identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
497287B2C665FFD2C993FA11FCEE7154.text	497287B2C665FFD2C993FA11FCEE7154.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesomphalia gibbosa (Fabricius 1781) Fabricius 1781	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mesomphalia gibbosa (Fabricius, 1781)</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1–7)</p>
            <p>Biology. Mature larvae had fecal material and cast exuviae of previous instars piled on the supra-anal processes. The pupa was attached by its sternum to the leaf surface.</p>
            <p>Last-instar larva (Figs. 1, 3–7). Measurements (n = 1). Length, excluding head, from anterior border of pronotum to base of supra-anal processes: 8.9; width of mesonotum, excluding lateral scoli: 5.6.</p>
            <p>Body (Fig. 1) flattened dorso-ventrally, oval, in life widest across metathorax, but artificially widest across abdominal segments due to fixation (Fig. 1), slightly narrowed posteriorly. Fourteen pairs of lateral scoli and a pair of supra-anal processes. Scoli of pairs IV shortest, XIII longest, about 1.5 times longer than supra-anal processes. Lateral scoli unbranched, covered with setae, armed with an acute seta at apex. Supra-anal processes short, with smooth surface, sinuate, slightly thickened basally, tapering to apices, similar in length to lateral scoli VII–XI, slightly bent dorsally.</p>
            <p>Color: Integument of ethanol-preserved larva orange-yellow, with lateral scoli and apex of supra-anal process brown. Head yellowish brown. Basal half of clypeus brown. Pronotum with two brown spots anteriorly and two posteriorly along body axis; mesonotum with 12 spots, six anteriorly and six posteriorly; metanotum with ten spots, five anteriorly and five posteriorly; thoracic sternites yellow, brownish-yellow laterally; abdominal tergites with ten longitudinal brown spots in two rows on I–VI: four spots in anterior row and six in posterior row; tergite VII with four brown spots: two spots in anterior row and two in posterior; abdominal sternites I–IV brown with yellow stripes along body axis, V–VII brown with two longitudinal yellow stripes medially, and VIII with two longitudinal brown stripes medially. Legs brown. Setae: Dorsal and ventral surfaces with distinct microtrichia, short setae concentrated at posterior angle of pronotum and on lateral border of abdominal segments.</p>
            <p>Head (Fig. 3) well sclerotized, hypognathous, retracted into prothorax; frons with numerous regularly distributed setae; vertex laterally with only four minute setae, tempora with four long setae. Endocarina complete, connected to fronto-clypeal suture. Antennae two-segmented, set in membranous ring; first segment transverse, twice as wide as second segment, with two campaniform sensilla laterally; second segment stout, around 1.5x longer than wide, with group of peg-like sensilla apically, one of them prominent. Six paired prominent stemmata laterally. Fronto-clypeal suture present. Clypeus distinct, wider than long, with pair of lateral setae. Labrum (Fig. 4) wider than long, anterior margin emarginated, with two short setae medially and eight long setae laterally; dorsally (Fig. 4 a) with four setae, two pairs of campaniform sensilla and five short longitudinal sulci on left and four on right side; ventrally (Fig. 4 b) with emargination adorned with six short setae (Fig. 4 b), surface adorned with two small setae medially, three campaniform sensilla and two groups of small sensilla laterally. Mandibles (Fig. 5) heavily sclerotized, palmate, with four distinct, triangular apical teeth (upper to lower margin): first and second teeth apically acute, third slightly blunt, fourth abruptly truncate internally. Dorsally (Fig. 5 a) of mandibles with two setae and three basal campaniform sensilla. Maxillae and labium (Fig. 7) connate. Paired stipes each with three long, pointed setae apically and two campaniform sensilla medially. Mala and lacinia not distinctly delimited from palpiger. Palpiger with five long acute setae, one short seta, and three campaniform sensilla. Lacinia (Fig. 6) covered with spines on dorsal side of palpiger. Mala bearing eight long pointed lateral setae, and two short blunt apical setae. Maxillary palpus two-segmented: first segment with three setae medially and one campaniform sensillum laterally (Figs. 6–7), second segment with group of apical sensilla. Labial palpi one-segmented with group of apical sensilla and one campaniform sensillum laterally. Prementum trapezoidal with six long and two short basal setae, and four campaniform sensilla. Postmentum with two short setae medially and six long setae laterally.</p>
            <p>Pronotum with numerous setae, most concentrated at posterior margin. Meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergites with setae distributed uniformly on their surfaces. Pro-, meso- and metasternum with numerous setae arranged in three groups, one on each side and one central. Thoracic sternites with setae distributed uniformly. Legs stout, three-segmented, all segments covered with numerous long setae; setae of legs shorter than setae of body surface, except for two long setae placed on femur ventrally, shorter than body length. Femur with short setae distributed regularly, with two very long setae and group of eight campaniform sensilla on ventral side. Tibiotarsus heavily sclerotized, apically with single, simple claw. Claw with two long setae apically and one pointed seta at base, surrounded by numerous long blunt setae.</p>
            <p>Spiracles of thorax and abdominal segments I–VII distinctly elevated and their diameter very slightly decreasing posterad. Segment VIII extremely reduced. Tergite VIII distinct, simple, not sclerotized, with short sparse setation arranged in a central transverse row. Tergite IX lacking spines or setation, with paired supra-anal processes (Fig. 1); supra-anal processes short, with smooth surface, sinuate, slightly bulging basally, tapering to apices, measuring the same in length as lateral scoli VII–XI, slightly bent dorsally.</p>
            <p> Remarks. We could not observe the lateral campaniform sensillum on the clypeus or one lateral seta of the second maxillary palpomere. Only six short setae were observed on the anterior margin of the labrum, while  M. turrita and other immatures previously described in the tribe bear eight setae at this location (Świętojańska 2009). </p>
            <p>Pupal exuvia (Fig. 2). Measurements (n = 1). Length of body: 14.0; width across second abdominal segment, without lateral scoli: 7.0. Length of pronotum: 5.0; width of pronotum 10.5.</p>
            <p>Body oval. Integument of ethanol-preserved pupa yellow. Pronotum yellow with anterior margin, posterior margin, and median longitudinal stripe, brown. Meso- and metanotum yellow with median longitudinal stripe brown. First abdominal tergite yellow with anterior 2/3 brown. Abdominal tergites II–IX with lateral and median longitudinal stripe brown; body axis from tergites II–V brown. Lateral scoli smooth, I–V brown, and VI–VII whitish yellow. Elytral portions brownish yellow.</p>
            <p>Abdominal segments I–II with distinct leaf-like lateral scoli; IV–VII with scoli truncate at base and conical at top; I pointing upward; II–V outward; VI–VII folded laterally, pointing downward. Size of scoli decreasing posterad.</p>
            <p>Tergites covered with short setae. Abdominal tergites I–VI with pair of spiracles; diameter of each pair of spiracles decreasing posterad.</p>
            <p>Exuvia of last instar remain attached caudally to the pupa.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/497287B2C665FFD2C993FA11FCEE7154	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Simões, Marianna V. P.;Monné, Marcela L.	Simões, Marianna V. P., Monné, Marcela L. (2014): Description of immatures of Mesomphalia gibbosa (Fabricius, 1781) and Mesomphalia turrita (Illiger, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Mesomphaliini). Zootaxa 3861 (5): 466-478, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3861.5.4
497287B2C660FFDCC993FE48FC65743F.text	497287B2C660FFDCC993FE48FC65743F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesomphalia turrita (Illiger 1801) Illiger 1801	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Mesomphalia turrita (Illiger, 1801)</p>
            <p>(Figs 8–39)</p>
            <p>Biology (Figs. 8–11). Two females each oviposited nine eggs, which were kept in the laboratory to obtain firstinstar larvae. The adults did not demonstrate parental care. Two oviposition patterns were observed. The first was observed in the laboratory, where the eggs were laid directly on the surface of the leaf with only the first egg attached to a filamentous stalk (= remainder, Świętojańska 2009) and positioned separately in two groups of five and three eggs. The second oviposition pattern was observed in the field. The eggs were laid on the bottom of a leaf, with all nine eggs together and attached to a filamentous stalk in a crescent shape. First-instar larvae showed gregarious behaviour (Figs. 8–11) and fecal material was piled on the supra-anal processes, with the next two instars retaining the exuviae of the previous instars.</p>
            <p>Eggs (Figs. 12–14). Measurements (n = 9). Length: 2.5–2.8; width: 1.1–1.2. Eggs (Fig. 12) are elongate-oval, brown, with a dark-brown elevated and tapered micropylar area. The surface of the chorion (Figs. 13–14) is irregular, with sparse depressions and short, uneven longitudinal ridges of wax secreted by the female during oviposition.</p>
            <p>First-instar larva (Figs. 15–38). Measurements (n = 6). Length without head, from anterior border of pronotum to base of supra-anal processes: 3.1–4.0; width of mesonotum excluding lateral scoli: 0.8–1.0.</p>
            <p>Body (Fig. 15) flattened dorso-ventrally, oval, dorsal side with microtrichia, moderately narrowed posteriorly, widest across meso- and metathorax. Fourteen pairs of lateral scoli (Figs. 33–34) and pair of supra-anal processes (Figs. 37–38). Scoli of pairs IV, VII–XI shortest and XII–XIV longest; supra-anal processes (Figs. 37–38) about 1.4 times longer than longest lateral scoli. Lateral scoli unbranched (Fig. 33), covered with numerous long pointed setae, apex (Fig. 34) with one long pointed seta. Each supra-anal process covered with numerous long pointed setae, apically unarmed (Fig. 37) or with two pointed setae (Fig. 38).</p>
            <p>Color: Integument of ethanol-preserved larva yellow with dark-brown head, pronotum, lateral scoli, supra-anal process, abdominal tergites X–XI, legs, round spots on meso-, metanotum and abdominal tergites.</p>
            <p>Head (Figs. 16–17, 20) well sclerotized, hypognathous, retracted into prothorax, frons with slight transverse depression under Fb rows of setae. Endocarina complete, connected with fronto-clypeal suture. Antennae (Figs. 18–19) short, two-segmented, set in membranous ring. First segment short, ring-like and transverse; second stout, as wide as long, with one seta at base and group of four peg-like sensilla at apex and one conical minute process (sensory appendix). Frontal side of head with four small, vertically directed, pointed setae (V 1–4), and five frontal rows of setae: row Fa with 3 setae, Fb with eight to ten setae, Fc with three setae, Fd with one seta, Fe with two setae. Tempora with three setae (T 1–3) slightly shorter and thinner than setae of frons. Six paired prominent stemmata laterally (Fig. 17). Fronto-clypeal suture present. Clypeus distinct, wider than long with three setae, two positioned on right side and one on left side. Labrum (Figs. 21–22) two times wider than long; anterior margin with eight short stout setae medially (Fig. 22); seven long pointed setae on each side, all visible in dorsal as well as ventral views. Dorsal side of labrum (Fig. 21) with four long setae and two short setae near anterior margin. Mandibles heavily sclerotized, curved and stout, with four distinct triangular teeth in one row. Dorsal side of mandibles (Fig. 23) at apex and near base with two long setae each. Maxillae and labium (Fig. 24) connate. Each stipes with three pointed setae. Mala and lacinia (Fig. 25) not distinct from palpiger. Palpiger with two long ventral setae. Lacinia protuberant, covered with numerous spines placed dorsally on palpiger. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 25) two-segmented: first segment with two short setae; second segment with group of sensilla apically, and one seta subapically. Labial palpi (Figs. 26–27) one-segmented, with apical group of sensilla. Prementum (Fig. 24) trapezoidal with two short setae. Postmentum with six setae.</p>
            <p>Spiracles of thorax and abdominal (Figs. 35–36) segments I–VII distinctly elevated and their diameter very slightly decreasing posterad. Spiracles of abdominal segment VIII extremely small. Abdomen 11-segmented, with one long seta on each side close to spiracle, and two transverse rows of setae dorsally. Tergite I with six protuberances anteriorly, each armed with one long seta; four protuberances posteriorly, armed with five setae, disposed as 1, 1, 2 and 1; anterior and posterior rows of tergites II–VIII with four protuberances, each armed with one long seta. Abdominal sternites I–IV with 16 setae: six medially on each segment and five laterally; V–VII with 14 setae: six medially on each segment and three long and one short setae laterally; VIII with two short setae medially.</p>
            <p>Legs (Figs. 30–31) three-segmented, short, stout and covered with numerous setae. Tibiotarsus wellsclerotized apically, with single simple claw (Figs. 30–31) armed basally and dorsally with pointed setae; claw and pointed setae surrounded by spatulate setae (Fig. 32); ventral setae on tibiotarsus distinctly spatulate, shorter than on dorsal side.</p>
            <p>Pupa (Fig. 39). Measurements (n=2). Length of body: 12.0–12.4; width across second abdominal segment, without lateral scoli: 8.0. Length of pronotum: 3.0; width of pronotum: 9.2–9.5.</p>
            <p>Body (Fig. 45) oval. Pronotum yellow, with posterior margin and exuvial line brown. Meso- and metanotum yellow with median longitudinal brown stripe. First abdominal tergite brown with posterior third yellow; and median longitudinal brown line. Abdominal tergites II–IX yellow, with lateral end and exuvial line on tergites II–V (or VI) brown. Lateral scoli smooth, I–V brown, VI–VII whitish yellow. Sternites yellow. Antenna, mouth parts, prosternum and legs brown. Elytral portions brownish yellow.</p>
            <p>Pro-, meso- and metanotum without processes or lateral scoli. Abdominal tergites and sternites with setae distributed regularly on entire surface; segments I–II with lateral scoli tapered toward their apices; III–V with lateral scoli truncate at base and conical at apex, pointing outward; VI folded laterally; VI and VII–VIII pointing downward. Size of scoli decreasing posterad.</p>
            <p>Abdominal segments I–VI with pair of spiracles; diameter of each pair of spiracles decreasing posterad.</p>
            <p>Exuvium of last instar remained attached to the pupa on sternum VIII.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/497287B2C660FFDCC993FE48FC65743F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Simões, Marianna V. P.;Monné, Marcela L.	Simões, Marianna V. P., Monné, Marcela L. (2014): Description of immatures of Mesomphalia gibbosa (Fabricius, 1781) and Mesomphalia turrita (Illiger, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Mesomphaliini). Zootaxa 3861 (5): 466-478, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3861.5.4
