymized with Oniscolepis by Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa (2009: fig. 4A). Both specimens can also be compared with broken portions of the superficial layer of traquairaspid elements (e.g., Fig. 4C), but in traquairaspids the base is usually much thicker than in GIT 580-1 and 3. So, affinities with Oniscolepis (senior synonym of Strosipherus) seem more likely.</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>Strosipherus and Oniscolepis, now synonymized under the name Oniscolepis (Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa 2009), are representatives of tessellated heterostracans, the taxonomic status of which is still uncertain (see the discussion/comparison section in Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa [2009: 58-60]; see also Elliott &amp; Loeffler[1989]). ħe family Oniscolepididae Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 2009, including Oniscolepis and Kallostrakon Lankester,1870, is considered by Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa (2009) as belonging to the eriptychiid heterostracans(order Eriptychiida Ørvig,1958; seealsoObruchev1964];EriptychiiformesTarlo,1962). However, the phylogenetic relationships of eriptychiids to heterostracans are still in debate. Eriptychiids proper (family Eriptychiidae Tarlo, 1962) are either considered as the sister-group of Heterostraci (e.g., Janvier 1996), or as an order of the subclass Heterostraci (e.g., Märss 1986;Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa 2009). So, the phylogenetic relationships of oniscolepidids, eriptychiids and heterostracans may be considered as unsolved, and we keep here Oniscolepididae at an uncertain ordinal rank within heterostracans.</p> <p>ħe occurrence of oniscolepidid remains in the Lochkovian of Chukotka, if confirmed, would fit the presently known stratigraphical distribution of Oniscolepididae, which ranges from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) to Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) (Märss &amp; Karatajūtė-Talimaa 2009).</p> <p>Incerti ordinis</p> <p>Incertae familiae</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9562236965FC7BFBA5FA54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF92622468A5F9C1FB2FFD3F.text	493F87AAFF92622468A5F9C1FB2FFD3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterostraci (Dineley & Loeffler 1976)	<div><p>HETEROSTRACI ? indet.</p> <p>(Fig. 6I)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-8: isolated tessera or platelet.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Same as specimens GIT n°580-1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7: locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħis specimen is an isolated square-shaped element (either a tessera or platelet), partially broken, and with an altered surface. It bears a single, probably central, star-shaped tubercle (Fig. 6I). Because it is larger (c. 3.2 mm long for its preserved part) than all other tesserae that have been prepared from sample 73 of the Coast section, we suggest that it might correspond to a different taxon. Furthermore, with such a small sample (a single specimen), no thin section has been made, and thus its histology is not confirmed as being of a heterostracan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF92622468A5F9C1FB2FFD3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF926224697EFDBFFDCAFA34.text	493F87AAFF926224697EFDBFFDCAFA34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidaspis Dineley & Loeffler 1976	<div><p>Lepidaspis ? sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 6D)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-2: isolated tessera.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Same as specimens GIT 580-1, 3, 4, 6 and 7: locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħe specimen is a diamond-shaped, 1.7 mm long tessera with a single central, narrow, elongate tubercle (c. 1.4 mm long). ħis tubercle has denticulated edges. Each denticulation is simple (undivided). Additionally, on each side of this central tubercle occurs a much smaller narrow tubercle (Fig. 6D). ħe base of the tessera is perforated by small foramina of the underlying (probably reticulated) layer. ħis tessera compares well with those of Lepidaspis serrata Dineley &amp; Loeffler (1976: figs 74, 76, pl. 32: 6, 7), and especially with the tessera in their plate 32: 6, which bears a small lateral tubercle beside the main central denticulated one. However, because we have here a single tessera, it is difficult to compare with the great variability of shapes observed on Lepidaspis serrata tesserae (Dineley &amp; Loeffler 1976), and so only tentatively assign GIT 580-2 to Lepidaspis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF926224697EFDBFFDCAFA34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9262246AFFFBA5FC25FA74.text	493F87AAFF9262246AFFFBA5FC25FA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thelodontiformes Kiaer 1932	<div><p>Order THELODONTIFORMES Kiaer, 1932</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>As there were only a few specimens retrieved from the sample 73 of the Lower Member (1) of the Enmakaj Formation, it is difficult to determine the species of thelodont. All, however, have typical thelodontiform histology with a single or few pulp openings in the base.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9262246AFFFBA5FC25FA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9262246AA4FA00FB17F951.text	493F87AAFF9262246AA4FA00FB17F951.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turiniidae Obruchev 1964	<div><p>Family TURINIIDAE Obruchev, 1964</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>Several turiniid taxa have been described (e.g., Märss et al. 2007) but variation of scale form is not precisely known. Some of the scales from Chukotka are tentatively referred to three of the current turiniid species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9262246AA4FA00FB17F951	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9362256898FF13FE63FC39.text	493F87AAFF9362256898FF13FE63FC39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turinia Traquair 1896	<div><p>Genus Turinia Traquair, 1896</p> <p>REMARKS</p> <p>As there is only one articulated specimen of the type species Turinia pagei, from the Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian) Lower Garvock Group of Scotland, and rare other patches of scales, we still cannot determine the full extent of variation in this taxon. ħe range of scales apparent on the macrofossils does not “match” the wealth of variation presented by isolated scales in beds of the same age (e.g., Gross 1967; Ørvig 1969a; Turner 1973: figs8a, b, e, g, pl. 2; 1982: pl. 97; Karatajūtė- Talimaa 1978; Märss &amp; Ritchie 1998: fig. 49). ħis is one of the taxonomic problems to be accounted for when examining an assemblage of few scales.</p> <p>Six of the scales, described below, would seem to be referable to one of the principal genera known in the Devonian, Turinia, by their platform-like crown with rounded undulating ridges or posterior extending lappets.ħe turiniid scales are of different age classes exhibiting from relatively shallow bases to deeper bases with small pulp openings of more mature ones (Märss et al. 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9362256898FF13FE63FC39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF936227689AFBC4FD84F951.text	493F87AAFF936227689AFBC4FD84F951.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turinia pagei (Powrie 1870)	<div><p>Turinia pagei (Powrie, 1870) ?</p> <p>(Fig. 7A, B)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimens GIT 580-16 and 580-19: scales (the second one lost).</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Specimen GIT 580-19 (Fig. 7A) is a mature scale seen here in antero-lateral view, with a high simple elliptical crown, pointed posterior, and a flat topped rounded anterior. ħere are possible minor ridges on the posterior otherwise smooth neck. ħe condition of the scale surface, however, is poorly preserved (see Taphonomy discussion below). ħe deep base has an anterior extension of the base, which might have projected into a longer root. Scale GIT 580- 16, seen in lateral view (Fig. 7B), is more typical of a head to cephalopectoral scale with a series of rounded undulations around the gently rounded crown. ħe upper surface is smooth. ħe base is not larger than the crown but extends slightly anteriorward; it too exhibits slight scalloping in its basal growth around a medium-sized central pulp cavity.</p> <p>ħese scales are typical of many turiniid head or cephalopectoral scales and are tentatively placed in T. pagei. Alternatively they might belong to Turinia composita Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 2002 or Turinia polita Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1978 (see below).</p> <p>Turinia sp. cf. T. composita</p> <p>Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 2002 (Fig. 7C, D)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimens GIT n° 580-10 and 580-11: scales.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħe scale GIT 580-10 (Fig. 7C) is wide and rhombic with the crown not quite as wide as the base. ħe anterior rim of the crown is gently scalloped into three sections. ħe large flat median part of the crown has two lateral lappet areas which expand posteriorly so that the crown ends in at least five points. A smaller extension to the lower left might be an artifact or a further lower lappet on that side. ħe posterior parts are not well preserved but probably extended well beyond the mid-posterior point of the crown. ħere is a wide shallow grooved neck separating the crown from the relatively shallow base. As the basal view is not available the pulp opening type is unknown. ħe base is slightly thickened anteriorly into a short downwards-projecting narrow spur, which is broken off at the tip. Specimen GIT 580-11 (Fig. 7D) is generally similar although wider across the scale than in 580-10. ħe projections extend from the median part of the crown as well as being placed on a short narrow lateral lappet or ridge on both sides. ħe extended parts are better preserved and number 9 or 10 with the posterior mid-point. ħe neck is wider and the base slightly shallower; it extends anteriorly into a short projection. As with the other scale, the basal view is not available and so the pulp opening type is unknown. Within the neck as seen in the lower right of Fig. 7D there are exposed parts of three fine concentric ridges, which might be evidence of growth lines within the basal tissue (cf. Märss et al. 2007).</p> <p>ħese two scales with their wide laterally expanded crown with several separate posterior points are comparable with the body scales of Turinia composita (Karatajūtė-Talimaa 2002: fig. 1G, H) and to some extent with some of Turinia barentsia Blom &amp; Goujet, 2002 (Blom &amp; Goujet 2002: pl. 2). As with the other scales, the surface is severely scoured or etched and opening of dentine and bony aspidine structure can be seen.</p> <p>Turinia sp. cf. T. polita</p> <p>Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1978 (Fig. 7E)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-17: scale.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>From the lateral view of this scale, the flat crown can be seen well with the anterodorsal crown rim gently scalloped. ħe crown is smaller than the base with a vertical neck and thin groove around the rim. ħe base is deep and rounded with a small central to offset pulp opening, typical of an older scale where the pulp is overgrown.</p> <p>ħis is a possible head or cephalopectoral scale and seems most comparable with those of Turinia polita. ħis latter taxon is found in Lochkovian assemblages alongside Turinia pagei in some parts of the Old Red Sandstone Continent (e.g., in Britain: Karatajūtė- Talimaa 1978;Talimaa 2000; ST pers. obs.) whereas in other places seems to appear a little later in the Lochkovian (e.g., Blom &amp; Goujet 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF936227689AFBC4FD84F951	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF9162386B3DFF12FE78FC59.text	493F87AAFF9162386B3DFF12FE78FC59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turinia undetermined	<div><p>Turinia sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 7F)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-12: broken scale.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħis relatively large scale, seen in dorsal crown view, is broken on either side of the crown. All that remains is the wide and flat elliptical mid-section of the crown and the anterior parts of two lateral segments, which may or may not have been separated from the mid-section by a deep channel on the one side. ħe remnants of an expanding lateral lappet are left mid-scale on the other side. ħe neck is trough-like and the base apparently not deep.</p> <p>ħis specimen shows a typical turiniid body scale configuration, resembling the type species. It also resembles the mid-section of body scales of other turiniid taxa such as Turinia barentsia from the Ben Nevis Formation, Red Bay Group of Spitsbergen (Blom &amp; Goujet 2002), and Turinia composita, but with the poor state of preservation, this taxon is left in open nomenclature.</p> <p>Family NIKOLIVIIDAE Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1978 ? Genus Nikolivia Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1978 ?</p> <p>Nikolivia ? sp. cf. N. gutta</p> <p>Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1978</p> <p>(Fig. 7G, H)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-13: scale.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. —Locality (sample) 73,Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>GIT 580-13 has a flat simple slightly subtriangular crown with a slight scalloping of anterior rim (Fig. 7G) and a shallow neck that merges with the rounded base that almost matches the crown in size. ħe ventral view shows the wide open, thelodontid type narrow base, which is a relatively thickened torus around a very large pulp cavity with some dental tubule openings within (Fig. 7H).</p> <p>Based on published occurrences,there are no exactly similar scales to this one from the Chukotka material or elsewhere. However, it is a placoid thelodont scale rather than a simple shark scale based on its rounded base and simple crown. It is not identical to but is generally comparable with those of Nikolivia gutta, known from several Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) assemblages, but shares the large open pulp cavity and smooth subrounded crown shape (cf. Turner 1973: pl. 1; Karatajūtė-Talimaa 1978). ħe range of variation of another rounded nikoliviid scale with a large rounded base, Nikolivia aligera Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 2002 (Karatajūtė-Talimaa2002:fig.6) also from Arctic Russia, might also encompass this scale. Within the postulated scale range of yet another taxon, Nikolivia balabayi Karatajūtė-Talimaa,1978 (Karatajūtė-Talimaa 1978: fig. 29; see also Märss et al. 2007: fig. 128) from the Lower Devonian Czortkow Stage of Podolia (Ukraine), there are some smooth scales of a similar nature but they are more elongate.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF9162386B3DFF12FE78FC59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF8E6238697DFC3BFC30FB1A.text	493F87AAFF8E6238697DFC3BFC30FB1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nikolivia Karatajute-Talimaa 1978	<div><p>Nikolivia ? sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 7 I-K)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-9: scale.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON.— Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħis is an unusual ovoid scale with a wide base, wider than the high, extremely flat and almost featureless crown (Fig. 7J, K). ħere is a slight asymmetry to the crown with some curvature to one side. ħe base is also apparently not deep but it is overgrown with a small central pulp hole, denoting a mature state (Fig. 7I). ħere is a lateral groove to one side leading to the scale rim.</p> <p>ħe wide shape of this scale is unlike any Turinia or Nikolivia taxon seen elsewhere. It might be a pathological scale or broken with the crown top sheared off, and/or from the crown flatness it might be a ventral scale on the body. Some cephalopectoral scales of Turinia antarctica Turner &amp; Young, 1992 (Turner &amp; Young1992: figs 4c, l, n, 5m, 7a)show flat tops to the crowns that suggest this explanation.ħe presence of a groove on the base for a large canal is uncommon, and combined with the slight depression to the side of the scale, might indicate that this is a specialized scale associated with a pore-canal or lateral line (see Märss et al. 2007). ħere is a possibility that this is a new form but until further material showing the variation is found, the identification of the taxon for this scale is tentative at best.</p> <p>COMMENTS ON DISTRIBUTION OF THELODONTS In general the majority of scales are typical of Lower Devonian assemblages around the Old Red Sandstone Continent, with Turinia and Nikolivia type scales. ħe turiniid scales fall within the variation range of the type species and co-occuring taxa such as Turinia composita, T. barentsia and T. polita, all found in the British, Baltic to Arctic localities. As so few scales were recovered from locality73,Tonnel’nyj Brook, Chukotka and possibly the smallest scales were lost, the absence of such expected key taxa as Boreania minima Karatajūtė-Talimaa, 1985, which typically occur in the earliest Lochkovian (e.g., Talimaa 2000) is not surprising.</p> <p>Based on published occurrences, there are no identical scales to the two nikoliviid-like scales in the new material from Chukotka. However, they are generally comparable with Nikolivia gutta known from the Lochkovian of Britain, the Baltic and Spitsbergen and perhaps others from Arctic Russia and Podolia (Ukraine).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF8E6238697DFC3BFC30FB1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF8E623B6ABAFAE6FD85FCDE.text	493F87AAFF8E623B6ABAFAE6FD85FCDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gnathostomata Gegenbaur 1874	<div><p>Superclass GNATHOSTOMATA Gegenbaur, 1874</p> <p>†Class PLACODERMI M’Coy, 1848 Order ACANTHOTHORACI Stensiö, 1944 Family PALAEACANTHASPIDIDAE Stensiö, 1944</p> <p>Palaeacanthaspididae gen. et sp. indet. (Fig. 8)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimens GIT 580-22 to 580-25: isolated skeletal elements and fragments of bony plates with “star-shaped” tubercles.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Four microremains from the Enmakaj Formation belong to placoderms. ħe best-preserved specimen (Fig. 8A; GIT 580-22) is an isolated spindle-like skeletal element, twice longer than wide. It has a slightly oval central tubercle, placed asymmetrically, and around it smaller asymmetrical tubercles, forming three rows, except at one of the sides. At the opposite side the tubercles are partly laterally compressed and lamellar. Tubercles have narrow smooth ridges, which are most numerous on the central tubercle (up to 13). ħe ridges end at the sharp tips of tubercles. ħe second remain (Fig. 8B; GIT 580-25) is rather fragmentary and shows spongy bone with four broken tubercles on it. Ornament of the tubercles is rougher than that of the previous specimen. ħe ridges are in cross section less sharp in comparison with those of the specimen GIT 580-22. One of the ridges bifurcates at its proximal end. Apices of the tubercles were differently directed. ħe specimen could be a fragment of a larger spindle-like element.</p> <p>Two remaining specimens of poor preservation show ornament of different type. ħe specimen GIT 580-23 (Fig. 8C) is probably a fragment of an exoskeletal plate with a slightly concave margin (?). It is covered with small stellate flat round or elongated tubercles. Number of short ridges varies from 7 to 10. Most of the tubercles are clearly separated from one another.ħe specimen GIT 580-24 (Fig. 8D) is a fragment, in which the ornament resembles somewhat that of the specimen 580-23 but is rougher. Stellate tubercles are closely backed. Short ridges end with minute rounded swellings. ħe specimens may belong to different forms.</p> <p>COMPARISON AND STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</p> <p>Identification of the Lower Devonian placoderm microremains is complicated as in many cases the ornament of the carapace plates is not figured in details. However, there are exceptions, concerning acanthothoracids (also called as palaeacanthaspids or radotinids according to their earliest known representatives Palaeacanthaspis Brotzen, 1934 and Radotina Gross, 1950). Ørvig’s (1975) paper on the acanthothoracid Romundina Ørvig, 1975 from Arctic Canada, Prince of Wales Island, shows ornament at high magnification. Characteristics of Romundina tubercles are ridges, bearing rows of tiny nodules. Still, not all ridges have necessarily the nodules. Long &amp; Young (1988) have figured similar ornament in the Emsian acanthothoracid Murrindalaspis Long, 1984 (New South Wales, Australia), carrying even finer nodules along ridges. In one of the scales (Long &amp; Young 1988: fig. 9B) the ends of ridges are truncated. ħe Romundina type of ornament is recognized in several acanthothoracid tubercles from the Lochkovian-Pragian of southeastern Australia (Basden et al. 2000). Some acanthothoracids possess the radotinid type of ornament, consisting of conical stellate tubercles with 4-12 ridges. ħe latter ones bear rows of small round nodules. ħis kind of ornament occurs in a Pragian radotinid from the Armorican Massif, France (Goujet 1976).</p> <p>Tubercles similar to those of the above radotinid, i.e. acanthothoracids, can be seen in some Lochkovian buchanosteids from Australia (Basden et al. 2000: fig. 3). On the other hand, these early buchanosteids resemble in their ornament that of the scales of the Emsian buchanosteid Uralosteus Mark-Kurik &amp; Young, 2003 (Mark-Kurik &amp; Young 2003). Buchanosteids, namely Buchanosteus sp., are described from the Lochkovian of Guangxi, South China (Wang et al. 1998). However, buchanosteid arthrodires are much more common in the Emsian of many other regions (Mark-Kurik 2004: table 1).</p> <p>According to our interpretation these few placoderm remains from the Chukotka Enmakaj assemblage belong probably all to acanthothoracids. Acanthothoracids are particularly characteristic of the Lochkovian. ħey are reported from Australia, North America and numerous regions of Eurasia, including the present day Arctic. Goujet (1998) mentioned that on the Prince of Wales Island, the Canadian Arctic, at least three different forms of these placoderms, one of them being Romundina, occur in the Lochkovian. In this region acanthothoracids can also be met together with actinolepid arthrodires.</p> <p>In result of the reassessment of the paper by Mark-Kurik (1974) it can be said that two different acanthothoracids (one of them probably Romundina) come from the Pshenitsyn Formation of Kotelnyj Island, New Siberian Archipelago, Russia. Four trunk armour plates of latter material, i.e. MD, left ADL, right complex plate (AL + Sp + AVL) (Mark-Kurik 1974: fig. 1), and another complex plate (Mark-Kurik 1974: pl. II, fig.1) belong to a smaller acanthothoracid. ħe figures 1 to 7 of the same paper (Mark-Kurik 1974) show ornament of a larger acanthothoracid. ħe Pshenitsyn Formation is dated by Cherkesova (1988) as Lochkovian. ħe left ADL plate (Mark-Kurik 1974: figs 1-9, pl. II: 7) was erroneously identified as the equivalent plate of an arctolepid(?) arthrodire. ħis misinterpreation was repeated in the figure 5.3 of the paper of Blieck &amp; Janvier (1993).</p> <p>In the Lower Devonian of the Tajmyr Peninsula, westwards of the New Siberian Islands, acanthothoracids occur on four levels of the Lochkovian Ust’-Tareya Regional Stage (Mark-Kurik 1994). ħree levels are in the Uryum Beds, the fourth one belonging to the upper part of the Tolbat Beds (Mark-Kurik 1994: fig. 48). Acanthothoracid skull roof and trunk armour plates fromTajmyr were compared with those found in the northern part of the Siberian Platform (Norilsk area, Kureika and Koldy River outcrops) and the Timan-Pechora province (Vozej and Lekejyaga drill cores), NE of European Russia (Mark-Kurik 1994: figs 49, 50). According to Goujet (pers. comm. to EMK 1999) some of these acanthothoracids are evidently not Romundina species (e.g., those in Mark-Kurik 1994: fig. 49A from the Tareya River, and fig.49B from the Koldy River). Goujet considered them to be similar to a new acanthothoracid from the Jauf Formation of Saudi Arabia. ħis acanthothoracid is now published under the name Arabosteus variabilis (Olive et al. 2011), and is dated as Pragian-early Emsian. In the Timan-Pechora province Goujet (1997) reported the presence of two forms, resembling the Saudi Arabia acanthothoracid, occurring together with a third one, practically undistinguishable from Romundina. In addition to acanthothoracids the actinolepid arthrodires have been found in the Lochkovian and Pragian of above province. Tsyganko et al. (2000) mentioned also the occurrences of radotinids in the Lochkovian Ovinparma Regional Stage of the same province. It can be concluded that acanthothoracids are more common in the Lochkovian than in the Pragian and Emsian.</p> <p>Clade TELEOSTOMI Bonaparte, 1837 †Class ACANTHODII Owen, 1846 Order ISCHNACANTHIFORMES Berg, 1940 ? Family ISCHNACANTHIDAE Woodward, 1891 ? Genus Garralepis Burrow, 2002</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF8E623B6ABAFAE6FD85FCDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
493F87AAFF88623F6979FBE4FE55FCDE.text	493F87AAFF88623F6979FBE4FE55FCDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Porolepis Woodward 1891	<div><p>Porolepis ? sp.</p> <p>(Fig. 10)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — Specimen GIT 580-27: fragment of bone or scale.</p> <p>LOCALITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC HORIZON. — Locality (sample) 73, Tonnel’nyj Brook, south of De Long Strait, Chukotka; Lower Member (1) of Enmakaj Formation, Lochkovian. Cherkesova (1973: table) indicated an occurrence of Porolepis from the interval of the Member IV to the lower part of the Member VIII of the Enmakaj Formation. So, the fish was discovered not in the basal part of the formation, but in a somewhat higher level.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION ħe Enmakaj assemblage contains a single small fragment of a porolepiform sarcopterygian (GIT 580-27; Fig.10). It has a smooth cosmine covered surface penetrated by pore-canals. In cross section the upper cosmine layer consists of the fused goblet-shaped odontodes, some of them showing segments of narrow pulp canals. Flask-shaped cavities separate the odontodes and end higher up with pores (Fig. 10A). Below cosmine is a rather compact layer of spongiosa (Fig. 10B). ħe fragment can be provisionally identified as belonging to a species of Porolepis.</p> <p>COMMENTS ON STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY ħe porolepidids are known from the Lower and Middle Devonian of many regions: Rhineland, Baltic area, Spitsbergen, Urals,?Western USA, Canadian and Russian Arctic (including Novaya Zemlya),? Vietnam (Ørvig 1957, 1969b; Mark- Kurik &amp; Novitskaya 1977; Blieck &amp; Janvier 1993; Vorobyeva 2004). In our case occurrences from the Lower Devonian are of particular interest. Earlier it was considered that porolepidids appeared in the Pragian (Siegenian) (Vorobyeva &amp; Obruchev 1964). But re-assessment of age of several local stratigraphical units evidence that they were rather common already in the Lochkovian. Lochkovian stratigraphical units with Porolepis are: the Kureika Formation of the Siberian Platform (Cherkesova et al. 1994; Matukhin 1995), the Bely Kamen and Uryum Beds of the Ust-Tareya Regional Stage of Taimyr Peninsula (Cherkesova 1994), and the Pshenitsyn River Formation of Kotelnyj Island, New Siberian Archipelago (Cherkesova 1975, 1988). Mark-Kurik (1974) mentioned the similarity of the Pshenitsyn River Formation fish assemblage to that of the Kureika Formation. Porolepis in the Enmakaj Formation of Chukotka came according to a later age dating also from the Lochkovian (Cherkesova, pers. comm. to EMK 1976) [see here the section “age and correlation”]. Porolepis is abundant in the Enmakaj Formation (Cherkesova 1973: 279). Two Siberian species have been formally defined: Porolepis taimyrica Vorobyeva, 1963 and P.kureikensis Vorobyeva, 1963. Ørvig (1969b) paid attention to contradictions in identification of porolepiform scales from different Arctic regions, including Porolepis species mentioned above. Porolepiforms were probably the top predators in the fish assemblage of the Enmakaj Formation. Other predators were represented by several acanthodians.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/493F87AAFF88623F6979FBE4FE55FCDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mark-Kurik, Elga;Blieck, Alain;Burrow, Carole J.;Turner, Susan	Mark-Kurik, Elga, Blieck, Alain, Burrow, Carole J., Turner, Susan (2013): Early Devonian fishes from coastal De Long Strait, central Chukotka, Arctic Russia. Geodiversitas 35 (3): 545-578, DOI: 10.5252/g2013n3a3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2013n3a3
